Collection of definitions and results for topological spaces.

This copy is only for PPSC Lecturer Math preparation session of MathLogic.
In case you find any mistake please whatsapp at 03037728892.
Suggestions will be welcomed.
Regards: Rashad Ali
(Lecturer in Mathematics Govt. Associate College (B) Haveli Lakha , Okara )
TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

TOPOLOGICAL SPACE:
A collection of subsets of a non-empty set is said to be topology if following axioms are
satisfied:
1. ,
2. Union of any number of members of belongs to
3. Intersection of finite number of members of belongs to
Then , is called topological space. The members of Topology are called open sets.

DISCRETE TOPOLOGY:
For a non-empty set , is called Discrete topology.

INDISCRETE TOPOLOGY:
For a non-empty set , ={ is called indiscrete topology.

CO-FINITE/ T1-TOPOLOGY:
For a non-empty set, collection of those subset of , whose complement are finite
Together with an empty set is called co-finite topology or -topology.
Open sets in cofinite topology on are {

 Intersection of any collection of topologies is again a topology.

 Union of two topologies need not to be topology.
 { ={ { ={ {
={ { { is not a topology on ,

METRIC TOPOLOGY:
For a metric space a collection of those subsets of which are union of open balls of

 Every metric space is topological space but converse need not to be hold.
SIERPINSKI SPACE:
A collection of three open set on a two-point set is called sierpinski space.
{ { { { {
METRIZABLE TOPOLOGICAL SPACE:
If is a topological space and is a metric topology then is called metrizable
topological space.

USUAL TOPOLOGY:
For set of real numbers a collection of those subsets of which are union of open
intervals is called usual topology.
If and | | is usual metric then metric topology coincides with usual
topology.

 Each open interval, union of open intervals, and are open in usual topology.
Particular Point Topology:
Let be a set and assume , then the collection consisting of all those subsets of that
containing is the topology on called the particular point topology on denoted by .

For example let { then { { { { is

Excluded Point Topology:

Let be a set and assume , then the collection consisting of all those subsets of
that exclude is the topology on called the Excluded point topology on denoted by .

For example let { then { { { { is

COARSER & FINER TOPOLOGY:

Let and be topologies on a non- empty set . Suppose that each open set of is also an
open set in . Then we say that is coarser (weaker) than and is finer (stronger) than

 Any topology on a set is coarser than discrete topology and finer than indiscrete
topology
 A cofinite topology on is coarser than usual topology on .

ACCUMULATION POINT:
Let be a topological space. A point is an accumulation point/ cluster point/ derived
point/ Limit point of If every open set containing contains a point of different
from
{
DERIVED SET:
The set of all accumulation points of is called derived set of denoted by or
{ , { { { { { {
For { { {
is not a limit point of
For { , { { {
For , { {
is a limit point of .
For { , { {
is not a limit point of
For { , { { {
For { { { {
For { { { {
For { {
is a limit point of
For { , { { {
For { {
is a limit point of .
{

KEEP IN MIND!
1. Let be an indiscrete topological space then Derived set of any subset of is all
stated below.
if = { if { and if contains two or more points then

Or {{ {

2. Let be discrete topological Space and be any subset of , then as for each
in we have an open set { which does not contain any element of different from .
3.
 4.
Examples:
1. Let be cofinite Topological space and be any subset of then
each is limit point of as every open set containing contains a point of different from
.
2. Let { { { { { {
Then { { where { {
3. Let be the topology on which consists of and all subsets of of the form
{ where . Find limit points of the set { .
Then is limit point of as for the open set contains many points of different
from , similarly for . are not limit points of set as for
we have an open set { such that { {
similarly for we have an open set { such that { .
So {
4. Let be discrete topology on , consider { then derived set of is
empty.
Let be usual topology on then { but so here we can say that if in
then it is not necessary that in when
5. Consider the topological space where consists of and all open infinite
intervals
, then we need to find derived set of .\
For every real number is the limit point of set but is not limit point
of as we have an open set containing but does not contain any point of different
from so .
6. For derived set of in the topology mentioned above every real number is a limit point
of ,
as for then we have an open set which contains infinite many points of
different from Similarly for we have open set which contains many
points of different form In a similar fashion , we can check for positive real numbers , hence

7. Consider as a subset of with the standard (Usual) Topology then we need to

determine , then as for we have an open interval
such that contains many points of differenet from . Similarly we can check
for all other real numbers in .
8. Derived sets of is in standard topology on While derived sets of are
empty sets.

