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Franco Simini Pedro Bertemes-Filho
•

Editors

Medicine-Based Informatics
and Engineering

123
Editors
Franco Simini Pedro Bertemes-Filho
Núcleo de Ingeniería Biomédica de las Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica
Facultades de Medicina e Ingeniería Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
Universidad de la República Joinville, Brazil
Montevideo, Uruguay

ISSN 2195-271X ISSN 2195-2728 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Bioengineering
ISBN 978-3-030-87844-3 ISBN 978-3-030-87845-0 (eBook)
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Preface

Medicine-Based Informatics and Engineering is now available after a major regional

Congress (Fig. 1) one week prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemics in Latin
America. The plenary and semi-plenary speakers of the 700 strong SABI2020
Regional Meeting were invited to write a chapter while preparing their presentations
and their—sometimes canceled—trip to Piriápolis, Uruguay. The SABI2020
Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics Congress was a special occasion

Fig. 1 SABI2020 Congress held in Piriápolis, Uruguay March 4–6, 2020, one week before the
COVID-19 pandemic reached the Country. Plenary and semi-plenary speakers at SABI2020 were
invited to contribute a chapter for this book

v
vi Preface

to discuss new devices and software to foster medical care and patient–physician
relationship, as well as interdisciplinary approaches or social motivations.
Technology has evolved to such a multiplicity of possibilities, and the software
can perform so many different functions, that only meaningful applications should
be considered for development and clinical use. The mere fact that a physiological
parameter can be measured or a function can be performed is not by itself a reason
for engineering to suggest a clinical device. To fulfill such adherence of develop-
ment efforts to clinical needs, interdisciplinary work is necessary to put forward
combinations of medical and technological knowledge to feed the Biomedical
Engineering research agenda. This line of thought was the first motivation for the
authors to contribute chapters for this book.
Within modern technology, information and communication (ICT) are increas-
ingly associated and sometimes included in specific hardware technical solutions.
Therefore, the classical distinction between “systems engineering” or “software
engineering/computer science” on one side and classical engineering (mechanical,
electrical, materials, etc.) on the other side is no longer valid.
Throughout the book, two concepts are present: (i) Medicine should drive the
development of Biomedical Engineering (BME) and Medical Informatics
(MI) from available and new technology. Since the limitations of technology are
reduced, technology “per se” is no longer the privileged starting point of research.
Today, the development of biomedical devices, software and systems can almost
freely stem from clinical wish lists and desiderata. (ii) The second idea treated
implicitly in the book is that BME and MI should merge into a single body of
knowledge to better follow the demanding clinical challenges of modern medicine.
Having mastered the problems to be solved for survival, physiological compen-
sation, repair and pain reduction, BME+MI are now asked to start from bedside or
living milieu to develop ever more sophisticated tools for increasing cohorts of
aging populations to contribute to their quality of life: should we call it “Medical
Engineering” to include BME+MI?
Within this framework, the book includes chapters addressing these ideas from
each author own point of view and expertise. The range of fields in the book is wide
enough to give the reader an overview of what to expect in the coming decades in
Medical Engineering, concerning new medical software systems, pervasive medi-
cine, wearable devices, prosthesis, intelligent follow-up and anticipatory medicine,
as well as the impact of instrument-connected electronic clinical record (ECR) with
knowledge derived from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) data analysis.
Chapter “Medicine Based Engineering and Informatics to Foster Patient
Physician Relationship” by Franco Simini describes interdisciplinary work within
a University Hospital, with details of lessons learned with the development of new
devices and of innovative Medical Informatics, such as clinical record systems and
chronic condition patient follow-up applications. The translation of software sys-
tems from other activities into medicine is described as the possible cause of
delayed adoption of ECR when patient–physician relationship is valued and
respected. Part of the chapter mentions Technology Transfer to allow a timely
Preface vii

