2.

Sequences and series of real numbers

Exercise 2.1
1. Question

Write the first three terms of the following sequences whose nth terms are given by

(i) (ii) cn = (–1)n3n+2 (iii)

Answer

(i) Here, an =

For n = 1, a1 = = =

For n = 2, a2 = = = =0

For n = 3, a3 = = = =1

Hence, the first three terms of the sequence are , 0 and 1.

(ii) Here, cn = (-1)n 3n + 2

For n = 1, c1 = (-1)1 31 + 2 = (-1) 33 = (-1) (27) = -27

For n = 2, c2 = (-1)2 32 + 2 = (1) 34 = (1) (81) = 81

For n = 3, c3 = (-1)3 33 + 2 = (-1) 35 = (-1) (243) = -243

Hence, the first three terms of the sequence are -27, 81 and -243.

(iii) Here, zn =

For n = 1, z1 = = =

For n = 2, z2 = = = =2

For n = 3, z3 = = =

Hence, the first three terms of the sequence are , 2 and .

2. Question

Find the indicated terms in each of the sequences whose nth terms are given by

(i) (ii) an = (-1)n 2n + 3 (n + 1); a5, a8

(iii) an = 2n2 – 3n + 1; a5, a7 (iv) an = (-1)n (1 – n + n2); a 5, a8

Answer

(i) Here, an =

For n = 7, a7 = = =
For n = 9, a9 = = =

(ii) Here, an = (-1)n 2n + 3 (n + 1)

For n = 5, a5 = (-1)5 25 + 3 (5 + 1) = (-1) 28 (6) = -6 (256) = -1536

For n = 8, a8 = (-1)8 28 + 3 (8 + 1) = (1) 211 (9) = 9 (2048)

= 18432

(iii) Here, an = 2n2 – 3n + 1

For n = 5, a5 = 2(5)2 – 3(5) + 1 = 2(25) – 15 + 1 = 50 – 15 + 1

= 36

For n = 7, a7 = 2(7)2 – 3(7) + 1 = 2(49) – 15 + 1 = 98 – 21 + 1

= 78

(iv) Here, an = (-1)n (1 – n + n2)

For n = 5, a5 = (-1)5 (1 – 5 + 52) = (-1) (1 – 5 + 25) = (-1) (21)

= -21

For n = 8, a5 = (-1)8 (1 – 8 + 82) = (1) (1 – 8 + 64) = (1) (57)

= 57

3. Question

Find the 18th and 25th terms of the sequence defined by

Answer

For n = 18, n is even.

So, a18 = 18(18 + 3) = 18(21) = 378

For n = 25, n is odd.

So, a25 = = = =

4. Question

Find the 13th and 16th terms of the sequence defined by

Answer

For n = 13, n is odd.

So, bn = 13(13 + 2) = 13(15) = 195

For n = 16, n is even.

So, bn = 162 = 256

5. Question

Find the first five terms of the sequence given by a1 = 2, a2 = 3 + a1and an = 2an-1 + 5 for n>2.

Answer

Given that a1 = 2, a2 = 3 + a1 and an = 2an-1 + 5 for n > 2.

Now, a1 = 2

⇒ a2 = 3 + a1 = 3 + 2 = 5

⇒ a3 = 2a2 + 5 = 2(5) + 5 = 10 + 5 = 15

⇒ a4 = 2a3 + 5 = 2(15) + 5 = 30 + 5 = 35

⇒ a5 = 2a4 + 5 = 2(35) + 5 = 70 + 5 = 75

∴ The required terms of sequence are 2, 5, 15, 35 and 75.

6. Question

Find the first six terms of the sequence given by

a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 and an = an-1 + an-2 for n >3.

Answer

Given that a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 and an = an-1 + an-2 for n > 3.

Now, a1 = 1

⇒ a2 = 1

⇒ a3 = 1

⇒ a4 = a3 + a2 = 1 + 1 = 2

⇒ a5 = a4 + a3 = 2 + 1 = 3

⇒ a6 = a5 + a4 = 3 + 2 = 5

∴ The required terms of the sequence are 1, 1, 1, 2, 3 and 5.

Exercise 2.2
1. Question

The first term of an A.P. is 6 and the common difference is 5. Find the A.P. and its general term.

Answer

First term, a = 6; Common difference, d = 5

We know that the AP is in the form of a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d … a + (n – 1) d, a + nd …

⇒ AP = 6, 6 + 5, 6 + 2(5), 6 + 3(5) …

= 6, 11, 6 + 10, 6 + 15 …

= 6, 11, 16, 21 …

∴ The required A.P. is 6, 11, 16, 21 …

We know that the general form, tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ tn = 6 + (n – 1) 5

= 6 + 5n – 5

= 5n + 1
∴ The required general term, tn = 5n + 1

2. Question

Find the common difference and 15th term of the A.P. 125, 120, 115, 110 …

Answer

The given A.P. is 125, 120, 115, 110 …

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

⇒ d = 120 – 125

= -5

∴ Common difference = -5

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ t15 = 125 + (15 – 1) (-5)

= 125 + 14 (-5)

= 125 – 70

= 55

∴ 15th term of A.P. = 55

3. Question

Which term of the arithmetic sequence is 3?

Answer

Here, first term, a = 24

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

To find the nth term, here tn = 3

⇒ 3 = 24 + (n – 1) (-3/4)

⇒ 3 – 24 = (n – 1) (-3/4)

⇒ -21 = (n – 1) (-3/4)

⇒ -21 × =n–1

⇒ 28 = n – 1

⇒ n = 28 + 1 = 29

∴ t29 of the given A.P. is 3.

4. Question

Find the 12th term of the A.P.

Answer

Given A.P. √2, 3√2, 5√2 …

Here, first term, a = √2

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

∴ d = 3√2 - √2 = 2√2

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ t12 = √2 + (12 – 1) (2√2)

= √2 + 11 (2√2)

= √2 + 22 √2

= 23√2

∴ 12th term of A.P. i.e. t12 = 23√2

5. Question

Find the 17th term of the A.P. 4, 9, 14 …

Answer

Given A.P. 4, 9, 14 …

Here, first term, a = 4

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

∴d=9-4=5

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ t17 = 4 + (17 – 1) (5)

= 4 + 16 (5)

= 4 + 80

= 84

∴ 17th term of A.P. i.e. t17 = 84

6. Question

How many terms are there in the following Arithmetic Progressions?

(i) (ii) 7, 13, 19, …, 205.

Answer

(i) Here, first term, a = -1

Last term, l =

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

∴d= – (-1) = +1= =

We know that Number of terms, n = ( ) + 1.

⇒n= +1

= +1
= +1

= (13 × 2) + 1

= 26 + 1

= 27

∴ There are 27 terms in the given A.P.

(ii) Here, first term, a = 7

Last term, l = 205

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

∴ d = 13 - 7 = 6

We know that Number of terms, n = ( ) + 1.

⇒n= +1

= +1

= 33 + 1

= 34

∴ There are 34 terms in the given A.P.

7. Question

If 9th term of an A.P. is zero, prove that its 29th term is double (twice) the 19th term.

Answer

Here, t9 = 0

We have to prove that t29 = 2t19

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ t9 = a + (9 – 1) d = a + 8d

But t9 = 0

⇒ a + 8d = 0

∴ a = -8d … (i)

Now, t29 = a + (29 – 1) d

= a + 28d

= -8d + 28d [From (i)]

= 20d

∴ t29 = 20d … (1)

Now, t19 = a + (19 – 1) d

= a + 18d

= -8d + 18d [From (i)]

= 10d

∴ t19 = 10d … (2)

Equating (1) and (2),

⇒ 20d = 10d

⇒ 20d = 10d (2)

∴ t29 = 2(t19 )

Hence proved.

