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Cambridge IGCSE™

Dr Mo Sherif
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CHEMISTRY 0620/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2025

)
1 hour 15 minutes

IF
ER
You must answer on the question paper.

SH
No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
O
M
● Answer all questions.
ET

● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
M

● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.

R

● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.

O

● Do not write on any bar codes.

(F

● You may use a calculator.

● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
N
SA
AS

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
H

● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
AR

● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

M
O

This document has 12 pages.

DC (WW/FC) 341207/6
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1 Using numbers only, state the:

(a) percentage of oxygen in clean, dry air 21

............................... [1]

(b) typical operating temperature, in °C, used in the Haber process

450
............................... [1]

(c) number of atoms in a diatomic molecule 2

............................... [1]

(d) maximum number of electrons in the second electron shell of an atom ............................... [1] 8
(e) number of hydrogen atoms in an alkane with 7 carbon atoms 16
............................... [1]

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(f) number of particles in one mole, in standard form. 6.02 x 1023
............................... [1]

[Total: 6]

)
IF
ER
2 This question is about ionic compounds.

SH
(a) State what is meant by the term ionic bond.

Regular Arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions that are

O
...................................................................................................................................................
M

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held together by strong electrostatic attraction forces.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
ET
M

(b) Potassium sulfide, K2S, is an ionic compound.

R
O

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 2.1 of the ions in potassium sulfide.
(F

Show the charges on the ions.

N
SA

..... ..... .....

AS
H

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K S K
AR
M
O

Fig. 2.1
[3]
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(c) Ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices.

(i) Fig. 2.2 shows part of the giant ionic lattice structure of sodium chloride.

Complete the diagram in Fig. 2.2 to show the ions present. Use ‘+’ for sodium ions
and ‘–’ for chloride ions. One chloride ion has been completed for you.

+ -
- +
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- +
+ –

)
IF
ER
Fig. 2.2
[2]

SH
(ii) State the name given to any positive ion.

Cation O
M
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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ET

(d) Ionic compounds can be decomposed by the passage of an electric current using inert
electrodes.
M
R

(i) State the name of this process.

O
(F

Electrolysis
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
N

(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction which takes place at the anode when
SA

molten potassium bromide, KBr, is decomposed by the passage of an electric current.

AS

2Br --> Br2 + 2e

- -
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
H
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(iii) Name the products and state the observations at the negative and positive electrodes
AR

when dilute aqueous potassium bromide, KBr, is decomposed by the passage of an

M

electric current.
O

product at the negative electrode

Hydrogen
...........................................................................................................................................

observations at the negative electrode

Bubbles of colorless gas

...........................................................................................................................................

products at the positive electrode

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Oxygen Bromine
................................................................. and .................................................................

observations at the positive electrode

Bubbles of colorless gas & orange bubbles produced

...........................................................................................................................................
[5]

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3 The halogens are a group of elements in the Periodic Table.

Chlorine is a member of this group.

(a) State the group number of the halogens.

7
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State how many halogens there are in this group.

6
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(c) Suggest the identity of the halogen which:

(i) has the highest density

Tennessine
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

)
IF
(ii) is the most reactive.

Fluorine

ER
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

SH
(d) State the name of the negative ions (anions) formed by halogens.

Halides O
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
M

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ET

(e) State how many occupied electron shells there are in a bromine atom.
4
M

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
R
O

(f) Name the noble gas which has the same electronic configuration as a Br – ion.
(F

Krypton
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
N
SA

(g) Aqueous chlorine, Cl 2, reacts with aqueous potassium iodide, KI.

One of the products formed is iodine, I2.
AS

(i) Complete and balance the ionic equation for the reaction between Cl 2 and I – ions.
H

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State symbols are not required. -
AR

2
Cl 2 + ..... I – 2Cl
.................... + I2
M

[2]
O

(ii) Explain why this reaction is defined as a redox reaction.

Give your answer in terms of electron transfer.

Because chlorine gained electrons so it was reduced

...........................................................................................................................................

and iodide lost electrons so it was oxidised

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(h) Give the colour and state of iodine at room temperature and pressure.

grey - black
colour ........................................................................................................................................

solid
state ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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4 Carbonyl chloride, COCl 2, is manufactured by reacting carbon monoxide with chlorine.

CO(g) + Cl 2(g) COCl 2(g) ΔH = –105 kJ / mol

The process takes place in a closed system, and an equilibrium is reached.

The conditions for this process are 200 °C and 200 kPa.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term closed system.

No substances can enter or leave the reaction

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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(b) State what the symbol ΔH represents.

Enthalpy change
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) State how the value of ΔH shows that the forward reaction is exothermic.

)
H is a negative value

IF
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

ER
(d) Deduce the value of ΔH for the reverse reaction. Include a sign in your answer.

SH
+105 kJ/mol
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

O
M
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(e) Complete Table 4.1 to show the effect, if any, on the concentration of COCl 2(g) at equilibrium
when the following changes to the conditions are applied.
ET
M

Use only the words increases, decreases or no change.

R
O

Table 4.1
(F

effect on the concentration of

N

change to conditions
COCl 2(g) at equilibrium
SA

Decreases
AS

the temperature is increased

H
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some CO is added Increases

AR
M

the pressure is increased Increases

O

a catalyst is added No change

[4]
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(f) The equation for the reaction can be represented as shown in Fig. 4.1.

Cl
C O + Cl Cl C O ΔH = –105 kJ / mol
Cl
Fig. 4.1

Table 4.2 shows some bond energies.

Table 4.2

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bond C≡O Cl –Cl C–Cl
bond energy in kJ / mol 1075 240 340

Use the bond energies in Table 4.2 and the value of ΔH for the reaction to calculate the

)
bond energy, in kJ / mol, of the C=O bond.

