Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW (MATHEMATICS UNIT 1)

BASIC MATH
PREPARED BY

PRINCE JEHOSAPHAT VILLAREAL

Student, BS Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila

MARK RUSSELL DANCIS CARANZO

Founder & Manager, Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse
Undergraduate Researcher, Functional Genomics Laboratory
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University of the Philippines Diliman
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Number Systems
Natural Numbers
— also called counting numbers. These numbers consist of every positive integer.
— examples: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , 890, 891, 892, ...

Whole Numbers
— these are the non-negative numbers. These include zero and all of the natural
numbers.

Integers
— negative and non-negative whole numbers.
— examples: -450, -449, -448, ... , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Number Systems
Fractions
— these are numbers expressed as quotients of two non-zero integers.
— examples: 1/2, 3/4, 7/9

Rational Numbers
— comprises of all the fractions and all the integers.

Irrational Numbers
— numbers that are not rational; cannot be expressed as a fraction.
— examples: π, e
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Number Systems
Real Numbers
— comprises of all the rational and irrational numbers
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Comparison Symbols
The "Greater than" and the "At least"

Greater than: >

At least: ≥ (also read as greater than or equal to)
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Comparison Symbols
The "Less than" and the "At most"

Less than: <

At most: ≤ (also known as less than or equal to or no more than...)
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Comparison Symbols
Equality, Approximation, and Inequalities

To express equality, use the equal sign (=).

To express inequality, use the unequal sign (≠).
To express approximation, use the ≈ sign, this is for rounding off values.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Properties of Addition
Commutative Property of Addition
This refers to a + b = b + a. Order is not necessary.
Associative Property of Addition
Grouping is not necessary, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Additive Inverse Property
The number added to its additive inverse is equal to 0; a + (-a) = 0.
Additive Identity Property
Any number added to 0 is itself; a + 0 = a
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Properties of Multiplication
Commutative Property of Multiplication
This refers to a x b = b x a. Order is not necessary.
Associative Property of Multiplication
Grouping is not necessary, a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c
Multiplicative Inverse Property
The number multiplied to its multiplicative inverse is equal to 1;
Multiplicative Identity Property
Any number multiplied to 1 is itself; a x 1 = a
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Distributive Property
Most popular property of multiplication and addition and is used in solving algebraic
equations.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Order of Operations
Order of Operations (PEMDAS)
P: Parentheses: Evaluate expressions inside parentheses or other grouping
symbols first. This includes brackets, braces, and any nested groups.
E: Exponents: Next, handle exponents (powers and roots). Expressions involving
squares, cubes, or radicals are resolved after evaluating parentheses.
MD: Multiplication and Division: Perform these operations next from left to right.
Although PEMDAS lists multiplication before division, both have the same level of
precedence and should be done sequentially as they appear.
AS: Addition and Subtraction: Finally, perform additions and subtractions from
left to right. Like multiplication and division, these operations share the same level
of priority.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Order of Operations
Evaluate:
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Perfect Squares
A perfect square is a number that can be expressed as n², where n is an integer
The difference between consecutive perfect squares forms a sequence of odd
numbers (e.g., 4 – 1 = 3, 9 – 4 = 5, 16 – 9 = 7).
To check if a number is a perfect square, find its square root; if the result is an
integer, the number is a perfect square.
Examples: 1² = 1, 12² = 144
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Odd and Even Numbers

