LINEAR ALGEBRA: MATRIX THEORY

3.1 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Characteristic matrix
For a given non zero square matrix of order ݊ if there exists a scalar ߣ then the matrix ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬is
called the characteristic matrix of give matrix ‫ܣ‬.
Characteristic polynomial of matrix ࡭
The determinant of the characteristic matrix ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ when expanded gives a polynomial in ߣ
of degree ݊ known as characteristic polynomial of matrix ‫ܣ‬Ǥ
Characteristic equation of matrix ࡭
Characteristic polynomial ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ when equated to zero, the equation obtained ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ is
called the characteristic equation of matrix ‫ܣ‬Ǥ
Characteristic root of matrix ࡭
The roots of the characteristic equation ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣȁ ൌ Ͳ are called characteristic roots of latent roots
or eigen values of matrix ‫ܣ‬.
Characteristic vector of matrix ࡭
Any non zero vector ܺ said to be a characteristic vector of matrix ‫ ܣ‬if there exists number ߣ
such that ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ, then ܺ is a characteristic vector of ‫ ܣ‬corresponding to characteristic root
characteristic vector of ‫ ܣ‬is also called vector of ‫ܣ‬.
Note: (1). If matrix ‫ ܣ‬is of order 3 then
ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ ሺെͳሻ͵ ߣ͵ ൅ ሺ•—‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‫ܣ‬ሻߣʹ
െ ሺ•—‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‫ܣ‬ሻߣ ൅ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
(2). Sum of the principal diagonal elements of‫ ܣ‬is called the trace of the matrix ‫ܣ‬.
(3). For any matrix ‫ ܣ‬of order ݊ǡ if ߣͳ , ߣʹ , …….ߣ͵ are the eigen values of ‫ ܣ‬then
(a) ߣͳ ൅ ߣʹ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ Ǥ ൅ߣ݊ ൌ •—‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‫ ܣ‬ൌ –”ƒ ‡‘ˆ‫ܣ‬
(b) ߣͳ ߣʹ ǥ ǥ ǥ ߣ݊ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
(4). The diagonal elements of a triangular matrix ‫ܣ‬ሺ—’’‡”‘”Ž‘™‡”ሻare the characteristic of ‫ܣ‬.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
૛ ૛ ૙
1. For the given matrix ൌ ൥ ૛ ૚ ૚൩ . Find
െૠ ૛ ૜
(a) The characteristic matrix
(b) Characteristic polynomial
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(c) Characteristic equation and

(d) Characteristic roots of the matrix
ʹ ʹ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Solution: (a) characteristic matrix is ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥ ʹ ͳ ͳ ൩ െ ߣ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
െ͹ ʹ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ʹെߣ ʹ Ͳ
ൌ൥ ʹ ͳെߣ ͳ ൩
െ͹ ʹ െ͵ െ ߣ
ʹെߣ ʹ Ͳ
(b) Characteristic polynomial ൌ ൥ ʹ ͳെߣ ͳ ൩
െ͹ ʹ െ͵ െ ߣ
ൌ ሺെͳሻ ߣ ൅ ሺ•—‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‫ܣ‬ሻߣʹ
͵ ͵

െ ሺ•—‘ˆ‹‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‫ܣ‬ሻߣ ൅ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
ൌ ሺെͳሻ͵ ߣ͵ ൅ Ͳߣ െ ሺͷ െ ͸ െ ʹሻߣ ൅ ʹሾሺെͷሻ െ ʹሺͳሻሿ
ൌ െߣ͵ ൅ ͳ͵ߣ െ ͳʹ
(c) Characteristic equation is െߣ͵ ൅ ͳ͵ߣ െ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ͵ െ ͳ͵ߣ ൅ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ͵ െ ߣ െ ͳʹߣ ൅ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣሺߣʹ െ ͳሻ െ ͳʹሺߣ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሾߣሺߣ ൅ ͳሻ െ ͳʹሿ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሾߣʹ ൅ ߣ െ ͳʹሿ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ ൅ Ͷሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳߣ ׵‬ൌ ͳǡ ߣʹ ൌ െͶǡ and ߣ͵ ൌ ͵ are the characteristic roots of the matrix.
The matrix is non symmetric. Eigen values distinct.
2. Find the eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of the matrix
ૡ െ૟ ૛
࡭ ൌ ൥െ૟ ૠ െ૝൩Ǥ
૛ െ૝ ૜
Solution: The characteristic equation of the matrix ‫ ܣ‬is given by ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ͺെߣ െ͸ ʹ
֜ อ െ͸ ͹ െ ߣ െͶ อ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ െͶ ͵ െ ߣ
֜ െߣ ൅ ͳͺߣʹ െ Ͷͷߣ ൌ Ͳ
͵

֜ ߣ͵ െ ͳͺߣʹ ൅ Ͷͷߣ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ߣሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ െ ͳͷሻ ൌ Ͳǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ߣ ൌ Ͳǡ ͵ǡͳͷ
which are the required eigen values of ‫ܣ‬Ǥ
 MATRIX THEORY | 3

‫ͳݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
We shall now find the eigen vector ܺ ൌ ൥ ʹ ൩ corresponding to each value of ߣ by considering
‫͵ݔ‬
the equation ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
For ߣ ൌ Ͳ, (1) gives
ͺ െ͸ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥െ͸ ͹ െͶ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͶ ͵ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
ͺ െ͸ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
̱ ൥Ͳ െͷ ͷ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩ ሺܴʹ ൅ ͵ܴ͵ ሻ
ʹ െͶ ͵ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
֜ ͺ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢെͷ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ʹ‫ ͳݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹݔ  ׵‬ൌ ‫͵ݔ‬
Let ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬, where ‫ ݐ‬is a parameter. Then ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ͳ ͳ ‫ݐ‬
ሾ͸‫ ʹݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ሿ ൌ ሾ͸‫ ݐ‬െ ʹ‫ݐ‬ሿ ൌ
‫ ͳݔ  ׵‬ൌ
ͺ ͺ ʹ
‫ݐ‬Ȁʹ ͳ
Hence ܺ ൌ ൥ ‫ ݐ‬൩ which may be represented by ܺͳ ൌ ൥ʹ൩
‫ݐ‬ ʹ
For ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ሺͳሻ gives
ͷ െ͸ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥െ͸ Ͷ െͶ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͶ Ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
֜ ͷ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢെ͸‫ ͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ʹ‫ ͳݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔ  ׵‬ൌ ʹ‫ʹݔ‬
Let ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ then ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݐ‬
ͳ ͳ
‫ ͵ݔ ׵‬ൌ ሾെͷ‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬ሿ ൌ ሾെͷሺʹ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ͸‫ݐ‬ሿ ൌ െʹ‫ݐ‬
ʹ ʹ
ʹ‫ݐ‬ ʹ
Hence ܺ ൌ ൥ ‫ ݐ‬൩ which may be represented by ܺʹ ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩
െʹ‫ݐ‬ െʹ
For ߣ ൌ ͳͷǡ ሺͳሻ gives
െ͹ െ͸ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥െ͸ െͺ െͶ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͶ െͳʹ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
െ͹ െ͸ ʹ ‫ݔ‬ ͳ Ͳ
̱ ൥ Ͳ െʹͲ െͶͲ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩ሺܴʹ ൅ ͵ܴʹ ሻ
ʹ െͶ െͳʹ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
֜ െ͹‫ ͳݔ‬െ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢെʹͲ‫ ʹݔ‬െ ͶͲ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ʹ‫ ͳݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹݔ  ׵‬ൌ െʹ‫͵ݔ‬
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Let ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬, where ‫ ݐ‬is a parameter, then

‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ െʹ‫ݐ‬
‫ ׵‬͹‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ െ͸‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ െ͸ሺെʹ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ʹ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ͳͶ‫ݐ‬ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݐ‬
ʹ‫ݐ‬ ʹ
Hence ܺ ൌ ൥െʹ‫ݐ‬൩ which may be represented by ܺ͵ ൌ ൥െʹ൩
‫ݐ‬ ͳ
Hence, the eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values ߣ ൌ Ͳǡ͵ǡͳͷ are respectively
ͳ ʹ ʹ
ܺͳ ൌ ൥ʹ൩ ǡ ܺʹ ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩ ǡ ܺ͵ ൌ ൥െʹ൩Ǥ
ʹ െʹ ͳ
3. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
૜ ૚ ૝
࡭ ൌ ൥૙ ૛ ૟൩Ǥ
૙ ૙ ૞
Solution: The characteristic equation of the matrix ‫ ܣ‬is given by ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
͵െߣ ͳ Ͷ
֜อ Ͳ ʹെߣ ͸ อൌͲ
Ͳ Ͳ ͷെߣ
֜ ሺ͵ െ ߣሻሺʹ െ ߣሻሺͷ െ ߣሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ʹǡ ͷ
which are the diagonal elements of the matrix ‫ܣ‬Ǥ
‫ͳݔ‬
We shall now find the eigen vector ܺ ൌ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ corresponding to each value of ߣ by considering
‫͵ݔ‬
the equation
ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
For ߣ ൌ ͵, (1) gives
Ͳ ͳ Ͷ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥Ͳ െͳ ͸൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
֜ ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢെ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͸‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹݔ  ׵‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Let ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬, where ‫ ݐ‬is an arbitrary parameter, then
‫ݐ‬ ͳ
ܺ ൌ ቈͲ቉ which may be represented by ܺͳ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩Ǥ
Ͳ Ͳ
For ߣ ൌ ʹǡ ሺͳሻ gives
ͳ ͳ Ͷ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥Ͳ Ͳ ൩
͸ ʹ൥ ‫ݔ‬ ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͵ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 5

֜ ‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ͸‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ

‫ ͵ݔ  ׵‬ൌ Ͳ
Let ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ where ‫ ݐ‬is an arbitrary parameter, then ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ െ‫ݐ‬
െ‫ݐ‬ െͳ
Hence ܺ ൌ ቈ ‫ ݐ‬቉ which may be represented by ܺʹ ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ
For ߣ ൌ ͷǡ ሺͳሻ gives
െʹ ͳ Ͷ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ Ͳ െ͵ ͸൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
֜ െʹ‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͲǢെ͵‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͸‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹݔ  ׵‬ൌ ʹ‫͵ݔ‬
Let ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬, where ‫ ݐ‬is an arbitrary parameter, then
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݐ‬
ͳ ͳ
ሾ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ሿ ൌ ሾʹ‫ ݐ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݐ‬ሿ ൌ ͵‫ݐ‬
‫ ͳݔ  ׵‬ൌ
ʹ ʹ
‫ͳݔ‬ ͵‫ݐ‬ ͵
Hence ܺ ൌ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥ʹ‫ ݐ‬൩ which may be represented by ܺ͵ ൌ ൥ʹ൩
‫͵ݔ‬ ‫ݐ‬ ͳ
Thus, the eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values ߣ ൌ ͵ǡʹǡͷ are respectively
ͳ െͳ ͵
ܺͳ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩ ǡ ܺʹ ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩ ǡ ܺ͵ ൌ ൥ʹ൩Ǥ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
4. Find the Eigen Values and Eigen vectors of the matrix. Also verify that the Eigen
૛ െ૚ ૚
vectors are linearly independent. ࡭ ൌ ൥૚ ૛ െ૚൩
૚ െ૚ ૛
ʹ െ ɉ െͳ ͳ
Solution: The characteristic equation is ൥ ͳ ʹ െ ɉ െͳ ൩ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െ ɉ
ʹ
‫ ׵‬ሺʹ െ ɉሻሾሺʹ െ ɉሻ െ ͳሿ ൅ ͳሾͳሺʹ െ ɉሻ ൅ ͳሿሾെͳ െ ሺʹ െ ɉሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫  ׵‬ɉ͵ െ ͸ɉʹ ൅ ͳͳɉ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ɉ͵ െ ɉʹ െ ͷɉʹ ൅ ͷɉ ൅ ͸ɉ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺɉ െ ͳሻሺɉʹ െ ͷɉ ൅ ͸ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺɉ െ ͳሻሺɉ െ ͵ሻሺɉ െ ͵ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ɉ ൌ ͳǡʹǡ͵
6 | APPLIED MATHEMATI CS- III

ͳ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ

(i) For ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣͳ ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥ͳ ͳ െͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
We may use matrix method to obtain the roots of the above equation

ܴʹ െ ܴͳ  ͳ െͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
By
ܴ͵ െ ܴͳ
൥
 Ͳ ʹ െʹ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ
‫ ͳ ׵‬െ  ʹ ൅  ͵ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹʹ ׵‬െ ʹ͵ ൌ Ͳ
i.e.  ʹ െ  ͵ ൌ Ͳ
We note that the rank of the matrix is 2 and the number of variables is 3
Hence, there is ͵ െ ʹ ൌ ͳliniarly independent solution.
Putting ܺ͵ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ൌ ͳܽ݊݀ܺͳ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ
Hence, corresponding to the Eigen value 1, the Eigen vector is ൥ͳ൩or ሾͲǡ ͳǡ ͳሿԢ
ͳ
If K is a non-zero scale then k X also an Eigen vector.
Ͳ െͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
(ii) For ɉ ൌ ʹǡ ሾ െ ɉʹ ሿ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥ͳ Ͳ െͳ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ Ͳ  ͵ Ͳ
‫  ׵‬െܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ െ ܺͳ െ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳǡ ܺͳ െ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
If ܺ͵ ൌ ͳǡ ܺʹ ൌ ͳǡ ܺͳ ൌ ͳ
ͳ
Hence, corresponding to the Eigen value ߣ ൌ ʹ the Eigen vector is ൥ͳ൩ or ሾͳǡ ͳǡ ͳሿԢ
ͳ
If k is non-zero scalar then kX also is an Eigen vector.
െͳ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
ሺܑܑܑሻ For ߣ ൌ ͵, ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ͵ ‫ܫ‬ሿ ൌ Ͳ gives൥ ͳ െͳ ܺ
െͳ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ െͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ

ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ െͳ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By
ܴʹ ൅
൥
ܴ͵ Ͳ െʹ Ͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
െͳ െ  ʹ ൅  ͵ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹ ʹ ׵‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹ ׵‬ൌ Ͳ
If ܺ͵ ൌ ͳ–Š‡ܺͳ ൌ ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 7

ͳ
Hence, corresponding to the Eigen value ߣ ൌ ͵. The Eigen vector is ൥Ͳ൩or ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ ͳሿԢ
ͳ
If k is a non-zero scalar then kX also is an Eigen vector.
To verify the liner independence of vectors, consider
‫ ͳܺ ͳܭ‬൅ ݇ʹ ൅ ܺʹ ൅ ‫ ͵ܺ ͵ܭ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳܭ ׵‬ሾͲǡͳǡͳሿ ൅ ‫ ʹܭ‬ሾͳǡͳǡͳሿ ൅ ‫ ͵ܭ‬ሾͳǡͲǡͳሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ Ͳ ׵‬൅  ʹ ൅  ͵ ൌ Ͳ……………………(i)
ͳ ൅  ʹ ൅ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ……………………...(ii)
ͳ ൅  ʹ ൅ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ……………………..(iii)
From (i) and (iii), we get ‫ ͳܭ‬ൌ ͲǡFrom (ii) and (iii), we get ‫ ͵ܭ‬ൌ Ͳ
Hence, from (iii), we get ‫ ʹܭ‬ൌ Ͳ.
Hence ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ  ʹ ൌ Ͳǡ  ͵ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬The vectors are linearly independent (refer to the theorem)
૜ െ૚ ૚
5. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the matrix ൥െ૚ ૞ െ૚൩
૚ െ૚ ૜
͵ െ ɉ െͳ ͳ
Solution: The characteristic equation is ൥ െͳ ͷ െ ɉ െͳ ൩
ͳ െͳ ͵ െ ɉ
‫ ׵‬ሺ͵ െ ɉሻሾሺͷ െ ɉሻሺ͵ െ ɉሻ െ ͳሿ ൅ ͳሾെͳሺ͵ െ ɉሻ ൅ ͳሿ ൅ ͳሾͳ െ ሺͷ െ ɉሻ ൌ Ͳሿ
‫ ׵‬ɉ͵ െ ͳͳɉʹ ൅ ͵͸ɉ െ ͵͸ ൌ Ͳ
ߣ͵ െ ʹߣʹ െ ͻߣʹ െ ͳͺߣ ൅ ͳͺߣ െ ͵͸ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣʹ െ ͻߣ ൅ ͳͺሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ െ ͸ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ െʹǡ͵ǡ͸
ͳ െͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
i) ‘”ɉ െ ʹǡ ሾ െ ɉͳ ሿ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥െͳ ͵ െͳ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ͳ ͵ Ͳ

ʹ ൅ ͳ ͳ െͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
By
͵ െ
൥
ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬െ ܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳǡ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
‹ ‡ ʹ ൌ Ͳǡ ’—––‹‰͵ ൌ െͳ™‡‰‡–ͳ ൌ ͳ
8 | APPLIED MATHEMATI CS- III

Hence, corresponding to the Eigen value ߣ ൌ ʹǡ we get the following Eigen vector
ܺ ൌ ሾͳǡͲǡ െͳሿ
If K is non-zero scalar kX also is an Eigen vector
Ͳ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
‹‹ሻ ‘”ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ሾ െ ɉʹ ሿ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥െͳ ʹ െͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ൥െͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬െܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳǡ െܺͳ ൅ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳǡ ܺͳ െ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
Putting ܺ͵ ൌ ͳǡ ™‡‰‡–ܺʹ ൌ ͳƒ†–Š‡ܺͳ ൌ ͳ
Hence, corresponding to the Eigen value ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ we get the following Eigen vector,
ܺ ൌ ሾͳǡͳǡͳሿԢ
If K is a non-zero scalar kX is also an Eigen vector.
െ͵ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
(iii) ‘”ߣ ൌ ͸ǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ͵ ሿ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥െͳ െͳ െͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ െͳ െ͵ ܺ͵ Ͳ

ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ െ͵ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By
ܴ͵ ൅
൥
͵ܴͳ െͶ െʹ Ͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
െͺ െͶ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
‫  ׵‬െ͵ܺͳ െ ܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ െ ʹܺͳ െ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
Putting ܺͳ ൌ ͳ, we get ܺʹ ൌ െʹǡ ܺ͵ ൌ ͳǤ
Hence, corresponding to the Eigen value ߣ ൌ ͸ǡwe get the following Eigen vector,
ܺ ൌ ሾͳǡ െʹǡͳሿԢ
If K is a non-zero scalar kX is an Eigen vector
Note: Any two Eigen vectors corresponding to two distinct Eigen values of a real symmetric
matrix are orthogonal.
૚ ૛ ૛
6. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the matrix൥૛ ૚ ૛൩
૛ ૛ ૚
ͳെߣ ʹ ʹ
Solution: The characteristic equation is ൥ ʹ ͳെߣ ʹ ൩ൌͲ
ʹ ʹ ͳെߣ
ʹ
‫ ׵‬ሺͳ െ ߣሻሾሺͳ െ ߣሻ െ Ͷሿ െ ʹሾʹሺͳ െ ߣሻ െ Ͷሿ ൅ ʹሾͶ െ ʹሺͳ െ ߣሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ͵ߣʹ െ ͻߣ െ ͷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬൅ ߣʹ െ Ͷߣʹ െ Ͷߣ െ ͷߣ ൌ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 9

‫ ׵‬ሺߣ ൅ ͳሻሺߣʹ െ Ͷߣ െ ͷሻ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ ൅ ሺߣ ൅ ͳሻሺߣ ൅ ͳሻሺߣ െ ͷሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ െͳǡ െͳǡͷ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
(ii) For ߣ ൌ െͳሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣʹ ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥ʹ ʹ ʹ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ ʹ ʹ ܺ͵ Ͳ
ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ܴ͵ െ ܴʹ ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ሺͳΤʹሻ ܴͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
The rank of the matrix is 1 and the number of variables is 3. Hence, there are ͵ െ ͳ ൌ ʹ linearly
independent solutions.
Putting ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ܺʹ ൌ െͳǡ ‫ ͳܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ൌ ͳǤ
And putting ܺʹ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ܺʹ ൌ െͳǡ ‫ ͳܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ൌ ͳ
Hence, ܺͳ ൌ ሾͳǡ െͳǡͲሿԢ ܽ݊݀ܺʹ ൌ ሾͳǡͲǡ െͳሿԢ
െͶ ʹ ʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
(iii) ‘”ɉ ൌ ͷǡ ሾ െ ߣʹ ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥ ʹ െͶ ʹ ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ ʹ െʹ ܺ͵ Ͳ
The first two rows give
Ͷܺͳ ൅ ʹܺʹ ൅ ʹܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
ʹܺͳ െ Ͷܺʹ ൅ ʹܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ െʹܺͳ ൅ ܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
ܺͳ െ ʹܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
By crammer’s rule
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
ͳ ൅ ʹ െʹ െ ͳ Ͷ െ ͳ
‫͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬
‫ ׵‬ൌ ൌ
͵ ͵ ͵
‫͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬
‫׵‬ ൌ ൌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Hence, corresponding to ߣ ൌ ͷ, the Eigen vector is ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡͳǡͳሿ
Let us check whether the Eigen vectors corresponding to the equal Eigen value -1 are
independent. We have ܺͳ ൌ ሾͳǡ െͳǡͲሿԢ ƒ†ܺʹ ൌ ሾͳǡͲǡͳሿ
Now, ݇ͳ ܺͳ ൅ ݇ʹ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳ݇ ׵‬ሾͳǡ െͳǡͲሿ ൅ ݇ʹ ሾͳǡͲǡ െͳሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳ݇ ׵‬൅ ݇ʹ ൌ Ͳ െ ݇ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ െ݇ʹ ൌ Ͳ
Hence the vectors are linearly independent
10 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

૛ െ૛ ૜
7. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix ൥૚ ૚ ૚ ൩.
૚ ૜ െ૚
ʹ െʹ ͵ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Solution: The characteristic matrix is ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ ൩ െ ߣ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ʹെߣ െʹ ͵
ൌ൥ ͳ ͳെߣ ͳ ൩
ͳ ͵ െͳ െ ߣ
ʹെߣ െʹ ͵
The characteristic polynomial is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ ൥ ͳ ͳെߣ ͳ ൩
ͳ ͵ െͳ െ ߣ
͵ ͵ ʹ
ൌ ሺെͳሻ ߣ ൅ ʹߣ ൅ ͷߣ െ ͸
‫ ׵‬Characteristic equation is
െߣ͵ ൅ ʹߣʹ ൅ ͷߣ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ͵ െ ʹߣʹ െ ͷߣ ൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
On factorization we get ߣ ൌ െʹ, ߣ ൌ ͳ, ߣ ൌ ͵.
The characteristic vector has to satisfy the equation ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ which for given matrix ‫ ܣ‬is
ʹെߣ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ ͳ ͳെߣ ‫ݔ‬
ͳ ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െͳ െ ߣ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
Corresponding to ߣ ൌ െʹ the eigen vector ߣͳ is given by
Ͷ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
To obtain rank of ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣͳ ‫ ܫ‬we have
Ͷ
െʹ ͵
‫ ܣ‬െ ߣͳ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥ͳ
͵ ͳ൩
ͳ
͵ ͳ
Ͷ െʹ ͵
ܴ͵ െ ܴʹ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Solving the equations by Cramer’s rule
‫ ׵‬Ͷ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ͵ Ͷ ͵ Ͷ െʹ
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
͵ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͵
 MATRIX THEORY | 11

‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬

ൌ ൌ
െʹ െ ͻ Ͷ െ ͵ ͳʹ ൅ ʹ
‫ͳݔ‬ ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െͳͳ െͳ ͳͶ
െͳͳ
‫ ͳݔ ׵‬ൌ ൥ െͳ ൩
ͳͶ
Corresponding to ߣ ൌ ͳ, the given vector ߣʹ is given by
ͳ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ͳ Ͳ ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െʹ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
To obtain rank of ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣʹ ‫ ܫ‬we have
ͳ െʹ ͵
‫ ܣ‬െ ߣʹ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െʹ
ͳ െʹ ͵
ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ǡܴ͵ െ ܴͳ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥Ͳ ʹ െʹ൩
Ͳ ͷ െͷ
ͳ ͳ ͳ െʹ ͵
ܴʹ ǡ ܴ͵ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ൩
ʹ ͷ
Ͳ ͳ െͳ
ͳ െʹ ͵
ܴ͵ െ ܴʹ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Solving the equations by Cramer’s rule
‫ ͳݔ ׵‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ‫ ʹݔ‬െ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ͵ ͳ ͵ ͳ െʹ
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
ͳ െͳ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬ ‫ͳݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
ൌ ൌ ฺ ൌ ൌ
െͳ െͳ ͳ െͳ ͳ ͳ
െͳ
‫ ʹݔ ׵‬ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩
ͳ
Corresponding to ߣ ൌ ͵, the given vector ߣ͵ is given by
െͳ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ ͳ െʹ ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െͶ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
12 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

To obtain rank of ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ͵ ‫ ܫ‬we have

െͳ െʹ ͵
‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ͵ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥ ͳ െʹ ͳ ൩
ͳ ͵ െͶ
െͳ െʹ ͵
ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ǡܴ͵ ൅ ܴͳ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥ Ͳ െͶ Ͷ ൩
Ͳ ͳ െͳ
ͳ െͳ െʹ ͵
ܴʹ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥ Ͳ െͳ ͳ ൩
Ͷ
Ͳ ͳ െͳ
െͳ െʹ െ͵
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴͳ ݃݅‫̱ݏ݁ݒ‬൥ Ͳ െͳ ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Solving the equations by Cramer’s rule
െ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ͵ െͳ ͵ െͳ െʹ
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
െͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ െͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ൅ ͵ െͳ ͳ
‫͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ͳ
‫ ͵ݔ ׵‬ൌ ൥ͳ൩
ͳ
૛ ૛ ૚
8. Find characteristic roots and characteristic vector of ࡭૜ ൅ ࡵ for ࡭ ൌ ൥૚ ૜ ૚൩
૚ ૛ ૛
Solution: (a) Eigen value:
i) ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ሿ ൈൌ Ͳ
ʹെߣ ʹ ͳ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ ͳ ͵െߣ ͳ ൩ ൥‫ݔ‬ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͳ൩
ͳ ʹ ʹെߣ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
ii) ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ʹെߣ ʹ ͳ
อ ͳ ͵െߣ ͳ อൌͲ
ͳ ʹ ʹെߣ
ߣ െ ሺ•—‘ˆ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ሻǤ ߣʹ ൅ ሺ•—‘ˆ‹‘”•‘ˆ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–ሻǤ ߣ െ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
͵

‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ͹ߣʹ ൅ ͳͳߣ െ ͷ ൌ Ͳ

 MATRIX THEORY | 13

(b) Eigen vectors: ߣ ൌ ͷ

െ͵ ʹ ͳ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ͳ െʹ ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ʹ െ͵ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬െ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Cramer's rule
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ െʹ
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
ʹ െ͵ ͳ െ͵ ͳ ʹ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
͸ െ ʹ െ͵ െ ‫ ʹ ݔ‬൅ ʹ
‫ ͳݔ‬െ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
Ͷ െͶ Ͷ
‫͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥ͳ൩
ͳ
ߣൌͳ
ͳ ʹ ͳ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥ͳ ʹ ͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ʹ ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
ܴʹ  ՜  ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ܴ͵ ՜  ܴ͵ െ ܴͳ
ͳ ʹ ͳ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ݎ‬ൌ ͳǡ݊ ൌ ͵
Assume ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ͷǡ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
‫ ݏ ׵‬൅ ʹ‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ݔ ׵‬ൌ െͷ െ ʹ‫ݐ‬
‫ͳݔ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ ݏ‬൅ Ͳ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݏ‬ Ͳ‫ݐ‬ ͳ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬
‫ ׵‬൥ ʹ൩ ൌ ቈ ‫ݐ‬ ቉ ൌ ൥ Ͳ‫ ݏ‬൅ ‫ ݐ‬൩ ൌ ቈ Ͳ‫ ݏ‬቉ ൅ ൥ ‫ ݐ‬൩ ൌ ‫ ݏ‬൥Ͳ൩ ൅ ‫ ݐ‬൥ ͳ ൩
‫͵ݔ‬ െ‫ ݏ‬െ ʹ‫ݐ‬ െ‫ ݏ‬െ ʹ‫ݐ‬ െ‫ݏ‬ െʹ‫ݐ‬ ͳ െʹ
ͳ Ͳ
‫ ʹܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥ Ͳ ൩ , ܺ͵ ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩
െͳ െʹ
14 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

‫ ׵‬Characteristic roots Eigen values of ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͵‫ܫ‬are 128 , 4 , 4 and

ͳ ͳ Ͳ
Characteristic vectors are ܺͳ ൌ ൥ͳ൩ ǡ ܺʹ ൌ ൥ Ͳ ൩ ǡ ܺ͵ ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩
ͳ െͳ െʹ
Theorem: 1. Show that matrices ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ܣ‬Ԣ have the same eigen values.
Proof: Let Ԣ‫ܣ‬Ԣ be the given matrix, ߣ be the eigen values of ‫ܣ‬.
Now characteristic equation of ‫ ܣ‬is given by
ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Let ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ‫ܥ‬, Now ȁ‫ܥ‬ȁ ൌ ȁ‫ܥ‬Ԣȁ
ȁ‫ܥ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ ฺ ȁ‫ܥ‬Ԣȁ ൌ Ͳ
‫  ׵‬ȁሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻԢȁ ൌ Ͳ
‫  ׵‬ȁ‫ܣ‬Ԣ െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳሾ‫ ܫ ׶‬Ԣ ൌ ‫ ܫ‬ሿ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
On comparing equation (1) & (2), we can say that characteristic equation of ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ܣ‬Ԣ are same.
Hence ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ܣ‬Ԣ have same eigen values.
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Theorem: 2. If ߣͳ ߣʹ ǡ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ߣ݊ are the Eigen values of A then show that ǡ ǥ are the
ߣͳ ߣʹ ߣ݊
െͳ
Eigen values of ‫ܣ‬
Proof: Let Ԣ‫ܣ‬Ԣ be the given matrix, ߣ be the eigen values and ܺ is the corresponding Eigen
vector of ‫ܣ‬. Then,  ൌ ɉ
‫ ׵‬െͳ ሺɉሻ ൌ ɉሺെͳ ሻ
ͳ
‫׵‬ ܺ ൌ ‫ܣ‬െͳ ܺ
ߣ
ͳ
‫ܣˆ‘‡—Žƒ˜‡‰‹ƒ•‹ ׵‬െͳ
ߣ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Hence, if ߣͳ ߣʹ ǡ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ߣ݊ are the Eigen value of A then ǡ ǥ are the Eigen values of ‫ܣ‬െͳ
ߣͳ ߣʹ ߣ݊

Theorem: 3. Show that characteristic roots of a diagonal matrix are principal diagonal elements
of a matrix.
Proof: Consider a diagonal matrix ‫ ܣ‬is given by
ܽͳͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ܣ‬ൌ൥ Ͳ ܽʹʹ Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ܽ͵͵
The characteristic equation of ‫ ܣ‬is given by ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ܽͳͳ െ ߣ Ͳ Ͳ
ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ อ Ͳ ܽʹʹ െ ߣ Ͳ อൌͲ
Ͳ Ͳ ܽ͵͵ െ ߣ
 MATRIX THEORY | 15

‫ ׵‬ሺܽͳͳ െ ߣͳ ሻሺܽʹʹ െ ߣʹ ሻሺܽ͵͵ െ ߣ͵ ሻ ൌ Ͳ

‫ ͳߣ ׵‬ൌ ܽͳͳ ǡ ߣʹ ൌ ܽʹʹ ǡ ߣ͵ ൌ ܽ͵͵
‫׵‬Characteristic roots ߣͳ ǡ ߣʹ ǡ ߣ͵ are ܽͳͳ ǡ ܽʹʹ ǡ ܽ͵͵ respectively which are the principal diagonal
elements of the matrix.
ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
Theorem: 4. If ߣ is eigen value of non singular matrix ‫ ܣ‬then show that is the eigen value of
ߣ
ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻ.
Proof: Let Ԣ‫ܣ‬Ԣ be the square matrix. ߣ be the eigen value of ‫ ܣ‬and ܺ the corresponding eigen
vector of ‫ܣ‬.
By definition
‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Premultiplying by ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻ
ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻߣܺ
ሾሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻ‫ܣ‬ሿܺ ൌ ߣሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻܺ
ሾȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ‫ ܫ‬ሿ ൌ ߣሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻܺሾ‫ ׶‬ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ‫ܫ‬ሿ
ฺ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁܺ ൌ ߣሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻܺ
ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
ฺ ܺ ൌ ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻܺሾߣ ് Ͳሿ
ߣ
ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
ฺ ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻܺ ൌ ܺ
ߣ
ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
ฺ is the eigen value of ሺ݆ܽ݀‫ܣ‬ሻ.
ߣ

Theorem: 5. If ߣ is eigen value of matrix ‫ ܣ‬then show that ߣ݊ is the eigen value of ‫ ݊ܣ‬.
Proof: Let Ԣ‫ܣ‬Ԣ be the square matrix. ߣ be the eigen value of ‫ ܣ‬and ܺ the corresponding eigen
vector of ‫ܣ‬.
By definition
‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Multiplying equation (1) by ‫ܣ‬.
‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ሺߣܺሻ
ฺ ‫ ܺ ʹܣ‬ൌ ߣሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻ
ฺ ‫ ܺ ʹܣ‬ൌ ߣሺߣܺሻሾ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺˆ”‘ሺͳሻሿ
ฺ ‫ ܺ ʹܣ‬ൌ ߣʹ ܺ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
Here ߣʹ is the eigen value of ‫ ʹܣ‬.
Multiplying equation (2) by ‫ܣ‬.
‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ܺ ʹܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ሺߣʹ ܺሻ
16 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ฺ ‫ ܺ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ߣʹ ሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻ
ฺ ‫ ܺ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ߣʹ ሺߣܺሻ
ฺ ‫ ܺ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ߣ͵ ܺ
Here ߣ͵ is the eigen value of ‫ ͵ܣ‬.
‫ ׵‬In general ߣ݊ is the eigen value of ‫݊ܣ‬
Theorem: 6. Show that the value of determinant of an orthogonal matrix is േͳ.
Proof: let ‫ ܣ‬be an orthogonal matrix.
‫ ׵‬By Definition ‫ܣܣ‬Ԣ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ԣ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ͳ
‫ ׵‬ȁ‫ܣܣ‬Ԣȁ ൌ ȁ‫ܫ‬ȁ
ฺ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁȁ‫ܣ‬Ԣȁ ൌ ͳ
ฺ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ ͳሾȁ‫ܣ‬Ԣȁ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁሿ
ฺ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁʹ ൌ ͳ
ฺ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ േͳ
‫ ׵‬Value of determinant of an orthogonal matrix is േͳ.
Theorem: 7. Show that the characteristic roots of an orthogonal matrix are of unit modulus.
Proof: Let ‫ ܣ‬be the given matrix which is orthogonal.
ฺ ‫ܣ‬Ԣ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣܣ‬Ԣ ൌ ‫ܫ‬
Let ߣ be the characteristic root of ‫ ܣ‬and ܺ be the characteristic vector of ‫ܣ‬.
By definition
‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
ฺ ሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻԢ ൌ ሺߣܺሻԢ
ฺ ܺ Ԣ ‫ܣ‬Ԣ ൌ ߣܺԢ
On multiplying both sides by ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ
‫ܺ ׵‬Ԣ‫ܣ‬Ԣሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻ ൌ ߣܺ Ԣ ሺߣܺሻ
ฺ ܺ Ԣ ሺ‫ܣ‬Ԣ‫ܣ‬ሻܺ ൌ ߣʹ ሺܺԢܺሻ
ฺ ܺ Ԣ ሺ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ ߣʹ ሺܺԢܺሻ
ฺ ܺԢܺ ൌ ߣʹ ሺܺԢܺሻ
ฺ ͳ ൌ ߣʹ
ฺ ߣ ൌ േͳ
‫  ׵‬ȁߣȁ ൌ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Characteristic roots of an orthogonal matrix are of unit modulus.
 MATRIX THEORY | 17

SOLVED PROBLEMS
ሺ૚൅࢏ሻ െሺ૚െ࢏ሻ
૛ ૛
1. Prove that the Eigen values of ቎ሺ૚൅࢏ሻ ሺ૚െ࢏ሻ
቏ are of unit modulus.
૛ ૛