dissemination of BME+MI benefits within health care systems, involving licensing

to industrial and commercial companies.
Chapter “Statistical Gait Analysis Based on Surface Electromyography” by
Valentina Agostini and coworkers is on Statistical Gait Analysis, a contribution to a
new way to study gait—a basic human motor task—from an Electromyography
(EMG) perspective. By processing surface EMG, this chapter introduces Inertial
measurements (IMU—inertial measuring unit) to detect muscle activation gait
phases in a simple way, robust to repetitions. The follow-up of entire cohorts of
patients in the future will depend on the methods and devices derived from this
research, optimizing health care system resources.
Chapter “Brain-Computer Interfaces with Functional Electrical Stimulation for
Motor Neurorehabilitation: From Research to Clinical Practice” by Carolina
Tabernig and coworkers deals with brain-computer interfaces and specific reha-
bilitation applications, as developed from clinical practice and described in an
interdisciplinary approach. Clinical needs clearly drive this research field.
Chapter “Biopotential Acquisition Systems” by Enrique Spinelli and coworker is
an electrical engineering breakthrough contribution to the design of electronic
circuits for biopotential amplification. It includes next generation configurations
and state of the art designs to obtain the best possible signal to noise ratio in human
signal capture for all kinds of biomedical devices.
Chapter “Wearable Bioimpedance Measuring Devices” by Pedro
Bertemes-Filho describes a very special kind of signal derived from biological
tissues: bioimpedance as used for wearable devices. There is an immense potential
behind the availability of non invasive time series to monitor (and therefore the
opportunity to act upon) diverse physiological parameters, in intensive care, reha-
bilitation and assistive devices. Bioimpedance is the modern low cost “general
purpose” technology to tackle unsolved problems from a medical perspective with
simple non invasive clinical applications.
Chapter “Predictive Cardiovascular Engineering: Transforming Data into Future
Insights on Cardiovascular Disease” by Ricardo Armentano leaves behind decades
of cardiology and associated palliative pharmaceutical approach to introduce arte-
rial biomechanics to keep us in good health. This is a tremendous “back to the
basics” of Medicine made possible by Biomedical Engineering interdisciplinary
development stemmed from a profound understanding of cardiovascular physiol-
ogy. It is a new approach to arterial biomechanics which allows to act with pre-
ventive medicine before any symptoms appear later in age.
In Chapter “Engineering Special Medical Devices for Vulnerable Groups”,
Martha Ortiz and coworker bridge the gap toward vulnerable groups. Biomedical
Engineering and Medical Informatics hold the key to develop special medical
devices for all, following WHO recommendations.
Chapter “Serious Games and Virtual Reality for Rehabilitation and Follow up of
Wheelchaired Persons” by Marta Bez and coworkers describe the development of
serious games with virtual reality for rehabilitation and follow-up of wheel-chaired
persons, opening the way for interdisciplinary work by clinicians and engineers.
viii Preface

Chapter “Society 5.0 and a Human Centred Health Care” by Violeta Bulc and
coworkers is a bold introduction to think health and technology in a new way, with
cooperation from industry, politics, business and scientific research to foster better
medical devices and software applications. This synergy empowers individuals,
firms and government to a yet to be reached level of connection between clinical
needs, societal potential and health care system.
Chapter “Clinical Practice, Patient-Physician Relationship and Computers” by
Alvaro Díaz Berenguer is a warning to avoid deteriorating the patient–physician
relationship with misuses of information and communication technology. Computer
technology does not always respect the delicate empathy necessary to fulfill the
basic medical functions. Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics can add
considerable efficiency, error reduction, follow-up capacity, but should neither
hinder nor replace the human species intrinsic patient–physician relationship.
Chapter “Interdisciplinary Collaboration Within Medicine-Based Informatics
and Engineering for Societal Impact” by Bianca Vienni and Franco Simini con-
siders Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics from an epistemological point
of view. Intrinsically interdisciplinary, the subject matter of the book is analyzed in
this chapter from the point of view of “Science, Technology and Society.” It is
argued that engineering and medicine are also part of the STEMM conglomerate
along with mathematics. Reading this chapter will allow the reader to see the links
to societal change, as a consequence of ever more sophisticated devices, better (and
longer) life spans and closer communications. Medicine and clinical knowledge
cannot evolve unconnected to engineering development of devices and software
systems.
This book is a contribution to an up-to-date approach to Biomedical Engineering
and Medical Informatics from an interdisciplinary point of view, to help the reader
put forward new ideas and goals. Within this book, diverse clinical applications,
technologies and approaches will help the reader adopt criteria to tackle projects
starting from clinical problems and using all available technology.
We wish the reader a pleasant and exciting experience in direct contact with the
authors, through their carefully written texts, all meant to foster Medical
Engineering!