Odd Numbers and Even Numbers
Odd numbers are numbers that is NOT divisible by two; otherwise, it is an even
number.
Examples of even numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ..., 88, 90, 92, ...
Examples of odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ..., 17, 19, 21, ...
Properties of ALL odd and even numbers
even + even = even
even + odd = odd
odd + odd = even
even × even = even
even × odd = even
odd × odd = odd
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Absolute Value
The absolute value of a number represents its distance from zero on the number
line, regardless of its sign.
It is denoted as |x|, where x is any real number.
For any positive number or zero, |x| equals x.
For any negative number, |x| equals -x (thereby converting it to a positive value).
The output is always non-negative.
Examples: |5| = 5, |-5| = 5
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Absolute Value
Properties and Operations
Non-Negativity: |x| ≥ 0 for any value of x.
Multiplicative Property: |xy| = |x| × |y|
Division Property: |x/y| = |x| / |y| , where y is a nonzero integer
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Law of Signs
For Addition and Subtraction
Rule #1: Addition with the Same Sign: When both numbers are positive, add their
absolute values; the result is positive. When both numbers are negative, add their
absolute values; the result remains negative.
Examples: 3 + 7 = 10 , (-4) + (-5) = -(4 + 5) = -9
Rule #2: Addition with Different Signs: Subtract the smaller absolute value from
the larger absolute value. The result takes the sign of the number with the larger
absolute value.
Examples: 8 + (-5) = 8 - 5 = 3 (result is positive), (-9) + 6 = -(9 - 6) = -3 (result
is negative).
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Law of Signs
For Addition and Subtraction
Rule # 3: Subtraction of Signed Numbers: Subtraction is equivalent to adding the
opposite.
Examples: 5 - (-3) = 5 + 3 = 8 , (-7) - 4 = (-7) + (-4) = -(7 + 4) = -11
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Law of Signs
For Multiplication
Positive × Positive = Positive (Example: 2 × 3 = 6)
Negative × Negative = Positive (Example: (-2) × (-3) = 6)
Positive × Negative = Negative (Example: 2 × (-3) = -6)
Negative × Positive = Negative (Example: (-2) × 3 = -6)
For Division
Positive ÷ Positive = Positive
Negative ÷ Negative = Positive
Positive ÷ Negative = Negative
Negative ÷ Positive = Negative
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Multiples
The multiple of an integer n is an integer that n can divide without remainder.
Think of it as “skip-counting.” For example, get the first 5 multiples of the number
3: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15
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Factors
A factor of an integer n is an integer that divides n without remainder.
For example: Find the factors of 10. The factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5, and 10. Each, when
divided to 10, yields no remainder.
A prime number has only 1 and itself as factors. Otherwise, it is a composite
number. The smallest prime number is 2. 1 is neither prime nor composite.
Prime Numbers below 30: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Prime Factorization
Prime factorization is the process of expressing a number to a product of prime
numbers.
For example: What is the prime factorization of 12? 2 × 2 × 3
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Least Common Multiple

The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest
number that is a multiple of all the given numbers.
For example: Find the LCM of 6 and 8.
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40
The least common multiple is 24.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Greatest Common Factor

The Greatest Common Factor (GCF), also known as the greatest common
divisor (GCD), is the largest number that divides two or more numbers without
leaving a remainder.
For example, what is the GCF of 6 and 8?
Factors of 6: 1,2,3,6
Factors of 8: 1,2,4,8
The greatest common factor of 6 and 8 is 2.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by: 2 if the last digit is even. (example: a. 24 b. 13,200)
3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. (example: a. 369 b.201)
4 if the last 2 digits is a multiple of 4. (example: a. 24,612 b. 328)
5 if the last digit is 5 or 0. (example: a. 22,505 b. 1,460)
6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3. (example: a. 24 b. 108)
8 if the last 3 digits is a multiple of 8. (example: a. 32,888 b. 11,800)
9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. (example: a. 909 b. 108,108)
10 if the last digit is 0. (example: a. 230 b. 1,010)
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Divisibility Rules
For 7
Take the last digit of the number.
Double that digit.
Subtract the doubled value from the remaining leading portion of the number.
If the result is divisible by 7 (including if it equals 0), then the original number is
divisible by 7.
For larger numbers, you can repeat the process with the resulting number until
you reach an easily identifiable multiple of 7.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Decimals
Operations on Decimals
Addition of Decimals: In adding decimals, make sure that the decimal places are
aligned to avoid errors in computation.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Decimals
Operations on Decimals
Subtraction of Decimals: Just like in the addition of decimals, align the decimal
places properly to avoid any errors in computation. Carrying over and borrowing
is allowed even with numbers on the right side of the decimal point.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Decimals
Operations on Decimals
Multiplication of Decimals: Multiplying decimals is like multiplying two numbers.
However, the resulting product must have the corresponding sum of decimal
places of its factors.

