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Concept of net zero energy buildings (NZEB) - A literature review

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DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2022.100582

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Cleaner Engineering and Technology

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cleaner-engineering-and-technology

Concept of net zero energy buildings (NZEB) - A literature review

Rajan Kumar Jaysawal a, Suprava Chakraborty b, *, D. Elangovan b, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban c
a
School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
b
TIFAC-CORE Research Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
c
Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Birk, Center Park 15, 7400, Herning, Denmark

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T -

Keywords: Buildings are a major primary energy consumer in the world energy sector, with a value of about 40% of total
Net zero energy buildings energy consumption. The absence of traditional sources of energy currently promotes the development of Net
Energy Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs). The general definition of net zero energy construction is very critical to grasp.
Environment
The aim of the paper is to overview the literature on the existing NZEB to make them self-sustaining and net zero
Climatic condition
NZEB target
in order to improve energy efficiency of the buildings. If enough renewable energy could be used, NZEB could
potentially be achievable with power production. Furthermore, different building-service systems utilizing
renewable energy sources have been extensively investigated for possible uses in NZEB. The paper gives the
detail of its climatic condition in various part of the world along with their consequences and its impacts. The
NZEB concept will significantly define the demand and supply strategies for renewable energies and conversion
accounting to achieve a NZEB target along with its renewable energy evaluation. Buildings account for a large
proportion of the world’s total energy and carbon emissions, and play an important role in formulating strategies
for sustainable growth. To this end, smart systems implement applications with numerous and interdisciplinary
features. Here, the paper gives a detailed literature review on NZEB.

Between 2014 and 2035, the global market for goods and services
related to NZEB construction and renovation is expected to rise at a
1. Introduction compound annual growth rate of 44.5%, surpassing $1.4 trillion last
year. This is how the concept of NZEB is getting popular. Caulfield
The term net zero refers to the balance between the amount of pro­ (2017) discussed about the exponential popularity growth of the NZEB
duced greenhouse gas and the amount removed from the atmosphere. for next two decades. The given Figure (1) shows the popularity and
The term Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) are characterized as zero net growth of NZEB revenue by products and services for next two decades.
energy consumption buildings i.e. the total sum of energy used annually Iqbal (2004) defined NZEB as the term used for the building that
by the buildings is approximately equal to the total sum of the renewable incorporates available renewable energy technologies commercially
energy produced on site. Recently, the idea of NZEBs, has changed from with energy efficiency construction methods where no fossil fuels are
the study to practice. There are only a limited number of highly pro­ consumed. Kilkis (2007) defined NZEB as a building, which has a total
ductive builders at present. The construction of NZEBs is becoming more annual amount of zero energy transfer through the building during all
and more feasible owing to advancements in building technology, electric and other transfers that occur during a particular time span.
renewable energy systems and academic research. Laustsen (2008) gave the general definition for ZEB: zero-energy
It is hard to locate a building that can be considered the first NZEB. buildings do not use fossil fuels and rely entirely on solar and other
One of the explanations may be that NZEBs might not be a new idea for a renewable energy sources to meet their energy needs. Noguchi et al.
building, but just a modern term for houses. However few publications (2008) defined NZEB as the house that consume as much as energy it
appeared in the late 70s and early 80s, in which phrases ‘A zero energy produces over a certain period of time.
home or an autonomous energy house’ or an “energy-independent Similarly, Berardi (2018) discussed their methodologies for design
house” has been used. This was the moment when the oil crisis had its and evaluation of ZEB and NZEB. Their work was based on a literature
consequences, the problem of fossil fuel sources and energy usage has review guidelines of the national action plans. While a broad global
begun to be discussed.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Chakraborty).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100582
Received 12 May 2021; Received in revised form 28 August 2022; Accepted 1 November 2022
Available online 5 November 2022
2666-7908/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

Abbreviations EEC Energy Management & Conservation

RES Renewable Energy Sources
NZEB Net Zero Energy Building EPBD Energy Performance of Building Directive
ZEB Zero Energy Building HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
nZEB Nearly Zero Energy Building MENA Middle East and North Africa Regions
PV Photo Voltaic DOE Department of Energy
WWR Window-to-Wall Ratio LCC Life Cycle Cost
nZEH Near Zero Energy House CDD Cooling Degree Days
BPS Building Efficiency Simulation HERS Home Energy rating system
IOT Internet of Things FCM Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
PCM Phase Change Material ZESH Zero Energy Solar Homes
PV/T Photo Voltaic/Thermal DSM Demand Side Management
DOD Department of Defense HOMER Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources
EMP Energy Master Planning EHI Energy Harvester Interface
NZP Net Zero Planner EEC Energy Management & Conservation
GHG Green House Gases WAC Water Conservation
NZERTF Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility MRC Material Resources & Cycle
ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act IHC Indoor Air Health & Comfort
LC-ZEB Low Cost Zero Energy Building BEM Building & Environments Management
ASD Acceptable Site Construction

overview of the concepts of ZEB and NZEB is targeted and addressed In general terms, two design strategies are involved in NZEBs:
topics such as the methodologies of energy balance, the limits of NZEB reducing the need for energy in buildings by implementing EEMs (en­
and NZEB type and energy. In the literature various NZEBs have been ergy-efficient measures) and incorporating RETs (renewable energy
identified and evaluated over the decades, However the NZEBs was (RE) and other technologies) to meet energy demands.
either defined differently or without an exact description in almost every The initial stage is to gather research papers, abstracts, and unpub­
article has been used. Quite frequently, the forms in which the zero lished material from Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science-Direct, IEEE,
energy target has been reached that affected the meaning of NZEBs. Springer, Taylor Francis, Wiley, Inderscience, and Emerald, among
The lack of common understanding of NZEBs became noticeable, as other sources. As part of state-of-the-art analysis, following a thorough
this concept of construction is thought to be an efficient ways to reduce examination of the concepts and iterative study process, this paper came
the use of electricity and greenhouse gas emissions from the building up with some relevant keywords. Keywords like “net zero energy
energy sector. The analysis has shown that NZEBs are a complicated building,” “energy analysis of NZEB,” “energy integration to NZEB,” and
term that has been defined with the broad variety of words and terms. “performance of NZEB under various climatic conditions” were used to
find relevant documents in the database. A total of 2982 results were
found during the search. There were 1563 academic journals, 165
1.1. Aim and methodology
conference materials, 296 magazines, 647 trade publications, and 59
books produced between 2002 and 2022. A second stage was developed
The aim of the paper is to investigate the literature on the existing
to discover the most important material from widely circulated articles.
NZEB to make them self-sustaining and net zero in order to improve
The number of materials chosen had been reduced to 219 at the end of
energy efficiency of the buildings. Because of the goal of reducing the
the second iteration phase. Only peer-reviewed publications and
use of non-renewable energy sources, the paper works on three key
research papers were taken into consideration. Unpublished thesis and
objectives with theoretical approaches which are listed below:
abstracts were not considered. Only 170 of the 219 items were deemed
relevant. The year of publishing was used to minimize the number.
● Supply of energy from different sources of renewable energy.
Because they had the most up-to-date information, the most current
● Increase the energy efficiency of building.
papers were chosen for the investigation. We looked at publications over
● Reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

Fig. 1. NZEB revenue by products and services for next two decades (Caulfield (2017)).