Montevideo, Uruguay Franco Simini

[email protected]
Joinville, SC, Brazil Pedro Bertemes-Filho
Editors, Contributors and Co-authors

The authors of the chapters of this book are the group of invited speakers at
SABI2020 Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics Congress held in
Piriápolis, Uruguay. The careful selection of plenary and semi-plenary SABI2020
speakers was a good opportunity to gather their valuable academic contributions in
a book. A few speakers declined writing a chapter, while others were specially
invited to contribute with topics within the scope of the book: Medicine-based
Engineering and Informatics. The variety of experiences and points of view will
help the reader understand how engineering can be part of medicine, provided the
goal and starting point of engineering design is based on clinical needs. In order of
appearance of the chapters, the following are the authors of this book:

About the Editors

Franco Simini is a professor at the Universidad de la República, Uruguay,

PAHO/WHO National Professional (1990–2008), founding member of Espacio
Interdisciplinario (2008–2013), pioneering Biomedical Engineering research from
Núcleo de Ingeniería Biomédica since 1985 after his Electronics Engineering
degree from Universitá degli Studi di Pisa, Italy (1977). He designed telecommu-
nications and medical equipment 1978–1989 in Uruguay. As CLABIO2015 and
SABI2020 organizer, he is active in university government and technology transfer.
His research spans from biomedical equipment design to medical reasoning mod-
eling in Medical Informatics.

Pedro Bertemes-Filho is a professor of Electrical Engineering, Universidade do

Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Brazil, and done Ph.D. in Medical Physics by
the University of Sheffield, UK (2002). He is a leader of the Biomedical
Engineering Group since 2006, a Fulbright researcher at Dartmouth College (USA),
a member of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering and IEEE Senior
Member, a secretary of the International Society of Electrical Bioimpedance and a

ix
x Editors, Contributors and Co-authors

member of the International Committee for Promotion of Research in

Bio-Impedance (ICPRBI). His areas of research are electrical impedance spec-
troscopy, biomedical instrumentation, devices and sensors.

Contributors

Valentina Agostini, Ph.D. is an associate professor in Biomedical Engineering at

Politecnico di Torino, Italy, where she leads a gait analysis laboratory.
Distinguished with the Best Methodological Paper Award by Siamoc-Elsevier 2009
and the Best Paper Award at IEEE International Symposium on Medical
Measurements and Applications (MeMea) 2014, she is an associate editor of
“Frontiers in Sports and Active Living.” She authored 85 peer-reviewed publica-
tions. She teaches Neuroengineering at Biomedical Engineering M.Sc. program of
Politecnico di Torino since 2018, and she is invited to teach courses in Uruguay
since 2019.
Ricardo Armentano is a distinguished professor of Biomedical Engineering and a
member of the IEEE EMBS Technical Committee on Cardiopulmonary Systems
and Physiology-based Engineering. From Argentina and Uruguay, he has acquired
international recognition in cardiovascular hemodynamics and arterial hypertension
and has extensive experience in Ph.D. supervision and examination. He authored
350+ publications including a book, book chapters and peer-reviewed articles.
Alvaro Díaz Berenguer is a professor of Medicine, Universidad de la República,
Uruguay, until 2015, now retired. As Internal Medicine Specialist (1988), a author
of articles on Medicine and Society (Brecha weekly), he was also “Medicine in
Society” Editor of Archivos de Medicina Interna. He is a author of several books on
medicine and patient–physician relationship and co-authored with his father the
book Medicina y Literatura. He is a member of the State Hospitals Bioethics
Committee, the Patient Safety Honorary Commission and the Bioethics Committee
of the Uruguayan National Academy of Medicine.
Marta R. Bez is a professor at the Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS,
Brazil. A Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos graduate (1991), Pontifícia
Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Computer Science M.Sc. (2001) and
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Informatics in Education Ph.D. (2013),
Marta is the computer science research coordinator at Feevale University where she
is the leader of a Medical Informatics and Devices Laboratory, as well as a pro-
fessor of the Creative Industries Professional M.Sc. Program, active in technology
transfer.
Violeta Bulc, M.Sc. is the curator of #Ecocivilisation, former EU Commissioner,
former Deputy Prime Minister of Slovenia, an engineer, entrepreneur, innovator,
lecturer, author of two books The Rhythms of Business Evolution and The Magic of
Editors, Contributors and Co-authors xi