CLOSED SETS:
Let be a Topological space, A subset of is closed set if and only if its complement is an
open set.
Let { and { { { { { } is a topology on

then the closed subsets are { { { {

In Discrete Topology on every subset is both open and closed.
In Cofinite Topology on the closed subsets are finite sets and only and are both open and
closed while and all open intervals other than are neither open nor closed as none
of them is finite and their complement is also not finite.
Let be a topological space then class of closed subsets of possesses the following properties;
 and are closed sets.
 The intersection of any number of closed sets is closed.
 The Union of any two closed sets is closed.
 The derived set of any subset of a co-finite topological space is closed set.
 Those subsets of which are open in are closed in and vice-versa
RESULT:
A subset of a Topological Space is closed if and only if contains each of its accumulation
points.

CLOSURE OF A SET:
For , closure of denoted by ̅ is the smallest closed superset of
Or
The intersection of all closed supersets of .

REMEMBER!
 ̅ is always a closed set
 is closed if and only if ̅
 Let be co-finite Topological space then for any subset of
̅ if is finite and ̅ if is infinite
 Let be a Discrete Topological space then Closure of any subset is as is the
smallest closed superset of itself.
 Let be an indiscrete Topological space then ̅ if and
̅
if
 For , ̅
 If then ̅ ̅
Examples:
1. Let be cofinite topological space and be a subset of then we have to
determine ̅ , which is it self as the closed sets in are only finite set so closure of
 an need not be .For the ̅ so closure of any interval in
cofinite topology on is
2. Let { , { { { { { { { {
then we need to find closure of { { {
The closed supersets of are { { { then ̅ {
The closed supersets of is only so ̅
The closed supersets of are { { { then ̅ {
3. ̅ , ̅̅̅̅ , ̅ , ̅ , in the usual topology on set of Real Numbers
4. For Closure of each interval is in case of Usual
topology on .

DENSE SUBSET:
A subset of is said to be dense in if and only if ̅ .
In Discrete Topological space the set is the only dense subset.
In an Indiscrete Topological Space , every non empty subset of is dense subset.
In cofinite Topological Space on , every infinite set is dense.

EXAMPLE:
is dense in also is dense in under the usual Topology on .

 ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) = ̅ U ̅ , ( ̿ ) = ̅ , A ̅
 ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) ̅ ̅ equality does not hold when and
 { , { { { { then closed sets are
{ { { let { { then ̅ ̅ { ̅ ̅
{ while and ̅
 ̅ ̅ ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )

INTERIOR:
Let be subset of topological space A point is called interior of if for any open set
of
 Set of all interior points of is called interior of denoted by or
 Interior of a set is largest open subset of .
 Interior of a set is union of all open subsets contained in
 is open if and only if
 ̅
 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
 The equality does not hold in general take
under usual topology of real line.
 
EXTERIOR:
For ,

FRONTIER:
For , ̅

For interior is and boundary is { under usual Topology on

 is open if and only if .

 if and only if is closed.
 if and only if is both open and closed.
 ̅ ̅̅̅
 ̅
 ̅

 equality does not hold when
in usual topology of real line.
 Let be an indiscrete topological space and then is the only open subset of
then thus
 Let be a discrete Topological space and be any subset of X then as is
open set , thus
 If ̅ ̅ then


Example:
1. { { { { { { {
Then { as { is the largest open subset of
{ and { . { and { so be careful
and
2. { { { { { { ̅ {
{ {
3. { { { { { { { , then
{ { then
NOWHERE DENSE SUBSET:
For , is said to be nowhere dense in if
̅

For { under usual topology {

For ̅ , - { { ̅

is nowhere dense in .
Let consists of Rational Points between and then is Empty but not nowhere dense
in .