8. Question

The 10th and 18th terms of an A.P are 41 and 73 respectively. Find the 27th term.

Answer

Here, t10 = 41 and t18 = 73

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

First, t10 = a + (10 – 1) d = 41

⇒ a + 9d = 41 … (1)

Then, t18 = a + (18 – 1) d = 73

⇒ a + 17d = 73 … (2)

From (1) and (2),

a + 9d = 41

a + 17d = 73

(-) (-) (-)

-8d = -32

⇒ d = 32/8 = 4

Substituting d = 4 in (1),

⇒ a + 9(4) = 41

⇒ a = 41 – 36 = 5

Now, t27 = 5 + (27 – 1) (4)

= 5 + 26(4)

= 5 + 104

= 109

∴ The 27th term i.e. t27 = 109

9. Question

Find n so that the nth terms of the following two A.P.’s are the same.

1, 7, 13, 19,… and 100, 95, 90,… .

Answer

For first A.P. , first term, a = 1; common difference, d = 7 – 1 = 6

For second A.P, first term, a = 100; common difference , d = 95 – 100 = -5

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

First A.P:
⇒ tn1 = 1 + (n – 1) (6)

= 1 + 6n – 6

∴ tn1 = 6n – 5

Second A.P:

⇒ tn2 = 100 + (n – 1) (-5)

= 100 – 5n + 5

∴ tn2 = 105 – 5n

Given that nth terms of the two A.P.’s are the same.

∴ tn1 = tn2

⇒ 6n – 5 = 105 – 5n

⇒ 6n + 5n = 105 + 5

⇒ 11n = 110

⇒ n = 110/11 = 10

∴ For the nth terms of the two given A.P.’s to be same, the value of n = 10.

10. Question

How many two digit numbers are divisible by 13?

Answer

The two digits form the A.P.: 10, 11, 12 … 99.

The two digit numbers that are divisible by 13 form the A.P.: 13, 26, 39 … 91.

Here, first term, a = 13

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

∴ d = 26 – 13 = 13

And last term, l = 91

We know that l = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ 91 = 13 + (n – 1) (13)

⇒ 91 – 13 = (n – 1) (13)

⇒ 78 = (n – 1) (13)

⇒ 78/13 = (n – 1)

⇒6=n–1

⇒n=6+1=7

∴ There are 7 two digit numbers that are divisible by 13.

11. Question

A TV manufacturer has produced 1000 TVs in the seventh year and 1450 TVs in the tenth year. Assuming
that the production increases uniformly by a fixed number every year, find the number of TVs produced in
the first year and in the 15th year.

Answer

Here, t7 = 1000 and t10 = 1450

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

First, t7 = a + (7 – 1) d = 1000

⇒ a + 6d = 1000 … (1)

Then, t10 = a + (10 – 1) d = 1450

⇒ a + 9d = 1450 … (2)

From (1) and (2),

a + 6d = 1000

a + 9d = 1450

(-) (-) (-)

-3d = -450

⇒ d = 450/3 = 150

Substituting d = 150 in (1),

⇒ a + 6(150) = 1000

⇒ a = 1000 – 900 = 100

Now, t1 = 100 + (1 – 1) (150)

= 100 + 0

= 100

And t15 = 100 + (15 – 1) (150)

= 100 + 14 (150)

= 100 + 2100

= 2200

∴ Number of TVs produced in the first year are 100 and in the 15th year are 2200.

12. Question

A man has saved ₹640 during the first month, ₹720 in the second month and ₹800 in the third month. If he
continues his savings in this sequence, what will be his savings in the 25th month?

Answer

The savings form the A.P.: 640, 720, 800 …

Here, first term, a = 640

We know that common difference, d = a1 – a.

∴ d = 720 – 640 = 80

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ t25 = 640 + (25 – 1) (80)

= 640 + (24) (80)

= 640 + 1920

= 2560

∴ The man’s savings in the 25th month are Rs. 2560.

13. Question

The sum of three consecutive terms in an A.P. is 6 and their product is –120. Find the three numbers.
Answer

We know that the three consecutive terms of an A.P. may be taken as a – d, a, a + d.

Given, a – d + a + a + d = 6

⇒ 3a = 6

⇒ a = 6/3 = 2

Also given (a – d) (a) (a + d) = -120

We know that (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2

⇒ (a2 – d2) (2) = -120

⇒ (22 – d2) = -120/2

⇒ 4 – d2 = -60

⇒ d2 = 60 + 4 = 64

⇒d=8

So, the numbers are

⇒ a – d = 2 – 8 = -6

⇒a=2

⇒ a + d = 2 + 8 = 10

∴ The three consecutive numbers are -6, 2, 10.

14. Question

Find the three consecutive terms in an A. P. whose sum is 18 and the sum of their squares is 140.

Answer

We know that the three consecutive terms of an A.P. may be taken as a – d, a, a + d.

Given, a – d + a + a + d = 18

⇒ 3a = 18

⇒ a = 18/3 = 6

Also given (a – d)2 + a2 + (a + d)2 = 140

We know that (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

And (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

⇒ a2 – 2ad + d2 + a2 + a2 + 2ad + d2 = 140

⇒ 3a2 + 2d2 = 140

⇒ 3(6)2 + 2d2 = 140

⇒ 108 + 2d2 = 140

⇒ 2d2 = 140 – 108 = 32

⇒ d2 = 32/2 = 16

⇒d=4

So, the numbers are

⇒a–d=6–4=2
⇒a=6

⇒ a + d = 6 + 4 = 10

∴ The three consecutive numbers are 2, 6, 10.

15. Question

If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term, then show that the (m + n)th term of the
A.P. is zero.

Answer

We know that nth term of A.P. , tn = a + (n – 1) d.

⇒ First, tn = a + (n – 1) d

⇒ Then, tm = a + (m – 1) d

Given, mtm = ntn

⇒ m [a + (m – 1) d] = n [a + (n – 1) d]

⇒ ma + m2d – md = na + n2d – nd

⇒ ma – na + m2d – n2d – md + nd = 0

⇒ a (m – n) + d (m2 – n2) – d (m – n) = 0

We know that a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

⇒ (m – n) [a + d (m + n) – d] = 0

⇒ [a + d (m + n) – d] = 0

⇒ a + (m + n – 1) d = 0

∴ (m + n)th term, tm + n = 0

Hence proved.

16. Question

A person has deposited ₹25,000 in an investment which yields 14% simple interest annually. Do these
amounts (principal + interest) form an A.P.? If so, determine the amount of investment after 20 years.

Answer

Yes, the amounts form an A.P.

Given principal, p = Rs. 25,000

Simple Interest, r = 14%

Time, t = 20 years

We know that Total amount = p (1 + )

⇒ Total Amount = 25000 (1 + )

= 25000 (1 + )

= 25000 ( )

= 95000

∴ Amount of investment after 20 years = Rs. 95, 000

17. Question
If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that (a – c)2 = 4 (b2 – ac).

Answer

Given, a, b and c are in A.P.

We know that when t1, t2, t3 … are in A.P., t3 – t2 = t2 – t1

⇒c–b=b–a

⇒ 2b = a + c

Squaring on both sides,

⇒ (2b)2 = (a + c)2

We know that (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.

⇒ 4b2 = a2 + 2ac + c2

Subtracting 4ac on both sides,

⇒ 4b2 – 4ac = a2 + 2ac + c2– 4ac

⇒ 4 (b2 – ac) = a2 – 2ac + c2

∴ 4 (b2 – ac) = (a – c)2

Hence proved.

18. Question

If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that are also in A.P.

Answer

Given, a, b, c are in A.P.