Contribution. She is also an active member within civil society, member of the
#EUHealthUnion initiative, connector of global networks, member of the #G100,
fostering and co-creating inclusive, open ecosystems toward a thriving world.
Martha R. Ortiz-Posadas is a professor at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-
Iztapalapa (UAM-I), México, at the Laboratory of Medical Informatics (Digital Signal
Processing and Biomedical Images) of the Electrical Engineering Department. As
UAM-I Biomedical Engineer graduate (1988), M.Sc. from Universidad
Iberoamericana in Systems, Planning and Informatics (1990) and UAM-I Ph.D.
(1999), her research is devoted to mathematical modeling and knowledge manage-
ment applied to biomedical sciences.
Enrique M. Spinelli is a director of the Grupo de Instrumentación Biomédica,
Industrial y Científica (GIBIC) of LEICI Institute, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
(UNLP), Argentina, and a researcher of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). He holds UNLP degrees in Electronics
Engineer and Ph.D. in Engineering and has been focusing his research since 1999
on biopotentials amplifier design, with emphasis in minimally invasive signals.
Carolina B. Tabernig bioengineer, Ph.D. in Engineering, Universidad Nacional
de Entre Ríos (UNER), Argentina, earned (2018) the award of better doctoral thesis
from Sociedad Argentina de Bioingeniería (SABI). She is researcher at the
Rehabilitation Engineering and Neuromuscular Research Lab and Professor of
Rehabilitation/Therapy Equipment at UNER Bioengineering graduate program. Her
research areas include rehabilitation equipment, brain—computer interfaces, func-
tional electrical stimulation and electrophysiological signal processing.
Bianca Vienni Baptista is a researcher at Transdisciplinarity Laboratory, ETH
Zürich, Switzerland and done Ph.D. in Cultural Studies, Universidad de Granada,
Spain; she works in Science, Technology and Society Studies, focusing on
interdisciplinary/transdisciplinary knowledge production and namely at the project
“SHAPE-ID: Shaping interdisciplinary practices in Europe,” financed by Horizon
H2020. She was an associate professor at Espacio Interdisciplinario, Universidad de
la República, Uruguay (2009–2017), and a postdoctoral researcher at the Center of
Methods, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany (2016–2018).

Co-authors of Chapters

Co-authors of Valentina Agostini

Gabriella Balestra, Ph.D., Researcher in Biomedical Engineering at Politecnico di
Torino, Italy.
Gregorio Dotti, M.Sc., Biomedical Engineering at Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
Marco Ghislieri, Ph.D. candidate in Biomedical Engineering at Politecnico di
Torino, Italy.
xii Editors, Contributors and Co-authors

Marco Knaflitz, Ph.D., Full Professor in Biomedical Engineering at Politecnico di

Torino, Italy.
Samanta Rosati, Ph.D., Research Assistant in Biomedical Engineering at
Politecnico di Torino, Italy.

Co-authors of Carolina B. Tabernig

Carlos H. Ballario, MD, Neurologist, WHO research fellowship (1989–1993). He
was head of Neurology Department at “Dr. Clemente Alvarez” Hospital (1993–
1999), currently medical director of “Instituto NeuroRosario” and “Fundación
Rosarina de Neuro-Rehabilitación”, Argentina.
L. Carolina Carrere, Ph.D. candidate in Engineering and Assistant Professor at
UNER, Argentina. She is Researcher at the Rehabilitation Engineering and
Neuromuscular Research Lab.