Solution: The characteristic equation is

ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ െሺͳ െ ݅ሻ
െܺ
൦ ʹ ʹ ൪ൌͲ
ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ
െܺ
ʹ ʹ
ͳ൅݅ െሺͳ െ ݅ሻ ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ
‫ ׵‬൤൬ ൰ െ ܺ൨ ቈ െ ܺ቉ ൅ ൌͲ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ
െ ܺെ ܺ ൅ ܺʹ ൅ ቆ ቇቆ ቇൌͲ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
‫ ʹܺ ׵‬െ ܺ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
The roots of this equation are
ͳ േ ξͳ െ Ͷ ͳ േ ݅ξ͵
ܺൌ ൌ
ʹ ʹ
ͳേ݅ξ͵ ͳെ݅ξ͵
Hence, the Eigen values are ܽ݊݀
ʹ ʹ

൫ͳ േ ݅ξ͵൯ ൫ͳ െ ݅ξ͵൯ ͳ െ ͵݅ ʹ
ߣߣҧ ൌ ൌ ൌͲ
ʹ ʹ Ͷ
Hence, Eigen values are of unit modulus.
2. Prove that similar matrices have same character roots hence or otherwise find
whether ࡭ & ࡮ are similar matrices.
Solution: Let‫ܣ‬Ƭ‫ܤ‬are similar matrices.
‫׵‬a non-singular matrix, ‫ܯ‬such that
‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ܯܣ‬
‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ൌ  ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ ܯܣ‬െ ɉ
‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ൌ  ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ ܯܣ‬െ ‫ܯ‬െͳ ɉ 
ൌ  ‫ܯ‬െͳ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሻ‫ܯ‬
݀݁‫ݐ‬ሺ‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ሻ ൌ †‡– ‫ܯ‬െͳ Ǥ ݀݁‫ݐ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሻǤ ݀݁‫ܯݐ‬
ൌ †‡– ‫ܯ‬െͳ Ǥ ݀݁‫ܯݐ‬Ǥ ݀݁‫ݐ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሻ
ൌ †‡–ሺ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ܯ‬ሻ Ǥ †‡–ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሻ༌
ൌ ͳǤ ݀݁‫ݐ‬ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሻ
18 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

Thus ‫ܤ&ܣ‬have same characteristic polynomials and hence same characteristic roots
ʹ ͳ ͵ Ͳ
Given‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ ܽ݊݀‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ
ሺ݅ሻሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ െ ɉ ͳ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ െ ɉ ʹ Ͳ
ሺ݅݅ሻȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ െ ɉ ͳ
ቚ ቚൌ Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ െ ɉ
ɉʹ െ ͵ɉ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉ ൌ ʹǡ ͳ
Alsoǡ ሾ‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ሿܺ ൌ Ͳǡ
͵െɉ Ͳ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ=ቂ ቃ
ͳ ʹെɉ ʹ Ͳ
ȁ‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ȁ ൌ Ͳ
͵െɉ Ͳ
ቚ ቚൌͲ
ͳ ʹെɉ
ɉʹ െ ͷɉ ൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉ ൌ ͵ǡ ʹ
Since, characteristic roots of‫ܤ&ܣ‬are not same.
‫ܣ ׵‬and ‫ܤ‬are not similar matrices.
૞ ૞ ૚ ૛
3. Show that ࡭ ൌ  ቂ ቃ Ƭ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ቂ ቃ are similar matrices.
െ૛ ૙ െ૜ ૝
Solution: (i) ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ
ͷെɉ ͷ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ ቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ =ቂ ቃ
െʹ Ͳെɉ ʹ Ͳ
ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ͷെɉ ͷ
ቚ ቚൌͲ
െʹ Ͳെɉ
ɉʹ െ ͷɉ ൅ ͳͲ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉ ൌ ʹǤͷǡ ʹǤͷ
(ii)ሾ‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ
ͳെɉ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ ቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ =ቂ ቃ
െ͵ Ͷ െ ɉ ʹ Ͳ
ȁ‫ ܤ‬െ ɉ ȁ ൌ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 19

ͳെɉ ʹ
ቚ ቚൌͲ
െ͵ Ͷെɉ
ɉʹ െ ͷɉ ൅ ͳͲ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉ ൌ ʹǤͷǡ ʹǤͷ
Since, characteristic equation and eigen values of ‫ܤ&ܣ‬are same. ‫ܤ&ܣ‬are similar Matrices.
Theorem: 8. Show that characteristic roots of a Hermitian matrix are all real.
Proof: Let ‫ ܣ‬be the given matrix and let ߣ be the characteristic root of ‫ ܣ‬and ܺ be the
characteristic vector of ‫ܣ‬.
By definition
‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ߣܺ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
ሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻ‫ כ‬ൌ ሺߣܺሻ‫כ‬
‫ כ ܺ כܣ‬ൌ ߣ‫כ ܺ כ‬
‫ ܣ כ ܺ ׵‬ൌ ߣ‫ כ ܺ כ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ሾ‫ כܣ‬ൌ ‫ƒ‹–‹”‡ •‹ܣݏܽܣ‬ሿ
On multiplying both sides by ߣܺ ൌ ‫ܺܣ‬
‫ܣ כ ܺ ׵‬ሺߣܺሻ ൌ ߣ‫ כ ܺ כ‬ሺ‫ܺܣ‬ሻ
ฺ ߣሺܺ ‫ܺܣ כ‬ሻ ൌ ߣ‫ כ‬ሺܺ ‫ܺܣ כ‬ሻ
ฺ ߣ ൌ ߣ‫כ‬
‫Žƒ‡”•‹ߣ ׵‬
‫ ׵‬Characteristic roots of a Hermitian matrix are all real
Theorem: 9. Show that eigen vectors corresponding to distinct eigen values of a Hermitian
matrix are orthogonal.
Proof: Let Ԣ‫ܣ‬Ԣ be the given matrix, which is Hermitian.
Let ߣͳ and ߣʹ are the distinct eigen values. Let ܺͳ and ܺʹ are corresponding eigen vectors.
Then ‫ ͳܺܣ‬ൌ ߣͳ ܺͳ & ‫ ʹܺܣ‬ൌ ߣʹ ܺʹ
Now ሺ‫ ͳܺܣ‬ሻ‫ כ‬ൌ ሺߣͳ ܺͳ ሻ‫כ‬
‫ כܣ כͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ߣͳ ܺͳ‫ כ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺߣͳ ݅‫݈ܴܽ݁ݏ‬ሻ
‫ ܣ כͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ߣͳ ܺͳ‫ כ‬ሾ‫ כܣ‬ൌ ‫ƒ‹–‹”‡ •‹ܣݏܽܣ‬ሿ
Multiplication with ܺʹ on both sides
‫ ʹܺ כܣ כͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ߣͳ ܺͳ‫ʹܺ כ‬
‫ ʹܺ ʹߣ כͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ߣͳ ܺͳ‫ ʹܺ כ‬ሾ‫ ʹܺܣ ׶‬ൌ ߣʹ ܺʹ ሿ
ܺͳ‫ ʹܺ ʹߣ כ‬െ ߣͳ ܺͳ‫ ʹܺ כ‬ൌ Ͳ
ܺͳ‫ ʹܺ כ‬ሺߣʹ െ ߣͳ ሻ ൌ Ͳ
20 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

But ߣͳ ് ߣʹ as ߣͳ and ߣʹ are distinct.

ߣʹ െ ߣͳ ് Ͳ
ܺͳ‫ ʹܺ כ‬ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ܺͳ‫ ʹܺ & כ‬are orthogonal.
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. In other words, if ߣ is
replaced by ‫ ܣ‬the characteristic equation ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ becomes a zero matrix.
Proof: For a given non zero square matrix ‫ ܣ‬of order ݊, if there exists a scalar ߣ then ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ
ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ is the characteristic equation of the matrix.
ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
i.e. ሺെͳሻ݊ ሾߣ݊ ൅ ܽͳ ߣ݊െͳ ൅ ܽʹ ߣ݊െʹ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ܽ݊ ሿ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
then ‫ ݊ܣ‬൅ ܽͳ ‫݊ܣ‬െͳ ൅ ܽʹ ‫݊ܣ‬െʹ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ܽ݊ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
to prove, consider ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ݆ܽ݀ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ ൌ ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
Since ݆ܽ݀ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ has elements as cofactors of elements of ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ the elements of ݆ܽ݀ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ
ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ are polynomials in ߣ in degree ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ or less as the elements of ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ are most of first
degree in ߣ.
Hence ݆ܽ݀ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ can be written as a matrix polynomial in ߣ given by
݆ܽ݀ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ ൌ ‫݊ߣ Ͳܤ‬െͳ ൅ ‫݊ߣ ͳܤ‬െʹ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ‫݊ܤ‬െʹ ߣ ൅ ‫݊ܤ‬െͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺ͵ሻ
Thus from
ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ݆ܽ݀ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻ
ሺെͳሻ݊ ሾ ݊
ߣ ൅ ܽͳ ߣ ݊െͳ
൅ ܽʹ ߣ݊െʹ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ܽ݊ ሿ‫ܫ‬
ൌ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻሾ‫݊ߣ Ͳܤ‬െͳ ൅ ‫݊ߣ ͳܤ‬െʹ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ‫݊ܤ‬െʹ ߣ ൅ ‫ ݊ܤ‬െͳ ሿ
On comparing coefficient of same powers of ߣ both sides, we have
ሺെͳሻ݊ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ െ‫ܫ Ͳܤ‬
ሺെͳሻ݊ ܽͳ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ‫ Ͳܤܣ‬െ ‫ͳܤܫ‬
ሺെͳሻ݊ ܽʹ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ‫ ͳܤܣ‬െ ‫ʹܤܫ‬
ǥǥǥǥǥ
ሺെͳሻ݊ ܽ݊ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ‫݊ܤܣ‬െͳ
Multiplying the above equation successively by ‫ ݊ܣ‬, ‫݊ܣ‬െͳ , ‫݊ܣ‬െʹ ,……,‫ ܫ‬and adding we get,
ሺെͳሻ݊ ሾ‫ ݊ܣ‬൅ ܽͳ ‫݊ܣ‬െͳ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ‫ ܫ ݊ܣ‬ሿ ൌ Ͳ
Thus, ‫ ݊ܣ‬൅ ܽͳ ‫݊ܣ‬െͳ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ൅ ܽ݊ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 21

SOLVED EXAMPLES
ૡ െૡ െ૛
1. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥૝ െ૜ െ૛൩ satisfies the characteristic equation and
૜ െ૝ ૚
hence determine (i) ࡭െ૚ (ii) ࡭૝ .
Solution: the characteristic equation of matrix ‫ ܣ‬is
ͺെߣ
െͺ െʹ
อ Ͷ
െ͵ െ ߣ െʹ อ ൌ Ͳ
͵
െͶ ͳെߣ
͵ ʹ
െߣ ൅ ͸ߣ െ ሺെͳͳ ൅ ͳͶ ൅ ͺሻߣ ൅ ሾͺሺെ͵ െ ͺሻ ൅ ͺሺͶ ൅ ͸ሻ െ ʹሺെͳ͸ ൅ ͻሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
െߣ͵ ൅ ͸ߣʹ െ ͳͳߣ ൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ߣ͵ െ ͸ߣʹ ൅ ͳͳߣ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬By Cayley Hamilton theorem
‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ͸‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ܣ‬െ ͸‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Verification Part
ͺ െͺ െʹ ͺ െͺ െʹ ʹ͸ െ͵ʹ െʹ
Now ‫ ʹܣ‬ൌ ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩ ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩ ൌ ൥ͳͶ െͳͷ െͶ൩
͵ െͶ ͳ ͵ െͶ ͳ ͳͳ െͳ͸ ͵
ͺ െͺ െʹ ʹ͸ െ͵ʹ െʹ
‫ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣܣ‬ൌ ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩ ൥ͳͶ െͳͷ െͶ൩
͵ െͶ ͳ ͳͳ െͳ͸ ͵
͹Ͷ െͳͲͶ ͳͲ
ൌ ൥ͶͲ െͷͳ െʹ൩
͵͵ െͷʹ ͳ͵
‫ ͵ܣ ׵‬െ ͸‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ܣ‬െ ͸‫ܫ‬
͹Ͷ െͳͲͶ ͳͲ ʹ͸ െ͵ʹ െʹ ͺ െͺ െʹ
ൌ ൥ͶͲ െͷͳ െʹ൩ െ ͸ ൥ͳͶ െͳͷ െͶ൩ ൅ ͳͳ ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩
͵͵ െͷʹ ͳ͵ ͳͳ െͳ͸ ͵ ͵ െͶ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
െ ͸ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Hence Verified
To find ‫ܣ‬െͳ multiply equation (1) with ‫ܣ‬െͳ we get
‫ܣ‬െͳ ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ͸‫ܣ‬െͳ ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ܣ‬െͳ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͸‫ܣ‬െͳ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬െͳ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ͸‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͸‫ ܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ܫ‬
ʹ͸ െ͵ʹ െʹ Ͷͺ െͶͺ െͳʹ ͳͳ Ͳ Ͳ
͸‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ ൥ͳͶ െͳͷ െͶ൩ െ ൥ʹͶ െͳͺ െͳʹ൩ ൅ ൥ Ͳ ͳͳ Ͳ൩
ͳͳ െͳ͸ ͵ ͳͺ െʹͶ ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳͳ
22 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

െͳͳ ͳ͸ ͳͲ
ൌ ൥െͳͲ ͳͶ ͺ ൩
െ͹ ͺ ͺ
ͳ െͳͳ ͳ͸ ͳͲ
‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ ൥െͳͲ ͳͶ ͺ ൩
͸
െ͹ ͺ ͺ
From (1), ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ͸‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ܣ‬െ ͸‫ܫ‬
Multiplying by ‫ܣ‬
‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ͸‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͸‫ ܣ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൌ ͸‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͸‫ܣ‬
But ‫ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ͸‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͳͳ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͸‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ ׵‬Ͷ ൌ ͸ሾ͸‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͳͳ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͸‫ ܫ‬ሿ െ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͸‫ܣ‬
ൌ ͵͸‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͸͸‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵͸‫ ܫ‬െ ͳͳ‫ʹܣ‬
ൌ ʹͷ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͸Ͳ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵͸‫ܫ‬
ʹ͸ െ͵ʹ െʹ ͺ െͺ െʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ʹͷ ൥ͳͶ െͳͷ െͶ൩ െ ͸Ͳ ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩ ൅ ͵͸ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
ͳͳ െͳ͸ ͵ ͵ െͶ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ʹͲ͸ െ͵ʹͲ ͹Ͳ
‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൌ ൥ͳͳͲ െͳͷͻ ʹͲ ൩
ͻͷ െͳͷͻ െͳͻ
૙ ࢉ െ࢈
2. Verify cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix ൥െࢉ ૙ ࢇ ൩, hence find ࡭െ૚ if it
࢈ െࢇ ૙
exists.
െߣ ܿ െܾ
Solution: the characteristic equation is ൥െܿ െߣ ܽ ൩ ൌ Ͳ
ܾ െܽ െߣ
ߣ ൅ Ͳߣ െ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ʹ ሻߣ ൅ ሾെܿሺെܾܽሻ െ ܾሺܽܿሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
͵ ʹ ʹ ʹ

Since ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ܣ‬െͳ does not exist.

Now the characteristic equation,
െߣ͵ െ ሺܽʹ ൅ ܾ ʹ ൅ ܿ ʹ ሻ‫ ܣ‬ൌ Ͳ
Verification part
Ͳ ܿ െܾ Ͳ ܿ െܾ െܿ ʹ െ ܾ ʹ ܾܽ ܽܿ
ʹ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െܿ Ͳ ܽ ൩ ൥െܿ Ͳ ܽ ൩ ൌ ൥ ܾܽ െܿ ʹ െ ܽʹ ܾܿ ൩
ܾ െܽ Ͳ ܾ െܽ Ͳ ܽܿ ܾܿ െܾ ʹ െ ܽʹ
െܿ ʹ െ ܾ ʹ ܾܽ ܽܿ Ͳ ܿ െܾ
‫ ͵ܣ ׵‬ൌ ‫ ܣ ʹܣ‬ൌ ൥ ܾܽ െܿ ʹ െ ܽʹ ܾܿ ൩ ൈ ൥െܿ Ͳ ܽ൩
ʹ ʹ ܾ െܽ Ͳ
ܽܿ ܾܿ െܾ െ ܽ
 MATRIX THEORY | 23

Ͳ െܿ ͵ െ ܾ ʹ ܿ െ ܽʹ ܿ ܾܿ ʹ ൅ ܾ ͵ ൅ ܽʹ ܾ
ൌ ൥ ܿ ൅ ܽ ܿ ൅ ܾʹ ܿ
͵ ʹ
Ͳ െܾܽ ʹ െ ܽܿ ʹ െ ܽ͵ ൩
െܾܿ ʹ െ ܾ ͵ െ ܽʹ ܾ ܽܿ ʹ ൅ ܾܽ ʹ ൅ ܽ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ െܿ ͵ െ ܾ ͵ ܿ െ ܽʹ ܿ ܾܿ ʹ ൅ ܾ ͵ ൅ ܽʹ ܾ
‫ ͵ܣ ׵‬൅ ሺܽʹ ൅ ܾ ʹ ൅ ܿ ʹ ሻ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ ܿ ͵ ൅ ܽʹ ܿ ൅ ܾ ʹ ܿ Ͳ െܾܽ ʹ െ ܽܿ ʹ െ ܽ͵ ൩
െܾܿ ʹ െ ܾ ͵ െ ܽʹ ܾ ܽܿ ʹ ൅ ܾܽ ʹ ൅ ܽ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ ܿ െܾ
൅ሺܽʹ ൅ ܾ ʹ ൅ ܿ ʹ ሻ ൥െܿ Ͳ ܽ൩
ܾ െܽ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩. Hence verification.
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
࣊ ࣊Ȁ૝
3. If ࡭ ൌ ൤ ൨, find ‫࡭ ܛܗ܋‬.
૙ ࣊Ȁ૛
Solution: The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ߨ
ߨെߣ
ተ Ͷ ተൌͲ
ߨ
Ͳ െߣ
ʹ
͵ߨ ߨʹ
ߣʹ െ ߣ൅ ൌͲ
ʹ ʹ
ߨ
ߣ ൌ ߨ‫ ߣݎ݋‬ൌ
ʹ
͵ߨ ߨʹ
Now when dividend ‘• ߣ is divided by divisor ߣʹ െ ߣ൅ let the quotient be ߶ሺߣሻ and the
ʹ ʹ
remainder by ܽߣ ൅ ܾ
‫ ݀݊݁݀݅ݒ݅݀ ׵‬ൌ ሺ‫ ݐ݊݁݅ݐ݋ݑݍ‬ൈ ݀݅‫ݎ݋ݏ݅ݒ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݎ݁݀݊݅ܽ݉݁ݎ‬
͵ߨ ߨʹ
‫ ߣ •‘ ׵‬ൌ ߶ሺߣሻ ቆߣʹ െ ߣ ൅ ቇ ൅ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ
ʹ ʹ
put ߣ ൌ ߨ ‘• ߨ ൌ െͳ ൌ ܽߨ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ
ߨ
put ߣ ൌ ߨȀʹ Ͳ ൌ ܽ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ
ʹ
ʹ
Solving (A) and (B), ܽ ൌ െ , ܾ ൌ ͳ
ߨ