Here, first term = a

Common difference, d1 = b – a … (1)

and d2 = c – b … (2)

Consider , and ,

Common difference, d3 = -

= … (3)

⇒ d4 = -

= … (4)

From (1) and (2),

⇒ d1 = d2

⇒b–a=c–b

Dividing both sides by abc,

⇒ =

⇒ d3 = d4 [From (3) and (4)]

Hence, , and are in A.P.

19. Question

If a2, b2, c2are in A.P. then show that are also in A.P.

Answer

Given, a2, b2 and c2 are in A.P.

We know that when t1, t2, t3 … are in A.P., t3 – t2 = t2 – t1

⇒ b2 – a2 = c2 – b2

We know that a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

⇒ (b – a) (b + a) = (c – b) (c + b)

⇒ =

Dividing by (c + a) on both sides,

⇒ =

⇒ =

Hence, , and are in A.P.

20. Question

If ax = by = cz, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0 and b2 = ac, then show that are in A.P.

Answer

Let ax = by = cz = k.

We know that if am = k, then a = .

⇒a= ,b= ,c=

Given, b2 = ac

⇒ = ×

We know that (am)n = amn and am × an = am + n.

⇒ =

Bases are same, so we equate the powers.

⇒ = +
⇒ + = +

⇒ - = -

We know that when t1, t2, t3 … are in A.P., t3 – t2 = t2 – t1

∴ , and are in A.P.

Exercise 2.3
1 A. Question

Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those geometric sequences, find the
common ratio.

0.12, 0.24, 0.48,….

Answer

(Note: Sequences are in G.P. if they have common ratios

i.e., if

Given: a 1 = 0.12, a2 = 0.24, a3 = 0.48

Now,

And,

Therefore,

Now, ∵ the ration is same,

⇒ 0.12, 0.24, 0.48, … is a G.P with common ratio = 2

1 B. Question

Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those geometric sequences, find the
common ratio.

0.004, 0.02, 0.1,….

Answer

(Note: Sequences are in G.P. if they have common ratios

i.e., if

)
Given: a 1 = 0.004, a2 = 0.02, a3 = 0.1

Now,

And,

Therefore,

Now, ∵ the ration is same,

⇒ 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, … is a G.P with common ratio = 5

1 C. Question

Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those geometric sequences, find the
common ratio.

….. .

Answer

(Note: Sequences are in G.P. if they have common ratios

i.e., if

Given:

Now,

And,
And,

Therefore,

Now, ∵ the ration is same,

1 D. Question

Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those geometric sequences, find the
common ratio.

Answer

(Note: Sequences are in G.P. if they have common ratios

i.e., if

Given: a 1 = 12, a2 = 1,

Now,

And

Therefore,
Now, ∵ the ration is same,

1 E. Question

Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those geometric sequences, find the
common ratio.

Answer

(Note: Sequences are in G.P. if they have common ratios

i.e., if

Given:

Now,

And

Thherefore,

Now, ∵ the ration is same,

1 F. Question

Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those geometric sequences, find the
common ratio.
Answer

(Note: Sequences are in G.P. if they have common ratios

i.e., if

Given: a 1 = 4, a2 = -2, a3 = -1,

Now,

And,

And,

Therefore,

Now, ∵ the ration is not same,

2. Question

Find the 10th term and common ratio of the geometric sequence .

Answer

Given:

; (where, n = 1,2,……n-1)

Now, taking n = 3.
⇒ r = -2

Also, a n = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term and a1 = first term of G.P)

∴ 10th term (a10 = a1r9)

⇒ a10 = -27

⇒ common ratio = -2 and 10th term = -27

3. Question

If the 4th and 7th terms of a G.P. are 54 and 1458 respectively, find the G.P.

Answer

a4 = 54 and a7 = 1458

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

⇒ a4 = a1r3

⇒ 54 = a1r3 ………(1)

Also, ⇒ a7 = a1r6

⇒ 1458 = a1r6 ………(2)

Dividing equation (1) & (2), we get-

⇒ r3 = 27

⇒ r3 = 33

⇒r=3

Now, putting value of r in equation (1), we get-

⇒54 = a133

⇒ a1 = 2

Now, G.P will be-

⇒ a1 , a1r ,a 1r2, a1r3,………

⇒ 2, 2 × 3, 2 × 32, 2 × 3…

⇒ 2, 6, 18, 54,… is the G.P.

4. Question

In a geometric sequence, the first term is and the sixth term is , find the G.P.
Answer

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

⇒ a6 = a1r5

………(1)

Now, G.P will be-

⇒ a1, a1r, a 1r2, a1r3,………

5. Question

Which term of the geometric sequence,

(i) 5, 2, … , is (ii) 1, 2, 4, 8,…, is 1024 ?

Answer

(i) a1 = 5, a2 = 2

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

⇒ n-1 = 7

⇒n=8
(ii) a1 = 1, a2 = 2

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

⇒1024 = 1 × 2n-1

⇒ 210 = 2n-1

⇒ n-1 = 10

⇒ n = 11

∴ 1024 is the 11th term of G.P.

6. Question

If the geometric sequences 162, 54, 18,…. and ,…have their nth term equal, find the value of n.

Answer

Given:For 1st G.P-

a1 = 162 and a2 = 54,

And for 2nd G.P-

R=3

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

And ∵ nth term of both G.P are equal,

⇒ an = An.

⇒ a1rn-1 = A1Rn-1
⇒ n-1 = 4

⇒ n = 5.

7. Question

The fifth term of a G.P. is 1875. If the first term is 3, find the common ratio.

Answer

a1 = 3 and a5 = 1875

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

⇒ a5 = a1r4

⇒1875 = 3r4 ………(1)

⇒ r5 = 625

⇒ r5 = 55

⇒ r = 5 is the common ratio.

8. Question

The sum of three terms of a geometric sequence is and their product is 1. Find the common ratio and the

terms.

Answer

⇒ second term = a and third term = ar.

(where, r is common ratio)

……..(1)

Also, their product is 1.

⇒ a3 = 1

⇒a=1

Substituting a = 1 in equation (1)

⇒ 10 + 10r + 10r2 = 39r

⇒ 10r2-29r + 10 = 0

⇒ 10r2-25r-4r + 10 = 0

⇒ 5r(2r-5)-2(2r-5)

⇒ (5r-2) (2r-5) = 0

Now, G.P will be-

9. Question

If the product of three consecutive terms in G.P. is 216 and sum of their products in pairs is 156, find them.

Answer

Let the first term of G.P be .

⇒ second term = a and third term = ar.

(where, r is the common ratio)

∵ sum of three terms is 156

⇒ a3 = 216

⇒ a = 6. ……..(1)

Also,sum of their product in pairs is 216.

………(2)

Substituting (1) in (2), we get-

⇒ 36(1 + r + r2) = 156r

⇒ 36 + 36r + 36r2 = 156r

⇒ 36 -120r + 36r2 = 0

⇒ 12(3r2-10r + 3) = 0

⇒ 3r2-10r + 3 = 0
⇒ 3r2-9r-1r + 3 = 0

⇒ 3r(r-3) -1(r-3) = 0

⇒ (3r-1)(r-3) = 0

Now, G.P will be-

⇒18, 6, 2 or 2, 6, 18 are the three consecutive terms.

10. Question

Find the first three consecutive terms in G.P. whose sum is 7 and the sum of their reciprocals is

Answer

⇒ second term = a and third term = ar.

(where, r is the common ratio)

∵ sum of three terms is 7

……..(1)

………(2)

Now, ∵ R.H.S of equation (1) & (2) is equal-

⇒ L.H.S of equation (1) = L.H.S of equation (2)

⇒ a2 = 4

⇒ a = √4

⇒a=2
Now substituting a = 1 in (2), we get-

⇒ 2 + 2r + 2r2 = 7r

⇒ 2r2-5r + 2 = 0

⇒ 2r2-4r-r + 2 = 0

⇒ (2r-1)(r-2) = 0

Now, G.P will be-

⇒ 4, 2, 1 or 1, 2, 4 are the three consecutive terms.