NEIGHBORHOOD:
Let be a topological space and , A subset of is called neighborhood of if
there exists an open set containing such that

 Each closed interval is neighborhood of each of its points.

 Each closed disc is neighborhood of each of its points.
 Neighborhood of a point is always non empty.
 In an Indiscrete Topological space the neighborhood system of a point p is .
 0 is neighborhood of

is neighborhood set of
 A set is open if and only if it is the neighborhood of each of its points.
 Every neighborhood of a point for a cofinite topological space is open set.

RELATIVE TOPOLOGY:
For a non-empty subset of topological space the
class { called subspace
or Relative Topology of .
Consider with usual topology and
One member of is
 is open in but neither open nor closed in Which clearly shows that if a set is open in
subspace topology then it may not be open in parent topology.
 For usual topology on relative topology on is discrete topology.
 Relative topology on with usual topology .
( ) ( + ( ) ( )( , )

is not relatively open

 Every subspace of a discrete space is discrete.

 Every subspace of an indiscrete space is indiscrete.
 BASE & SUB-BASE FOR
TOPOLOGY

BASE FOR TOPOLOGY:

If is a set, a basis for a topology on is a collection of subsets of such that
(1) For each , there is atleast one basis containing .
(2) If belongs to intersection of two basis elements , then there is a basis element
containing such that .
If satisfies these two conditions, then we define the topology generated by as follows: A
subset of is said to be open in if for each there is a basis element such
that

Examples:
1. For each topology on a non-empty set is itself a base for
2. For discrete topology on a non-empty set collection of all singletons is a base for
discrete topology. {{ }. In fact any other class of subsets of is
base for Discrete space iff
3. For an indiscrete topology on a non-empty set base is {
4. For { and { { { { { } we find the base for
as:
{ { { { { { { { {
{ { {
Thus, {{ { { }
5. The open intervals is a base for usual topology on . i.e if is
open in and then there exist an open interval with
6. Open rectangles in bounded by the sides parallel to and form a
base for usual topology on .
7. Open equilateral triangles with one side parallel to form a base for usual
topology on .
8. Let be the class of open-closed intervals in the real line , {
then is the basis for a topology on called the upper limit topology Meanwhile
 every open interval ,( +- so Usual topology on is coarser than

9. On , let { then is basis of a topology called the lower limit

topology Also ,* )-. This topological space is called
Sorgenfrey line.
Example: Let { {{ { } then cannot be base for any topology on
and each member of is open and hence their intersection should also be open but
{ { { which is not open as it cannot be written as union of members of So when
any class of subsets of would be basis for any topology on the next theorem is necessary and
sufficient condition for a class of subsets to be a basis for some topology.
Theorem: Let be collection of subsets of then is basis for some topology on iff has
the following properties:
(i) and (ii) for any the set is a union of members of

Sub-base:
Let be a topological space. A collection of subsets of is said to be sub-base for some
topology if all finite intersection of members of form a base for

Examples:
1. In a real line the collection { is a sub-base for usual
topology on as each open interval can be written as an intersection of these two open
intervals.
2. Let { then {{ { { } is a sub-base for some topology with base
{ { { { { }.
3. The intersection of a vertical and a horizontal infinite open strip in the plane is an
open rectangle but as open rectangles form a base for usual topology on So the class
of all infinite open strips is a sub-base for
Topology generated by a set:
Let be any non-empty set and be any class of subsets of then always generates a
topology on in the following sense: Any class of subsets of is the sub-base for a unique
topology on i.e finite intersection of members of form a base for the topology on

Example: Consider { {{ { { }

Finite intersection of members of {{ { { { } Taking union of

members of , we get { { { { { { { { { }
Neighborhood base/local base:
Let be a topological space and A sub-collection of is said to be
neighborhood base or local base or base at if for any open set containing , there is
such that

Remark: If is a base for then collection of those open sets which contains is a base at
or neighborhood base or local base.