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

the previous 20 years, but we concentrated mostly on relevant papers building’s lifetime.
published in the recent 10 years, with the last five years receiving the The study of Marszal et al. (2011) focused on the different ap­
greatest attention. proaches to potential methodologies for Zero Energy Building (ZEB)
calculation. The paper addressed a coherent ZEB definition and a
1.2Definition of NZEBs rigorous methodology to measure electricity. Zhivov et al. (2010) had
shown the optimization process of net zero energy and its illustration for
For zero energy solar homes, Charron (2008) also offers a definition: a cluster of buildings in Fort Bliss. The optimized cluster would reduce
“Homes using solar thermal and solar PV technologies to generate as the amount of renewable energy needed to make the building cluster net
much energy as their annual load are referred to as net-Zero Energy zero. Kaneda et al. (2010) discussed about the use of plug in loads as
Solar Homes (ZESH)." As per ASHRAE (Kilkis, 2007): “ZEB is a building, building are being more energy efficient along with the reduction in the
uses no more energy than is provided by the building on-site renewable energy consumption. Novotny (2011) discussed the connection between
energy sources on annual basis”. Although studies describe ZEB projects water conservation, reclamation; reuse and energy use to the objective
in which biomass, wind energy are seen as potential RESs, these sources of achieving a net zero carbon footprint in sustainable cities in the
of renewable energy are not as common as solar energy. future. Nielsen, et al. (2011) calculated the size of NZEBs to be con­
Before creating a NZEB specification, the following are the most structed inside DH areas and studied how the heat mismatch of NZEBs
important issues to consider: (1) the balance metric, (2) the balancing have an effect on various forms of danish DH systems. Voss et al. (2010)
time, (3) the type of energy usage used in the balance, (4) the type of studied about the zero-energy home and focused on the context and
energy balance, (5) the agreed renewable energy supply options, and (6) different effects affecting the energy balance method.
the link to the energy infrastructure and (7) the requirements for the Hamdy et al. (2012) tested the performance of the optimization al­
energy efficiency and the indoor climate. gorithms to find the cost optimal solutions for nearly zero energy
The literature on zero energy is becoming popular with the NZEBs buildings, which has high energy performance whereas Kneifel (2012)
definition. Most of the papers focus on the demonstration of various zero aimed to construct a full simulation of building energy that replicate the
energy buildings; however there are a range of documents which have design of the NZERTF (Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility) to
been substantially recorded. It helped to explore the interpretation and estimate its energy efficiency, both in aggregate terms and at the level of
definition of the NZEBs idea. The general ideas for NZEB is shown in individual occupants and equipment.
Figure (2); the total energy requirement of the building can be met Marique et al. (2013) investigated “Definition of Zero Energy
through the on-site energy generated by the renewable energy sources Neighborhood”. Authors proposed a method of calculation considering
and if that is not sufficient then the energy from the local electrical grid three key topics: the consumption of energy in buildings, the effect of the
can be utilized. Whenever the energy generation by the onsite renewable place on energy consumption for everyday mobility and the use of en­
energy sources are more than the requirement of the building, then the ergy in buildings from renewable energy sources. Sharma (2013)
excess amount of energy can be fed to the local grid. reviewed the developments on zero energy building envelope with
Torcellini et al. (2006) furnished the zero energy building design and respective to the benefit in the building designers and constructors. The
indicated that the four well-documented concepts were explored: net paper discussed the state of the art on different components of the
zero energy locations, net zero energy source energy, net zero energy construction envelope such as materials for insulation, potential insu­
cost, and net zero emissions. Noguchi et al. (2008) work was aimed at lation, materials, walls, roofs, doors and windows glazing off the energy
bringing together the public and private sectors to develop homes that efficiency possibilities. Integration of photovoltaic with the house en­
combine resources and energy-saving systems to reduce their environ­ velope for on-site power was also addressed.
mental effects. In order to minimize the negative effect on the climate, Attia et al. (2013) investigated the use of output modelling tech­
the Eco Terra housing prototype described. niques for construction. Attia et al. (2013b) investigated the use of
As part of the Energy Efficiency in Building Project, Brahme, et al. simulation results of construction as a means of NZEBs’ design decisions.
(2009)Brahme et al. (2009) discussed the modelling of single-family For Solar Deng et al., 2012, Kazanci et al. (2013) addressed the heating,
residence as a case-in point to demonstrate the most common strate­ cooling and ventilation concerns of the house. Various innovative ap­
gies considered during NZEB design process, the ease of using various proaches were examined, namely the use of soil, photovoltaic/thermal
instruments to model these strategies, and issues of quality control of panels (PV/T panels) and phase change material (PCM). The U.S. Army
input/output. Hernandez and Kenny (2010) explained fields such as enacted a policy in January 2014 directing all facilities to introduce
renewable energy evaluation and the idea of ‘net energy’ as used in net-zero energy policies by reducing energy consumption and rising
ecological economics, which takes into account the energy used during renewable energy output. Gibson (2014) compared and ended with
the manufacturing phase of a commodity, is commonly applicable. In persistence and successful anchoring of change in the culture of the
order to describe a life cycle zero energy construction, it provided a Army toward net zero energy strategies. Perlova et al. (2014) discussed
model and specification of a simplified approach to account for the reduction in CO2 emission due to transition towards low energy
embodied energy along with usage of energy in action and reclaims the consumption buildings construction. Saberbari and Saboori (2014)
original principle of ‘net energy.’ The LC-ZEB (Low Cost Zero Energy simulated a grid-connected NZEB in order to obtain the optimized
Building) is defined as a structure whose primary energy consumption in configuration of the construction in terms of availability and expenses of
service is equal to or less than the energy produced by renewable energy system.
systems plus the energy embedded in materials and systems over the Zhivov et al. (2010) demonstrated the Energy Master Planning
(EMP) concept and automated Net Zero Planner (NZP) tool. Jadhav
(2015) integrated energy-efficient technology into the design, devel­
opment and operation of both new and existing buildings by reducing its
environmental impact.
Kotireddy et al. (2015) carried out optimization results of different
net zero energy building plans, with different net zero energy designs
under uncertainties related to potential energy demand and onsite en­
ergy balance. Banerjee (2015) discussed the idea of zero energy con­
struction for the low-energy building designs. Hu (2016) had practiced
net zero energy building art. The paper explained the significance of
Fig. 2. NZEB’s idea. promoting net-positive institution building and addressed the