͵ߨ ߨʹ ʹ
‫ ߣ •‘ ׵‬ൌ ߶ሺߣሻ ቆߣʹ െ ߣ൅ ቇെ ߣ൅ͳ
ʹ ʹ ߨ
ʹ
‫ ܣ •‘ ׵‬ൌ െ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬
ߨ
24 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ߨ
ʹ ߨ ͳ
Ͷ ͳ Ͳ
‘• ‫ ܣ‬ൌ െ ൦ ߨ ൪ ൅ ቂͲ ቃ ൌ ൥െͳ െ ൩
ʹ
ߨ Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ͳ
ʹ
૚ ૙ ૙
4. If ࡭ ൌ ൥૚ ૙ ૚൩ show that for every integer ࢔ ൒ ૜ǡ ࡭࢔ ൌ ࡭࢔െ૛ ൅ ࡭૛ െ ࡵ Hence, find
૙ ૚ ૙
࡭૞૙
ͳെߣ Ͳ Ͳ
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is ൥ ͳ Ͳെߣ ͳ ൩ൌͲ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳെߣ
ʹ
‫ ׵‬ሺͳ െ ߣሻሾߣ െ ͳሿ െ Ͳ ൅ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹߣ  ׵‬െ ͳ െ ߣ͵ ൅ ߣ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ  ׵‬െ ߣʹ െ ߣ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
By Cayley-Hamiltion theorem this equation is satisfied by A
‫ ͵ܣ ׵‬െ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ……………..(1)
‫ ͵ܣ ׵‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͳ ………………..(2)
We prove the required result by the method of mathematical induction.
Let the result be true for  ൌ i.e. suppose ‫ ݇ܣ‬ൌ ‫݇ܣ‬െʹ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬be true
Now, multiply the equation by A
‫݇ܣ ׵‬൅ͳ ൌ ‫݇ܣ‬െͳ ൅ ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ‫ܣ‬
But by (1), ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫݇ܣ ׵‬൅ͳ ൌ ‫݇ܣ‬െͳ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫݇ܣ ׵‬൅ͳ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ሺ݇൅ͳሻെʹ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
Hence, the result is true for ݊ ൌ ݇ ൅ ͳǤ
But by (2), the result is true for ݊ ൌ ͵.
Hence, by mathematical induction, it is true for ݊ ൌ Ͷǡͷ ǥ ǥ ݂‫ ݈݈݊ܽݎ݋‬൒ ͵Ǥ
Hence, ‫ ݊ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ݊ܣ‬െʹ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫(…………ܫ‬3)
To find ‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ǡwe put successively, ݊ ൌ ʹǡͶ ǥ ǥ Ͷ͸ǡͶͺǡͷͲ݅݊ሺ͵ሻ
‫ ʹܣ ׵‬ൌ ‫ ܫ‬൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ‬͸ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
………………….
‫ܣ‬Ͷ͸ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ͶͶ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
 MATRIX THEORY | 25

‫ܣ‬Ͷͺ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷ͸ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬

‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷͺ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
Adding these results, column wise,
‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ൌ ʹͷ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹͶ‫ܫ‬
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
—–‫ ʹܣ‬൥ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ ൥ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ ൌ ൥ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
૚ ૙ ૙ ૚ ૙ ૙ ૚ ૙ ૙
࡭૞૙ ൌ ૛૞ ൥૚ ૚ ૙൩ െ ૛૝ ൥૙ ૚ ૙൩ ൌ ൥૛૞ ૚ ૙൩
૚ ૙ ૙ ૙ ૙ ૚ ૛૞ ૙ ૚
૚ ૙ ૙
5. If ࡭ ൌ ൥૚ ૙ ૚൩ prove ࡭࢔ ൌ ࡭࢔െ૛ ൅ ࡭૛ െ ࡵሺ࢔ ൒ ૜ሻ hence find the value of ࡭૞૙ .
૙ ૚ ૙
Solution: The characteristic equation of matrix ‫ ܣ‬is
ͳെߣ Ͳ Ͳ
อ ͳ െߣ ͳ อൌͲ
Ͳ ͳ െߣ
i.e. ߣ͵ െ ߣʹ െ ߣ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
By Cayley Hamilton theorem,
‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
Now ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
premultiplying by ‫ܣ‬,
‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ‫ ʹܣ‬ൌ ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ‫ ܣܫ‬ൌ ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺʹሻ
again premultiplying by ‫ܣ‬
‫ܣ‬ͷ െ ‫ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ‫ ʹܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ͵ሻ
‫ ׵‬in general, ‫ ݊ܣ‬െ ‫݊ܣ‬െʹ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܫ‬or ‫ ݊ܣ‬ൌ ‫݊ܣ‬െʹ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
To find the value of ‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ,
taking ݊ ൌ ͷͲ, ‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷͺ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷͺ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ‬Ͷͺ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷ͸ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ‬Ͷ͸ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ͶͶ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǤǤ
‫ܣ‬͸ ൌ ‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
26 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

Now from ͷͲ to Ͷ, number of terms are ʹͶ.

since ܶ݊ ൌ Ͷ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ݀
Ͷ ൌ ͷͲ ൅ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻሺെʹሻ
݊ െ ͳ ൌ ʹ͵
ฺ ݊ ൌ ʹͶ
Adding LHS and RHS
‫ܣ‬ͷͲ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ʹͶሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬ሻ ൌ ʹͷ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹͶ‫ܫ‬
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ʹͷ ൥ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ ൥ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ െ ʹͶ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ൥ʹͷ ͳ Ͳ൩
ʹͷ Ͳ ͳ
૚ ૛
6. Apply Cayley - Hamilton - theorem to ࡭ ൌ ቂ ቃ and deduce that ࡭ૡ ൌ ૟૛૞ࡵ
૛ െ૚
Solution: (a) Eigen values:
(i) ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ሿ ൈൌ Ͳ
ͳെߣ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ Ǥ ቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹ െͳ െ ߣ ʹ Ͳ
(ii) ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ͳെߣ ʹ
ቚ ቚൌͲ
ʹ െͳ െ ߣ
ߣʹ െ ሺ•—‘ˆ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ሻǤ ߣ ൅ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ߣʹ െ ሺͲሻߣ ൅ ሺെͷሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣʹ െ ͷ ൌ Ͳ
(b) Cayley Hamilton Theorem :
ͷ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
Consider ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͷ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ െ ͷቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͷ Ͳ ͳ
ͷ Ͳ ͷ Ͳ
ൌቂ ቃെቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͷ Ͳ ͷ
Ͳ Ͳ
ൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ Ͳ
Thus Cayley Hamilton Theorem is verified
݂ሺߣሻ ൌ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ
݂ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ͺ
 MATRIX THEORY | 27

‫݂ ׵‬ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣͺ
‫ߣ ׵‬ͺ ൌ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Putߣ ൌ ʹǤʹ͵
ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൌ ܽሺʹǤʹ͵ሻ ൅ ܾ
‫ ׵‬ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൌ ʹǤʹ͵ܽ ൅ ܾ ՜ ሺܽሻ
Putߣ ൌ െʹǤʹ͵
ሺെʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൌ ܽሺെʹǤʹ͵ሻ ൅ ܾ
ሺെʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൌ െʹǤʹ͵ܽ ൅ ܾ ՜ ሺܾሻ
ሺܽሻ ൅ ሺܾሻ
ʹǤʹ͵ܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
െʹǤʹ͵ܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ ሺെʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
ʹܾ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൅ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
ʹܾ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൅ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
‫ ܾʹ ׵‬ൌ ʹሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
‫ ܾ ׵‬ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
ʹǤʹ͵ ൈ ܽ ൅ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
ʹǤʹ͵ܽ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ െ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
ʹǤʹ͵ܽ ൌ Ͳ
ܽൌͲ
‫ ׵‬From݁‫ ݊ ݍ‬ሺͳሻ
ߣͺ ൌ Ͳ ൈ ߣ ൅ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
‫ߣ ׵‬ͺ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
‫ܣ ׵‬ͺ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ Ǥ ‫ܫ‬
ͳ Ͳ
‫ܣ ׵‬ͺ ൌ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ Ǥ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ
ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ Ͳ
‫ܣ ׵‬ͺ ൌ ቈ ቉
Ͳ ሺʹǤʹ͵ሻͺ
૛ ૜
7. If ࡭ ൌ ቂ ቃ, find ࡭૛૙ െ ૛࡭૚ૢ ൅ ࡭
૙ ૚
Solution: ૚࢙࢚ Method
The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ʹെߣ ͵
ቚ ቚൌͲ
Ͳ ͳെߣ
28 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
By Cayley Hamilton Theorem,
‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
premultiplying by ‫ܣ‬,
‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܫܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
premultiplying again by ‫ܣ‬,
‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ʹ‫ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ ʹܣ‬
‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ‬
ʹͲ ͳͻ
repeating, ‫ܣ‬ െ ʹ‫ܣ‬ ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ‬
‫ Ͳʹܣ ׵‬െ ʹ‫ ͻͳܣ‬൅ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ‬
ʹ ͵ ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͸
ൌ ʹቂ ቃ െ ʹቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
૛࢔ࢊ Method: The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ʹെߣ ͵
ቚ ቚൌͲ
Ͳ ͳെߣ
ߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣ ൌ ʹ‫ ߣݎ݋‬ൌ ͳ
Now, ߣʹͲ െ ʹߣͳͻ ൅ ߣ be the dividend and ߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹ be divisor.
‫ ݀݊݁݀݅ݒ݅݀ ׵‬ൌ ሺ‫ ݐ݊݁݅ݐ݋ݑݍ‬ൈ ݀݅‫ݎ݋ݏ݅ݒ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݎ݁݀݊݅ܽ݉݁ݎ‬
‫ Ͳʹߣ ׵‬െ ʹߣͳͻ െ ߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൅ ሺܽߣ ൅ ܾሻ
Put ߣ ൌ ʹ
ʹʹͲ െ ʹሺʹͳͻ ሻ ൅ ʹ ൌ ߶ሺʹሻሺͲሻ ൅ ʹܽ ൅ ܾ
‫ ܽʹ ׵‬൅ ܾ ൌ ʹ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ
Put ߣ ൌ ͳ
ͳʹͲ െ ʹሺͳሻͳͻ ൅ ͳ ൌ ߶ሺͳሻሺͲሻ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܾ
‫ ܽ ׵‬൅ ܾ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ
Solving (A) and (B), ܽ ൌ ʹǡ ܾ ൌ െʹ
ߣʹͲ െ ʹߣͳͻ ൅ ߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൅ ʹߣ െ ʹ
‫ Ͳʹܣ ׵‬െ ʹ‫ ͻͳܣ‬൅ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ߶ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܫ‬ሻ ൅ ʹ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ‬
but ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ (by Cayley Hamilton theorem)
‫ Ͳʹܣ ׵‬െ ʹ‫ ͻͳܣ‬൅ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ‬
ʹ ͵ ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͸
ൌ ʹቂ ቃ െ ʹቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 29

8. Find the scalar solution of the matrix equation ࡭૜ െ ૚૚࡭૛ ൅ ૜૟࡭ െ ૜૟ࡵ ൌ ૙ where ࡭
is ૛ ൈ ૛ matrix.
Solution: By replacing ‫ ܣ‬by ߣ we have
ߣ͵ െ ͳͳߣʹ ൅ ͵͸ߣ െ ͵͸ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
ฺ ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ െ ͸ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ʹǡ ͵ǡ ͸ are the roots of (1)
‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͵͸‫ ܣ‬െ ͵͸‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ܫ‬ሻሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ܫ‬ሻሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ͸‫ܫ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ܣ ׵‬െ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ
‫ ܣ ׵‬ൌ ʹቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ʹ
ฺ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ
ฺ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ͵‫ ܫ‬ൌ ͵ ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͵
ฺ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͸‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ ͸ Ͳ
‫ ܣ ׵‬ൌ ͸‫ ܫ‬ൌ ͸ ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͸
which is the required scalar solution.
૚ ૝
9. Find characteristic roots of the matrix ࡭ ൌ ቂ ቃ also verity Cayley - Hamiton
૛ ૜
૞ ૝ ૜ ૛
theorem, also express ࡭ െ ૝࡭ െ ૠ࡭ ൅ ૚૚࡭ െ ࡭ െ ૚૙ࡵ as a linear polynomial in A.
Solution: (a) Eigen values:
(i) ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ሿ ൈൌ Ͳ
ͳെߣ Ͷ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ ቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹ ͵െߣ ʹ Ͳ
(ii) ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ͳെߣ Ͷ
ቚ ቚൌͲ
ʹ ͵െߣ
ߣʹ െ ሺ‫ݏݐ݈݈݊݁݉݁݁ܽ݊݋݃ܽ݅ܦ݂݋݉ݑݏ‬ሻߣ ൅ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ߣʹ െ ሺͶሻߣ ൅ ሺെͷሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣʹ െ Ͷߣ െ ͷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ͷǡ െͳሾ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ”‘‘–•ሿ
(b) Cayley - Hamilton theorem
ͻ ͳ͸ ͳ Ͷ ͳ Ͳ
Consider ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬െ ͷ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ െ Ͷቂ ቃ െ ͷቂ ቃ
ͺ ͳ͹ ʹ ͵ Ͳ ͳ
30 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ͻ ͳ͸ Ͷ ͳ͸ ͷ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌቂ ቃെቂ ቃെቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
ͺ ͳ͹ ͺ ͳʹ Ͳ ͷ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬Cayley - Hamilton Theorem is verified
(c) To find ࡭െ૚ : ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬െ ͷ‫ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹܣ ׵‬Ǥ ‫ܣ‬െͳ െ Ͷ‫ܣ‬Ǥ ‫ܣ‬െͳ  െ ͷ‫ܫ‬Ǥ ‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ ͲǤ ‫ܣ‬െͳ
‫ܣ‬Ǥ ‫ܣ‬Ǥ ‫ܣ‬െͳ െ Ͷ‫ ܫ‬െ ͷ‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ͷ‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ ‫ ܫܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ܫ‬
ͳ ͳ
‫ܣ  ׵‬െͳ ൌ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܫ‬ሿ ൌ ቀቂͳ Ͷቃ െ Ͷ ቂͳ Ͳ
ቃቁ
ͷ ͷ ʹ ͵ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͷ Ͳ
ൌ ቀቂ ቃെቂ ቃቁ
ͷ ʹ ͵ Ͳ Ͷ
ͳ െ͵ Ͷ
‫ܣ  ׵‬െͳ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ͷ ʹ െͳ
A3 -2A+3I
ͷ
ͷ െ Ͷ‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ͹‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳͲ ቀ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ ͵ܣ‬ൌ ߣ
തതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതതത
ሺ݀ሻ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬െ ͷሻ‫ܣ‬ ʹ ‫ܣ‬
െ‫ܣ‬ͷ െ Ͷ‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ͷ‫ ͵ܣ‬
െ  ൅  ൅
െʹ‫͵ܣ‬
െʹ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳͲ‫ ܫ‬ቀ ൌ െʹ‫ܣ‬
‫ʹܣ‬
െʹ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͺ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͳͲ‫ܣ‬
൅  െ  െ

ʹ ͵‫ʹܣ‬
͵‫ ܣ‬െ ͳͳ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳͲ‫ ܫ‬ቀ ൌ͵
‫ʹܣ‬
 െ͵‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳͷ‫ܫ‬
െ  ൅  ൅
‫ ܣ‬൅ ͷ‫ܫ‬
‫ ݐ݊݁݀݅ݒ݅ܦ ׵‬ൌ ݀݅‫ ݎ݋ݏ݅ݒ‬ൈ ܳ‫ ݐ݊݁݅ݐ݋ݑ‬൅ ܴ݁݉ܽ݅݊݀݁‫ݎ‬
‫ܣ ׵‬ͷ െ Ͷ‫ܣ‬Ͷ െ ͹‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͳͳ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳͲ‫ܫ‬
ൌ ሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬െ ͷ‫ܫ‬ሻ ൈ ሺ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵‫ܫ‬ሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͷ‫ܫ‬ሻ
ൌ Ͳ ൈ ሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵‫ܫ‬ሻ ൅ ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͷ‫ܫ‬ሻ
ൌ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͷ‫ܫ‬
ͳ Ͷ ͳ Ͳ
ൌቂ ቃ ൅ ͷቂ ቃ
ʹ ͵ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͷ ͷ Ͳ
ൌቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃ
ʹ ͵ Ͳ ͷ
͸ Ͷ
ൌቂ ቃ
ʹ ͺ
 MATRIX THEORY | 31