Examples:
1. Let { { { { { } then {{ }
{{ { }, {{ { }
2. Let { { { { { { } then { { { } is a local
base at point . Also {{ } is a local base at Similarly {{ } and
{{ }. Now observe that {{ { { } is the
base for
3. For discrete topology on a set {{ }
4. For indiscrete topology on {
5. { is local base at
6. For metric topology, collection of all open balls with center at is a local base for metric
topology. {
First countable space:
A topological space is said to be first countable space if it has a countable neighborhood
base or local base or base at each
Examples:
1. Every metric space is first countable space as it has a countable local base at As
for any the countable class of open spheres , ( ) - i;e
, ( ) ( ) - is a local base at
st
2. Every discrete space is 1 countable.
3. Real line with cofinite topology is not 1st countable.
4. Real line under usual topology is 1st countable as , ( ) - is countable
local base.
5. is 1st countable as local base ,* ) - is countable base at .
Second countable space:
A topological space is said to be second countable space if it has countable base for

REMEMBER! Clearly, every second countable space is first countable but converse may or
may not hold.

EXAMPLES:
1. An uncountable set with discrete topology is 1st countable but not 2nd countable space
as in case of , the base for discrete topology is class of all singleton subsets but
singleton subsets of are uncountable.
2. An uncountable set with co-finite topology is not 1st countable and hence not 2nd
countable space.
3. Real line under usual topology is 2nd countable as collection of all open intervals
is countable base for usual topology on
nd
4. is 2 countable as the class of open discs in with rational radii and centers whose
coordinates are rational is countable base.
5. is 2nd countable.
6. is not 2nd countable.
Separable Space:
A topological space is separable if it has a countable dense subset.
Examples:
1. with usual topology is separable as is the countable dense subset of
2. is with usual topology is separable as is countable dense subset of
3. Any uncountable set with discrete topology is not separable as each subset is open and
closed and is only dense subset of , but is uncountable.
4. If is cofinite topology on any set then it is separable , as if is countable then it is the
countable dense subset of itself, if is uncountable then has a non-finite denumerable
subset whose closure is as closure of every non-finite set is .
5. Any countable set with discrete topology is separable.
6. is separable.
7. Every separable metric space is 2nd countable.
8. A metric space need not to be separable.
OPEN COVER:
Let be a topological space. A collection of open sets { is said to be an
open cover

for if ⋃
FINITE SUB-COVER:
A sub-collection { is called finite sub-cover if ⋃ .

COUNTABLE SUB-COVER:
A sub-collection { is called countable sub-cover if ⋃ .

EXAMPLES:
1. For { and { { { , {{ { } is an open cover in
fact finite sub-cover for
2. The collection { is an open cover in fact countable sub-
cover for real line as ⋃ ( ).
LINDELÖF SPACE:
A topological space is said to be Lindelöf space if every open cover for has a
countable sub-cover.

RESULTS:
 Let be a base for some topology on set and is a collection of open sets such that
then is also a base for
 Let and be bases for topologies and ’ on a set Suppose each is union of
members of then is coarser than ’. ’.
 A class of closed intervals with and is a base for real line
 A topology on a set is finite if and only if base for is finite.
 Let be a non-empty collection of subsets of and Then is a sub-base for
some topology
 If is a sub-base for some topology on set and then sub-base for relative
topology is {
 If is a sub-base for topologies and on a set then
 If is a sub-base for on then { is also a sub-base for on
 A countable set with discrete topology is first countable as well as second countable.
 A discrete space is separable if and only if it is countable.
 Closed sub-spaces of Lindelöf space is Lindelöf space.
 Every second countable space is Lindelöf space.
 A discrete topology on a finite set is second countable space and hence Lindelöf space.
 Every second countable space is separable space.
 A discrete space is Lindelöf space if and only if it is countable.
 Any base of open sets in a second countable space has a countable such family which is
also a base.
  If is uncountable subset of a second countable space then has at least one limit
point in
 Every subspace of first countable space is also first countable space

Continuous Function:
Let and be two topological spaces. A function is said to be continuous iff
the inverse image of every open subset of is a open subset of i;e