The number of decimal places in the multiplicand is 2, while in the multiplier is 1.

Therefore, the product of these two factors must have 3 decimal places. The
correct product is 1,362.445.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Decimals
Operations on Decimals
Division of Decimals: To divide decimals, make sure to remove all the decimal
places from both. After that, you can divide freely just like we do in regular
numbers.

In this, 0.3 becomes 3 and 0.1 becomes 1. After removing all of the decimal
places, we are left with:
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Decimals
Operations on Decimals
If the decimal places are uneven, make sure to prioritize the digit with the most
number of decimal places. Remove the decimal places from that number, and
remove the decimal places in the other number with respect to the first one.

Since we have 2 decimal places in our dividend (0.03), we prioritize it first. 0.03
becomes 3 when we remove the decimal places. After that, we remove the
decimal places of 0.1. Since we removed 2 decimal places from the dividend, we
shall do the same for the divisor, and the decimal point will jump two times to
the right:
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Similar and Dissimilar Fractions
Similar Fractions: Fractions with the same denominator are similar.
Dissimilar Fractions: Fractions with different denominators are said to be
dissimilar.
The fractions: ½ and ¾ are dissimilar as they don’t have the same denominator.
We need fractions to be similar in order to perform operations and compare
them (<,>, or =).
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Converting Dissimilar Fractions into Similar Fractions
To convert two fractions that are dissimilar, we should first transform their
denominators. Both of the fractions must have equal denominators, so we get
their Least Common Denominator (LCD), or the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of
their denominators.
For example: Make ½ and ¾ similar.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Converting Dissimilar Fractions into Similar Fractions
The LCD of the two fractions is 4. This is because the LCM of their denominators (2
and 4), is 4. After determining the LCD, we can now transform the fractions to
similar ones.
In order to acquire the denominators, we shall divide the new denominator to the
old denominator, after that, multiply the resulting integer to the numerator of
the previous fraction. The resulting number would be your new numerator.
Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Example: Convert ½ and ¾ to similar fractions.
The denominators are 2 and 4, and their LCM is 4.
We then get our new numerators by dividing the new denominator to the old
denominator, and then multiplying the resulting digit to the old numerator.
2 3

2 1
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Fractions
Shortcut Tip: If the GCF of the denominators of the two fractions is 1, then we can
use the cross method.
Example: Convert 5/7 and 2/4 to similar fractions.
Since the GCF of their denominators is 1, we can just multiply the denominators to
get the new denominator (7 multiplied by 4 is 28, so that’s our new denominator).
After acquiring the new denominator, cross multiply. Multiply the numerator of
the other fraction to the denominator of the different fraction, do it as well in the
other fraction. The product will be the new numerator of the fraction.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Shortcut Tip: If the GCF of the denominators of the two fractions is 1, then we can
use the cross method.
Example: Convert 5/7 and 2/4 to similar fractions.
20 14 NEW FRACTIONS

28
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Converting Fractions to its Lowest Terms
Simplifying fractions means reducing a fraction to its simplest form, where the
numerator and denominator share no common factors other than 1. This is done
by dividing both parts of the fraction by their greatest common divisor (GCD).
For example, the fraction 1/2 is in its lowest terms, because the GCF of 1 and 2 is 1.
The fraction 2/4 is not in its lowest terms, as their GCF is 2. We divide both by 2 to
get ½, a simplified fraction.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Example: Convert 4/8 into its lowest terms.
The GCF of 4 and 8 is 4. Therefore we divide both the numerator and the
denominator by 4.
The resulting fraction is ½ which has a greatest common factor of 1, making it the
lowest term of this fraction, we call this the simplest form of the fraction.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Operations on Fractions
Addition: In adding fractions, only the numerator is affected. If both fractions are
similar, then add the numerators and simplify (if needed) the sum. If dissimilar,
convert it to be similar fractions, and then add.
Subtraction: Same with addition, only the numerator is affected. Subtract the
numerators from one another and reduce the difference.
Multiplication: In multiplying fractions, multiply the numerators from one another
and multiply the denominators from one another. Reduce or simplify the resulting
fraction.
Division: In dividing fractions, convert the divisor into its reciprocal (flip it
vertically). After that, multiply as is.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Fractions
Comparing Fractions
Comparing fractions involves determining which fraction is larger, smaller, or if
they are equal. In order to compare fractions, both must be similar. So it is
necessary to convert two dissimilar fractions first before comparing them.
Shortcut: If only two fractions are being compared, make you can cross multiply
both fractions. The side with the highest product is the fraction that is greater
For example: Which is greater, 5/6 or 6/7? 35 36

With this, the fraction 6/7 is greater.