Co-author of Enrique M. Spinelli

Federico N. Guerrero, Ph.D., CONICET Researcher at GIBIC, LEICI Institute,
UNLP, Argentina.

Co-author of Pedro Bertemes-Filho

Kaue Felipe Morcelles, M.Sc. Electrical Impedance Tomography and Bioprinting
at UDESC, Brazil.

Co-author of Martha R. Ortiz-Posadas

M. Rocío Ortiz-Pedroza, Ph.D., Professor at UAM-I, México, Physiological
Signal Processing and Biomedical Instrumentation.

Co-authors of Marta R. Bez

Simone de Paula, Ph.D. in Child Health from Pontificia Universidad Católica do
Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Physiotherapist and Professor at Feevale University,
RS, Brazil.
João B. Mossmann, Ph.D. in Computer Science in Education. Director of the
Institute of Creative and Technological Sciences at Feevale University, RS, Brazil.
Elias Pereira, B.Sc. in Digital Games with Specialization in Virtual Reality.

Co-authors of Violeta Bulc

Margaret Hannah, Director of Health Programs, International Futures Forum.
Bret Hart, Public Health Physician, Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor Curtin
Medical School, Board Director; Puntukurnu Aboriginal Medical Service,
Symbiocene Advocate, Australia.
Barbara Hrovatin, MD, Ph.D. candidate in Anthropology, Postgraduate
School ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Acknowledgements

A book is both an end point and the beginning of new things: it is the culmination
of a collective work where several people contribute their efforts, vision and ideas.
From Montevideo, the extraordinary academic group of the Núcleo de Ingeniería
Biomédica (NIB) of the Universidad de la República is located within the University
Hospital, is active in Medical Informatics and Biomedical Engineering and includes
in 2020/2021 Hernán Castillo, Estefanía Della Mea, Natalia Garay, Verónica García,
Rodolfo Grosso, Linnette Jara, Rene Ledezma, Antonio López-Arredondo, Andrea
Mattiozzi, Isabel Morales, Isabel Ribeiro, Lucía Ribeiro, Pablo Sánchez, Darío
Santos, Alicia Schandy and Betty Silva-Maubrigades. NIB advisors, volunteers and
interns also made their contribution with great commitment: Pablo Alvarez-Rocha,
Fernando Borba, Marcelo David, Javier Hurtado, Gabriela Ormaechea, Valentina
Pasker, Grazzia Rey, Rafael Sanguinetti, Victoria Severi, Horacio Venturino and
Franco Vienni. NIB thanks the advisors, volunteers and postgraduate students
Matías Galnares, Alejandro Masner, Marcelo Monzón, Arleth Peláez, Paola Sciarra
and Gabriel Slomovitz. NIB international collaborators are too numerous to be listed
here but are sincerely thanked for continued support and advice. A special mention
nevertheless is made here of the editorial and medical contributions by Bruno
Simini. Finally, NIB thanks all students who contribute their fresh vision and ideas
as well as collaborating companies—NIB partners—working toward the dissemi-
nation of research turned into tangible products.
From State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC) at campus Joinville (College
of Technological Sciences), the group “Núcleo de Engenharia e Tecnologia
Biomédica” (NETBIO), one of the best academic teams in the region, specialized in
both Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, with Aleksander Sade Paterno,
Airton Ramos, Fabrício Noveletto, Marcelo da Silva Hounsell and Cláudia Mirin de
Godoy Marques. The NETBIO advisors, Sérgio Henrique Pezzin, Jefferson Luiz
Brum Marques, Gabriela Fagundes, Daiani Savi and Vinícius Soares, have been
supporting the research and publications over the last years. Last but not least, the
graduate students at NETBIO who have contributed for increasing the research
impact along the society and permitted to share theirs results in the region. A book

xiii
xiv Acknowledgements

is not only made of facts but people who support you along the journey, and then I
cannot forget to acknowledge the intensive support of my dear family: Elisângela
Laus Bertemes, William Laus Bertemes, Brian Laus Bertemes and Júlia Bertemes.
The editorial team of Springer is acknowledged here with a special mention to
Leontina di Cecco who believed in the project and fostered it, turning it into the
origin of the journey that ends with the publication of this book, starting point of the
reader’s adventure from now on.
Finally, we are both deeply thankful to our respective families, both at large and
close, for unconditional support and love during the preparation of the book.