11. Question

The sum of the first three terms of a G.P. is 13 and sum of their squares is 91. Determine the G.P.

Answer

Let the first term of G.P be a

⇒ second term = ar and third term = ar2.

(where, r is the common ratio)

∵ sum of three terms is 13

⇒ a(1 + r + r2) = 13r ……..(1)

Also, sum of their squares is 91.

⇒ a2 (1 + r2 + r4) = 91r2 ………(2)

Now, Squaring (1) dividing by (2)

⇒ 7( 1 + r2 + r) = 13( 1 + r2 - r)

⇒ (7 + 7r2 + 7r) = ( 13 + 13r2 - 13 r)

⇒ 6r2 - 20r + 6 = 0

⇒ 2(3r2 - 10r + 3) = 0

⇒ 3r2 - 10r + 3 = 0

⇒ 3r2 - 9r-r + 3 = 0

⇒ (3r – 1)(r – 3) = 0

Substituting r in equation (1), we get-

⇒a(1 + 3 + 9) = 13 × 3

And,

⇒13a = 13

And

⇒ a = 1 and a = 9.

Now, G.P is-

a, ar, ar2,….

⇒ If r = 3 and a = 1 then,

⇒1, 1×3, 1×32, ……

= 1, 3 , 9 are the first three terms.

And, If and a = 9 then,

= 9, 3, 1 are the first three terms.

⇒ 1,3,9,… … or 9,3,1,… … is the G.P.

12. Question

If ₹1000 is deposited in a bank which pays annual interest at the rate of 5% compounded annually, find the
maturity amount at the end of 12 years.

Answer

∵ there is annual compounding interest

⇒ consecutive amounts are forming G.P.

Now,a12 = ?

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

13. Question

A company purchases an office copier machine for ₹50,000. It is estimated that the copier depreciates in its
value at a rate of 15% per year. What will be the value of the copier after 15 years?

Answer

∵ there is annual depreciation at a constant rate per year

⇒ consecutive value are forming G.P.

Now,a15 = ?

∵ an = a1rn-1 (n = no. of term, a1 = first term of G.P, r = common ratio)

14. Question

If a, b, c, d are in a geometric sequence, then show that (a - b + c) (b + c + d) = ab + bc + cd.

Answer

Proof:∵ a, b, c, d are in G.P

⇒ a = a, b = ar, c = ar2,d = ar3.

⇒ L.H.S = (a - ar + ar2)(ar + ar2 + ar3)

= a2r (1 + r2 + r4 )

And, R.H.S = a2r + a2r3 + a2r5

= a2r (1 + r2 + r4 )

⇒ L.H.S = R.H.S

Hence, proved that-

(a - b + c) (b + c + d) = ab + bc + cd.

15. Question

If a, b, c, d are in a G.P., then prove that a + b, b + c, c + d, are also in G.P.

Answer

Proof: ∵ a, b, c, d are in G.P

⇒ a = a, b = ar ,c = ar2,d = ar3.

To prove: a + b, b + c, c + d, are also in G.P, if-

⇒ (a + b) (c + d) = (b + c)2

Now, we need to prove : (a + b) (c + d) = (b + c)2

L.H.S. = (a + ar)(ar2 + ar3)

= a(1 + r) ar2 (1 + r)

= a2r2 (1 + r)2

R.H.S. = (ar + ar2)2

= (ar(1 + r))2

= a2r2 (1 + r)2

⇒ L.H.S = R.H.S

Hence, proved that-

(a + b) (c + d) = (b + c)2

⇒ a + b, b + c, c + d, are also in G.P

Exercise 2.4
1. Question

Find the sum of the first (i) 75 positive integers (ii) 125 natural numbers.

Answer

(i) In the A.P.

First term = 1

No. of terms = 75

Common difference = 1

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 2850

(ii) In the A.P.

First term = 1
No. of terms = 125

Common difference = 1

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 7875

2. Question

Find the sum of the first 30 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is 3 + 2n.

Answer

In the A.P.

First term = 3 + 2×1 = 5

No. of terms = 30

Last term = 3 + 2×30 = 63

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 1020

3. Question

Find the sum of each arithmetic series

(i) 38 + 35 + 32 + … + 2. (ii) terms.

Answer

(i) In the A.P.

First term = 38

Last term = 2

Common difference = 35–38 = –3

Nth term = a + (n–1) d

⇒ 2 = 38 + (n–1)(–3)

⇒ –36 = (n–1)(–3)

⇒ 12 = (n–1)

⇒ n = 13

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =
⇒ Sum of terms = 260

(ii) In the A.P.

First term = 6

No. of terms = 25

Common difference = 21/4 – 6 = –3/4

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = –75

4. Question

Find the Snfor the following arithmetic series described.

(i) a = 5, n = 30, l = 121 (ii) a = 50, n = 25, d = – 4

Answer

(i) Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 1890

(ii) Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 50

5. Question

Find the sum of the first 40 terms of the series 12 – 22 + 32 – 42 + … .

Answer

Let the sum of n terms be,

Sn= 12 –22 +32 –42+5 2 –62+7 2 –82 ….

= (12 –22) + (32 –42) + (52 –62) + (72–82) …..

= (1–4) + (9–16) + (25–36) + (49–64)……..

= –3 –7 –11 –15………………. [No. of terms ]

This represents an A.P.

(NOTE: Here the number of terms has been halved. If n= no. of terms in original series and m= no. of terms
in new A.P. then )

Now, here a= –3, d= (–7 – (–3)) = –4

Sum of m terms =

As n= 40,

Required sum =

= –820

6. Question

In an arithmetic series, the sum of first 11 terms is 44 and that of the next 11 terms is 55. Find the arithmetic
series.

Answer

Sum of terms =

⇒ 44 =

⇒ 8 = 2a + 10d

⇒ 2a + 10d = 8 ……………………….(1)

Now sum of next 11 terms is 55

Sum of first 22 terms = Sum of first 11 terms + Sum of next 11 terms

⇒ Sum of first 22 terms = 44 + 55 = 99

Sum of terms =

⇒ 99 =

⇒ 9 = 2a + 21d

⇒ 2a + 21d = 9 ……….(1)

Subtracting (1) from (2), we get

⇒ 11d = 1

⇒ d = 1/11

Putting value of d in (1), we get

⇒ 2a + 10(1/11) = 8

⇒ 2a = 8–(10/11)

⇒ 2a = 78/11

⇒ a = 39/11

Therefore, the series is

7. Question

In the arithmetic sequence 60, 56, 52, 48,…, starting from the first term, how many terms are needed so
that their sum is 368?

Answer

In the A.P.

First term = 60

Common difference = 56 – 60 = –4

Sum of terms =

⇒ 368 =

⇒ 368 =

⇒ 736 = n (124 – 4n)

⇒ 4n2 – 124n + 736 = 0

⇒ 4n2 – 92n–32n + 736 = 0

⇒ 4n(n–23) –32(n–23) = 0

⇒ (4n–32)(n–23) = 0

⇒ 4n = 32 or n = 23

⇒ n = 8 or n = 23

Therefore, no. of terms can be 8 or 23

8. Question

Find the sum of all 3 digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 9.

Answer

Series of three digit numbers divisible by 9 is:

108, 117,………………………………999

In the A.P.

First term = 108

Last term = 999

Common difference = 9

Nth term = a + (n–1) d

⇒ 999 = 108 + (n–1)9

⇒ 891 = (n–1)9

⇒ 99 = (n–1)

⇒ n = 100

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =
⇒ Sum of terms = 55350

9. Question

Find the sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic series in which 3rd term is 7 and 7th term is 2 more than
three times its 3rd term.