3
R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

differences between net-zero and net-positive buildings, buildings that Al-Amarah region, Iraq to investigate the existence of the most common
produce more energy than they consume and their similarities. Inter­ building materials used in building envelopes. For each combination of
national Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and elements, the findings were tabulated and compared. The results showed
technology. (n.d.).concentrated on India’s net zero energy building that the best alternative for exterior windows is reflective glass. Alsilani
campaign. As per their study the main objective of green construction is (2018) research studied three main objectives:
to allow effective use of resources and reduce the negative effects on the
environment. (1) To analyse the efficiency of house energy
Vora et al. (2017) focused on the construction sectors that can play a (2) To evaluate the effect on energy consumption of the actions of the
crucial part in dominant energy use. To mitigate the environmental occupants
impression by buildings, NZEBs and solar buildings are emerging as a (3) To evaluate the energy performance of indirect evaporative
promising explanation. He proposed buildings that minimize energy cooling system use compared to conventional cooling systems.
consumption and optimally use solar energy both passively and actively.
Study by Rezaei and Kamelnia (2017) showed that there are five general Whereas Galleghar (2019) showed one way of home energy perfor­
techniques for achieving zero energy construction. Through case study, mance measurement, that is through a Home Energy rating system
they tried to discover zero energy building design solutions. As per the (HERS) rating. Alhalabi (2020) focused on the redesigning of the
study six active cases were chosen and their design solutions were buildings with the means of the converting them into zero buildings
grouped into five categories, including the following: conservation of through active and passive measures. Bordbari et al. (2019) proposed a
electricity; passive solar solutions; active solar solutions; efficient energy multi-objective probabilistic prognosis method of optimization on the
systems; and other renewables. Their findings indicated that ‘passive basis of statistical techniques, i.e. the method of the empirical rule and
solar solutions’ are more evolved and provide flexible solutions. As two-point method of calculation for the study of energy efficiency in
NZEB should have balance between energy produces and consumed in a buildings. Gallardo and Berardi (2019) assessed the energy and thermal
building and usage of renewable energy, which is shown in Figure (3). efficiency of a radiant cooling panel system with integration of phase
AbuGrain and Alibaba (2017) looked at how an existing multi-story change materials (PCMs) for use in retrofit projects for construction.
building in the Mediterranean could be made more energy efficient. In Cucuzzella and Goubran (2019) examined infrastructure projects that
Denmark, most buildings are connected to electricity grids and about present a deliberate merging through sustainable design between urban
half are to district heating (DH) Systems. Connecting buildings to larger change, community growth, culture and technology. Piderit et al. (2019)
networks of energy allows them to send or receive energy from these identified a structure for the new norm to reach NZEB and this study
systems. NZEB typically have very low energy costs. . Khan et al. (2017) recognized the need for advanced public policies to achieve the imple­
aimed to build a sports gymnasium with almost zero electricity in Cal­ mentation of buildings with an energy neutral concept to provide a
olziocorte building, Italy. In the first instance, the base case was con­ standard structure for the NZEB.
structed with conventional buildings materials and the overall demand Fabrizi (2020) found out two key terms: optimization and holistic
for energy is estimated. Greco et al. (2017) described the economic plan to describe the ZEBs. Vidal et al. (2020) discussed the possible
variables that can improve investment in cantered with public and local causes and health-related effects of excess heat in NZEB housing in the
authorities, private businesses, energy-neutral refurbishments, Institutes Northern Climate. Khakia et al. (2020) aimed to evaluate the energy
and end-users of science. Energy efficiency research has recently been efficiency of two-story residential buildings located mountainous village
proposed to minimize buildings’ energy use by planning the energy and to determine the influence of many parameters, namely construc­
consumption structural parameters. tion orientation, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), type of glazing, devices
Adoption and implementation of NZEBs on a wide scale will poten­ for shading, and insulation, depending on the energy quality.
tially greatly contribute to the greening of the construction industry. The power in future buildings is created in the construction itself
However, is still in the early stages. Jain et al. (2017) tried to determine from harvested RES. In this sort of Buildings; the NZEB, known as the
the governance background for the introduction and adoption of NZEBs building’s annual net energy is zero, meaning the building generates
by niche development. Harkouss (2018) outlined the methodology of precise energy or even more energy as it absorbs during a year.
cost-effectiveness ability to maximize net-zero energy building design Assembling the Net-Zero Energy Building’s Energy System calls for
and were evaluated by an energy simulation and optimization program significant fundamental investment and rigorous analysis, arrangement
coupled with a ranking decision-making technique. Singh (2018) of atmospheric weather conditions and forecasting.
emphasized the function and significance of the building envelope and
related construction facilities in achieving the NZEB goal and addressed 2. Performance analysis
the different phenomena and certain materials used in the building
envelope. This paper also presents the performance analysis of NZEB. Mertz
Gupta et al. (2019) assessed the new buildings and included an over et al. (2007) defined the method of conducting and comparing lifecycle
view of an existing building to make it a perfect NZEB. Al- Yoklic et al. costs for normal, CO2-neutral and net zero energy buildings and iden­
(2010) conducted a survey on more than 60 residential buildings in tified the lowest-cost energy net-zero house, the lowest-priced CO2-n­
eutral house, and the whole house at the least-cost. Wittkopf et al., 735.
(2008) introduced the concept of Integrated Photovoltaic Construction
at the first zero-energy building in Singapore. The work presented
introduced the design of the BIPV growth, requirements for final de­
signs, and tender evaluations. Noguchi et al. (2008) put public and
private sectors working together to build homes that incorporate wealth
and resources energy saving systems with a view to reduce their pro­
duction effect on the climate.
Brahme et al. (2009) described the single-family residence modelling
to demonstrate the most common strategies considered during the
design process of NZEB. Sartori et al. (2010) provided a harmonized
structure for defining characteristics of Net ZEBs by evaluating the pa­
rameters and selecting the relevant options thorough elaboration of
Fig. 3. Balance in Energy produced and energy consumed. sound Net ZEB concepts. Omar et al. (2010) used the results of the study