 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Conversions
Improper Fractions to Mixed Number
Divide the numerator by the denominator. The whole number part of the mixed
number is the quotient.
Determine the remainder. This becomes the numerator of the fractional part.
Keep the denominator the same. The denominator of the improper fraction
remains unchanged for the fractional part of the mixed number.
For example: Convert 11/3 in mixed number.
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Conversions
Improper Fractions to Mixed Number
The quotient when 11 is divided by 3 is 3. This is the whole number part of our
mixed number. After that, we take into account the remainder, which is 2.
2 is now the numerator part of our fraction. The denominator is retained, 3.
The resulting fraction is:
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Conversions
Mixed Number to Improper Fraction
Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fractional part.
Add the result to the numerator of the fractional part. This gives the new
numerator.
Keep the denominator the same as in the original fraction.
For example, convert back to improper fraction the mixed number 3 and 2/3.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Conversions
Mixed Number to Improper Fraction
We multiply the whole number (in this case, 3) to the denominator, which is 3. The
resulting product is 9.
We then add this resulting product (in this case, 9) to the numerator, 2, yielding 11
This is now our numerator and the numerator of our improper fraction.
From 3 and 2/3, the resulting improper fraction is 11/3.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Conversions
Fraction to Decimal
Divide the numerator by the denominator. Use long division.
For example, convert ¾ into decimal form.
By dividing the numerator, 3, by the denominator, 4, we get 0.75. This value is
our resulting decimal.
Decimal to Fraction
Write the decimal as a fraction with 1 as the denominator.
Eliminate the decimal point by multiplying both the numerator and denominator
by 10 for every decimal place. For example, 0.75 becomes 75/100, because it takes
two decimal places to become a whole number, therefore 2 zeroes are also
added.
Simplify, the resulting simplest form is ¾ , the original fraction.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Percentage, Base, and Rate

Percentage
Percentage is the part or proportion out of 100 and is typically represented as a
number followed by a percent sign (%). For example, 20% represents 20 out of
every 100.
Base
Base refers to the whole or total amount from which the percentage is taken. For
instance, in a 20% discount on a $50 item, $50 is the base.
Rate
Rate is the ratio or percentage applied to the base to calculate a specific value.
For example, in the 20% discount, 20% is the rate.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Percentage, Base, and Rate

Suppose you scored 45 out of 50 on a test. What percentage did you achieve?
Formula: Percentage = (Part ÷ Base) × 100
Calculation: (45 ÷ 50) × 100 = 90%
You achieved 90%.
If 15% of a number is 30, what is the base?
Formula: Base = Percentage ÷ Rate
Calculation: 30 ÷ 0.15 = 200
The base is 200.
If you earned a profit of $25 from selling an item worth $100, what is the rate?
Formula: Rate = Percentage ÷ Base
Calculation: 25 ÷ 100 = 0.25 or 25%
The rate is 25%
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Ratio and Proportion

Ratio
Ratio is a way to compare two quantities by division, showing the relative size of
one quantity to another. For example, the ratio 3:2 means for every 3 parts of one
quantity, there are 2 parts of another.
In a classroom, there are 15 boys and 10 girls. The ratio of boys to girls is 15:10 or
3:2 (after simplifying by dividing both numbers by 5).
Proportion
Proportion is an equation that states two ratios are equal. For example, if (3:2 =
6:4), it shows that the two ratios are in proportion
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Ratio and Proportion