IF
ER
Use the following steps.

SH
• Calculate the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants.

O
M
1075 + 240 =

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ET

1315
.............................. kJ
M
R

• Calculate the energy released when the bonds in carbonyl chloride form.
O
(F

-105 = 1315 - B.F

N

B.F = 1315 + 105 = 1420

SA

.............................. kJ
AS

• Calculate the bond energy of the C=O bond.

H

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AR

1420 = (2 x 340) + C=O

M
O

C=O = 1420 - 680 = 740

.............................. kJ / mol
[3]
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,

(g) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 4.2 of a molecule of carbonyl chloride.

Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl
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C O

)
Cl

IF
ER
SH
Fig. 4.2
O [3]
M
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ET

[Total: 14]
M
R
O
(F
N
SA
AS
H
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AR
M
O
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5 Manganese is the element with atomic number 25 in the Periodic Table.

Calcium is the element with atomic number 20 in the Periodic Table.

(a) Complete Table 5.1 to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the 55Mn atom
and the 42Ca2+ ion.

Table 5.1

55Mn 42Ca2+

25 20

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protons

neutrons 30 22
25 18

)
electrons

IF
[3]

ER
SH
(b) Manganese forms several oxides. The formulae of some of these oxides are shown.

O
MnO M

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Mn2O3
ET

Mn3O4
M

MnO2
R

Mn2O7
O
(F

(i) Suggest why manganese is expected to form coloured oxides.

because it is a transition element

N

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
SA

(ii) State which other property of manganese is shown by the formation of several oxides.
AS

varible oxidation states/numbers

H

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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AR

(iii) State the formula of manganese(II) oxide.

M

MnO
O

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Mn3O4 is found in an ore of manganese. Manganese metal can be extracted from Mn3O4
using aluminium as the reducing agent.

(i) Define the term reducing agent.

Substance which is oxidised, losing electrons

...........................................................................................................................................

which are gained by the reduced substance.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii) Complete the symbol equation by inserting the formula of the missing product and
balancing the equation.

3
..... Mn3O4 + ..... Al 8 4Al2O3 9
........................ + ..... Mn
[2]
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(d) MnO2 reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation.

MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl 2 + 2H2O + Cl 2

(i) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas formed, in cm3, at r.t.p. when excess MnO2 reacts
with 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 HCl .

Use the following steps.

• Calculate the number of moles of HCl used.

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Mol = Conc. x V = 50 x 0.2 =

1000 0.01
.............................. mol

)
• Determine the number of moles of Cl 2 formed.

IF
0.01

ER
SH
4 0.0025
.............................. mol

O
M
•
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Calculate the volume of Cl 2 formed.

3
ET

0.0025 x 24 = 0.06 dm
M

3 3
R

0.06 dm = 60 cm
O
(F

60
.............................. cm3
N

[3]
SA

(ii) Describe a test for chlorine gas.

AS

damp litmus paper

H

test ....................................................................................................................................
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bleached
AR

observations ......................................................................................................................
[1]
M
O

(iii) Explain, in terms of collision theory, why decreasing the temperature decreases the rate
of this reaction.

When temperature is decreased, particles lose kinetic energy,

...........................................................................................................................................

so they have less kinetic energy, so particles move slower,

...........................................................................................................................................

so less frequent collisions per unit time, so less frequent

...........................................................................................................................................
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successful collisions which have sufficient energy to react,

...........................................................................................................................................

which is energy greater than or equal to activation energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 17]
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6 The structural formulae of two compounds, A and B, are shown.

A B
CH2=CHCH3 CH3CH=CHCH3

A and B are members of the same homologous series.

(a) Give two reasons why the structural formulae of A and B show they are members of the
same homologous series.

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same general formula
1 ................................................................................................................................................

same functional group

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

)
(b) Explain why A and B are both hydrocarbons.

IF
because they consist of carbon and hydrogen only

ER
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

SH
(c) Write the symbol equation for the complete combustion of A.

2 C3H6+ 9O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O O

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
M

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ET

(d) Deduce the empirical formula of A.

CH2
M

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
R
O

(e) Name compound B.

(F

But-2-ene
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
N
SA

(f) A structural isomer of B is a member of the same homologous series.

AS

Draw the displayed formula of this structural isomer of B.

H

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AR
M
O

[1]
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,

(g) Compound B reacts with aqueous bromine at room temperature to form product C.
The equation is shown.

B C
CH3CH=CHCH3 + Br2 CH3CHBrCHBrCH3

(i) State why this is an addition reaction.

because only one product is formed

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the colour change in aqueous bromine during this reaction.
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Orange Colorless
from ....................................................... to ................................................................ [1]

(iii) Name product C.

Dibromobutane

)
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

IF
ER
(h) Under certain conditions, one mole of B reacts with oxygen to form two moles of
carboxylic acid D.

SH
Carboxylic acid D has two carbon atoms.

O
M
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(i) Draw the displayed formula of carboxylic acid D.

ET
M
R
O
(F
N

[1]
SA

(ii) Name carboxylic acid D.

AS

Ethanoic Acid
H

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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AR

(iii) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

M

2O2
CH3CH=CHCH3 + ......................... 2CH3COOH
.........................
O

[1]

[Total: 14]
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
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 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2025
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2
,

H He
hydrogen helium
Key O 1 4
* 0000800000012 *

3 4 atomic number M 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

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7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 H 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
AS
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36






,

SA
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe N Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
(F
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh O Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
12

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103
R 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77
M
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/42/F/M/25
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
ETAu
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
M 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids O
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – SH – – – – – – –

ER
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
IF 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium ) erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

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