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

to define and fix the issue within the review of building design. The account two key points: (1) the effect of the urban type on energy needs
objective was to shift the building of the faculty from an energy user to and the renewable energy development on site and (2) the impact of the
an energy producer in order to achieve NZEB for education. Musall et al. position on energy use in transport. BAU University architecture build­
(2010) summarized the status of two phases of research within the ing was selected as a case study to test the energy efficiency in compa­
context of IEA Task 40/Annex 52 towards solar buildings with net zero rable buildings in comparison with methods for zero energy
capacity’. Lund et al. (2011) used an overall approach to the energy architecture. Evola and Margani (2014) proposed a versatile techno­
system to examine the mismatch dilemma of net zero energy and zero logical solution to improve the energy efficiency of Italian residential
emission buildings and the results suggest that such compensation fac­ real estate built between 1950 and 1990, i.e. before strict energy con­
tors are slightly below one for photovoltaic (PV) buildings and a little sumption reduction regulations were implemented. Stefanović et al.
above one for wind turbine buildings. Whereas Kolokotsa (2011) did (2014) dealt with NZEB type defined for its cost.
analysis of the technical advances in each of the critical ingredients that DeKay (2014) used the concept of a Bundle-Up! Game to build
can enable the potential integration of effective NZEB, i.e. precise climate design learning strategies and their complicated approaches
simulation models, sensors and actuators, and control of the construc­ whereas Ubinasa et al. (2014) overviewed the passive strategies used in
tion. Khandelwal et al. (2011) explored the ability to minimize a central Net plus Energy Houses and reflected the effects of passive design stra­
air-conditioned building’s annual energy consumption by advanced tegies on comfort and convenience of houses. Kanters, et al. (2014)
evaporative cooling systems. Hemsath et al. (2011) described the first investigated the consequences of major design decisions on the renew­
phase of a residential study program to reduce the effect of new devel­ able energy efficiency of solar buildings with net zero energy. Mellawi,
opment on the atmosphere by using a zero net energy test house as a et al. (2015) presented net zero energy single family two-storey housing
basis through research and education. Salom et al. (2011) presented prototype, which is assessed using energy efficiency modelling tools to
Load Matching and Grid Interaction (LMGI) indicators and that can be determine the environmental impacts during the early design phase to
used to calculate the versatility of the architecture of a building to adapt help develop a design that is capable of meeting our climate-related
to variable generation conditions, loads and grid conditions and Voss economic, environmental and social challenges.
et al. (2011) reported on the background and the various effects Alajmi et al. (2016) showed the possibility of transforming a public
affecting the energy balance approach. building from an inefficient consumer of energy into NZEB and was
Musall (2012) talked about the building-integrated co-generation accomplished by cost - effective energy efficiency initiatives (EEMs) and
and concluded that it is suitable especially for (future) biomass systems. solar energy systems integration. Wongwuttanasatian et al. (2015)
Scognamiglio, et al. (2012) envisioned potential formal outcomes, pos­ demonstrated the NZEB concept in Thailand as a self-energy provider
sibilities and problems for the usage of PV in ZEBs and new study and was updated in part to minimize its energy consumption by using a
problems for potential architectural partnerships between PV and ZEBs. number of energy-efficient technologies. Whereas Vergini and Groum­
Todorovic (2012) reviewed the critical position of Building Performance pos (2015) defined a new approach to NZEB modelling by Fuzzy
Simulation (BPS)-dynamic analysis of the inextricable link between Cognitive Maps (FCM). The European Economic Community (EEC) is a
building energy demand for HVAC and other building technical systems pioneer in setting goals for all EU member states to install Net-Zero
to achieve zero energy status for sustainable energy supply and renew­ Energy Buildings (NZEB), with the first relevant date set for 2020.
able energy sources (RES) availability. Gardzelewski et al. (2012) Attia (2015) defined the performance target for Nearly Zero Energy
focused on residential design and construction in which solar design and Buildings (nZEB) in EU members. Energy performance target specified
construction was used. Strategies for Passive house are used to achieve in building codes for non-residential buildings of some EU member
Net-Zero use-Energy focus on illustrating optimal architectural and countries are shown in Table 1:
mechanical system design strategies for the construction of three places Irulegi et al. (2017) suggested some important measures in the ret­
along the Rocky Mountain Front Range. rofitting process of the building envelope including upgradation of
Deng et al. (2012) introduced a case study for a NZEB in Shanghai HVAC, Electrical Lighting, and renewable energy. Their analysis showed
where energy-efficient passive architecture, solar collector system, the proposed retrofitting strategies reduces the energy consumption as
Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system, indoor ter­
minal units and the building’s renewable energy power system was in­
Table 1
tegrated briefly, particularly the concept of the energy system. Aelenei
Performance Target for nZEB in some EU members (Attia (2015); D’Agostino et al.
and Gonçalves (2013) unveiled a sustainable system for the exchange of
(2017); Hamburg et al. (2020)).
insights into the NZEB approach used in an office building and had
shown that the combination of traditional and creative energy efficiency Country Non Residential Buildings Notes
(kWh/m2/Year)
interventions with renewable systems is capable of achieving
zero-energy performance without considerable effort. Bourrelle et al. New Existing
(2013) proposed a new NZEB energy balance strategy that takes into Sweden 30–105 ND Depend on type of building and
account the actual sum of energy needed by NZEBs and emphasized the Climate
increase in demand for grid electricity, as well as the importance of Spain 45–60 120 Proposed indicators defines the net PE
use and maximum total PE use
ensuring that no net non-renewable energy is needed for a house. Kur­ Romania 50–102 120–140 Depend on type of building and climate
nitski (2013) made several calls to adopt lower performing for heating France 70–110 ND Depend on climate
and cooling energy needs. Kneifel (2014) compared the NZERTF’s Denmark 25 25 Include: Heating, Cooling, DHW and
life-cycle cost performance design to a comparable building design Lighting
Bulgaria 30–50 40–60
consistent with the Maryland code using the outcomes of Energy Plus
–
Austria 170 220
(E+) energy simulations for the entire house, electricity rate for local Cyprus 125 125
utilities Schedules, and a report from the contractor estimating the Hungary 60–115 ND Depend on type of building
relevant construction costs. Latvia 95 95
Dama et al. (2014) proposed a case study of Milan, where the result Malta 60 ND
Netherlands 0 ND
indicated that natural night ventilation and ventilation optimized solar Poland 45–70–190 ND Depend on type of building
control with daylight integration might have a big effect on reducing Slovenia 70 100
cooling, lighting and lots of systems without raising demand for heating. Slovakia 60–96 ND Depend on type of building
Marique et al. (2013) explored the possibility of applying the idea of (offices)
34 (schools)
‘zero-energy construction’ to the neighborhood scale by taking into