Examples:
1. Consider { { { { { { }
{ { { { { }. Consider and defined as

is continuous while is not continuous as { {

2. Let any set with discrete topology and be any set with any topology then every
is continuous.
3. Let be given by where have usual topology and have
finite complement topology then is continuous.
4. The identity function is continuous iff . Otherwise consider
identity function where has usual topology and has lower topology then
inverse image of in is not open, so is not continuous. On the other hand the
identity function is continuous as inverse image of every open set is
which is open in .
5. Consider where has any topology and has indiscrete topology then is
continuous.
6. Let have standard topology then every polynomial function from to is continuous.
Moreover rational functions, trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions ,
exponential functions, logarithmic functions are all continuous on their domains.

7. Consider defined by { then is not continuous as

which is not an open set.

Theorems:
 Let and be topological spaces and . Then the followings are
equivalent:
(1) is continuous.
(2) For every subset of , ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
(3) For every closed set of , the set is closed in .
 (4) For each and each neighborhood of there is a neighborhood
of such that
. (if this condition holds for the point , we say that is continuous at

 A function is continuous on .
 A function is continuous iff the inverse of each member of a base for is an
open set of
 Let be a sub-base for a topological space Then a function is continuous iff
the inverse of each member of is an open subset of
Open function:
A function is called an open (interior) if the image of every open set is open.

Closed Function:
A function is called a closed function if the image of every closed set is closed.

Homeomorphic Spaces:
Two topological spaces and are called homeomorphic or topologically equivalent if
there exists a bijective function such that and are continuous. This function is
called a homeomorphism.
We call two geometrical figures topologically identical (equivalent) or homeomorphic, if each
can be transformed into the other by a continuous deformation. For example the distinct plane
figures circle, square, ellipse and triangle are homeomorphic as each can be transformed into the
other by a continuous deformation
(stretching, bending). Similarly a sphere, an ellipsoid, a cube and a tetrahedron are all
topologically equivalent. Also a tea cup made from clay and a doughnut are homeomorphic.
Examples:
1. Let then the function defined by | |
is one-one, onto and
continuous. Also the inverse function is also continuous. Hence and are
homeomorphic. We can also check that defined by is a
homeomorphism.
2. Let and be discrete spaces then all functions from one to other is continuous. Hence
and are homeomorphic iff there exist bijection between them. i:e they are cardinally
equivalent.
3. The closed interval is homeomorphic to the as the linear function
defined by is one-one , onto and bi-continuous.
4. { { { { { { { }
{ { { { { }. Consider defined by
is one-one onto and bi-continuous.
 5. Define the function by then is bijection with inverse given by
. As both and are both polynomials on so both are continuous and hence
a homeomorphism.
6. Any two open intervals and are homeomorphic as i;e there
exist
given by is one-one onto and bi-continuous and
similarly so

7. as given by is homeomorphism.
8. as given by is
homeomorphism.

Topological Property:

A property of topological space whenever it is in all homeomorphic spaces of also have same
property.
1. As so length and boundedness are not topological properties.
2. Let then defined by is a homeomorphism. Observe
that
{ , - is a Cauchy sequence but { is not Cauchy. Hence property
of being a Cauchy sequence is not a topological property.
3. Area is not a topological property as the open disc { and
{
are homeomorphic. Since defined by is a homeomorphism.
4. Completeness is not a topological property as under usual metric. is
complete but is not complete as the sequence is
Cauchy but it does not converge to any point in
5. Straightness and being triangular are not topological properties as a straight line can
be bent and stretched until its wiggly, while a triangle can be transformed into a
circle.
6. Each of the following property is topological property: limit point, interior, boundary,
density, neighborhood, -space, -space , -space , Regular space, -space, 1st
countable space, 2nd countable space, Separable space, Discrete space, Indiscrete
space, Connectedness,
 SEPARATION OF
AXIOMS

Space:
A topological space is said to be Space if for each pair of distinct points in
there is an open set such that but

EXAMPLES & RESULTS:

 Sierpinski space is a Space.
 Real line is Space.
 An indiscrete space is not Space.
 Discrete space with atleast two points is Space.
 Property of being Space is Hereditary.
 A topological space is Space iff for any , {̅ {̅
 Initial segment Topology is Space.
 Final segment topology is Space.
Space:
A topological space is said to be Space if for any two distinct points there
are open sets and of such that
, and ,

EXAMPLES & RESULTS:

 Sierpinski space is not Space.
 Real line is Space.
 A topological space is Space iff every singleton subset of is closed.
 A topological space is Space iff every (closed) finite subset of is closed.
 An infinite set with cofinite topology is Space.
 Every Metric space is Space.
 A cofinite topology is known as Space.
 The property of being Space is Hereditary.
 Every Finite Space is discrete.
 The Discrete topological space with atleast two points is a Space.
  For a Space ,if is a limit point of then every open set containing contains an
infinite number of distinct points of
 A finite set has no limit points in a Space.
 A Space is also Space but converse may not hold.

Space / Hausdorff space:

A topological space is said to be Hausdorff space if for any two distinct points there are
open sets and of such that
and

EXAMPLES & RESULTS:

 Real line is Hausdorff space.
 Every metric space is Hausdorff space.
 Property of being Space is Hereditary.
 An infinite set with cofinite topology is not Space.
 with cofinite topology is but not .
 Any set with atleast elements having indiscrete topology in not
 Every convergent sequence in Hausdorff space has a unique limit.
 A first countable space is Space iff every convergent sequence has a unique limit.
 In arbitrary topology (like indiscrete space) sequence may converges to two points.
 The property of being spaces is product invariant.
Regular Space:
A topological space is said to be regular space if for any point of and a closed
subset of of not containing there are open sets and of such that
,

EXAMPLE:
 A regular space need not to be Space.
{ { { { is regular but not Space.
 Property of being regular space is Hereditary.
Space:
A space which is regular and Space is called Space.

REMEMBER!
 Evert Space is regular space.
 Evert Space is Space so also and
 Every metric space is space.
Completely Regular Space:
A topological space is said to be completely regular space if for any closed subset of
and a point not in , there is a continuous function
such that
,

 Every completely regular space is regular.

/ Tychonoff Space:

A completely regular Space is called / Tychonoff Space.

RESULTS:
 Every Tychonoff space is completely regular, regular and Space.
 Every metric space is , regular, completely regular space and Normal

space.
 Every Tychonoff space is Hausdorff space.
 The property of being Space, completely regular and Tychonoff space are product
invariant and Hereditary.
Normal Space:
A topological space is said to be normal space if for any two distinct closed sets there
are open set such that
and

EXAMPLES & RESULTS:

 Every metric space is Normal space.
 A Normal space need not to be Space.
 A Normal space need not to be regular space.
{ a, b, c } , { , { a } , { b }, { a, b },

Closed subsets are ,{ { { for closed subsets

and any other closed subset there are open subsets and such that clearly
is not a Space as { is not closed also is not a regular as for a point
and a closed set { in
{ , { ,{ but {
 A discrete space with at least with at least two points is normal space.
 Space:
A normal Space is called Space.

REMEMBER!
 Every Space is regular space.
 Property of being normal space may not be normal.
 Consider { { { { { { here is a normal
space since it has no pair of non-empty disjoint closed set, take { then
{ { { { then { { are disjoint closed sets there does not exist
disjoint open sets containing closed sets so, is not normal.
 Every closed subspace of normal space is normal.
 Closed continuous image of normal space is normal.
 Every finite subset of Space has no accumulation points.
 Property of being Space is topological property.
 Continuous image of Space need not to be Space.
 Every finer topology of Space is also Space.
 Every finer topology of Hausdorff space is Hausdorff space.
 Real line is a normal space.
 A normal space is regular iff is completely regular.
 Property of being regular and completely regular space is topological.
 A regular Lindelof space is normal.
 An infinite set with cofinite topology is Space but not Space.
 A regular space is Hausdorff space (since points are closed) but Hausdorff space may not
be a Space.
 A Hausdorff space need not to be regular space.
 R with topology generated by and as sub base it is but not regular.
 Finer topology of regular space need not to be regular.
 Every subspace of normal space is completely regular.
 COMPACTNESS

Heine – Borel Theorem:

Every open cover of a closed and bounded interval is reducible to a finite cover.