3.3 SIMILAR MATRICES, DIAGONALISABLE OF MATRIX

Similar Matrices: If ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ ܤ‬are two square matrices of order ݊ then ‫ ܣ‬is said to be similar to
‫ ܤ‬if there exists a non singular matrix ܲ such that ܲെͳ ‫ ܲܣ‬ൌ ‫ܤ‬.
Theorem 1. If ‫ ܣ‬is similar to ‫ ܤ‬then ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ ȁ‫ܤ‬ȁ.
Proof: If ‫ ܣ‬is similar to ‫ ܤ‬then there exists a non singular matrix ܲ such that ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ܲെͳ ‫ܲܣ‬.
‫ ׵‬ȁ‫ܤ‬ȁ ൌ ȁܲെͳ ‫ܲܣ‬ȁ
ൌ ȁܲെͳ ȁȁ‫ܣ‬ȁȁܲȁ
ൌ ȁܲെͳ ȁȁܲȁȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ݀݁‫ ݐ݊ܽ݊݅݉ݎ݁ݐ‬Ԣ ‫݁ݐݑ݉݉݋ܿݏ‬
ൌ ȁܲെͳ ܲȁȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ
ൌ ȁ‫ܫ‬ȁȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁܽ‫ݏ‬ȁ‫ ͳܫ‬ȁ ൌ ͳ
Theorem 2. Two similar matrices have same eigen values.
Proof: Let ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ ܤ‬are similar matrices of the same order. Then there exist a non singular
matrix ܲ also of the same order such that, ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ܲെͳ ‫ܲܣ‬
‫ ܤ ׵‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ܲ െͳ ‫ ܲܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬
ൌ ܲെͳ ‫ ܲܣ‬െ ߣܲെͳ ‫ܲܫ‬
ൌ ܲെͳ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܲ
‫ ׵‬ȁ‫ ܤ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ ȁܲ െͳ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܲȁ
ൌ ȁܲെͳ ȁȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁȁܲȁ
ൌ ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁȁܲെͳ ȁȁܲȁ
ൌ ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁȁܲെͳ ܲȁ
ൌ ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁȁ‫ܫ‬ȁ
ൌ ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ‫ ׵‬ȁ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ ͳ
Thus ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ ܤ‬have the same characteristics polynomials. Hence they will have same
characteristic equation.
‫ ׵‬They will have same eigen values.
Diagonable or Diagonalizable Matrix
If ‫ ܣ‬is a square matrix and if it can be reduced to diagonal matrix ‫ܦ‬, then the matrix ‫ ܣ‬is called
diagonable or diagonalizable matrix. This can be done by the following method
(a). Similarity Transformation
If ‫ ܣ‬is a square matrix and if ‫ ܣ‬can be reduced by similarity transformation to a diagonal form ‫ܦ‬
whose elements are eigen values of matrix ‫ܣ‬. Then ‫ ܣ‬is similar to diagonal matrix ‫ܦ‬.
i.e. ‫ܮ‬െͳ ‫ ܮܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܦ‬where ‫ ܮ‬is a matrix whose columns are eigen vectors of ‫ܣ‬.
32 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

SOLVED EXAMPLES
ૡ െ૟ ૛
1. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥૟ ૠ െ૝൩ is digonalisable. Find the transforming
૛ െ૝ ૜
matrix and diagonal matrix.
ͺെߣ െ͸ ʹ
Sol: The characteristic equation is ൥ െ͸ ͹ െ ߣ െͶ ൩ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ െͶ ͵ െ ߣ
‫ ׵‬ሺͺ െ ߣሻሾሺ͹ െሻሺ͵ െ ߣሻ െ ͳ͸ሿ ൅ ͸ሾെ͸ሺ͵ െ ߣሻ ൅ ͺሿ ൅ ʹሾʹͶ െ ʹሺ͹ െ ߣሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ͳͺߣʹ ൅ Ͷͷߣ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣʹ െ ͳͺߣ ൅ Ͷͷሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ߣ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ െ ͳͷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ Ͳǡ͵ǡ ͳͷǤ
Since, all Eigen Values are distinct the matrix A is Digonalisable.
ͺ െ͸ ʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
(i) For ߣ ൌ Ͳǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣͳ ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥͸ ͹ െͶ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͶ ͵ ܺ͵ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ͺšͳ െ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
െ͸‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ͹‫ ʹݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
By crammers’s rule
ͳ െʹ ͵
ൌ ൌ
െ͸ ʹ ͺ ʹ ͺ െ͸
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
͹ െͶ െ͸ െͶ െ͸ ͹
ͳ  ʹ  ͵ ͳ  ʹ  ͵
‫׵‬ ൌ ൌ ฺ ൌ ൌ
ͳͲ ʹͲ ʹͲ ͳ ʹ ʹ
Corresponding to the Eigen value 0 the Eigen vector is ሾͳǡʹǡ ʹሿԢ
ͷ െ͸ ʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
ሾ ሿ
(ii) For ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܺ ܫ‬ൌ Ͳ gives ൥െ͸ Ͷ െͶ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͶ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ͷܺͳ െ ͸ܺʹ ൅ ʹܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
െ͸ܺͳ ൅ Ͷܺʹ െ Ͷܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
By crammers’s rule
ͳ െʹ ͵
ൌ ൌ
െ͸ ʹ ͷ ʹ ͷ െ͸
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
Ͷ െͶ െ͸ െͶ െ͸ Ͷ
ܺͳ ܺʹ ܺ͵ ܺͳ ܺʹ ܺ͵
‫׵‬ ൌ ൌ  ฺ ൌ ൌ
ͳ͸ ͺ െͳ͸ ʹ ͳ െʹ
‫͵‡—Žƒ˜‡‰‹‡‡Š–‘–‰‹†‘’•‡””‘ ׵‬ǡ –Š‡‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘”‹•ሾʹͳ െ ʹሿԢ
 MATRIX THEORY | 33

െ͹ െ͸ ʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
(iii) For ߣ ൌ ͳͷǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ͵ ‫ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥െ͸ െͺ െͶ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͶ ͳʹ ܺ͵ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬െ͹ܺͳ െ ͸ܺʹ ൅ ʹܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
െ͸ܺͳ െ ͺܺʹ െ Ͷܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ െ͹ܺͳ ൅ ͸ܺʹ െ ʹܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
െ͸ܺͳ ൅ ͺܺʹ ൅ Ͷܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
By crammers’s rule
ͳ െ ʹ ͵
ൌ ൌ
͸ െʹ ͹ െʹ ͹ ͸
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ
ͺ Ͷ ͸ Ͷ ͸ ͺ
ܺͳ ܺʹ ܺ͵ ܺͳ ܺʹ ܺ͵
‫׵‬ ൌ ൌ  ฺ ൌ ൌ
ͶͲ ͶͲ ʹͲ ʹ െʹ ͳ
‫ͳ‡—Žƒ˜‡‰‹‡‡Š–‘–‰‹†‘’•‡””‘ ׵‬ͷǡ –Š‡‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘”‹•ሾʹ െ ʹͳሿԢ
ͺ െ͸ ʹ
Since, ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ ܯܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬ǡthe given matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െ͸ ͹ െͶ൩ is diagonalised to diagonal matrix
ʹ െͶ ͵
૙ ૙ ૙ ૚ ૛ ૛
ࡰ ൌ ൥૙ ૜ ૙ ൩ by transforming matrix ࡹ ൌ ൥૛ ૚ െ૛൩
૙ ૙ ૚૞ ૛ െ૛ ૚
૛ െ૛ ૜
2. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥૚ ૚  ૚ ൩ is similar to a diagonal matrix. Also find the
૚ ૜ െ૚
transforming matrix and diagonal matrix.
Solution: Characteristic matrix is
ʹ െʹ ͵ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ െ ߣ െʹ ͵
‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥ͳ ͳ  ͳ ൩ െ ߣ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ൌ ൥ ͳ ͳ െ ߣ ͳ ൩
ͳ ͵ െͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͵ െͳ െ ߣ
‫ ׵‬Characteristic equation is
ሺെͳሻ͵ ߣ͵ ൅ ʹߣʹ ൅ ͷߣ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ͵ െ ʹߣʹ െ ͷߣ ൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣʹ െ ߣ െ ͸ሻ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ ൌ ͳǡ െʹǡ ͵
For ߣͳ ൌ ͳǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣͳ ‫ܫ‬ሻܺͳ ൌ Ͳ
34 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ͳ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬
gives ൥ͳ Ͳ  ͳ ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െʹ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
ͳ െʹ ͵
Now to find the rank of ൥ͳ Ͳ  ͳ ൩
ͳ ͵ െʹ
ͳ െʹ ͵
ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ǡ ܴ͵ െ ܴͳ gives ̱ ൥Ͳ ʹ െʹ൩
Ͳ ͷ െͷ
ͳ െʹ ͵
ͳ ͳ
ܴʹ ǡ ܴ͵ gives ̱ ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ൩
ʹ ͷ
Ͳ ͳ െͳ
ͳ െʹ ͵
ܴ͵ െ ܴʹ gives ̱ ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬equation becomes ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ‫ ʹݔ‬െ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ͵ ͳ ͵ ͳ െʹ
ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ
ͳ െͳ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
ฺ ൌ ൌ
െͳ െͳ ͳ
െͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥ ͳ ൩
ͳ ߣൌͳ
For ߣʹ ൌ െʹǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣʹ ‫ܫ‬ሻܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
gives ൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
െͳͳ
‫ ʹܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥ െͳ ൩
ͳͶ ߣൌെʹ
For ߣ͵ ൌ ͵ǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ͵ ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ െʹ ͵ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
gives ൥ͳെʹ ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ͳ ͵ െͶ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
ͳ
‫ ͵ܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥ͳ൩
ͳ ߣൌ͵
 MATRIX THEORY | 35

Thus Matrix ‫ ܮ‬is given by

െͳ െͳͳ ͳ
‫ ܮ‬ൌ ሾܺͳ ܺʹ ܺ͵ ሿ ൌ ൥ ͳ  െͳ ͳ൩
ͳ ͳͶ ͳ
ͳ െͳͷ ʹͷ െͳͲ
‫ܮ ׵‬െͳ ൌ ൥ Ͳ െʹ ʹ ൩
͵Ͳ
ͳͷ ͵ ͳʹ
ͳ െͳͷ ʹͷ െͳͲ ʹ െʹ ͵ െͳ െͳͳ ͳ
‫ܮ‬െͳ ‫ ܮܣ‬ൌ ൥ Ͳ െʹ ʹ ൩ ൥ͳ ͳ  ͳ ൩ ൥ ͳ  െͳ ͳ൩
͵Ͳ
ͳͷ ͵ ͳʹ ͳ ͵ െͳ ͳ ͳͶ ͳ
ͳ െͳͷ ʹͷ െͳͲ െͳ െͳͳ ͳ
ൌ ൥ Ͳ  Ͷ  െͶ ൩ ൥ ͳ  െͳ ͳ൩
͵Ͳ
Ͷͷ ͻ ͵͸ ͳ ͳͶ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ܮ‬െͳ ‫ ܮܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൥ͲെʹͲ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͵
െૢ ૝ ૝
3. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥ െૡ ૜ ૝൩ is digonalisable. Find the diagonal from D
െ૚૟ ૡ ૠ
and the diagonal sing matrix m
െͻ െ ߣ Ͷ Ͷ
Sol: The characteristic equation is൥ െͺ ͵െߣ Ͷ ൩ൌͲ
െͳ͸ െͺ ͹ െ ߣ
‫ ׵‬ሺͳ ൅ ߣሻሺͳ ൅ ߣሻሺ͵ െ ߣሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ െͳǡ െͳǡ ͵
െͺ Ͷ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
(i) For ߣ ൌ െͳǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣͳ ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥ െͺ Ͷ Ͷ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
െͳ͸ ͺ ͺ ܺ͵ Ͳ

ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
െሺͳΤͶሻ ʹܴͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺʹ ׵‬െ ܺʹ െ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳ
The rank of the coefficient matrix is 1. The number of unknown is 3. Hence, there are
͵ െ ͳ ൌ ʹ linearly independent solutions.
Putting ܺʹ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ܺͳ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ͵ܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ൌ ʹǤ
Putting ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ܺͳ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ൌ ʹǤ
‫ ׵‬Corresponding to the Eigen valuesെͳ, we get the following two linearly independent
Eigen vectors.
ܺͳ ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ ʹሿԢ ܽ݊݀ܺʹ ൌ ሾͳʹͲሿԢ
36 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

െͳʹ Ͷ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
(ii) For ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣʹ ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ൥ െͺ Ͳ Ͷ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
െͳ͸ ͺ Ͷ ܺ͵ Ͳ

ܴʹ െ ܴͳ െͳʹ Ͷ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
By
ܴ͵
൥
ܴͳ Ͷ െͶ Ͳ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
െͶ Ͷ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ
െͳʹ Ͷ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ܴ͵ ൅ ܴʹ ൥ Ͷ െͶ ܺ
Ͳ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܺ͵ Ͳ

െሺͳΤͶሻ ܴͳ ͵ െͳ െͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
› ൥ͳ െͳ Ͳ ൩ ൥ܺ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͳ൩
ሺͳΤͶሻ ܴʹ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܺ ͵ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ͵ ׵‬െ ܺʹ െ ܺ͵ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ܺͳ െ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ܺʹ
Putting ܺʹ ൌ ͳǡ we get ܺͳ ൌ ͳ
‫ ͵ܺ ׵‬ൌ ʹǤ
Corresponding to Eigen value 3, we get the following Eigen vector.ܺ ൌ ሾͳͳʹሿ
Although Eigen values of A are not distinct the geometric multiplicity of each Eigen
value is equal to it’s algebraic multiplicity, A is diagnosable.
െͻ Ͷ Ͷ
Since, ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ ܯܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬ǡ the matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͺ ͵ Ͷ൩will be digonalised to the diagonal matrix
ͳ͸ ͺ ͹
െ૚ ૙ ૙ ૚ ૚ ૚
D = ൥ ૙ െ૚ ૙൩ by transforming matrix ࡹ ൌ ൥૙ ૛ ૚൩
૙ ૙ ૜ ૛ ૙ ૛
૚ െ૟ െ૝
4. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥૙ ૝  ૛ ൩ is similar to a diagonal matrix. Find also the
૙ െ૟ െ૜
transforming matrix ࡭, the diagonal matrix.
Solution: Characteristic equation is
ͳ െ͸ െͶ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ ߣ െ͸ െͶ
‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥Ͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩ െ ߣ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͳ Ͷ െ ߣ ʹ ൩
Ͳ െ͸ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ െ͸ െ͵ െ ߣ
‫ ׵‬Characteristic equation is
ሺെͳሻ͵ ߣ͵ ൅ ʹߣʹ െ ሺͳሻߣ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ െߣ͵ ൅ ʹߣʹ െ ߣ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ͵ െ ʹߣʹ ൅ ߣ ൌ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 37

ฺ ߣሺߣ െ ʹߣ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ ൌ Ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ͳ
For ߣ ൌ Ͳǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ െ͸ െͶ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
gives ൥Ͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ െ͸ െ͵ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
ͳ െ͸ െͶ
To find the rank of ൥Ͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩
Ͳ െ͸ െ͵
ͳ െ͸ െͶ
ͳ ͳ
ܴʹ ǡ െ ܴ͵ gives ̱ ൥Ͳ ʹ  ͳ ൩
ʹ ͵
Ͳ ʹ ͳ
ͳ െ͸ െͶ
ܴ͵ െ ܴʹ gives ̱ ൥Ͳ ʹ  ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔ ׵‬െ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
By Cramer’s Rule,
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െ͸ െͶ ͳ െͶ ͳ െ͸
ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ
ʹ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ʹ
‫ ͳݔ‬െ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬ ʹ
ൌ ൌ ‫ ͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥െͳ൩
ʹ ͳ ʹ
ʹ
For ߣʹ andߣ͵ ൌ ͳǡ ͳ
Algebraic multiplicity is ʹ to find rank of matrix ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬.
We have ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ െ͸ െͶ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥Ͳ ͵  ʹ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ െ͸ െͶ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
Ͳ െ͸ െͶ
‫ ׵‬Rank of ൥Ͳ ͵  ʹ ൩
Ͳ െ͸ െͶ
Ͳ െ͸ െͶ
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴʹ gives ൥Ͳ ͵  ʹ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ െ͸ െͶ
ͳ
ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ gives ൥Ͳ Ͳ  Ͳ ൩
ʹ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
38 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

Ͳ െ͸ െͶ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
‫ݔ‬
‫ ׵‬൥Ͳ Ͳ  Ͳ ൩ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
‫ ͳݔͲ ׵‬െ ͸‫ ʹݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ʹǡ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
െ͸‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ െͶ‫ ͵ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͵
Ͳ
‫ ʹܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥ʹ൩
͵
Solving, ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
ͳ
‫ ͵ܺ ׵‬ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ ߣൌͳ
Thus Matrix ‫ ܮ‬is given by
ʹ Ͳ ͳ
‫ ܮ‬ൌ ሾܺͳ ܺʹ ܺ͵ ሿ ൌ ൥െͳ ʹ Ͳ൩
ʹ െ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ ͵ ʹ
‫ܮ ׵‬െͳ ൌ ൥Ͳ ʹ  ͳ ൩
ͳ െ͸ െͶ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ܮ‬െͳ ‫ ܮܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൥ͲͳͲ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
(b). Congruent transformation
If ‫ ܣ‬is symmetric matrix or Hermitian matrix and if it can be reduced by congruent
transformation to a diagonal matrix ‫ ܦ‬then ‫ ܣ‬and ‫ ܦ‬are congruent.
i.e. ܲԢ ‫ ܲܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ[ ܦ‬is symmetric matrix]
ܲതԢ ‫ ܲܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ[ ܦ‬is hermitian matrix]
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Reduce the matrix ࡭ by congruent transformation to diagonal form where
૚૙ െ૜ ૜
࡭ ൌ ൥െ૜ ૚ െ૚൩
૜ െ૚ ૚
Solution: ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫͵ܫܣ ͵ܫ‬
ͳͲ െ͵ ͵ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥െ͵ ͳ െͳ൩ ൌ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
͵ െͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 39

͵ ͵
ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ǡ ܴ͵ െ ܴͳ
ͳͲ ͳͲ
ͳͲ െ͵ ͵ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥ Ͳ  ͳȀͳͲ  െͳȀͳͲ ൩ൌ൥ ͵ȀͳͲ ͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
Ͳ െͳȀͳͲ ͳȀͳͲ െ͵ȀͳͲ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
͵ ͵
‫ ʹܥ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ǡ ‫ ͵ܥ‬െ ‫ܥ‬
ͳͲ ͳ ͳͲ ͳ
ͳͲ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͵ȀͳͲ െ͵ȀͳͲ
൥ Ͳ  ͳȀͳͲ െͳȀͳͲ൩ ൌ ൥ ͵ȀͳͲ ͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  Ͳ ൩
Ͳ െͳȀͳͲ ͳȀͳͲ െ͵ȀͳͲ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ܴʹ ൅ ܴ͵
ͳͲ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͵ȀͳͲ െ͵ȀͳͲ
൥ Ͳ ͳȀͳͲെͳȀͳͲ൩ ൌ ൥͵ȀͳͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ ʹܥ‬൅ ‫͵ܥ‬
ͳͲ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͵ȀͳͲ Ͳ
൥ Ͳ ͳȀͳͲͲ൩ ൌ ൥͵ȀͳͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
2. Find non singular matrix ܲ such that the matrix ‫ ܣ‬is reduced to diagonal form where
͵ െͳ ͳ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳ ͵ െͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ͵
By using (i) Similarity transformation ሺܲെͳ ‫ ܲܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬ሻ
(ii) Congruent transformation ܲԢ ‫ ܲܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬
Solution: (i) ߣ͵ െ ͻߣʹ ൅ ʹͶߣ െ ʹͲ ൌ Ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͷǡ ʹǡ ʹ
ͳȀξ͵ Ͳ ʹȀξ͸ ͷ Ͳ Ͳ
ܲ ൌ ൦െͳȀξ͵ͳȀξʹ ͳȀξ͸ ൪ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൥ͲʹͲ൩
ͳȀξ͵ ͳȀξʹ െͳȀξ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ
ͳ ͳȀ͵ െͳȀͶ
(ii) ൥Ͳ ͳ  ͳȀͶ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ͳȀ͵ െͳȀͶ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ
ܲ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ  ͳȀͶ ൩ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൥ͲͺȀ͵ Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͷȀʹ
ഥ ࡭ࡼ reduce the hermitian matrix
3. Using congruent transformation ࡼ Ԣ