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

indicated in Table (2). Table 3

Latief et al. (2016) identified the NZEB architecture variables that fit Performance analysis with representative references.
the state of the tropical climate, where design variable analysis are Representative references Research work/Investigation
orientation of structure, and passive design. Greco et al. (2016) identi­
Shuai Deng et al. (2012) Integration of energy system
fied the factors affecting zero energy viability renovation of existing Dama et al. (2014) Big effect on reducing cooling due to ventilation.
commercial buildings. The majority of building consumption is con­ Evola and Margani (2014) Versatile technological solution to improve the
nected to the use of active systems to preserve the comfort of the interior energy efficiency
of NZEB. Vergini and Groumpos NZEB modelling by FCM
(2015)
Harkouss et al. (2016) adopted the thermal comfort criterion as main Harkouss et al. (2016) Thermal comfort criterion as main optimization
optimization constraint and showed that the exclusion of cost parame­ constraint
ters can lead to unfeasible solutions. D’Agostino et al. (2016) presented Ferrari and Beccali (2017) Energy retrofit evaluation of a building
an evaluation of the present situation with respect to NZEB imple­ Attia (2018) Comfort requirements, technology, climate
sensitivity, quality of construction, and evidence-
mentation in the Member States in Europe whereas Chandanachulaka
based design
and Khan-ngern (2016) introduced the zero energy design for con­ Ballarini et al (2019) For the thermal and visual performance assessments,
sumption for a small device on a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system dynamic simulation was used to calculate energy and
dwelling house. Ferrari and Beccali (2017) evaluated the energy retrofit comfort using Energy Plus and DIVA, respectively.
of a building representative in public tertiary stock, in order to boost According to the findings, energy retrofit operations
on the building exterior would result in considerable
energy efficiency towards the requirements of almost NZEB. The results improvements in thermal performance, both in terms
showed that by implementing market-available and well-proven retrofit of energy savings (37% of yearly primary energy for
technical solutions, it is possible to reduce primary energy demand and heating) and thermal comfort.
related emissions by up to 40% from current values. Carpino et al (2020) They looked at six months of monitoring data from a
Danish nZEB. The impact of three different
An analysis was carried out on photovoltaic solar systems to deter­
occupancy profiles on final energy use is investigated
mine the best system configuration from a financial and environmental using a simulation model: the ‘Compliance profile,’
perspective. which is based on regulations, the ‘Standard profile,’
The review on performance analysis is tabulated below in Table (3): which is based on average data from surveys, and the
Attia (2018) proposed a book that focused on lessons learned from ‘Actual profile,’ which is based on measured data
from the actual building case. The three distinct
the design, planning, operation and integration of the most important
occupancy profiles, as well as the results obtained by
subjects of the NZEB, such as multidisciplinarity, carbon footprint, employing the three occupancy models in
comfort requirements, technology, climate sensitivity, quality of con­ performance prediction, show significant disparities.
struction, and evidence-based design. Abdullah, et a. (2017) proposed Marszal et al. (2010) Energy measurement methodologies
Magrini et al. (2020) A case study (single-family residential nZEB) is
an integration of photovoltaic as sensitive shading devices for an energy
shown to demonstrate how careful and integrated
efficient office building. Gardea et al. (2014) overviewed the NZEBs design of the building exterior and systems not only
undertaken with a passive design approach. Attia et al. (2017) offered allows for nearly entire renewable energy coverage,
suggestions for how to transform the gaps found into future growth but also generates an energy surplus that can be
opportunities of High-performance climate sensitive houses. Vora et al. shared with metropolitan grids.
Moran et al. (2020) This research evaluates the best retrofit packages for
(2017) analysed on the detection of factors affecting the construction of
gas-heated semi-detached and end-terraced houses
net zero energy buildings (NZEB) in the Indian sector industry. Irulegi in Ireland in terms of building material thermal
et al. (2017) proposed a framework for analysing student comfort in efficiency and energy demand.
real-world situations to identify and test strategies for achieving NZEB in Rey-Hernández et al. The performance of a hybrid ventilation system
(2020) called LUCIA, which combines Earth-to-Air Heat
university buildings and discussed the critical issue of addressing with
eXchangers (EAHX), free cooling, and evaporative
energy and comfort in a specific building. cooling Air Handling Unit Heat eXchanger (AHU-
Karlessi et al. (2017) illustrated the concepts of the integrated design HX), all controlled by a Building Management
process and tied smart construction technology to the process. In order System (BMS) in a net Zero Energy Building (nZEB),
to accelerate the three key aspects of smart buildings’ interdisciplinary is examined in this research paper. LUCIA nZEB,
located in Valladolid, Spain, is the world’s first safe-
nature, it introduced phase towards the design and implementation of
building against Covid-19, approved by the
zero energy: international organisation WOSHIE.
Bienvenido-Huertas et al. The findings looked at heating and cooling needs,
1. Smart buildings’ design phase concepts and its integration (2021) cluster analyses, and population effect, indicating
that improving thermal attributes might provide
2. Smart buildings with smart technologies
buildings with higher energy performance for a
3. NZEB and its integration in smart grids larger number of people.

Oh et al. (2017) carried out state-of-the-art analysis of the recent

research on nZEB implementation strategies as a consequence, it is the RE and its back-up system. Skye and Wu (2018) compared the en­
possible to classify previous studies relating to NZEB into two groups ergy efficiency and initial costs of PV and HVAC installations for resi­
based on two perspectives: i) passive strategies; (ii) active strategies. dential NZEB in various climate zones. Latief et al. (2019) used
Review of these studies had shown that the use of passive building experiments and a case study to verify the design variables for an ideal
strategies is efficient in terms of energy savings, but not adequate in Near Zero Energy House (nZEH) design, including building orientation,
terms of the implementation of NZEB. The active strategies focusing on PV panels, fenestration, and passive design. Ramos et al. (2019) studied
the combination of traditional recovery methods and the cooling ca­
pacity of the building’s thermal mass for night ventilation and quanti­
Table 2
fied using CFD simulations. Marszal et al. (2010) presented a summary
Retrofit strategies with energy reduction.
of the energy measurement methodologies of NZEBs suggested by or­
Retrofit Strategies of Design Reduction in Energy (in %) ganizations representing eight separate countries: Germany, Austria,
1. Upgrading HVAC 23 Canada, Denmark, Italy, Norway, the USA and Switzerland. A few
2. Electrical Lighting 5 studies had been conducted prior to this date on the thermal satisfaction
3. Renewable Energy 44 of NZEB; one of the aims of the study was to draw a distinction between