Compact set:
A subset of a Topological space , is said to be compact if every open cover of has a
finite sub-cover.

IMPORTANT RESULTS:
 By Heine- Borel Theorem , every closed and bounded interval on real line is
compact.
 Every finite subset say of a Topological space must be compact.
 (0,1) is not compact as a subset of because its open cover ⋄ ( )
has no finite subcover.
 Continuous Image say of a compact set is always compact.
 A subset of a compact space need not to be compact. By Heine-Borel Theorem closed
unit interval [ 0 , 1 ] is compact but its subset (0,1) is not compact.
 Every closed subset of a Compact space is compact.
 A class {  } of subsets of X is said to satisfy the “finite intersection property” if
every finite sub-class of above class has a non-empty intersection
⋂ 

 A Topological space ( X , ) is compact if and only if every class {  } of closed

subsets of X which satisfies finite intersection property has itself a non-empty
intersection.
 Every Compact subset of a Hausdorff space is closed.
 A space which is Compact and Hausdorff is a Normal space.
 For one-one Continuous function from Hausdorff space X into Hausdorff space
.
 , by above result .
Sequentially Compact set:
A subset of a topological space , ) is said to be sequentially compact iff every sequence
in contains a subsequence which converges to a point in

REMEMBER!
 Every finite subset of a topological space is necessarialy sequentially compact.
 is not sequentially compact as it has a subsequence (
that converges to 0 but
 There exist compact sets which are not sequentially compact and vice versa.

Countably Compact sets:

A subset of a topological space , ) is said to be countably compact iff every infinite
subset of has an accumulation point in

Bolzano -Weiestrass Theorem:

Every bounded infinite subset of real numbers has an accumulation point.

RESULTS:
 Every closed bounded interval is countably compact
 Open interval is not countably compact as it has an infinite subset {
which has exactly one limit point but
 Every compact set is countably compact but converse may not hold.
 Every sequentially compact set is countably compact but converse may not hold.
 ( , ) is countably compact but neither compact nor sequentially compact.

Locally Compact Space:

A Topological space , ) is said to be locally compact iff every point in has a compact
neighborhood.

RESULTS:
 Real line is not compact space but it is locally compact.
 A locally compact space need not to be compact.
 A topological space is always a neighborhood of each of its point. So, converse holds for
above result.
 Every compact space is locally compact.
 For a subset of a metric space, compactness of implies countably compactness of
which implies sequentially compactness of
 A cofinite Topology on any set , ) is a compact space.
 An infinite subset of a discrete topology is not compact.
 Finite subsets of a discrete topology are compact.
 Continuous image of a sequentially compact set is sequentially compact.
 Every infinite subset of is not sequentially compact if
on {

 Continuous image of countably compact set need not to be countably compact.

 Closed subsets of a countably compact space are countably compact.
 For a compact subset of , and any subset of with

 For a compact subset of , and a closed subset of with

 For a Compact subset and a closed subset of , is compact.
 Union of finite number of closed subsets of a topological space is also compact.
 Compactness is topological property.
 Sequentially compactness is a topological property.
 Countably compactness is also a topological property.
 Closed subsets of sequentially compact space is sequentially compact.
 Every coarser topological space of countably compact space is also countably compact.
 A space is countably compact iff every countable cover of has a finite subcover.
 A subset of real line is compact iff is closed and bounded.
 For a compact subset of is also compact.
 For two compact subsets of with
 Locally compactness is a topological property.
 Every discrete space is locally compact.
 Every Indiscrete space is locally compact.
 with usual topology is locally compact.
 is not compact as its open cover does not contain finite subcover.
 is not compact as its open cover does not contain finite
subcover.
 Product of finitely many compact spaces is compact.
 Two compact Hausdorff topologies on a set are either equal or not
comparable.
 Every subspace of cofinite Topology on is compact.
 Every closed interval in is uncountable.
 Cantor set is compact.
 Compactness is not Hereditary property.
 Open interval is not compact.
 Every compact metric space is separable.
 An infinite discrete space is not compact.
 For a convergent sequence in a space with a limit { { is
a compact set.
 is not compact in co-countable topology.
 A space is countably compact each discrete closed subset of is finite.
 Every subset of Indiscrete Topology is compact.
 are not compact spaces.
 Open disc as a subspace of is not compact.
 A compact subset of is bounded.
 CONNECTEDNESS