Answer

First term = a

Common difference = d

3rd term = a + (3–1)d = a + 2d

7th term = a + (7–1)d = a + 6d

Now, 3rd term = 7

⇒ a + 2d = 7 ………………………(1)

And, 7th term = 3 × (3rd term) + 2

⇒ a + 6d = 3(a + 2d) + 2

⇒ a + 6d = 3a + 6d + 2

⇒ 2a = –2

⇒ a = –1

Putting value of a in (1)

(⇒ –1) + 2d = 7

⇒ 2d = 8

⇒d=4

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 740

10. Question

Find the sum of all natural numbers between 300 and 500 which are divisible by 11.

Answer

Series of all natural numbers divisible by 11 between 300and 500 is:

308, 319,………………………………495

In the A.P.

First term = 308

Last term = 495

Common difference = 11

Nth term = a + (n–1) d

⇒ 495 = 308 + (n–1)11

⇒ 187 = (n–1)11
⇒ 17 = (n–1)

⇒ n = 18

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 7227

11. Question

Solve: 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + ….. + x = 148.

Answer

In the A.P.

First term = 1

Common difference = 6 – 1 = 5

Sum of terms =

⇒ 148 =

⇒ 148 =

⇒ 296 = n (5n–3)

⇒ 5n2 – 3n –296 = 0

⇒ 5n2 –40n + 37n –296 = 0

⇒ 5n(n–8) + 37(n–8) = 0

⇒ (n–8)(5n + 37) = 0

⇒ n = 8 or 5n = –37

As negative value of n is not possible, n = 8

⇒ x = 8th term of the series

⇒ x = 1 + (8–1)5

⇒ x = 1 + 35 = 36

12. Question

Find the sum of all numbers between 100 and 200 which are not divisible by 5.

Answer

We first find the sum of all numbers divisible by 5

Series of all natural numbers divisible by 5 between 100and 200 is:

105, 110,………………………………195

In the A.P.

First term = 105

Last term = 195

Common difference = 5
Nth term = a + (n–1) d

⇒ 195 = 105 + (n–1)5

⇒ 90 = (n–1)5

⇒ 18 = (n–1)

⇒ n = 19

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 2850

Sum of 101,102….199 = Sum of 199 natural numbers – Sum of 100 natural numbers

⇒ Sum(101, 102,…. 199) =

⇒ Sum(101, 102,…. 199) = 19900–5050 = 14850

Sum of all numbers between 100 and 200 not divisible by 5 = 14850–2850 = 12000

13. Question

A construction company will be penalised each day for delay in construction of a bridge. The penalty will be
₹4000 for the first day and will increase by ₹1000 for each following day. Based on its budget, the company
can afford to pay a maximum of ₹1,65,000 towards penalty. Find the maximum number of days by which the
completion of work can be delayed

Answer

The amount to be paid first paid = ₹4000

It increases each day by = ₹1000

Total amount that can be paid = ₹165000

a = 4000, d = 1000, Sum = 165000

Sum of terms =

⇒ 165000 =

⇒ 165 =

⇒ 330 = n (n + 7)

⇒ n2 + 7n –330 = 0

⇒ n2 –15n + 22n –330 = 0

⇒ n(n–15) + 22(n–15) = 0

⇒ (n–15)(n + 22) = 0

⇒ n = 15 or n = –22

As negative value of n is not possible, n = 15

Therefore, number of days that construction can be delayed = 15days.

14. Question

A sum of ₹1000 is deposited every year at 8% simple interest. Calculate the interest at the end of each year.
Do these interest amounts form an A.P.? If so, find the total interest at the end of 30 years.

Answer

Simple interest = P* R * T /100

P = ₹1000

R=8

T=1

Simple interest = 1000*8*1/100 = 80

Interest at the end of first year = ₹80

For second year,

P = 1000 + 1000 = 2000

R=8

T=1

Simple interest = 2000*8*1/100 = 160

Interest at the end of second year = ₹160

Similarly, for third year, P = 1000 + 1000 + 1000 = 3000

SI = 240.

Yes the simple interests form an A.P.

a = 80

d = 160–80 = 80

n = 30

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 37200

15. Question

The sum of first n terms of a certain series is given as 3n2– 2n. Show that the series is an arithmetic series.

Answer

For n = 1,

Sum = 3(1)2–2(1) = 1

Therefore, first term = 1

For n = 2,

Sum = 3(2)2 – 2(2) = 12 – 4 = 8

Second term = 8–1 = 7

For n = 3,

Sum = 3(3)2 – 2(3) = 21

Third term = 21– 8 = 13

Series : 1, 7, 13…..

This is an arithmetic progression as the difference between two terms is constant.

Common difference = 7–1 = 13–7 = 6

16. Question

If a clock strikes once at 1 o’clock, twice at 2 o’clock and so on, how many times will it strike in a day?

Answer

The clock strikes once at 1, twice at 2 ….so it strikes 12times at 12

In a day this striking from 1 to 12 happens twice.

No. of strikes in one turn from 1 to 12 = 1 + 2 + 3 + …..12

⇒ No. of strikes in one turn from 1 to 12 =

As the striking happens twice in a day,

Total number of strikes in a day = 78 × 2 = 156

17. Question

Show that the sum of an arithmetic series whose first term is a, second term b and the last is c is equal to

Answer

First term = a

Common difference = (b–a)

Last term = c

⇒ c = a + (n–1)(b–a)

⇒ (n–1) = (c–a) / (b–a)

⇒ n = (b + c – 2a) /( b – a)

Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

Hence proved.

18. Question

If there are (2n + 1) terms in an arithmetic series, then prove that the ratio of the sum of odd terms to the
sum of even terms is (n + 1) : n.

Answer

In the A.P, let

First term = a

Common difference = d

Number of terms = (2n + 1)

Series: a,a + d,a + 2d……a + 2nd

For Odd terms

: a, a + 2d,…a + 2nd
First term = a

Common difference = 2d

Number of terms = n + 1

Sum of terms =

Sum of odd terms =

⇒ Sum of odd terms =

For Even terms

: a + d, a + 3d,…a + (2n–1)d

First term = a + d

Common difference = 2d

Number of terms = n

Sum of terms =

Sum of even terms =

⇒ Sum of even terms =

Sum of odd terms : Sum of even terms = :=

∴ Sum of odd terms : Sum of even terms = (n + 1) : n

19. Question

The ratio of the sums of first m and first n terms of an arithmetic series is m 2: n2show that the ratio of the
mth and nth terms is (2m – 1) : (2n – 1)

Answer

Sum of m terms =

Sum of n terms =

Sum of m terms : Sum of n terms = m2 : n2

⇒ : = m2 : n2

⇒ n2m(2a + (m–1)d) = nm2( 2a + ( n–1)d)

⇒ 2an2m + n2m 2d – n2md = 2anm2 + n2m 2d – nm2d

⇒ 2anm(n–m) = nmd(n–m)

⇒ 2a = d

mth term : nth term = a + (m–1)d : a + (n–1)d

⇒ mth term : nth term = a + (m–1)2a : a + (n–1) 2a

⇒ mth term : nth term = (2m–1) : (2n–1)

20. Question

A gardener plans to construct a trapezoidal shaped structure in his garden. The longer side of trapezoid
needs to start with a row of 97 bricks. Each row must be decreased by 2 bricks on each end and the
construction should stop at 25th row. How many bricks does he need to buy?
Answer

Longest side = 97

Each row decreases by = 2×2 = 4

Number of rows = 25

a = 97, d = –4, n = 25

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms =

⇒ Sum of terms = 1225

Exercise 2.5
1. Question

Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the geometric series .

Answer

In the G.P.,

First term = 5/2

Common ratio = =

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 20 terms =

⇒ Sum of 20 terms =

2. Question

Find the sum of the first 27 terms of the geometric series .