૛ ૛ െ ࢏ ૜࢏
࡭ ൌ ൥૛ ൅ ࢏ ૜ ૝ ൅ ࢏൩ to a diagonal form.
െ૜࢏ ૝ െ ࢏ ૝
40 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

Solution: We have ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫͵ܫܣ ͵ܫ‬

ʹ ʹ െ ݅ ͵݅ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥ʹ ൅ ݅  ͵ Ͷ ൅ ݅ ൩ ൌ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
െ͵݅ Ͷ െ ݅ Ͷ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͵
ܴʹ െ ሺʹ ൅ ݅ሻܴͳ ǡ ܴ͵ ൅ ܴ݅ͳ
ʹ ʹ
ʹ ʹെ݅ ͵݅ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥Ͳ ͳȀʹ ሺͳͳ െ Ͷ݅ሻȀʹ ൩ൌ൥ ሺʹ ൅ ݅ሻȀʹ ͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
Ͳ ሺͳͳ ൅ Ͷ݅ሻȀʹ െͳȀʹ ͵݅Ȁʹ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͵
‫ ʹܥ‬െ ሺʹ െ ݅ሻ‫ ͳܥ‬ǡ ‫ ͵ܥ‬െ ݅‫ݏ݁ݒ݅݃ ͳܥ‬
ʹ ʹ
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െሺʹ െ ݅Ȁʹሻ െ͵݅Ȁʹ
൥Ͳ ͳȀʹ ሺͳͳ െ Ͷ݅ሻȀʹ൩ ൌ ൥ሺʹ ൅ ݅ሻȀʹͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  Ͳ ൩
Ͳ ሺͳͳ ൅ Ͷ݅ሻȀʹ െͳȀʹ ͵݅Ȁʹ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ܴ͵ െ ሺͳͳ ൅ Ͷ݅ሻܴʹ ݃݅‫ݏ݁ݒ‬
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െሺʹ െ ݅Ȁʹሻ െ͵݅Ȁʹ
൥ͲͳȀʹሺͳͳ െ Ͷ݅ሻȀʹ൩ ൌ ൥ െሺʹ ൅ ݅Ȁʹሻ  ͳ Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ െ͸ͻ ሺͳͺ ൅ ʹʹ݅ሻȀʹ െሺͳͳ ൅ Ͷ݅ሻ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ ͵ܥ‬െ ሺͳͳ െ Ͷ݅ሻ‫ݏ݁ݒ݅݃ ʹܥ‬
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳȀʹሺʹ െ ݅ሻ ሺͳͺ െ ʹʹ݅ሻȀʹ
൥ͲͳȀʹ Ͳ ൩ ൌ ൥ െሺʹ ൅ ݅Ȁʹሻ  ͳ Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  െሺͳͳ െ Ͷ݅ሻ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ െ͸ͻ ሺͳͺ ൅ ʹʹ݅ሻȀʹ െሺͳͳ ൅ Ͷ݅ሻ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ
ത Ԣ
‫ ܲܣ ܲ ׵‬ൌ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൥ͲͳȀʹ Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ െ͸ͻ
Derogatory and Non-Derogatory Matrices, Functions of Square Matrix
Monic Polynomial
Let ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ be a polynomial in the indeterminate ߣ, e.g. ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ͵ െ ͵ߣʹ ൅ ʹߣ ൅ ͹
A polynomial in ߣ in which the coefficient of the highest power of ߣ is unity is called a monic
polynomial. In the above example ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ is a monic polynomial of degree ͵.
If ‫݌‬ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ then we say that the polynomial ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ annihilates the matrix ‫ܣ‬.
Minimal polynomial of a matrix ࡭
The monic polynomial of lowest degree which annihilates ‫ ܣ‬is called minimal polynomial of a
matrix ‫ ܣ‬and denoted by ݉ሺߣሻ.
If ݉ሺߣሻ is a minimal polynomial of matrix ‫ܣ‬. Then the equation ݉ሺߣሻ ൌ Ͳ is called the minimal
equation of the matrix ‫ܣ‬.
 MATRIX THEORY | 41

Properties of minimal polynomial

(a) The degree of the minimal polynomial is either less than or equal to the degree of the
characteristic polynomial.
(b) Each factor of the characteristic polynomial of ‫ ܣ‬must also be a factor of the minimal
polynomial of ‫ܣ‬.
Derogatory Matrix: If the degree of the minimal polynomial is less than the degree of the
characteristic polynomial then the matrix is called derogatory matrix.
Non Derogatory Matrix: If the degree of the minimal polynomial is equal to the degree of the
characteristic polynomial then the matrix is called non derogatory matrix.
Note: When the characteristic roots of the matrix ‫ ܣ‬are distinct the matrix is non derogatory
since each factor of the characteristic polynomial of ‫ ܣ‬must also be a factor of a minimal
polynomial of ‫ܣ‬.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
૞ െ૟ െ૟
1. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥െ૚ ૝ ૛ ൩ is derogatory
૜ െ૟ െ૝
ͷെߣ െ͸ െ͸
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is ൥ െͳ Ͷ െ ߣ ʹ ൩
͵ െ͸ െͶ െ ߣ
‫ ׵‬ሺͷ െ ߣሻሾെሺͳ͸ െ ߣʹ ሻ ൅ ͳʹሿ ൅ ͸ሾͶ ൅ ߣ െ ͸ሿ െ ͸ሾ͸ െ ͵ሺͶ െ ߣሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺͷ െ ߣሻሾെͶ ൅ ߣʹ ሿ ൅ ͸ሾെʹ ൅ ߣሿ െ ͸ሾെ͸ ൅ ͵ߣሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ͷߣʹ ൅ ͺߣ െ Ͷ ൌ ͲǢ ߣ͵ െ ʹߣʹ െ ͵ߣʹ ൅ ͸ߣ ൅ ʹߣ െ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ ‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
Hence, the roots of ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳare 2, 2, 1.
Let us now find the minimal polynomial of A we know that each characteristic root of A is also
a root of the minimal polynomial of then x = 1 and are the factors of f(x).
Let us see whether the polynomial ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ ܺ ʹ െ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ annihilates A
ͷ െ͸ ͸ ͳ͵ െͳͺ െͳͺ
‘™‫ ʹܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳ Ͷ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥െ͵ ͳͲ ͸ ൩
͵ െ͸ െͶ ͻ െͳͺ െͳͶ
ͳ͵ െͳͺ െͳͺ ͷ െ͸ ͸ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ʹܣ ׵‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥െ͵ ͳͲ ͸ ൩ െ ͵ ൥െͳ Ͷ ʹ ൩ ൅ ൥Ͳ ʹ Ͳ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩
ͻ െͳͺ െͳͶ ͵ െ͸ െͶ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ࢌ ׵‬ሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ࢄ૛ െ ૜࢞ ൅ ૛ annihilates A
Thus, f(x) is the monic polynomial of lowest degree that annihilates A. Hence, f(x) is the
minimal polynomial of A since its degree is less than the order of A, A is derogatory.
42 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

૞ െ૟ െ૟
2. If ࡭ ൌ ൥െ૚ ૝  ૛ ൩ . Find the minimal polynomial of ࡭ and hence show that the
૜ െ૟ െ૝
matrix ࡭ is derogatory.
ͷ െ ߣ െ͸ െ͸
Solution: Method I: The characteristic equation of ‫ ܣ‬is อ െͳ Ͷ െ ߣ ʹ อ ൌ Ͳ
͵ െ͸ െͶ െ ߣ
ሺͷ െ ߣሻሾെሺͳ͸ െ ߣʹ ሻ ൅ ͳʹሿ ൅ ͸ሾͶ ൅ ߣ െ ͸ሿ െ ͸ሾ͸ െ ͵ሺͶ െ ߣሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺͷ െ ߣሻሾെͶ ൅ ߣʹ ሿ ൅ ͸ሾെʹ ൅ ߣሿ െ ͸ሾെ͸ ൅ ͵ߣሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ͷߣʹ ൅ ͺߣ െ Ͷ ൌ ͲǢ ߣ͵ െ ʹߣʹ െ ͵ߣʹ ൅ ͸ߣ ൅ ʹߣ െ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ ‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
Hence, the roots of ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ are ʹǡ ʹǡ ͳ.
Let us now find the minimal polynomial of ‫ܣ‬. We know that each characteristic root of ‫ ܣ‬is also
a root of the minimal polynomial of ‫ܣ‬. So if ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ is the minimal polynomial of ‫ ܣ‬then ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ
and ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ are the factors of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ.
Let us see whether the polynomial ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ ‫ ʹ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ annihilates ‫ܣ‬.
ͷ െ͸ െ͸ ʹ ͳ͵ െͳͺ െͳͺ
ʹ
Now, ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥െ͵ ͳͲ  ͸ ൩
͵ െ͸ െͶ ͻ െͳͺ െͳͶ
ͳ͵ െͳͺ െͳͺ ͷ െ͸ െ͸ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ʹܣ ׵‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥െ͵ ͳͲ  ͸ ൩ െ ͵ ൥െͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩ ൅ ൥ͲʹͲ൩ ൌ ൥ͲͲͲ൩
ͻ െͳͺ െͳͶ ͵ െ͸ െͶ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ʹ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ annihilates ‫ܣ‬.
Thus, ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ is the monic polynomial of lowest degree that annihilates ‫ܣ‬. Hence, ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ is the
minimal polynomial of ‫ܣ‬. Since its degree is less than the order of ‫ܣ‬, ‫ ܣ‬is derogatory.
Method II: Characteristic equation of matrix ‫ ܣ‬is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ͷ െ ߣ െ͸ െʹ
อ െͳ Ͷ െ ߣ ʹ อ ൌ Ͳ
͵ െ͸ െͶ െ ߣ
i.e. ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫݌ ׵‬ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ͵ െ ͷߣʹ ൅ ͺߣ െ Ͷ
ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ʹሻ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
Consider the first degree monic polynomial corresponding to each factor of (1)
Thus, ݃ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ െ ͳ
݃ͳ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
ͷ െ͸ െ͸ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ൥െͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩ െ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ് Ͳ
͵ െ͸ െͶ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 43

݃ʹ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ െ ʹ
݃ʹ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ʹ‫Ͳ ് ܫ‬
‫ ͳ݃ ׵‬ሺߣሻ and ݃ʹ ሺߣሻ are not the minimal polynomials of ‫ ܣ‬as they do not annihilate ‫ܣ‬.
Now consider second degree monic polynomials formed by factors of (1) taken two at a time.
‫ ͳ݂ ׵‬ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ʹሻ
݂ʹ ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ʹሻ
݂ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹ
݂ͳ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܫ‬
ͳ͵ െͳͺ െͳͺ ͷ െ͸ െ͸ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ൥െ͵ ͳͲ  ͸ ൩ െ ͵ ൥െͳ Ͷ  ʹ ൩ ൅ ʹ ൥ͲͳͲ൩
ͻ െͳͺ െͳͶ ͵ െ͸ െͶ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ൌͲ
‫ ͳ݂ ׵‬ሺߣሻ annihilates ‫ܣ‬.
Therefore ݂ͳ ሺߣሻ is a monic polynomial of lower degree which annihilates ‫ܣ‬.
Hence ݂ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ݉ሺߣሻ is the minimal polynomial of ‫ܣ‬.
Since the degree of ݉ሺߣሻ is ʹ is less than the degree of the characteristic polynomial ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ.
Therefore matrix ‫ ܣ‬is derogatory.
૚ ૛ ૜
3. Show that ࡭ ൌ ൥૛ ૜ ૝൩is non-derogatory.
૜ ૝ ૞
ͳെߣ ʹ ͵
Sol: The characteristic equation of A is൥ ʹ ͵െߣ Ͷ ൩ൌͲ
͵ Ͷ ͷെߣ
‫ ׵‬ሺͳ െ ߣሻሾሺ͵ െ ߣሻሺͷ െ ߣሻ െ ͳ͸ሿ െ ʹሾʹሺͷ െ ߣሻ െ ͳʹሿ ൅ ͵ሾͺ െ ͵ሺ͵ െ ߣሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺͳ െ ߣሻሾെͳ െ ͺߣ ൅ ߣʹ ሿ െ ʹሾെʹ െ ʹߣሿ ൅ ͵ሾെͳ ൅ ͵ߣሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ  ׵‬െ ͻߣʹ െ ͸ߣ ൌ Ͳ
‫ߣ ׵‬ሺߣʹ െ ͻߣ െ ͸ሻ ൌ Ͳ
Since all roots are distinct and since the characteristic equation is satisfied by A.A is non-
derogatory.
૛ ૛ ૙
4. If the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥ ૛ ૚ ૚ ൩ find the minimal polynomial and state whether matrix
െૠ ૛ െ૜
is derogatory or non derogatory.
Solution: Method I
The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
44 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ʹെߣ ʹ Ͳ
อ ʹ ͳ െ ߣ ͳ อ ൌ Ͳ
െ͹ ʹ െ͵ െ ߣ
െߣ͵ ൅ ͳ͵ߣ െ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ͵ǡ െͶ
‫ ׶‬All the characteristic roots are distinct.
‫ ׵‬Minimal polynomial will contain all characteristic roots.
‫ ׵‬Minimal polynomial ݂ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ ൅ Ͷሻ
‫ ׶‬Degree of minimal polynomial is equal to order of matrix ‫ܣ‬.
‫ ׵‬Given matrix is non-derogatory.
Method II: The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ʹെߣ ʹ Ͳ
อ ʹ ͳ െ ߣ ͳ อ ൌ Ͳ
െ͹ ʹ െ͵ െ ߣ
ฺ െߣ͵ ൅ ͳ͵ߣ െ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ߣ͵ െ ͳ͵ߣ ൅ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫݌‬ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ ൅ Ͷሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
Consider the first degree monic polynomials corresponding to each factor of (1)
Thus ݃ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ െ ͳ
݃ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ െ ͳ
݃ͳ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫Ͳ ് ܫ‬
݃ʹ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ ൅ Ͷ
݃ʹ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܣ‬൅ Ͷ‫Ͳ ് ܫ‬
݃͵ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣ െ ͵
݃͵ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ് Ͳ
‫ ͳ݃ ׵‬ሺߣሻǡ ݃ʹ ሺߣሻǡ ݃͵ ሺߣሻ are not the minimal polynomials of ‫ ܣ‬as they do not annihilate ‫ܣ‬.
Now consider the second degree monic polynomials formed by factors of (1) taken two at a
time.
݂ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ ൅ Ͷሻ
݂ʹ ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ ൅ Ͷሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻ
݂͵ ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻ
݂ͳ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣʹ ൅ ͵ߣ െ Ͷ
݂ͳ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ͵‫ ܣ‬െ Ͷ‫Ͳ ് ܫ‬
 MATRIX THEORY | 45

݂ʹ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣʹ ൅ ߣ െ ͳʹ
‫ ʹ݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬൅ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳʹ‫Ͳ ് ܫ‬
݂͵ ሺߣሻ ൌ ߣʹ െ Ͷߣ ൅ ͵
‫ ͵݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵‫Ͳ ് ܫ‬
‫ ͳ݃ ׵‬ሺߣሻǡ ݃ʹ ሺߣሻǡ ݃͵ ሺߣሻ. So also ݂ͳ ሺߣሻǡ ݂ʹ ሺߣሻǡ ݂͵ ሺߣሻ do not annihilate matrix ‫ܣ‬.
Therefore ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ is itself the minimal polynomial of degree ͵.
Since the degree of the characteristic polynomial ‫݌‬ሺߣሻ is equal to the degree of the minimal
polynomial. Therefore the matrix is non derogatory.
૛ െ૛ ૜
5. Show that the matrix ࡭ ൌ ൥૚ ૚  ૚ ൩ is non-derogatory.
૚ ૜ െ૚
Solution: The characteristic equation of ‫ ܣ‬is
ʹ െ ߣ െʹ ͵
อ ͳ ͳ െ ߣ ͳ อ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ ͵ െͳ െ ߣ
‫ ׵‬ሺʹ െ ߣሻሾെሺͳ െ ߣሻሺͳ ൅ ߣሻ െ ͵ሿ ൅ ʹሾെሺͳ ൅ ߣሻ െ ͳሿ ൅ ͵ሾ͵ െ ሺͳ െ ߣሻሿ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺʹ െ ߣሻሺെͶ ൅ ߣʹ ሻ െ ʹሺʹ ൅ ߣሻ ൅ ͵ሺʹ ൅ ߣሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ʹߣʹ െ ͷߣ ൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͵ߣ ׵‬െ ߣʹ െ ߣʹ ൅ ߣ െ ͸ߣ ൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣʹ െ ߣ െ ͸ሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ͳǡ െʹǡ ͵
Since, all the roots of the characteristic equation are distinct,
݂ሺߣሻ ൌ ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ ൅ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻ
is the minimal polynomial. Hence, the matrix is non-derogatory.
૛ ૚
6. If ࡭ ൌ ቂ ቃǡfind ࡭૞૙
૚ ૛
ʹെߣ ͳ
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is ቚ ቚൌͲ
ͳ ʹെߣ
‫  ׵‬ሺʹ െ ߣሻʹ െ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬Ͷ െ Ͷߣ ൅ ߣʹ െ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹߣ ׵‬െ Ͷߣ ൅ ͵ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ͵ሻሺߣ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ͳǡ͵
46 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
(i) For ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ͳ ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ

ܴʹ ቂͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ܴͳ െ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ Ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬൅ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
Putting ܺʹ ൌ െͳǡ ܺͳ ൌ ͳ
Hence, corresponding to ߣ ൌ ͳ the Eigen vector is ሾͳǡ െͳሿԢ
െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
For ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ givesቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ͳ െͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
ܺ
By ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ቂെͳ ͳቃ ൤ ͳ ൨ ൌ ቂͲቃ
Ͳ Ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬െܺͳ ൅ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀ܺͳ ൌ ܺʹ
Putting ܺʹ ൌ ͳǡ ܺͳ ൌ ͳ
Hence, corresponding to ߣ ൌ ͵ǡthe Eigen vector is ሾͳǡͳሿԢ
ͳ ͳ
‫ ׵‬Modal matrix ܺ ൌ ቂ ቃ
െͳ ͳ
Now ȁ‫ܯ‬ȁ ൌ ʹ
ͳ ͳ െͳ
‫ܯ ׵‬െͳ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹ ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ
Now ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͵
ͷͲ
‫ܦ ׵‬ͷͲ ൌ ൤ͳ Ͳ ൨
Ͳ ͵ͷͲ

‫ܣ ׵‬ͷͲ ൌ ‫ܦܯ‬ͷͲ ‫ܯ‬െͳ ൌ ቂ

ͳ ͳ ͳͷͲ
ቃ൤ Ͳ ൨ ͳ ቂͳ െͳቃ
െͳ ͳ Ͳ ͵ͷͲ ʹ ͳ ͳ
૚ ૞૙ ૚ െ૚ ૚ ૞૙ ૞૙
ൌ ൤૚ ૜૞૙ ൨ ቂ ቃ ൌ ൤ ૚ ൅ ૜ ૞૙ െ૚ ൅ ૜૞૙ ൨
૛ ૚ ૜ ૚ ૚ ૛ െ૚ ൅ ૜ ૚൅૜
૚ ૙ ૛૞૟
7. If ࡭ ൌ ቂ  ቃ, find ࡭ .
૙ ૜
ͳെߣ Ͳ
Solution: The characteristic equation is ቚ  ቚൌͲ
Ͳ ͵െߣ
ሺͳ െ ߣሻሺ͵ െ ߣሻ ൌ Ͳ
ሺͳ െ ߣሻሺ͵ െ ߣሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣʹ െ Ͷߣ ൅ ͵ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ͵ሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͵
Now, ߣʹͷ͸ take this as dividend
ߣʹ െ Ͷߣ ൅ ͵ as divisor.
 MATRIX THEORY | 47

‫ ݀݊݁݀݅ݒ݅݀ ׵‬ൌ ሺ‫ ݐ݊݁݅ݐ݋ݑݍ‬ൈ ݀݅‫ݎ݋ݏ݅ݒ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݎ݁݀݊݅ܽ݉݁ݎ‬

‫ʹߣ ׵‬ͷ͸ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ Ͷߣ ൅ ͵ሻ ൅ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
Put ߣ ൌ ͵
͵ʹͷ͸ ൌ ߶ሺ͵ሻሺͲሻ ൅ ͵ܽ ൅ ܾ
‫ ܽ͵ ׵‬൅ ܾ ൌ ͵ʹͷ͸
Solving (A) and (B)
͵ʹͷ͸ െ ͳ ൌ ʹܽ
ͳ ʹͷ͸ ͳ ͳ
ܽൌ ሾ͵ െ ͳሿ ൌ ሺ͵ʹͷ͸ ሻ െ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
ͳ ͳ ͵ ͳ
ܾ ൌ ͳ െ ሺ͵ʹͷ͸ ሻ ൅ ൌ െ ሺ͵ʹͷ͸ ሻ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
‫ʹܣ ׵‬ͷ͸ ൌ ߶ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵͹ሻ ൅ ܽ‫ ܣ‬൅ ܾ‫ܫ‬
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͵ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ൌ Ͳ ൅ ൤ ሺ͵ʹͷ͸ ሻ െ ൨ ቂ  ቃ ൅ ൤ െ ሺ͵ʹͷ͸ ሻ൨ ቂ  ቃ
ʹ ʹ Ͳ ͵ ʹ ʹ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ቂ  ʹͷ͸ ቃ
Ͳ ͵
૜Τ૛ ૚Τ૛
8. Find ࢋ࡭ ࢇ࢔ࢊ૝࡭ ࢏ࢌ࡭ ൌ ൤ ൨
૚Τ૛ ૜Τ૛
ሺ͵Τʹ െ ߣሻ ͳΤʹ
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is ฬ ฬൌͲ
ͳΤʹ ሺ͵Τʹ െ ߣሻ
ʹ
͵ ͳ
‫ ׵‬൬ െ ߣ൰ െ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ Ͷ
ͻ ͳ
‫ ׵‬െ ͵ߣ ൅ ߣʹ െ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ Ͷ
‫ ʹߣ ׵‬െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ͳǡʹǤ
ͳΤʹ ͳΤʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
(i) For ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives൤ ൨൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ͳΤʹ ͳΤʹ ܺʹ Ͳ
ʹܴͳ ͳͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹܴʹ ͳͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ Ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬൅ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
If ܺʹ ൌ െͳǡ ܺͳ ൌ ͳHence, the given Eigen vector is ሾͳǡ െͳሿ
48 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

െͳΤʹ ͳΤʹ ܺͳ Ͳ
(ii) For ߣ ൌ ʹሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives൤ ൨൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ͳΤʹ െͳΤʹ ܺʹ Ͳ
ʹܴ െͳ ͳ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ͳ ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹܴʹ ͳ െͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
െͳ ͳ ܺ Ͳ
By ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ቂ ቃ ൤ ͳ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ Ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬െܺͳ ൅ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬ൌ ܺʹ
If ܺʹ ൌ ͳǡ ܺͳ ൌ ͳ. Hence, the Eigen vector is ሾͳǡͳሿԢ
ͳ ͳ
‫ܯ׵‬ൌቂ ቃ
െͳ ͳ
‫  ׵‬ȁ‫ܯ‬ȁ ൌ ʹ
݆ܽ݀‫ ͳ ͳ ܯ‬െͳ
‫ܯ‬െͳ ൌ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ȁ‫ܯ‬ȁ ʹ ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ
Now ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ ʹ
ͳ
If ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ  ݁ ‫ ܣ‬ǡ ݂ሺ‫ܦ‬ሻ݁ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൤݁ Ͳ൨
Ͳ ݁ʹ
ͳ
If ˆሺሻ ൌ Ͷ‫ ܣ‬ǡ ݂ሺ‫ܦ‬ሻͶ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൤Ͷ Ͳ൨
Ͳ Ͷʹ
ͳ ͳ ݁ Ͳ ͳ ͳ െͳ
‫ ܣ ݁ ׵‬ൌ ‫ˆܯ‬ሺሻ‫ܯ‬െͳ ൌ ቂ ቃቂ ቃ ቂ ቃ
െͳ ͳ Ͳ ݁ ʹ ʹ ͳ ͳ
ͳ ʹ ͳ െͳ
ൌ ൤ ݁ ݁ʹ൨ ቂ ቃ
ʹ െ݁ ݁ ͳ ͳ
ͳ ʹ ʹ
‫ ܣ ݁ ׵‬ൌ ൤ ݁ ൅ ݁ ʹ െ݁ ൅ ݁ʹ ൨
ʹ െ݁ ൅ ݁ ݁൅݁
Similarly replacing e by 4 we get,
૚ ૛૙ ૚૛ ૚૙ ૟
૝࡭ ൌቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
૛ ૚૛ ૛૙ ૟ ૚૙
࢟ ࢟ ‫࢟ ܐܖܑܛ ࢟ ܐܛܗ܋‬
9. If ࡭ ൌ ቂ࢟࢟ቃ prove ࢋ࡭ ൌ ࢋ࢟ ൤  ൨.
‫࢟ ܐܛܗ܋ ࢟ ܐܖܑܛ‬
Solution: The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
‫ݕ‬െߣ ‫ݕ‬
ฬ  ฬൌͲ
‫ݕ ݕ‬െߣ
ߣʹ െ ʹߣ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ
ߣ ൌ Ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ʹ‫ݕ‬
Now when dividend ൌ ݁ ߣ is divided by divisor ൌ ߣʹ െ ʹߣ‫ݕ‬
 MATRIX THEORY | 49

Let the quotient be ߶ሺߣሻ and the remainder be ܽߣ ൅ ܾ.

‫ ݀݊݁݀݅ݒ݅݀ ׵‬ൌ ሺ‫ ݐ݊݁݅ݐ݋ݑݍ‬ൈ ݀݅‫ݎ݋ݏ݅ݒ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݎ݁݀݊݅݉ܽݎ‬
݁ ߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ʹߣ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൅ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ
Put ߣ ൌ Ͳ ݁ Ͳ ൌ ߶ሺͲሻሺͲሻ ൅ ܾ
ܾൌͳ
ʹ‫ݕ‬
Put ߣ ൌ ʹ‫݁ ݕ‬ ൌ ߶ሺʹ‫ݕ‬ሻሺͲሻ ൅ ܽሺʹ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൅ ܾ
݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽሺʹ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൅ ͳ
݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ
ܽൌ
ʹ‫ݕ‬
݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ
݁ ߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ʹߣ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൅ ቆ ቇߣ ൅ ͳ
ʹ‫ݕ‬
݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ
‫ ܣ ݁ ׵‬ൌ ߶ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ʹ‫ݕܣ‬ሻ ൅ ቆ ቇ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬
ʹ‫ݕ‬
݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ ‫ݕ ݕ‬ ͳ Ͳ
‫ ܣ݁ ׵‬ൌ ቆ ቇ ቂ‫ݕݕ‬ቃ ൅ ቂ  ቃ
ʹ‫ݕ‬ Ͳ ͳ
݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ ݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ ݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ ݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳ
‫ۍ‬ ൅ͳ ‫ۍ ې‬ ‫ې‬
ൌ ‫ݕʹʹ ێ‬  ʹ‫ʹ ݕ‬ ‫ ۑ‬ൌ ‫ۑ ʹ  ʹ ێ‬
‫ ݁ ێ‬െͳ ݁ െͳ ‫ ݕʹ ݁ێ ۑ‬െ ͳ ݁ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫ۏ‬ ൅ ͳ ‫ʹ ۏ ے‬
ʹ ʹ ʹ ‫ے‬
݁ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ݁ െ‫ ݕ ݁ ݕ‬െ ݁ െ‫ݕ‬
‘•Š ‫ݕ Š‹• ݕ‬
ൌ ݁ ‫ ݕ‬൦ ‫ ʹ ݕ‬െ‫ ʹ ݕ  ݕ‬െ‫ ݕ‬൪ ൌ ݁ ‫ ݕ‬൤  ൨
݁ െ݁ ݁ ൅݁ •‹Š ‫ݕ Š•‘ ݕ‬
ʹ ʹ
െ૚૝
10. If ࡭ ൌ ቂ ቃthen prove that 3 tan A = A tan 3
૛ ૚
െͳ െ ߣ Ͷ
Solution: The characteristic equation of A isቚ ቚൌͲ
Ͳ ͳെߣ
‫ ׵‬െሺͳ ൅ ߣሻሺͳ െ ߣሻ െ ͺ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ʹߣ  ׵‬െ ͻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ͵ǡ െ͵Ǥ
െͶ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
(i) For ߣ ൌ ͵ǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ gives ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹ െʹ ܺʹ Ͳ
ͳ െͶ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
By ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬െͶܺͳ ൅ Ͷܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺ ׵‬െ ܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
50 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

Putting ܺͳ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ൌ ͳ
‫ ׵‬The Eigen vector is ሾͳǡ െͳሿԢ
ʹ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
(ii) For ߣ ൌ െ͵ǡ ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ሿܺ ൌ Ͳ givesቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
ʹ Ͷ ܺʹ Ͳ
ʹ Ͷ ܺͳ Ͳ
Byܴʹ െ ܴͳ ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ Ͳ ܺʹ Ͳ
‫ ͳܺʹ ׵‬൅ Ͷܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ܺͳ ൅ ʹܺʹ ൌ Ͳ
Putting ܺʹ ൌ െͳǡ ™‡‰‡–ܺͳ ൌ ʹ
‫ ׵‬The Eigen vector is ሾʹǡ െͳሿ
ͳ ʹ
‫ܯ׵‬ൌቂ ቃ ܽ݊݀ȁ‫ܯ‬ȁ ൌ െ͵
ͳ െͳ
݆ܽ݀Ǥ ‫ܯ‬ ͳ െͳ െʹ
‫ܯ‬െͳ ൌ ൌെ ቂ ቃ
ȁ‫ܯ‬ȁ ͵ െͳ ͳ
͵ Ͳ
Now ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ െ͵
‫݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ –ƒ ‫ܣ‬Ǥ
–ƒ ͵ Ͳ –ƒ ͵ Ͳ
ሺሻ ൌ ൤ ൨ൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ –ƒሺെ͵ሻ Ͳ െ –ƒ ͵
‫ ܣ ƒ– ׵‬ൌ ‫݂ܯ‬ሺ‫ܦ‬ሻ‫ܯ‬െͳ
ͳ ʹ –ƒ ͵ Ͳ ͳ െͳ െʹ
ൌቂ ቃቂ ቃ ൬െ ൰ ቂ ቃ
ͳ െͳ Ͳ െ –ƒ ͵ ͵ െͳ ͳ
ͳ –ƒ ͵ െʹ –ƒ ͵ െͳ െʹ
ൌെ ቂ ቃቂ ቃ
͵ –ƒ ͵ െ –ƒ ͵ െͳ ͳ
ͳ –ƒ ͵ െ Ͷ–ƒ ͵
ൌെ ቂ ቃ
͵ െʹ–ƒ ͵ െ –ƒ ͵
െ –ƒ ͵ Ͷ –ƒ ͵
‫ ܣ ƒ– ͵ ׵‬ൌ  ቂ ቃ
ʹ –ƒ ͵ –ƒ ͵
െͳ Ͷ
ൌ –ƒ ͵ ቂ ቃ ൌ –ƒ ͵‫ܣ‬
ʹ ͳ
ൌ ࡭ ‫ ܖ܉ܜ‬૜.
૙ ૚ ࢉ࢕࢙࢚ ࢙࢏࢔࢚
11. If A =ቂ ቃ ‫ ࢚࡭ࢋܜ܉ܐܜ܍ܞܗܚܘ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
െ૚ ૙ െ࢙࢏࢔࢚ ࢉ࢕࢙࢚
Solution: (a) Eigen values: (i) ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ‫ ܫ‬ሿ  ൈൌ Ͳ
Ͳ െ ɉ ͳ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ ቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ ൌ  ቂ ቃ
െͳ Ͳ െ ɉ ʹ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 51

(ii) ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ

Ͳ െ ɉ ͳ
ቚ ቚൌͲ
െͳ Ͳ െ ɉ
൐ ɉʹ  െ  ሺ‫ݏݐ݈݈݊݁݉݁݁ܽ݊݋݃݋݂݅݀݋݉ݑݏ‬ሻ ൐ ൅ȁ‫ܣ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉʹ െ Ͳߣ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉʹ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ɉ ൌ ݅ െ ݅
Assume ݂ሺɉሻ ൌ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ
ฺ ݂ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ  ߠ ‫ݐܣ‬
ฺ ݂ሺɉሻ ൌ ݁ ɉ‫ݐ‬
‫ ݁  ׵‬ɉ– ൌ ܽɉ ൅ „ ՜  ሺ ሻ
Put λ = i
‫ ݐ݅ ݁  ׵‬ൌ ܽ݅ ൅ ܾ
Put λ = - i
‫ ݁ ׵‬െ݅‫ ݐ‬ൌ ܽሺെ݅ሻ ൅ ܾ ൌ െܽ݅ ൅ ܾ
ܽ݅ ൅ ܾ ൌ  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬
െ݅‫ݐ‬
ฺ  െܽ݅ ൅ ܾ݅‫ ݐ‬ൌ  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬
ʹܾ ൌ  ݁ ൅  ݁
݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬൅  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬
‫ ܾ ׵‬ൌ  ൌ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬
ʹ
݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬൅ ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬
‫ ݅ܽ ׵‬൅  ൌ  ߠ ݅‫ݐ‬
ʹ
݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬െ  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬ ʹ݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬െ  ݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬൅  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬
‫ ݅ܽ ׵‬ൌ ݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬െ  ൌ
ʹ ʹ
݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬൅  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬ ݁ ݅‫ ݐ‬൅  ݁ െ݅‫ݐ‬
‫ ݅ܽ ׵‬ൌ ൌቈ ቉
ʹ ʹ݅
‫ ܽ ׵‬ൌ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬
‫ ׵‬From݁‫ ݊ ݍ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬ሻ
‫ ݁ ׵‬ɉ– ൌ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ɉ ൅ ‘•–
Put ɉ ൌ 
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ ݐܣ ݁ ׵‬ൌ ‫ ܣݐ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ ܫݐݏ݋‬ൌ ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ቂ ቃ ൅ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬ቂ ቃ
െͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ Ͳ
ൌቂ ቃ ൅ቂ ቃ
െ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬
ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬
‫ݐܣ ݁ ׵‬ ൌቂ ቃ
െ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬
52 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

૙Ǥ ૞ ૙Ǥ ૞
12. If A = ቂ ቃ ‫࢙࢕ࢉ܌ܖܑ܎ܖ܍ܐܜ‬െ૚ ࡭
૙Ǥ ૞ ૙Ǥ ૞
Solution: Eigen values :
(i) ሾ‫ ܣ‬െ ɉ ሿ ൈൌ Ͳ
ͲǤͷ െ ɉ ͲǤͷ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
ቂ ቃቂ‫ ݔ‬ቃ ൌ  ቂ ቃ
ͲǤͷ ͲǤͷ െ ɉ ʹ Ͳ
(ii) ȁ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ɉ ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ͲǤͷ െ ɉ ͲǤͷ
ቚ ቚ = 0
ͲǤͷ ͲǤͷ െ ɉ
‫ ׵‬ɉʹ െ  ሺ•—‘ˆ†‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ሻɉ ൅ ȁȁ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉʹ െ  ሺͳሻɉ ൅ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ɉʹ െ ɉ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬ɉ ൌ Ͳǡͳ
‫݂ ׵‬ሺɉሻ ൌ ܽɉ ൅ „
‫݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ  ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ‫ܣ‬
‫݂ ׵‬ሺɉሻ ൌ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ɉ
ฺ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ɉ ൌ ƒɉ ൅ „ ՜ ሺ ሻ
Put ɉ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ሺͲሻ ൌ ܽ ൈ Ͳ ൅ ܾ
ߨ
ฺ ൌ ܾ
ʹ
Put ɉ ൌ ͳ
ฺ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬െͳ ሺͳሻ ൌ ܽ ൈ ͳ ൅ ܾ
ฺͲൌܽ൅ܾ
ߨ
ฺܽ൅ ൌͲ
ʹ
െߨ
ฺ ܽ ൌ
ʹ
݊ ሺ‫ܫ‬ሻ„‡
‫ݍ݁ ׵‬ ‘‡
െɎ Ɏ
ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ɉ ൌ  ɉ ൅ 
ʹ ʹ
Put ɉ = A
െߨ Ɏ
ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ   ൅ 
ʹ ʹ
െߨ ߨ
ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ‫ ܣ‬൅   ൈ ‫ܫ‬
ʹ ʹ
 MATRIX THEORY | 53