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

the thermal parameters for the thermal comfort assessment of a net-zero PV device and associated hardware were characterized device, and
energy building occupant. knew the potential consequences of its implementation. Pless and Tor­
cellini (2010) gave the NZEB RE Supply Option Hierarchy which is
3. Various energy integration shown in table (4):
Gallo et al. (2015) implemented the global energy balances for
Quite apart from the Net Zero Energy Building concept or metric, the grid-connected buildings to measure the potential for self-consumption
minimization of energy use for efficient design should be a fundamental usage. For each event, therefore a global electrical balance was carried
design requirement and the highest priority of NZEB. Energy efficiency out between demands and the output of the PV array. Aelenei and
is typically the most cost-effective approach with the highest return on Gonçalves (2013) had shown the wise combination of standard and
investment and, prior to developing renewable energy strategies, opti­ innovative energy performance measures with renewable systems is
mizing efficiency opportunities would reduce the cost of needed capable of achieving zero energy performance without considerable
renewable energy projects. effort. The Biomass offered de-centralized power generation potential
The independence of fossil fuels, and thus renewable energy sources coupled with opportunity of realizing organic fertilizer.
usage, is the key principle of zero energy construction. It is possible to Musall et al. (2010) had shown that for NZEB, no further steps are
understand the renewable energy technologies: solar thermal, solar PV, required in order to achieve high fractions renewable electricity gen­
biomass energy generation, and wind turbine. The meanings of NZEB in eration. For Primary Energy only, Balances dependent on asymmetric
the prevalent literature do not concentrate on one specific renewable weighting factors is required for a full renewable coverage of the energy
technology.Whereas the block diagram for integration of renewable demand. Diab et al. (2015) addressed economic and environmental is­
energy sources with power converter for power supply to load is shown sues by maximizing the fraction of renewable energy and minimization
in Figure (4). Unidirectional and bidirectional power converter are used of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG).
for supplying the power from renewable energy to loads. The current Omar (2016) aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to zero
work will be carried out by studying the energy demand of buildings and and all greenhouse gas emitting activities must be avoided by using
how a building can become self-supporting and zero-neutral through renewable energy. Depending on the place and surrounding environ­
RES. For ZEB with a standby generator, two renewable energy sources, mental circumstances. Habash et al. (2014) examined the position of the
comprising a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine, are considered. role of the technologies and strategies above and addressed the problems
The penetration of renewable energy into existing power systems facing. Whereas Feng et al. (2016) used three scenarios to analyse the
involves extensive study, planning and development. Given the recent contribution of solar PV and compare the generation of electricity in
growing public attention on climate change issues, the share of renew­ buildings with the demand for prototype building energy under the
able energy resources in the generation of electricity is increasing day by reference scenario. Contribution and comparison of solar PV to demand
day. The increased share of renewables would provide us with future- for prototype building is shown in Table (5).
proof, robust, sustainable and climate-friendly energy systems. Caralis Babu and Vyjayanthi (2017) created the NZEB prototype with
and Zervos (2007) analysed the combined use of the wind and pump incorporation of renewable energy applications. The real-time NZEB
storage to exploit the wind potential as renewable energy sources. prototype is generated with reasonable assumptions for achieving home
Elkinton et al. (2009) explored the feasibility of the development of automation with Internet of Things (IoT) using wireless sensors. Latief
renewable energy housing to achieve zero net energy consumption by et al. (2017) found the benchmarks that can be applied with respect to
using PV and wind power systems and determine how the PV and wind its possible obstacles while applying technology that energy generated
power system designs and economics differ with various climates. And by NZEB can also be exported to the central grid. Peñaloza (2017)
the respective four types of NZEB with renewable energy sources are studies enhanced understanding the implications of increasing bio based
shown in Figure (5). PV is very suitable for producing energy in a ZEB material use in climate change mitigation, as well as a building life cycle
scenario,’ on site’ and of site’; this extends from the architectural scale to perspective.
a broader scale, including the area close to the house or to the building. Kaewunruen et al. (2018) research showed that three wind turbines
Yoklic et al. (2010) demonstrated how sustainable forest biomass re­ with 7.2 m diameter will receive 23-year payback periods in order to
sources, solar energy, rainwater harvested and logs of small diameters install solar PV. The increased land demand for wind turbine of 7.2 m
can be integrated into a system that provides most or all of the energy diameter is another inference to be drawn from the NZEB solution
and water needs of a typical residential and effectively interpret the developed in this paper. Cui et al. (2019) had shown the indoor space
results and communicate the sustainable potential to the public and had arrangement of passive solar buildings which had got the crucial impact
shown that the integration of renewable energy building systems and on the air temperature and it has been proved by investigation.
rainwater harvesting systems can achieve annual net-zero energy re­ Elavarasan, et al. (2021) introduced the idea of Demand Side Man­
quirements for electricity, including air conditioning. agement (DSM). The Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources
The emphasis of NZEB is on the annual energy balance, significant (HOMER) simulation software was used to conduct optimization anal­
differences in the amount of grid interaction necessary to achieve the ysis for a different type of combination that involves grid PV, grid PV-
objective. Voss et al. (2010) reported on the study of buildings con­ Diesel and grid PV-Hydrogen fuel to develop and approach for cost
cerning the load matching and grid interaction. An experiment was optimization. RameshJoseph and Narayanan (2018) suggested a suit­
carried out to test photovoltaic systems (solar electric systems) for a able design for the Energy Harvester Interface (EHI) for the integration
single device. Cole and Deyoung (2012) talked about the PV system. On of PV and battery energy storage with the ability to work bidirectionally.
the basis of the facility’s to determine the optimal electrical demand, a Mahdavi Adeli, et al. (2020) showed that solar energy alone is not
capable of providing the energy demand of buildings to achieve net-zero
energy buildings so, other forms of energy should also be used. In
addition, maximum thermal comfort was found to be reached in mild
seasons.
In the NZEB environment, the incorporation of RES in addition to
battery energy storage is an unavoidable necessity. In order to enforce
the principle of the NZEB, it is anticipated that the buildings’ current
energy demand will be met by the contribution of RES to the net zero
Fig. 4. Block diagram for integration of renewable sources for power supply energy balance. To accomplish this, the EHI module cluster integrated to
to loads. maintain a balance between supply and load demand, based on the

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

Fig. 5. Four types of NZEB (Salam (2021)).

hierarchical working of RES, the storage of battery power and the dis­
Table 4
tribution grid. An EHI is an important part of achieving the definition of
R E supply option Hierarchy.
the NZEB.
Option Approach application
No.
4. Concept and design of net zero energy buildings in various
0 Mitigate the use of electricity in Day lighting; passive solar climatic conditions
sites by use of energy efficient heating; air-conditioning
equipment and on demand site equipment, insulation high-
through green building efficiency heating natural Global warming and climate change have become an increasing
technology. ventilation; ground-source heat concern in recent decades.
pumps; evaporative cooling With the main energy users being residential and industrial build­
1 Use of RES that are accessible on PV, wind and solar hot water ings, sources have been exhausted at a much faster rate in recent de­
the building foot print that are located in the building
cades. Medi (2008) showed climate change issue and the growing
linked to the site’s electricity or
hot/cold water distribution energy resource shortage results in NZEB.
system. Carrilho da Graca et al. (2012) investigated the viability of NZEB
2 Use of RES that are accessible on Located on parking lots or solar systems for a traditional single family residence in the mild Eu­
the building site that are linked to neighbouring open space, but not
ropean Southern Climate Region. Garde et al. (2012) discuss the inte­
the site’s electricity or hot/cold physically placed on the structure,
water distribution system. PV, solar hot water, low-impact grated building design method where the most creative tactic was the
hydro, and wind re-introduction of the basic passive principles of tropical vernacular
3 Use of RES available at the Biomass, wood pellets, ethanol, or architecture: cross-natural ventilation and cross-natural ventilation
building site to generate electricity biodiesel that may be imported effective solar protection. Similarly, Causone, et al. (2014) discussed
on building site and connected to from off-site sources or collected
about the idea of net zero building in the meditterean climate. Opti­
its electricity or hot/chilled water from waste streams from on-site
distribution system. activities and utilized to create mized design process through extensive simulations of energy, resulting
energy and heat on-site. in optimal energy balance and favourable conditions of thermal comfort
4 Purchase newly added off-site Wind, PV, emissions credits, or throughout the year. At the 25th International Symposium on Intelligent
renewable energy sources that other “green” purchase
Manufacturing and Automation (DAAAM) 2014, Perlova et al. (2014)
have been approved by Green-E alternatives offered by utilities.
(2009) or other comparable REC All purchases made off-site must included the idea of net zero energy construction where reduction of
schemes. be validated as newly added RE. A carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere was introduced for
To preserve NZEB accreditation, building might potentially work betterment of global climate. As 30–40% of all the primary energy used
continue to acquire generation with its energy supplier to worldwide is estimated to be used in buildings. This high use of energy
from this new resource. construct specialised wind
can affect the environment directly or indirectly. It also causes changes
turbines or PV panels in an off-site
location with strong solar or wind in the atmosphere, degrades the ecosystem and enhances air quality. The
resources. In this case, the zero energy building utilizes renewable energy sources to fulfil the
building might own the gear and building’s energy requirements. Alrashed and Asif (2015) examined the
collect power credits.
uncertainty about their adaptability in local climate, focusing primarily
The hardware would be
maintained by the electricity
on four climatic variables associated with the application of NZEB,
company or a contractor. including air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and global