Proportion | Example
If a recipe requires 2 cups of sugar for 5 servings, how many cups of sugar are
needed for 10 servings?
We need to set up the proportion: sugar:servings = sugar:servings. In a
proportion, the ORDER IS OBSERVED: sugar:servings is not equal to servings:sugar.
Set up the proportion: 2:5 = x:10.
Express this as fractions:
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Ratio and Proportion

Proportion | Example
Cross multiply:

Once the algebraic equation has been established, solve the value of x. In this
case, the value of x is 4.
Therefore, there are 4 cups of sugar in 10 servings.
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Ratio and Proportion

Supposedly I have 2 Nakshies, Nakshie A, and Nakshie B. I recently won the lottery of
100,000 pesos and I want to subdivide it into the two of them. I decided to divide it in
the ratio of 3:7. How much did I give Nakshie A?
In this problem, we first determine the total number of parts, which is 10 (3+7).
We then need to know how much money or value is in 1 part, so we divide 100,000
to 10 parts (100,000 divided by 10), in order to know the amount in 1 part.
1 part is 10,000 pesos. Since the question is asking for the amount of money I gave
to Nakshie A, I am going to multiply it to the number of parts Nakshie A has,
which is 3.
Therefore, the amount that I gave to Nakshie A is 30,000 pesos.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Ratio and Proportion

Direct Proportion
In direct proportion, two quantities increase or decrease together in the same
ratio. For example, if the number of apples bought increases, the total cost also
increases proportionally. The formula is ( y = kx ), where ( k ) is the constant of
proportionality.
Example: A car consumes 5 liters of fuel to travel 100 kilometers. How much fuel
will it consume to travel 200 kilometers?
Since distance and fuel consumption are directly proportional: ( 5:100 = x:200 ).
Solve for x: 100x = 1000
The car will consume 10 liters of fuel.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Ratio and Proportion

Indirect Proportion
In inverse proportion, one quantity increases while the other decreases,
maintaining a constant product. For example, if the speed of a car increases, the
time taken to cover a fixed distance decreases proportionally. The formula is (xy =
k), where (k) is the constant.
For example: If 6 workers can complete a task in 12 days, how many days will it
take if there are 8 workers?
Based on the logic of the problem, the number of workers is INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL to the time it takes to complete the work.
Many workers would mean that the work would be done soon. Therefore, we can
flip the proportion expression: 6:12 = x:8 would now be 6:8 = x:12. We regrouped
the amount of workers and the time it takes for them.
Solving for x, we get 9. Therefore it will take only 9 days with 8 workers.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Measures of Central Tendency

In statistics, measures of central tendency are essential tools used to summarize
a dataset by identifying a single value that represents the middle or center of
the distribution.
The three primary measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Mean
The mean, commonly known as the average, is the sum of all data points (∑X)
divided by the total number of observations (n). It is calculated using the formula:
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Median
The median is the middle value in an ordered dataset. If the dataset contains an
even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle values.

Steps to Find the Median:

1. Arrange the data in ascending order.
2. Identify the middle value.
3. If the total number of values is even, compute the average of the two middle
values.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Mode
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a dataset. A dataset may
have one or more modes.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
A dataset consists of five numbers: 12, 18, 24, X, and 30. If the mean of these numbers
is 22, what is the missing value X?

A) 22
B) 24
C) 26
D) 28
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
A dataset consists of five numbers: 12, 18, 24, X, and 30. If the mean of these numbers
is 22, what is the missing value X?

A) 22
B) 24
C) 26
D) 28
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
In a set of numbers 4, 6, 7, 8, 6, X, 7, 6, 8, the mode is 6. What is the possible value of X
that does NOT change the mode?

A) 4
B) 7
C) 8
D) None of the above
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
In a set of numbers 4, 6, 7, 8, 6, X, 7, 6, 8, the mode is 6. What is the possible value of X
that does NOT change the mode?

A) 4
B) 7
C) 8
D) None of the above
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 3
Find the missing value X in the dataset 26, 13, 12, 16, 17, X, 14, 20, 21, 24 if the median is
18.

A) 17
B) 18
C) 19
D) 20
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 3
Find the missing value X in the dataset 26, 13, 12, 16, 17, X, 14, 20, 21, 24 if the median is
18.