Answer

In the G.P.,

First term = 1/9

Common ratio = =

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 27 terms =

⇒ Sum of 27 terms =
3. Question

Find Snfor each of the geometric series described below.

(i) a = 3, t8 = 384, n = 8. (ii) a = 5, r = 3, n = 12.

Ans. 765

Answer

(i) t8 = 384

⇒ ar8–1 = 384

⇒ (3)r7 = 384

⇒ r7 = 128

⇒r=2

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 8 terms =

⇒ Sum of 8 terms = 3(255) = 765

(ii) Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 12 terms =

⇒ Sum of 12 terms =

4. Question

Find the sum of the following finite series

(i) 1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + … + ( 0.1)9 (ii) 1 + 11 + 111 + … to 20 terms.

Answer

(i) In the G.P.,

First term = 1

Common ratio = = 0.1

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 10 terms =

⇒ Sum of 10 terms =

(ii) Series = 1 + 11 + 111 + …..20 terms

Series = [9×(1 + 11 + 111 + …..)] ( Multiplying and dividing by 9)

⇒ Series = [9 + 99 + 999 + …..]

⇒ Series = [(10–1) + (100–1) + (1000–1) + …..]

⇒ Series = [10 + 100 + 1000 + ….. – (20×1)]

⇒ Series = [10 + 100 + 1000 + …..] –

We find the sum of 10 + 100 + 1000…..20terms as:

First term = 10

Common ratio = = 10

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 20 terms =

⇒ Sum of 20 terms =

⇒ Series = [ ]–

⇒ Series = –

5. Question

How many consecutive terms starting from the first term of the series

(i) 3 + 9 + 27 + … would sum to 1092 ? (ii) 2 + 6 + 18 + … would sum to 728 ?

Answer

(i) First term = 3

Common ratio = =3

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of n terms =

⇒ 1092 =

⇒ 728 =

⇒ 729 =

⇒n=6

(ii) First term = 2

Common ratio = =3

Sum of n terms =

⇒ 728 =

⇒ 728 =

⇒ 729 =

⇒n=6

6. Question
The second term of a geometric series is 3 and the common ratio is . Find the sum of

first 23 consecutive terms in the given geometric series.

Answer

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 23 terms =

⇒ Sum of 23 terms =

7. Question

A geometric series consists of four terms and has a positive common ratio. The sum of the first two terms is 9
and sum of the last two terms is 36. Find the series.

Answer

Let the first term = a

And common ratio = r

Series : a, ar, ar2, ar3

⇒ a + ar = 9

⇒ a(1 + r) = 9 ………………(1)

⇒ ar2 + ar3 = 36

⇒ ar2(1 + r) = 36

⇒ 9r2 = 36 ( From Equation (1))

⇒ r2 = 4

⇒r=2

Putting the value of r in (1),

⇒ a(1 + 2) = 9

⇒ 3a = 9

⇒a=3

∴ Series : 3 + 6 + 12 + 24

8. Question

Find the sum of first n terms of the series

(i) 7 + 77 + 777 + … . (ii) 0.4 + 0.94 + 0.994 + … .

Answer

(i) Series = 7 + 77 + 777 + …..n terms

Series = [9×(1 + 11 + 111 + …..)] ( Multiplying and dividing by 9)

⇒ Series = [9 + 99 + 999 + …..]

⇒ Series = [(10–1) + (100–1) + (1000–1) + …..]

⇒ Series = [10 + 100 + 1000 + ….. – (n×1)]

⇒ Series = [10 + 100 + 1000 + …..] –

We find the sum of 10 + 100 + 1000…..n terms as:

First term = 10

Common ratio = = 10

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of n terms =

⇒ Series = [ ]–

⇒ Series = –

(ii) Series = 0.4 + 0.94 + 0.994 + …..n terms

Series = (1–0.6) + (1–0.06) + (1–0.006) + ……..

⇒ Series = n×1 – (0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006 + ….)

We find the sum of 0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006…..n terms as:

First term = 0.6

Common ratio = =

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of n terms =

⇒ Series = n –

9. Question

Suppose that five people are ill during the first week of an epidemic and each sick person

spreads the contagious disease to four other people by the end of the second week and so on. By the end of
15th week, how many people will be affected by the epidemic

Answer

People infected in first week = 5

More people infected by each person = 4

Number of weeks = 15
a = 5, r = 4, n = 15

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 15 terms =

⇒ Sum of 15 terms =

So, Number of people infected by 15th week =

10. Question

A gardener wanted to reward a boy for his good deeds by giving some mangoes. He gave the boy two
choices. He could either have 1000 mangoes at once or he could get 1 mango on the first day, 2 on the
second day, 4 on the third day, 8 mangoes on the fourth day and so on for ten days. Which option should the
boy choose to get the maximum number of mangoes?

Answer

In the second option,

Number of mangoes on first day = 1

Number of times of mangoes on subsequent day = 2

Number of days = 10

a = 1, r = 2, n = 10

Sum of n terms =

⇒ Sum of 10 terms =

⇒ Sum of 10 terms = = 1023

Therefore, the boy will get more mangoes in 2nd case as there were only 1000 mangoes in the 1st case.

11. Question

A geometric series consists of even number of terms. The sum of all terms is 3 times the sum of odd terms.
Find the common ratio.

Ans. r = 2

Answer

In the G.P.,

Let First term = a,

Common ratio = r

Series: a, ar, ar2,…….arn–1

Sum of all terms =

For odd terms,

a, ar2,………arn–2

First term = a

Common ratio = r2

Number of terms = n/2

Sum of odd terms =

⇒ Sum of odd terms =

Now,

Sum of all terms = 3× Sum of odd terms

⇒ =3×

⇒ (1–r2) = 3(1–r)

⇒ r2–3r + 2 = 0

⇒ r2–2r–r + 2 = 0

⇒ r(r–2)–1(r–2) = 0

⇒ (r–1) (r–2) = 0

r = 1 or r = 2

But r = 1 is not possible, So r = 2.

12. Question

If S1,S2and S3 are the sum of first n, 2n and 3n terms of a geometric series respectively,

then prove that S1(S3 – S2) = (S2 – S1)2.

Answer

Sum of n terms =

S1 =

S2 =

S3 =

Putting value of S1, S2 and S3 on the left side, we get:

S1(S3 – S2) =

⇒ S1(S3 – S2) =

⇒ S1(S3 – S2) =

⇒ S1(S3 – S2) =

⇒ S1(S3 – S2) = ………..(1)

Now, we solve the right side by putting S 1, S2 and S3 :(S2– S1)2 =

⇒ (S2– S1)2 = ………….(2)

From (1) and (2), we have:

Left hand side = Right Hand side

Hence Proved.

Exercise 2.6
1 A. Question

Find the sum of the following series.

1 + 2 + 3 + …. + 45

Answer

Given that series S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5… + 45, it has n = 45 terms and to find the sum S.

Formula for sum of first n numbers is

S=

45x23

= 1035

The sum S = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 45 = 1035

1 B. Question

Find the sum of the following series.

162 + 172 + 18 + … + 252

Answer

Given the the series S = 162 + 172 + 18 + … + 252

Let S1 = 12 + 22 + 32 + … + 252 with n = 25

Let S2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + .. + 152 with n = 15

Required sum S = S1-S2

To find the sum S1 -

Formula to find the sum of first n squares of natural numbers is

S=

S1 =

S1 = 5525

To find the sum S2 -

Formula to find the sum of first n squares of natural numbers is

S=
 S2 =

S2 =

S2 = 1240

Required sum S = S1-S2

S = 5525-1240 = 4285

The sum S = 162 + 172 + 18 + … + 252 = 4285

1 C. Question

Find the sum of the following series.