Separated Sets:
Two subsets and of a topological space is said to be separated if
(i)
(ii) Neither contains accumulation point of other. ̅ and ̅

EXAMPLES:
1. = ̅ ̅ then and are separated sets on real
line .
2. =, - {
= {( , ,… and B = { ,…}

As is closed in being a finite subset so ̅ and ̅ and ̅ , ̅

So and are not separated sets on

Connected sets:
A subset of a topological space is said to be disconnected if there exist open subset and
of such that and are disjoint non-empty sets and their union is .
and

EXAMPLES:
1. A subset { of is disconnected as
{ and { form disconnection for

2. { { { { { , {
{ , { then { and {
) also so is disconnected.
RESULTS:
 A set is connected if and only if it is not the union of two non-empty separated sets.
 An empty set and Singleton sets are always connected.
 Union of two non-separated connected sets is connected.
 A topological space is connected iff and are the only subsets which are both open
and closed.
 Real Line is connected as and are only open and closed subsets of
 If a set consists of more than one point and it has the discrete topology then it is
disconnected. If is any empty proper subset of then the pair of sets is a
separation of
 A set having indiscrete topology is connected.
 If then { is disconnected Topological space since the pair of sets
and is a separation of { .
 In with lower limit topology , the intervals are both open and closed so is
disconnected.
 Continuous image of connected space is connected.
 A Topological space is connected iff continuous function from into = { are
constant functions or
 A subset of Real line containing atleast two points is connected iff is an interval.
 A set containing in a topological space is said to be connected in if is connected
in subspace topology. If is not connected in then we say is disconnected in .
 The subspace of given by is disconnected.
The sets form a separation of So is disconnected in

Components:
A maximal connected subset of a Topological space is known as Component.

RESULTS:
 Every connected subset of is contained in some component.
 A connected space has only one component (itself )
 { { { { { { the Components of
are { { .
 Product of Connected spaces is connected.
 Union of Two non-empty separated sets is disconnected.
 A topological space is disconnected iff there exist a non-empty proper subset of
which is both open and closed.
 Every component is closed.
 Connectedness is product invariant.
Locally Connected Space:
A Topological space is said to be locally connected if it has a basis consisting of
connected open sets.
Every Discrete space is locally connected.

Totally Disconnected Space:

A Topological space is said to be totally disconnected iff all non-empty subsets which are
not one point subsets are disconnected.
A Topological space is said to be totally disconnected iff for any two distinct points and
of there is a disconnection { of such that and .

RESULTS:
 with relative topology is totally disconnected.
 Components of totally disconnected space are singleton subsets of .
 Every coarser topology of connected space is connected.
 Every finer topology of disconnected space is disconnected.
 Every Indiscrete space is connected.
 Connectedness is not hereditary property.
 A connected subset of Space containing more than one element is infinite.
 A topological space is connected iff every non-empty subset of has a non-empty
boundary.
 A Connected non-empty subset of which is both open and closed is a component.
 If a topological space has a finite number of components , then each component is both
open and closed.
 is not connected as subspace of containing two points and
form a disconnection for
 is not connected in box topology.
 is connected in product topology.
 An infinite set with cofinite topology is connected.
 { is connected as it is image of connected set under
continuous map.
 as a subspace of have one component consisting of one point.
 Any discrete space consisting of more than one point is disconnected.
 and are connected.
 Every totally disconnected space is Hausdorff.
 Every discrete space is Hausdorff.
 as a subspace of is totally disconnected.
 Sierpinski space is connected.
 For a connected subset of ̅ is also connected.