A) 17
B) 18
C) 19
D) 20
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Factorials
Factorials are mathematical operations represented by an exclamation mark
(!). The factorial of a positive integer n is the product of all positive integers from 1
to n. It is denoted as:

For example, 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120

0! = 1
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Combinatorics
Combination and permutation are fundamental concepts in combinatorics, used
to determine the number of ways to arrange or select items. The key difference
between them is order:

Permutation: Order matters.

Combination: Order does not matter.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Combination
A combination is a selection of objects where order is irrelevant. The formula for
combination is as follows, where n is the total number of objects and r is the
number of objects you need to select:

There is only one way to choose all objects or to choose none.

 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Combination
How many ways can 3 students be chosen from a group of 5?
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Permutation
A permutation is an arrangement of objects where the order is important. The
formula for permutation is as follows, where n is the total number of objects and r is
the number of objects you need to select:
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Permutation
How many ways can 4 students be arranged in a row from a group of 6?
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
In a competition, 6 contestants (A, B, C, D, E, and F) are competing for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
place. However, contestants A and B must always be together in any arrangement.
How many different ways can the top three positions be assigned?

A) 60
B) 120
C) 240
D) 360
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
In a competition, 6 contestants (A, B, C, D, E, and F) are competing for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
place. However, contestants A and B must always be together in any arrangement.
How many different ways can the top three positions be assigned?

A) 60
B) 120
C) 240
D) 360
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
A club has 12 members, including 4 senior members. A 6-member team is to be
selected, but at least 2 seniors must be included. How many ways can this team be
formed?

A) 672
B) 750
C) 845
D) 924
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
A club has 12 members, including 4 senior members. A 6-member team is to be
selected, but at least 2 seniors must be included. How many ways can this team be
formed?

A) 672
B) 750
C) 845
D) 924
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 3
A coding team of 8 members (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H) is being arranged in a straight
line for a group photo. However, two members, C and D, must not sit together. How
many different ways can the team be arranged?

A) 30,240
B) 35,280
C) 36,000
D) 40,320
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 3
A coding team of 8 members (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H) is being arranged in a straight
line for a group photo. However, two members, C and D, must not sit together. How
many different ways can the team be arranged?

A) 30,240
B) 35,280
C) 36,000
D) 40,320
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Tables and Figures

Essential tools for presenting data in a structured and visual format
Help in analyzing trends, comparisons, and patterns efficiently
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Table
A table organizes numerical or categorical data in rows and columns for easy
comparison.
How to Read:
Identify column and row labels.
Compare numerical values across different categories.
Look for trends in the data, such as increasing or decreasing values.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Table

Source: Balsamiq
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Line Graph
A line graph represents data points connected by a line to show trends over time.
How to Read:
The x-axis usually represents time, while the y-axis represents the measured
variable.
An upward slope indicates an increase, while a downward slope shows a
decrease.
Sudden spikes or drops may indicate significant events affecting the data.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Line Graph

Source: NCES
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Bar Graph
A bar graph uses rectangular bars to compare different categories.
How to Read:
The length of each bar represents the quantity for a category.
Bars can be arranged vertically or horizontally.
Taller bars indicate higher values, while shorter bars represent lower values.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Bar Graph

Source: Statistics by Jim

 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Histogram
A histogram is a type of bar graph used to represent the distribution of numerical
data.
How to Read:
The x-axis represents different ranges (bins) of data values.
The y-axis shows the frequency (how many times values appear in that range).
A symmetric shape suggests a normal distribution, while skewness indicates an
imbalance in data spread.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Histogram

Source: Tech Quality Pedia

 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Boxplot (Box-and-Whisker Plot)

A boxplot displays the distribution of a dataset using five key statistics: minimum, first
quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3), and maximum.
How to Read:
The box represents the interquartile range (middle 50% of data).
The line inside the box is the median.
The whiskers extend to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the
interquartile range.
Outliers are represented by dots beyond the whiskers.
Range = maximum value - minimum value
Interquartile Range = upper quartile value - lower quartile value
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Boxplot (Box-and-Whisker Plot)