2 + 4 + 6 + … + 100

Answer

Given the series S = 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 100,

We see that there is a common term 2 in all the numbers in the series. Taking 2 common, we have

S = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + .. + 50)

Let 1 + 2 + 3 + .. + 50 be S1, with n = 50

S = 2S1

To find S1 -

Formula for sum of first n numbers is

S1 =

25x51

= 1275

S = 2S1

= 2 × 1275 = 2550

S = 2550

The sum S = 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 100 = 2550

1 D. Question

Find the sum of the following series.

7 + 14 + 21…. + 490

Answer

Given the series S = 7 + 14 + 21…. + 490,

We see that there is a common term 7 in all the numbers in the series. Taking 7 common, we have

S = 7(1 + 2 + 3 + .. + 70)

Let 1 + 2 + 3 + .. + 70 be S1, with n = 70

So S becomes S = 7S1

To find S1-

Formula for sum of first n numbers is

S1 =

35 × 71

= 2485

S = 7S1

S = 7 × 2485 = 17395

The sum S = 7 + 14 + 21…. + 490 = 17395

1 E. Question

Find the sum of the following series.

52 + 72 + 92 + … + 392

Answer

Given the the series S = 52 + 72 + 92 + … + 392

Let S1 = 12 + 32

Let S2 = 22 + 42 + 62 + .. + 382 with n = 19

Let S3 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + .. + 392 with n = 39

Required sum S = S3-S2-S1

To find the sum S1 -

S1 = 1 + 9 = 10

To find the sum S2 –

S2 can be rewritten as S2 = 22(12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + .. + 192)

Formula to find the sum of first n squares of natural numbers is

S=

S2 =

S2 = 9880

To find the sum S3 -

Formula to find the sum of first n squares of natural numbers is

S=

S3 =

= 20540

Required sum S = S3-S2-S1

S = 20540-9880-10 = 10650

The sum S = 52 + 72 + 92 + … + 392 = 10650

1 F. Question

Find the sum of the following series.

163 + 173 + … + 353

Answer

Given the the series S = 163 + 173 + … + 353

Let S1 = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + 353 with n = 35

Let S2 = 13 + 23 + 33 + .. + 153 with n = 15

Required sum S = S1-S2

To find the sum S1 -

Formula to find the sum of first n cubes of natural numbers is

S=

S1 =

S1 = 396900

To find the sum S2 -

Formula to find the sum of first n cubes of natural numbers is

S=

S2 =

S2 = 14400

Required sum S = S1-S2

S = 396900-14400 = 382500

The sum S = 163 + 173 + … + 353 = 382500

2 A. Question

Find the value of k if

13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 = 6084

Answer

Given the first k cubes of natural numbers and that their sum is 6084,

By formula we have S =

6084 =

Taking square root on both sides, we get = 78

k(k + 1) = 156

k2 + k = 156

Or k2 + k-156 = 0

Solving the quadratic using the quadratic formula

Where b = 1, a = 1, c = -156

We get,

k= is invalid because it yields a negative k which doesn’t make sense because number of terms in a
series cannot be negative.

= 12

The sum S = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 = 6084 corresponds to k = 12.

2 B. Question

Find the value of k if

13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 = 2025

Answer

Given the first k cubes of natural numbers and that their sum is 2025,

By formula we have S =

2025 =

Taking square root on both sides, we get = 45

k(k + 1) = 90

k2 + k = 90

Or k2 + k-90 = 0
Solving the quadratic using the quadratic formula

Where b = 1, a = 1, c = -90

We get,

k= is invalid because it yields a negative k which doesn’t make sense because number of terms in a
series cannot be negative.

=9

The sum S = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 = 2025 corresponds to k = 9.

3. Question

If 1 + 2 + 3 + … + p = 171, then find 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + p3.

Answer

Given that the series S = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + p = 171

We have S =

p(p + 1) = 342

p2 + p = 342

Or p2 + p-342 = 0

Solving the quadratic using the quadratic formula

Where b = 1, a = 1, c = -342

We get,

p= is invalid because it yields a negative p which doesn’t make sense because number of terms in a
series cannot be negative.

= 18

S = 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + p3 where p = 18
Formula to find the sum of first n cubes of natural numbers is

S=

S=

S=

S = 29241

The sum S = 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + p3 corresponds to p = 18 and S = 29241.

4. Question

If 13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 = 8281, then find 1 + 2 + 3 + … + k.

Answer

Given that the series S = 13 + 23 + 33 + … + k3 = 8281

Formula to find the sum of first k cubes of natural numbers is

S=

8281 =

Taking square root on both sides,

91 =

k(k + 1) = 182

k2 + k = 182

Or k2 + k-182 = 0

Solving the quadratic using the quadratic formula

Where b = 1, a = 1, c = -182

We get,

k= is invalid because it yields a negative k which doesn’t make sense because number of terms in a
series cannot be negative.

= 13

The sum S = 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + k3 corresponds to k = 13.

Given series 1 + 2 + 3…. + k, we have k = 13

We have S =
=

S = 91

The sum S = 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + k3 corresponds to k = 13 and 1 + 2 + 3…. + k = 91.

5. Question

Find the total area of 12 squares whose sides are 12 cm, 13cm, g, 23cm. respectively.

Answer

Given that there are 12 squares,

We see that their sides 12cm, 13cm..,23cm are in series.

To find the total area, we know that the area of a square is simply l2 where l is the length of the side.

Area of first square = 12cm × 12cm = 122 cm2

Area of the second square = 13cm × 13cm = 132 cm2

And so on.

We observe that this is in a series.

So S = 122 + 132 + 142 + … + 232

To find S,

Let S1 be 12 + 22 + …. + 232 with n = 23

Let S2 be 12 + 22 + …. + 112 with n = 11

S = S1-S2

To find S1

12 + 22 + …. + 232 with n = 23

Formula to find the sum of first n squares of natural numbers is

S=

S1 =

S1 = 4324

To find S2

12 + 22 + …. + 112 with n = 11

Formula to find the sum of first n squares of natural numbers is

S=

S2 =

S2 = 506
S = S1-S2

S = 4324-506

S = 3818cm2

The required sum S = 122 + 132 + 142 + … + 232 = 3818cm2

6. Question

Find the total volume of 15 cubes whose edges are 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, …., 30 cm respectively

Answer

Given that there are 15 cubes,

We see that their sides 16cm, 17cm..,30cm are in series.

To find the total volume, we know that the volume of a cube is simply l3 where l is the length of the side.

Volume of first cube = 16cm × 16cm × 16cm = 163 cm3

Volume of second cube = 17cm × 17cm × 17cm = 173 cm3

And so on.

We observe that this is in a series.

So S = 163 + 173 + 183 + … + 303

To find S,

Let S1 be 13 + 23 + …. + 303 with n = 30

Let S2 be 13 + 23 + …. + 153 with n = 15

S = S1-S2

To find S1

13 + 23 + …. + 303 with n = 30

Formula to find the sum of first n cubes of natural numbers is

S=

S1 =

S1 = 216225

To find the sum S2 –

13 + 23 + …. + 153 with n = 15

Formula to find the sum of first n cubes of natural numbers is

S=

S2 =

S2 = 14400
S = S1-S2

S = 216225-14400

S = 201825 cm3

The required sum S = 163 + 173 + 183 + … + 303 = 201825 cm3

Exercise 2.7
1. Question

Which one of the following is not true?

A. A sequence is a real valued function defined on N.

B. Every function represents a sequence.

C. A sequence may have infinitely many terms.

D. A sequence may have a finite number of terms.

Answer

“Not true” – tells us that there is one option among A, B C or D which is false, while the rest are true.

Let us examine each option separately.

● A, is true because a sequence a is defined on a set of natural numbers.

