WILLIAM T

MOGAE
201801048
EEB 341

GROUP 3
lab 1: Familiarisation with logic gates Date of submission: 03/03/2021
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Aims of the experiment………………………………………………………………………………………………2

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

Theory………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3-4

list of equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

Procedure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4-5

Results ………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Recommendation………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

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AIMS OF THE EXPERIMENT
The aim of this experiment is:
a) To familiarise with the laboratory equipment.
b) To build circuits using breadboards.
c) To learn logic interpretation as well as the basis of circuit wiring and how to build simple logic
circuit.

INTRODUCTION

A logic gate is an idealized model of computation or physical electronic device implementing a

Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single
binary output [1]. The logic gate is a small transistor circuit that is part of different forms in an
integrated circuit. Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as
electronic switches. Logic gates are used in a computer to transform the 1s and 0s from input wires.
It accepts inputs, and then outputs are results based on their state. The application of logic gates are
mainly determined by their truth table.

Digital electronics depends on the actions of just seven types of logic gates shown in the table
below.

figure 1: showing types of gates and their truth tables

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THEORY
TRUTH TABLE
A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra,
boolean functions, and propositional calculus, which sets out the functional values of logical
expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by
their logical variables[2].It can be used to test the validity of arguments. Every proposition is
assumed to be either true or false and the truth or falsity of each proposition is said to be its truth-
value. Each row of the table represents a possible combination of truth-values for the compound
propositions of the compound, and there should be enough rows to cover all possible combinations.

Their seven types of logic gates being AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.

figure2: showing types of logic gates and their descriptions

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Complex operations can be performed using combinations of these logic gates. In theory, there is no
limit to the number of gates that can be arrayed together in a single device. But in practice, there is a
limit to the number of gates that can be packed into a given physical space. Arrays of logic gates are
found in digital ICs. As IC technology advances, the required physical volume for each individual logic
gate decreases and digital devices of the same or smaller size become capable of performing ever-
more-complicated operations at ever-increasing speeds.

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
 1 x 74LS04(NOT)
 1 x 74LS08(AND)
 1 x 74HC32(OR)
 1 x LED
 1 x 330 resistor
 1 x Breadboard

PROCEDURE

The LED was connected in series with a resistor to check if the apparatus were functional. Two
separate buses; +5V bus and a ground bus were created on the breadboard, then 2-input OR gates
were connected such that they make a 3-input gate as shown in figure 2 below. The final output of
the combination was connected in series to a resistor, LED and then grounded. Power was supplied
to the circuit and then the inputs to the gate were alternated on the ground and the 5V buses
according to the truth table combinations. The response of the LED was observed and recorded on
the truth table. The same procedure was then repeated for the 3-input AND gate.

Figure 3a; AND gate logic circuit

Figure 3b; OR gate logic function

For the second part of the experiment, the AND, OR and NOT were connected as shown in figure 2c
below, powered 5V and the LED, resistor output grounded. The inputs of the circuit were also
alternated, and LED response observed and recorded in a truth table.

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Figure 3c: combination circuit

X̄1

X2

X3

X1

X̄2

X3

RESULTS

OUTPUT 1=LED ON

OUTPUT 0=LED OFF

Table 1: TRUTH TABLE FOR 3-INPUT OR and AND GATE

INPUT OUTPUT
A B C AND gate OR gate
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

Table 2: TRUTH TABLE FOR COMBINATION CIRCUIT

f(x1,x2,x3)= ∑m(3,5)

X1 X2 X3 F
m0 0 0 0 0
m1 0 0 1 0
m2 0 1 0 0
m3 0 1 1 1
m4 1 0 0 0
m5 1 0 1 1
m6 1 1 0 0
m7 1 1 1 0

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DISCUSSION

In this experiment, the main objective was to learn logic interpretation as well as the basis of circuit
wiring and how to build simple logic circuit. From the experiment conducted above. We used
different logic gates to build different logic circuits and combined two different logic gates to form a
circuit. The results obtained from the lab were in accordance with the theory on operation of the OR and AND
gates, as well as their truth tables. The gates responded to HIGH and LOW voltages. For the NOT gate when
input was put on LOW, the LED was on and when the input was on HIGH, the LED was off hence showing
correspondence to the truth table which was drawn in the prelab. The third combinational circuit also gave the
expected results.

RECOMMENDATION
I recommend that the lab get new material and equipment as that was used during the experiment
have surpass worn out more especially the oscilloscope as they continuously malfunction hence the
need for new or properly maintained equipment to improve accuracy and effectiveness in the
laboratory is needed.

Also increase the number of lab technicians as then we will not have to wait to be assisted during
the lab.

CONCLUSION
As per the results and analysis, the objective of this experiment was achieved. We were able to learn
about operation of basic logic gates. As shown by the experiment conducted the logic gates give the
same results as stated in theoretical definitions.

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REFERENCES

[1] Jaeger, Microelectronic Circuit Design, McGraw-Hill 1997, ISBN 0-07-032482-4, pp. 226–233

[2] Emil Post (July 1921). "Introduction to a general theory of elementary propositions". American Journal
of Mathematics. 43 (3): 163–185

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