Source: STATS4STEM
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Pictograph
A pictograph represents data using images or symbols, where each symbol
corresponds to a specific quantity.
How to Read:
Identify what each symbol represents (e.g., one icon = 100 units).
Count the total number of symbols to determine the total value.
Compare different categories by looking at the number of symbols used for each.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Pictograph

Source: Cuemath
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Pie Chart
A pie chart divides a whole into proportional slices to represent different categories.
How to Read:
Each slice represents a percentage of the total.
Larger slices indicate higher proportions, while smaller slices represent lower
proportions.
If all slices are nearly equal, the distribution is balanced.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Pie Chart

Source: Writing Support

 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Scatterplot
A scatterplot displays individual data points on a graph to show relationships
between two variables.
How to Read:
Each dot represents an observation.
If dots form an upward trend, there is a positive correlation (as one variable
increases, so does the other).
A downward trend indicates a negative correlation (one variable increases while
the other decreases).
If the points are scattered randomly, there may be no correlation.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Scatterplot

Source: eMathZone
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Sigma Notation
Sigma notation (∑) is a mathematical symbol used to represent the sum of a
sequence of terms. It simplifies the expression of long summations.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Sigma Notation
Sigma notation (∑) is a mathematical symbol used to represent the sum of a
sequence of terms. It simplifies the expression of long summations.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Assignment
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Outline
Number Systems Decimals
Comparison Symbols Fractions
Properties of Addition and Multiplication Conversions
Order of Operations Percentage, Base, and Rate
Perfect Squares Ratio and Proportion
Odd and Even Numbers Measures of Central Tendency
Absolute Value Factorials
Law of Signs Combination and Permutation
Multiples and Factors Tables and Figures
LCM and GCF Sigma Notation
Divisibility Rules Logic
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Logical Reasoning
Logical reasoning involves analyzing statements and determining valid conclusions.
Venn diagrams help visualize relationships between different sets.
How to Read Venn Diagrams:
A small circle within a bigger circle = the smaller circle is a subset of the bigger
circle
Overlap of circles = elements of one circle that are also present on the other
circle
No overlaps = no elements are present on both circles
Validity = the conclusion follows all premises
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
All astronauts undergo rigorous training. Some engineers are astronauts. Which of
the following is not consistent with the given statements?
A) Some engineers undergo rigorous training.
B) All people who undergo rigorous training are astronauts.
C) Some astronauts are not engineers.
D) Some people who undergo rigorous training are not astronauts.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 1
All astronauts undergo rigorous training. Some engineers are astronauts. Which of
the following is not consistent with the given statements?
A) Some engineers undergo rigorous training.
B) All people who undergo rigorous training are astronauts.
C) Some astronauts are not engineers.
D) Some people who undergo rigorous training are not astronauts.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
No reptiles give birth to live young. Some snakes are reptiles. Which of the following is
not a valid conclusion?
A) Some snakes do not give birth to live young.
B) No reptile gives birth to live young.
C) Some animals that do not give birth to live young are snakes.
D) All reptiles are snakes.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 2
No reptiles give birth to live young. Some snakes are reptiles. Which of the following is
not a valid conclusion?
A) Some snakes do not give birth to live young.
B) No reptile gives birth to live young.
C) Some animals that do not give birth to live young are snakes.
D) All reptiles are snakes.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 3
All doctors have studied biology. Some scientists are doctors. Which of the following
is a valid conclusion?
A) Some scientists have studied biology.
B) All scientists have studied biology.
C) Some people who have studied biology are doctors.
D) No scientist has studied biology.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse (ATP)

Example 3
All doctors have studied biology. Some scientists are doctors. Which of the following
is a valid conclusion?
A) Some scientists have studied biology.
B) All scientists have studied biology.
C) Most people who have studied biology are doctors.
D) No scientist has studied biology.
 Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW (MATHEMATICS UNIT 1)

BASIC MATH
PREPARED BY

PRINCE JEHOSAPHAT VILLAREAL

Student, BS Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila

MARK RUSSELL DANCIS CARANZO

Founder & Manager, Acadgenius Tutorial Powerhouse
Undergraduate Researcher, Functional Genomics Laboratory
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University of the Philippines Diliman