● C, is true because an infinite sequence is possible. (ex. Infinite GP)

● D, is true because a finite sequence is possible. (ex. Finite AP, GP or HP)

● B, is false because every function is not a sequence, but every sequence is a function.

Hence, the correct option is B.

2. Question

The 8th term of the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, g is

A. 25

B. 24

C. 23

D. 21

Answer

The above series is also called a Fibonacci sequence, where each term is the sum of its preceding two terms.

an = an-1 + an-2

We are interested in 8th term so substituting n = 8 in the above equation,

a8 = a7 + a6. Also, a7 = a6 + a5

a8 = (a6 + a5) + a6

a8 = (8 + 5) + 8

a8 = 21

So the correct option is D.

3. Question
The next term of in the sequence is

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

The general term would be

Where n = 1,2,3….

Next term after is the fifth term so n = 5

We have

Therefore, the correct option is C.

4. Question

If a, b, c, l, m are in A.P, then the value of a - 4b + 6c - 4l + m is

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 0

Answer

If a, b, c, l, m are in A.P, then

b-a = c-b = l-c = m-l.

a-4b + 6c-4l + m becomes

a-b-b-b-b + c + c + c + c + c + c-l-l-l-l + m

Grouping the terms

We have

a + 4(c-b)-2(l-c)-2l + m

a + 2(c-b)-2(l-c) + 2(c-b)-2l + m

Since c-b = l-c,

a + 2(c-b)-2l + m

a + 2c-2b-2l + m
 -(b-a) + (c-b)-(l-c) + (m-l)

=0

So, the correct option is D.

5. Question

If a, b, c are in A.P. then is equal to

A.

B.

C.

D. 1

Answer

If a,b,c are in AP, then b-a = c-b

Or

Or

Therefore, the correct option is D.

6. Question

If the nth term of a sequence is 100 n + 10, then the sequence is

A. an A.P.

B. a G.P.

C. a constant sequence

D. neither A.P. nor G.P.

Answer

given nth term = 100n + 10

This can be rewritten as 110 + (n-1)100

This is in the form T n = a + (n-1)d which forms an AP.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

7. Question

If a1, a2 , a3,...are in A.P. such that , then the 13th term of the A.P. is

A.

B. 0

C. 12a1
D. 14a1

Answer

Given

Let common ratio be d

a4 = a1 + 3d

a7 = a1 + 6d

2a1 + 6d = 3a1 + 18d

a1 + 12d = 0

Which corresponds to the 13th term (a1 + (13-1)d) = 0

Therefore, the correct option is B.

8. Question

If the sequence a1, a2, a3,… is in A.P. , then the sequence a5, a10 , a15 ,…is

A. a G.P.

B. an A.P.

C. neither A.P nor G.P.

D. a constant sequence

Answer

Terms collected from an AP with a common interval between two terms is always in AP, a5, a10 , a15…. have a
common interval of 5, so it is also in AP.

9. Question

If k + 2, 4k–6, 3k–2 are the three consecutive terms of an A.P, then the value of k is

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

Answer

From AP, it is clear that

(4k-6)-(k + 2) = (3k-2)-(4k-6)

3k-8 = -k + 4

4k = 12 or k = 3.

So the correct choice is B.

10. Question

If a, b, c, l, m. n are in A.P., then 3a + 7, 3b + 7, 3c + 7, 3l + 7, 3m + 7, 3n + 7 form

A. a G.P.

B. an A.P.
C. a constant sequence

D. neither A.P. nor G.P

Answer

Terms of an AP if multiplied with a constant will still be in AP.

The constant term is 3.

Therefore, 3a, 3b, 3c…are in AP.

Adding a constant to an AP does not change the sequence type. i.e. It will still be in AP.

The constant term added is 7.

Therefore, 3a + 7, 3b + 7….also form an AP.

The correct choice is B.

11. Question

If the third term of a G.P is 2, then the product of first 5 terms is

A. 52

B. 25

C. 10

D. 15

Answer

2 = arn-1 = ar3-1 = ar2

Product of the first five terms = axarxar2xar3xar4

This can be rewritten as a5r10 or (ar2)5

So, Product of the first five terms is 25

Hence the correct option is B.

12. Question

If a, b, c are in G.P, then is equal to is equal to

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer

Given that a, b, c are in GP,

Subtracting 1 from both sides, we get

Therefore, the correct option is A.

13. Question

If x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3 are in G.P, then 5x, 10x + 10, 15x + 15 form

A. an A.P.

B. a G.P.

C. a constant sequence

D. neither A.P. nor a G.P.

Answer

Any GP if multiplied with a constant term remains in GP.

x, 2x + 2, 3x + 3 are in GP, 5(x), 5(2x + 2), 5(3x + 3) will also form a GP because a constant term 5 is merely
multiplied.

So the correct option is B.

14. Question

The sequence –3, –3, –3,… is

A. an A.P. only

B. a G.P. only

C. neither A.P. nor G.P

D. both A.P. and G.P.

Answer

The given sequence is -3, -3, -3

Test for AP

If a,b,c…are in AP the b-a = c-b…

-3-(-3) = -3-(-3) = 0

Therefore, the series is in AP.

Test for GP

If a,b,c.. are in GP then …

Therefore, the series is in GP.

The series is both in AP and GP.

So the correct option is D.

15. Question

If the product of the first four consecutive terms of a G.P is 256 and if the common ratio is 4 and the first
term is positive, then its 3rd term is

A. 8

B.

C.

D. 16

Answer

Given the product of first four consecutive terms of GP = 256.

Let the first four terms be a, ar, ar2, ar3

Product = 256 = axarxar2xar3 = a4r6

Also given r = 4,

We have 256 = a4 × (4)6

a4 =

a= which is positive.

Third term is ar2 = =8

So the correct option is A.

16. Question

In a G.P, t2 = and t3 = . Then the common ratio is

A.

B.

C. 1

D. 5

Answer

Common ratio = =

So the correct option is B.

17. Question

If x 0, then 1 + sec x + sec2x + sec3x + sec4x + sec5x is equal to

A. (1 sec x) (sec2x + sec3x + sec4x)

B. (1 + sec x) (1 + sec2x + sec4x)

C. (1 sec x) (sec x + sec3x + sec5x)

D. (1 + sec x) (1 + sec3x + sec4x)

Answer

We see that the problem under consideration is a GP with a = 1 and common ratio r = sec x.

Sum of GP S =

Where n = number of terms, here n = 6.

Therefore

S=

The numerator is of the form a6-b6

a6-b6 = (a + b)(a-b)(a2 + b2 + ab)(a2 + b2-ab)

Therefore (sec x)6 -16 = (sec x + 1)(sec x-1)(sec2x + 1 + sec x)(sec2x + 1-sec x)

(sec x)6 -16 = (sec x + 1)(sec x-1)(1 + sec2x + sec4x)

S= = (sec x + 1)(1 + sec2x + sec4x)

So the correct answer is option B.

18. Question

If the nthterm of an A.P. is tn = 3-5n, then the sum of the first n terms is

A.

B. n(1 - 5n)

C.

D.

Answer

Given tn = 3-5n, t1 = 3-5 = -2

Sum of n terms of an AP = Sn = a + tn)

Sn = -2 + 3-5n) = 1-5n)

So the correct answer is B.

19. Question

The common ratio of the G.P. am-n, am, am + nis

A. am

B. a-m

C. an
D. a -n

Answer

If x, y, z are in GP, then Common ratio r = or

Common ratio in this problem is or = an

Therefore, the correct option is C.

20. Question

If 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n = k then 13 + 23 + … + n3is equal to

A. k2

B. k3

C.

D. (k + 1)3

Answer

Sum of first n natural numbers is S = =k

Sum of first n natural squares is S =

Which is k2

So the correct option is A.