Montevideo, Uruguay Franco Simini

Joinville, SC, Brazil Pedro Bertemes-Filho
June 2021
Contents

Medicine Based Engineering and Informatics to Foster Patient

Physician Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Franco Simini
Statistical Gait Analysis Based on Surface Electromyography . . . . . . . . 23
Valentina Agostini, Marco Ghislieri, Samanta Rosati, Gabriella Balestra,
Gregorio Dotti, and Marco Knaflitz
Brain-Computer Interfaces with Functional Electrical Stimulation
for Motor Neurorehabilitation: From Research to Clinical Practice . . . . 37
L. Carolina Carrere, Carlos H. Ballario, and Carolina B. Tabernig
Biopotential Acquisition Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Federico N. Guerrero and Enrique M. Spinelli
Wearable Bioimpedance Measuring Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Pedro Bertemes-Filho and Kaue Felipe Morcelles
Predictive Cardiovascular Engineering: Transforming Data into
Future Insights on Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Ricardo Armentano
Engineering Special Medical Devices for Vulnerable Groups . . . . . . . . . 117
M. Rocío Ortiz-Pedroza and Martha R. Ortiz-Posadas
Serious Games and Virtual Reality for Rehabilitation and Follow up
of Wheelchaired Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Marta R. Bez, Simone de Paula, Elias Pereira, and João B. Mossmann
Society 5.0 and a Human Centred Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Violeta Bulc, Bret Hart, Margaret Hannah, and Barbara Hrovatin

xv
xvi Contents

Clinical Practice, Patient-Physician Relationship and Computers . . . . . . 179

Alvaro Díaz Berenguer
Interdisciplinary Collaboration Within Medicine-Based Informatics
and Engineering for Societal Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Bianca Vienni Baptista and Franco Simini
Medicine Based Engineering
and Informatics to Foster Patient
Physician Relationship

Franco Simini

Abstract Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics can improve patient

physician relationship by means of new instruments and software applications
designed by interdisciplinary teams. Already in the 1980s with the Perinatal
Information System, SIP, and now with the Personalized Perinatal Follow-up
System, SEPEPE, the first prescription App, biomedical engineering works towards
good quality medicine. SIMIC, another personalized prescription App for cardiac
failure patients and DINABANG, a torque/velocity measurement device for the
sports field are further examples. Synergy with medicine is not found, on the
contrary, in clinical records systems based on a naive translation of industrial
information systems with no interdisciplinary design. A disruptive innovation,
PRAXIS, captures a physician’s case mix to assist solve his or her future cases
based on medical reasoning sequences. Further examples of technology developed
from clinical perspectives are ABDOPRE, a servo controlled vacuum bell to treat
intra-abdominal hypertension and NEFROVOL a non invasive measure of poly-
cystic kidney volume. Technology transfer is the desired epilogue of research with
examples described here: the pulmonary mechanics instrument MECVENT, the
hyperbilirrubinaemia reduction lamp BiliLED and the portable lower limb kinetics
metre DINABANG. Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics converge on
a broad interdisciplinary area that could well be identified as Medical Engineering.

Keywords Medicine based engineering Medical informatics Biomedical





engineering Interdisciplinarity Biomedical devices Follow-up software

Technology transfer

F. Simini (&)
Universidad de la República, Nucleo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Montevideo, Uruguay
e-mail: simini@fing.edu.uy

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1

F. Simini and P. Bertemes-Filho (eds.), Medicine-Based Informatics
and Engineering, Lecture Notes in Bioengineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87845-0_1