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

Table 5 solar radiation. For the four climate conditions, a sensitivity study for
Contribution and comparison of solar PV to demand for prototype building. the studied locations was conducted.
Measures in Solar PV Solar PV Impact Building Stocks in Buonomano et al. (2015) discussed about the energy design and
Energy Efficiency Installation Efficiency analysis optimization for the Mediterranean climate of a non-residential NZEB
The study area Rooftop 15.2% When solar PV is used to using an in-house programming tool generated for dynamic evaluations
spans over 100 installation cover 25% of a building’s of energy efficiency. A moderate heating season and a hot (and typically
km2 roof, it may offset 19% of dry) cooling season are characterized by the Mediterranean climate.
encompassing the power demand while Attia (2015) compared the impact of using various zero thermal comfort
33,000 also reducing cooling
residential units load by 2% owing to the
models for NZEB in hot climates and study showed that compared to EN
in the city of Al- shading effect of the 15251, ASHRAE 55 or Givoni’s model, the percentage difference of
Khobar in Saudi panels. energy consumption meeting the comfort requirements varied up to
Arabia. Villas 16.0%, 21.0% and 24.7%, respectively according to ISO 7730. In order
and apartment
to classify the collected NZEBs by climatic zones, a common method­
buildings
respectively ology was developed by Pascual and Paoletti (2016). Ascione et al.
offer 21% and (2016) showed the net zero-energy boundary conditions, conceptions,
28% of their design requirements and predicted energy efficiency construction, and
rooftops for PV planned for a traditional Mediterranean climate. Devraj et al. (2018)
application (
Dehwah and
carried out a study to analyse the efficiency of a zero-energy building
Asif (2019)) and found that such a building could be constructed. Whereas Harkouss
Authors discussed Building- Not Simulation of the yearly et al. (2018) aimed to help NZEB designers to choose acceptable design
how grid- integrated considered solar generation profile of options for passive and RE systems on the basis of structural evaluations
connected BIPV photovoltaics an on-site generator using
in different climates. Twenty-five climates are simulated with the aim of
helped to (BIPV) real solar radiation data
reduce the load and simultaneous recommending best practices for minimizing building energy demands
needs of a major building power needs for (for cooling and heating) as well as life cycle costs (LCC). Irfan et al.
commercial the year 2007 revealed (2018) targeted for developing an energy-neutral or net zero model
building in a hot that the 1 MWp BIPV home electricity in regions with sub-zero temperatures.
area in Brazil ( system could account for
Irfan et al. (2018b) discussed about the climate change and its affects
Braun and roughly 30% of the
Rüther (2010)) overall building’s energy on ozone layer and increasing global warming potential. It is the one
usage. that is the hour requirement in which buildings are designed in such a
The potential of building- Thin-film They studied and way they consume less resources due to effective energy usage On-site
building- integrated and amorphous compared the yearly
energy design and generation for own use as well as to be used export
integrated and building- silicon (6%) output performance of
building- applied and classic thin-film amorphous additional electricity to utilities. They Provides a comparative electricity
applied photovoltaics crystalline silicon and classic usage study in a Conventional architecture and the NZEB. Al-Saeed and
photovoltaics (BIPV and silicon solar crystalline silicon solar Ahmad (2018) assessed the future efficiency in the Middle East and
(BIPV and BAPV) PV (14%) PV technologies, and North Africa (MENA) region of existing buildings towards the achieve­
BAPV) offered solar PV kits for
ment of nZEB or energy-positive buildings. In order to create a guide for
generators on installation on all 496
existing single- roof tops in the mixed nZEB in the MENA region, they reviewed the existing NZEB re­
family detached residential–commercial quirements and definitions in hot and warm climate countries. Feng
residential region. The suggested PV et al. (2019) provided analysis of NZEBs and their current development
structures in kits can readily fit on the
in hot and humid regions. The study found that in hot and humid cli­
Florianopolis, roofs of ordinary single-
Brazil (latitude family detached homes,
mates, passive layout and technologies such as natural ventilation and
27◦ S, solar with 87% of these day lighting were adopted for NZEBs. Using historical weather data, the
irradiation generators producing at current NZEBs are built. The current weather data of the NZEB may vary
1550 kn/m2/ least 95% of the significantly from the historical weather data because of climate change.
year) to supply maximum theoretical
Chai1 et al. (2019) examined the impacts of climate change on the en­
each home and generation output of an
a part of the appropriately oriented ergy balance of the NZEB in different climate regions, and also assessed
local utility and tilted PV system. the effectiveness of various interventions in mitigating the related im­
feeder’s energy pacts of climate change using Morphing method. Raniga (2019) gave an
consumption
understanding of zero energy, its relevance and urgency with regard to
was quantified
by the authors (
global commitments to reduce the effects of the building and construc­
Santos and tion in promoting emissions reductions in the built environment. Summa
Rüther (2012)) et al. (2020) described the climate change impact on energy and comfort
Modest adoption Not considered Not All Building Stocks performance of NZEB by conducting hourly dynamic simulations on a
of efficiency considered
reference building. A broad range of technologies, systems and solutions
steps which are
compatible with with varying degrees of complexity are needed to implement in NZEBs.
autonomous Doust et al. (2013) explored the case of a house in a temperate
reform environment with a warm climate in northern Italy. McLauchlan (2020)
Aggressive Rooftop Fixed Buildings with fewer than focused on the weather Risk Management Emission reduction and
adoption of all installation efficiency: 6 stories have the
efficiency 15% potential to achieve net
achievement of net zero goals in Scotland by reducing emissions.
measures efficiency zero Similarly, Firląg and Piasecki (2018) carried out a survey on the possible
Aggressive Rooftop east 15% Buildings with fewer than approaches and metrics that could be applied to the NZEB concept of
adoption of all and south west efficiency 10 stories have the existing single-family homes in heating dominated climate. Kashiyani
efficiency potential to achieve net
et al. (2013) researched the NZEB idea where his work explained that
measures zero
(discussed about 40% of the world’s primary energy usage is used by buildings. In
above) the context of climate change, the scarcity of energy supplies and the
decline in global energy use, energy efficiency was a significant topic.

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

The NZEB principle of both energy use and building output is seen as one ● Integration of automatic shading systems into window construction.
of the solutions that could change the image of energy use in the ● Daylight sensors must be built into the lighting system for proper
building sector and thus lead to reducing the global usage of energy. energy consumption.
After overall review, here are the some figure examples of design of ● Installing new energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems to save
NZEB worldwide: even more money on electricity per year.
Photo by Halkin | Mason Photography (Hailey Hinton (2020)) ● The feasibility of adding RES as additional elements to the building
Photo credit: John Petersen, Oberlin College (Voss and Musall envelope materials for insulation.
(2012)) ● The cost analysis of economic viability and life cycle of optimizing
Photo by Kyle Caldwell (Hailey Hinton (2020)) the current building into a definition of net-zero energy.
Photo by Edward Caruso (Hailey Hinton (2020))
Fig. 6(A) is the first energy positive building situated in Lehigh, While the nZEB objective is technically possible, there is a 30% cost
which has PV array on the top of the roof in order to achieve net zero difference between the nZEB solution and the cost-optimal option. This
office design. Fig. 6(B) is located on the Oberlin college campus in Ohio, is crucial since it implies that the existing nZEB standard is inferior than
the examples of NZEB. Fig. 6(C) is the current largest NZEB in US which the optimum financial option (Salem et al. (2020)). The possibilities of
has 220,000 sq. ft. of area. Fig. 6(D) is a single family residence of reducing energy use and construction costs are investigated, and evi­
Charlotte, which is designed to eliminate all the fossil fuel burning on dence is provided that wooden nearly-zero-energy buildings (nZEB) are
site. Fig. 6(E) represents the first NZEB of India from the Indian Green technically possible at affordable construction costs through the use of
Building Council. Fig. 6(F) represents NZEB that consists of 40 solar novel design processes and procurement models that enable scalable and
panels on its roof to cover the homes annual energy use. Fig. 6(G) is modular production (Arumägi and Kalamees (2020)). Pikas et al. (2017)
designed by Sasaki, Technological solutions and green buildings stra­ concluded that the nZEB investments are expected to become
tegies were set into place to achieve NZE. Fig. 6(H) is the largest NZEB in cost-optimal without subsidies, due to the increasing efficiency and
Southern Ontario region making it perfect example how to turn NZEB to decreasing costs of PV systems. Buildings account for a large proportion
positive teaching tools. These are some of the examples of existing NZEB of the world’s total energy and carbon emissions, and play an important
design. role in formulating strategies for sustainable growth. In recent years,
there has been a growing interest in NZEBs.
5. Recommendations and future strategies To this end, smart systems implement applications with numerous
and interdisciplinary features: stable additional renewable energy inte­
Based on the brief study carried out in this study, following recom­ gration, network distribution, efficient delivery systems, control and
mendations can be made: monitoring in order to reach zero energy goals by demand response. The
incorporation of intelligent technologies requires a holistic approach
● Optimization and Holistic plan to capture the complexity of the that takes all aspects of sustainability into account. The introduction of
building behaviour (AbuGrain and Alibaba, 2017). highly efficient smart buildings is possible through the incorporation of
● Use of plug in loads as building is being more energy efficient along smart metering and renewable systems, serving as storage/generators
with their reducing the energy consumption (Chandanachulaka and and energy control by tracking in-house devices, smart sustainable
Khan-ngern (2016)). buildings can have a better quality of life. With the help of a mobile app,
● Energy retrofit of residential buildings to the NZEB level is the best such platform-based configuration technology has the potential to
practice for substantially reducing energy demand and fossil fuel improve comfort, healthcare, safety and security, as well as energy
dependency (Abdullah and Alibaba (2017), D’Agostino et al. (2017); conservation at home and at work. The general pictorial representation
Moran et al. (2020)). of net zero building towards smart Sustainable building is shown in
● In order to increase the funds available for projects and contribute to Figure (7).
more comprehensive participation, RE should be made a priority A more comfortable built environment can be generated by smart
sector (Dehwah and Asif (2019), Santos and Rüther (2012)). construction while simultaneously reducing the carbon footprint of a
● Skill enhancement training sessions for interested individuals on site.
renewables will encourage the generation of RE (Musall et al. (2010), In order to change water quality and increase energy efficiency,
Gallo et al. (2015)). Green building blends technology and living practices. Optimized en­
● Favourable thermal comfort conditions and optimal energy balance ergy efficiency, additional commissioning measurements and verifica­
throughout the year through detailed energy simulations (Braun and tion, and continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide would benefit from
Rüther (2010)). the use of environmentally friendly materials and creative procedures.
The Green Building Concept has become popular. Purbantoro and
Furthermore, for more energy saving potential, the following Siregar (2019) defined the principles of green construction. Green ship
guidelines should be studied: rating tool composed of six groups: Acceptable Site Construction (ASD),

Fig. 6a. Sustainable Energy Fund (SEF) office building Schnecksville, Pennsylvania.

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

Fig. 6b. Oberlin college lewis center, oberlin, Ohio.

Fig. 6c. Nrel research support facilities building (Voss and Musall (2012)).

Fig. 6d. Charlotte Vermont house, charlotte, Vermont, United States (charlotte Vermont house. (n.d.)).

Energy Management & Conservation (EEC), Water Conservation (WAC), Overall Smart sustainable building is the integration of Net Zero
Indoor Air Health & Comfort (IHC), Material Resources & Cycle (MRC), Energy Building, Smart building, Green building and energy efficient
and Building & Environments management (BEM). The conclusions building which is shown in Figure (8). And commonality of green and
demonstrated that the introduction of the green building concept will smart building is shown in Figure (9).
also improve energy efficiency. Purbantoro and Siregar (2019) focused Sustainable sites, Water efficiency, Energy and atmosphere, Mate­
on the nature of Net Zero’s technological and financial viability of NZEB rials and resources, Indoor environmental quality, Innovation and
from an existing building. design process.

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

Fig. 6e. First net zero energy building in India (Godrej & Boyce (2016)).

Fig. 6f. Net zero home in Lexington, Massachusetts.

Fig. 6g. John J. Sbrega health and science building at bristol community college in Massachusetts.

5.1. Green building 5.2. Smart building

Data network, Video surveillances, Access control, HVAC Control, Optimize energy performance, additional commissioning measure­
Power management, Lighting control, Facilities management, wireless ment and verification, CO2 monitoring, Innovation in design.
systems. Commonality of Smart Building and Green buildings.
The advantages of having Smart Sustainable Building are.

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

Fig. 6h. the Joyce Center for Partnership and Innovation at Mohawk College’s Fennell Campus Hamilton, Ontario Photo courtesy of B + H Architects (Hailey
Hinton (2020)).

Fig. 7. NZEB towards smart sustainable building.

Fig. 8. Smart sustainable building integration.

Fig. 9. Commonality of Smart and Green buildings. (For interpretation of the
references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web
version of this article.)

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R.K. Jaysawal et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582

● Self sufficient AbuGrain, M., Alibaba, H., 2017. Optimizing existing multi-storey building designs
towards net-zero energy. Sustainability 9 (3), 399.
● Sustainable
Aelenei, L., Gonçalves, H., 2013. From solar building design to Net Zero Energy
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