െߨ ͲǤͷ ͲǤͷ ߨ ͳ Ͳ
ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ൈ ቂ ቃ ൅  ቂ ቃ
ʹ ͲǤͷ ͲǤͷ ʹ Ͳ ͳ
൅ߨ െͲǤͷ െͲǤͷ ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ൅ቂ ቃቅ
ʹ െͲǤͷ െͲǤͷ Ͳ ͳ
ߨ ͲǤͷ െͲǤͷ
ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬െͳ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ቂ ቃ
ʹ െͲǤͷ ͲǤͷ
૜ ૚

13. If ࡭ ൌ ቎૛૚૛૜቏ find ૝࡭ .

૛ ૛
͵ ͳ
െߣ
ʹ ʹ
Solution: The characteristic equation ቎ ͳ ͵ ቏ൌͲ
െߣ
ʹ ʹ
ʹ
͵ ͳ
൬ െ ߣ൰ െ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ Ͷ
ߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ െ ͳሻሺߣ െ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ʹ
Ͷߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൅ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
Put ߣ ൌ ͳ Ͷ ൌ ߶ሺͳሻሺͲሻ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܾ
‫ ܽ ׵‬൅ ܾ ൌ Ͷ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺʹሻ
Put ߣ ൌ ʹ Ͷʹ ൌ ߶ሺʹሻሺͲሻ ൅ ܽሺʹሻ ൅ ܾ
ʹܽ െ ܾ ൌ ͳ͸
ܽ ൌ ͳʹǡ ܾ ൌ െͺ
Ͷߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ͵ߣ ൅ ʹሻ ൅ ͳʹߣ െ ͺ
Ͷ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ߶ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܫ‬ሻ ൅ ͳʹ‫ ܣ‬െ ͺ‫ܫ‬
Ͷ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ͳʹ‫ ܣ‬െ ͺ‫ܫ‬
͵ ͳ
ͺ Ͳ
ൌ ͳʹ ൦ʹʹ൪ െ ቂ  ቃ
ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͺ
ʹ ʹ
ͳͺ ͸ ͺ Ͳ ͳͲ ͸
ൌ ቂ  ቃ െ ቂ  ቃ ൌ ቂ  ቃ
͸ ͳͺ Ͳ ͺ ͸ ͳͲ
࣊ ࣊Ȁ૝
14. If ࡭ ൌ ൤ ൨ , find cos A.
૙ ࣊Ȁ૛
ߨെߣ ߨȀͶ
Solution: The Characteristic equation is ቤ ߨ ቤൌͲ
Ͳ ቀ ቁെߣ
ʹ
54 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ߨ ߨ
‫ ׵‬ሺߨ െ ߣሻ ቀ െ ߣቁ ൌ Ͳ ‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ǡ ߨ
ʹ ʹ
Let (A) = cos A = ߙͳ ‫ ܣ‬൅  ߙͲ ‫ܫ‬
Since ߣ satisfies the above equation, we have
cosλ = ߙͳ ൅  ߙͲ
Putting ߣ = 2 , we get
ߨ ߨ
cos ൌ  ߙͳ Ǥ ൅  ߙͲ
ʹ ʹ
ߨ
‫ Ͳ ׵‬ൌ  ߙͳ Ǥ ൅ ߙͲ
ʹ
Cosߨ = ߙͳ Ǥ ߨ ൅  ߙͲ
‫  ׵‬െͳ ൌ  ߙͳ Ǥ ߨ ൅ ߙͲ
Form (iii) and (iv) ,we get
ߨ െʹ
ߙͳ . = -1 ‫ ͳߙ ׵‬ൌ  ‫ Ͳߙ  ׵‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ʹ ൌ ͳ
ʹ Ɏ

Putting these value in (1),we get

૛ ࣊ ࣊Ȁ૝ ૚ ૚ െ૚ െ૚Ȁ૛
cos A = െ ൤ ൨ ൅ ૚ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
࣊ ૙ ࣊Ȁ૛ ૙ ૚ ૙ ૙
࣊ ૜࣊
15. If ࡭ ൌ ൤ ૛  ૛ ൨, find ‫࡭ ܖܑܛ‬.
࣊ ࣊
Solution: The characteristic equation is ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ
ߨ ͵ߨ
อʹ െ ߣ ʹ อ ൌ Ͳ
ߨ ߨെߣ
͵ߨ
ߨʹ െ ߣ െ ߨʹ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ
ߨ
ሺߣ െ ʹߨሻ ቀߣ ൅ ቁ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ
ߨ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ʹߨ‫ ߣݎ݋‬ൌ െ
ʹ
͵ߨ
Now when dividend •‹ ߣ is divided by divisor ߣʹ െ ߣ െ ߨ ʹ let the quotient be ߶ሺߣሻ and the
ʹ
remainder ܽߣ ൅ ܾ.
‫ †‡†‹˜‹† ׵‬ൌ ሺ“—‘–‹‡– ൈ †‹˜‹•‘”ሻ ൅ ”‡ƒ‹†‡”
͵ߨ
•‹ ߣ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻ ൬ߣʹ െ ߣ െ ߨ ʹ ൰ ൅ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ
ʹ
Put ߣ ൌ ʹߨ Ͳ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺͲሻ ൅ ʹܽߨ ൅ ܾ
‫ ߨܽʹ ׵‬൅ ܾ ൌ Ͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ
 MATRIX THEORY | 55

ߨ ܽߨ
Put ߣ ൌ െ െͳ ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺͲሻ െ ൅ܾ
ʹ ʹ
ܽߨ
‫׵‬െ ൅ ܾ ൌ െͳ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ
ʹ
Solving (A) and (B), we get
ʹ Ͷ
ܽൌ ǡ ܾൌെ
ͷߨ ͷ
͵ߨ ʹ Ͷ
‫ ߣ ‹• ׵‬ൌ ߶ሺߣሻ ൬ߣʹ െ ߣ െ ߨʹ൰ ൅ ߣ ൅ ൬െ ൰
ʹ ͷߨ ͷ
͵ߨ ʹ Ͷ
‫ ܣ ‹• ׵‬ൌ ߶ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൬‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ ܣ‬െ ߨ ʹ ‫ܫ‬൰ ൅ ‫ܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
ʹ ͷߨ ͷ
ʹ ͷ
ൌ ‫ܣ‬െ ‫ܫ‬
ͷߨ ͷ
ʹ ߨ ͵ߨ Ͷ ͳ Ͳ െ͵Ȁͷ ͵Ȁͷ
ൌ ቈ ʹ  ʹ ቉ െ ቂ  ቃ ൌ ൤  ൨
ͷߨ ߨ ߨ ͷ Ͳ ͳ ʹȀͷ െʹȀͷ

ૠ ૜
16. If ࡭ ൌ ቂ  ቃ find ࡭࢔ in terms of ࡭.
૛ ૟
Solution: The characteristic equation is

ȁ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ȁ ൌ ቚ͹ െ ߣ ͵ ቚ ൌ Ͳ

ʹ ͸െߣ
ሺ͹ െ ߣሻሺ͸ െ ߣሻ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ߣʹ െ ͳ͵ߣ ൅ ͵͸ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ െ ͻሻሺߣ െ Ͷሻ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ߣ ׵‬ൌ ͻǡ Ͷ
Now ‫ ݊ܣ‬ൌ ߶ሺߣሻሺߣʹ െ ͳ͵ߣ ൅ ͵͸ሻ ൅ ܽߣ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
Put ߣ ൌ ͻ, ͻ݊ ൌ ߶ሺͻሻሺͲሻ ൅ ͻܽ ൅ ܾ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ
Put ߣ ൌ Ͷ, Ͷ݊ ൌ ߶ሺͶሻሺͲሻ ൅ Ͷܽ ൅ ܾ
‫ ׵‬Ͷܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ Ͷ݊ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ
Solving (A) and (B),
ͻ݊ െ Ͷ݊ ͻ Ͷ
ܽൌ ǡ ܾ ൌ ሺͶሻ݊ െ ሺͻሻ݊
ͷ ͷ ͷ
‫ ݊ܣ ׵‬ൌ ߶ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ͳ͵‫ ܣ‬൅ ͵͸‫ܫ‬ሻ ൅ ܽ‫ ܣ‬൅ ܾ‫ܫ‬
ͻ݊ െ Ͷ݊ ͻ Ͷ
‫ ݊ܣ ׵‬ൌ Ͳ ൅ ൤ ൨ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ൤ ሺͶሻ݊ െ ሺͻሻ݊ ൨ ‫ܫ‬
ͷ ͷ ͷ
56 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

PROBLEMS
ͺ െͺ െʹ
1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩
͵ െͶ ͳ
ʹ
•ǣ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡‹‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡͵ǡ ™‡‰‡––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘” ൥ͳ൩ ‘”ʹǡͳǡͳ
൦ ൪
ͳ
ˆ‹•ƒ‘ െ œ‡”‘• ƒŽ‡”–Š‡ƒŽ•‘‹•ƒ‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘”
Ͷ ͸ ͸
2. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ ͳ ͵ ʹ൩
െͳ െͷ െʹ
ሾ•ǣ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡‹‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡ɉʹǡ ™‡‰‡––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘” ൌ ሾ͵ǡͳǡ െʹሿԢ ሿ
ʹ ʹ ͳ
3. If ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩, find the characteristic vectors of ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬
ͳ ʹ ʹ
࢞૚ ࢞૚ ࢞૚ ࢞૚ ࢞૚ ࢞૜ ࢞૚ ࢞૛ ࢞૜
[Ans: By Crammer’s rule ૛ ૚ ൌ െ૜ ૚ ൌ െ૜ ૛ ฺ ൌ ൌ ฺ ൌ ൌ
ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ቚ ૝ ૝ ૝ ૚ ૚ ૚
െ૛ ૚ ૚ ૚ ૚ െ૛
Hence, X= [1, 1, 1]’ is corresponding Eigen vector]
ʹ Ͷ
4. If ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ, then find the Eigen values of ͸‫ܣ‬െͳ ൅ ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ʹ‫ܫ‬ ሾ•ǣ ͳ͵ǡ͵ͳሿ
Ͳ ͵
5. Verify Caley- Hamilton theorem for the matrix A and hence, find ‫ܣ‬െͳ ƒ†‫ܣ‬Ͷ where
ͳ ʹ െʹ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳ ͵ Ͳ൩
Ͳ െʹ ͳ
െͷͷ ͳͲͶ ʹͶ
൥•ǣ ൥െʹͲ െͳͷ ͵ʹ൩ ሺ‘—•Š‘—Ž†˜‡”‹ˆ›–Šƒ–‫ܣ‬െͳ ൌ ͳሻ൩
͵ʹ െͶʹ ͳ͵
ʹ െͳ ͳ
6. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix ൥െͳ ʹ െͳ൩ and verify that it is satisfied
ͳ െͳ ʹ
by A and hence, obtain ‫ܣ‬െͳ .
ͳ ͵ ͳ െͳ
቎•ǣ െͳ ൌ ൥ ͳ ͵ ͳ ൩቏
Ͷ
െͳ ͳ ͵
െʹ ͷ Ͷ
7. Find the Eigen values and the corresponding Eigen vectors of the matrix ൥ ͷ ͹ ͷ ൩
Ͷ ͷ െʹ
show that the Eigen vectors are orthogonal.
ሾ•ǣ െ ͵ǡ െ͸ǡͳʹǢ ሾͳǡ െͳǡͳሿԢ ǣ ሾെͳǡͲǡͳሿԢ ǣ ሾͳǡʹǡͳሿԢ ሿ
͵ ͳ
8. Use Cayley-Hemilton theorem to find ʹ‫ܣ‬ͷ െ ͵‫ܣ‬Ͷ ൅  ‫ ʹܣ‬െ Ͷ‫ ܫ‬where ‫ ܣ‬ቚ ቚ
െͳʹ
ͳͳ ͳ͵ͺ
ቂ•ǣ ቚ ቚቃ.
െͳ͵ͺ ͳʹ͹
 MATRIX THEORY | 57

ͳ ʹ
9. Verify Cayley – Hemilton theorem for ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ቂ ቃ and evaluate ʹ‫ ʹܣ‬െ  ͷ‫ ͵ܣ‬െ ͹‫ ܣ‬൅ ͸‫ܫ‬
ʹ ʹ
ሾ•ǣ Ǥ ͳ͸‫ ܣ‬൅ ʹͲ‫ ܫ‬ሿ
ͺ െͺ െʹ
10. Show that the matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩ is diagnosable. Find the transforming matrix and
͵ െͶ ͳ
the diagonal matrix.
ሾ‫ܵܰܣ‬ǣ Ǥ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡͵ǡ –Š‡‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘”‹•ሾʹǡͳǡͳሿ•‹ ‡ǡ
ͺ െͺ ʹ
‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ ܯܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܣš‹”–ƒ‡Š–ܦ‬൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩ ™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹‰‘ƒŽ‹•‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ–”‹š
͵ െͶ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͷ ͵ ʹ
‫ ܦ‬ൌ  ൥Ͳ ʹ Ͳ൩ „›–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ–”‹š‫ ܯ‬ൌ  ൥͵ ʹ ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͵ ʹ ͳ ͳ
ͳ െ͸ െͶ
11. Show that the matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ൥Ͳ Ͷ ʹ ൩is similar to a diagonal matrix .Also find the
Ͳ െ͸ െ͵
transforming matrix and the diagonal matrix.
ͳ െ͸ െͶ
൥•ǣ Ǥ ‹ ‡ǡ ‫ܯ‬െͳ ‫ ܯܣ‬ൌ ‫ܦ‬ǡ Š‡ƒ–”‹š‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ൥Ͳ Ͷ ʹ ൩ ™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹‰‘‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘
Ͳ െ͸ െ͵
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ
‫ ܦ‬ൌ  ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ „›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ–”‹š‫ ܯ‬ൌ  ൥െͳ െʹ െʹ൩቏
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ ͵
͵ െͳ ͳ
12. Reduce the following matrix to diagonal form ൥െͳ ͷ െͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ͵
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ
቎•ǣ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ൥Ͳ ͵ Ͳ൩቏
Ͳ Ͳ ͸
͹ Ͷ െͳ
13. Show that A = ൥ Ͷ ͹ െͳ൩ is derogatory.
െͶ െͶ Ͷ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥• ؔ ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ ‫݂ ׵‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ʹ ݔ‬െ ͳͷ ൅ ͵͸ƒ‹Š‹Žƒ–‡•Ǥ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ʹ ͵
14. Show that A = ൥ʹ ͵ Ͷ൩ is non-derogatory.
͵ Ͷ ͷ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
15. Shoe that A = ൥ͳ െͳ Ͳ ൩ is derogatory and find its minimal polynomial.
ͳ Ͳ െͳ
ሾ•ǣ ˆሺšሻ ൌ š ʹ െ ͳሿ
58 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

ʹ ʹ ͳ
16. Determine the value Eigen value of the associated Eigen vectors for the matrix ൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩
ͳ ʹ െͳ
ሾ•ǣͳ ൅  ʹ െ ͵͵ ൌ Ͳƒ† െ Ͷʹ ൅ Ͷ͵ ൌ Ͳ’—––‹‰ܺ͵ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ʹܺݐ݁݃݁ݓ‬ ൌ ͳǤ
‡ ‡ǡ ‘””‡•’‘‹‰–‘‡‹‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡ͷ™‡‰‡––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡‹‰‡˜‡ –‘”ܺ ൌ ሾͳǡͳǡͳሿ൧
ͺ െ͸ ʹ
17. Determine Eigen value and Eigen vector for the matrix. ൥െ͸ ͹ െͶ൩.
ʹ െͶ ͵
ሾ•ǣ Putting ͵ ൌ ͳwe get ʹ ൌ െʹand thenͳ ൌ ʹǤ Hence, corresponding to the eigen
valueɉ ൌ ͳͷǡwe get The eigen vectorǡ š ൌ ሾʹǡ െʹǡͳሿ൧
ͺ െͺ െʹ
18. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A = ൥Ͷ െ͵ െʹ൩
͵ െͶ ͳ
[•ǣߣ ൌ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵Ǥሺ݅ሻߣ = [4, 3, 2], (݅݅ሻߣ = [3, 2, 1], ሺ݅݅݅ሻߣ = [2, 1, 1]]
19. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix. Also verify that the Eigen vectors
ʹ െͳ ͳ
are linearly independent. A = ൥ͳ ʹ െͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ʹ
[• ‫ ߣ ׷‬ൌ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵Ǥ ሺ݅ሻሾͲǡ ͳǡ ͳሿ, ሺ݅݅ሻሾͳǡ ͳǡ ͳሿ, ሺ݅݅݅ሻሾͳǡ Ͳǡ ͳሿ]
ʹ ʹ ͳ
20. Determine the Eigen values and the associated Eigen vectors for the matrix.൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩
ͳ ʹ ʹ
[•ǣߣ ൌ ͳǡ ͳǡͷǤ ሺ݅ሻ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ሾʹǡ െͳǡ ͲሿǢ ሾ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ െͳ], ሺ݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ ͳǡ ͳሿ]
ʹ ͳ ͳ
21. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors corresponding to the matrix.൥ʹ ͵ ʹ൩
͵ ͵ Ͷ
[•ǣߣ ൌ ͳǡ ͳǡ ͹Ǥ ሺ݅ሻ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ െͳǡ ͲሿǢ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ െͳሿ; ሺ݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ሿ]
ͺ െ͸ ʹ
22. Determine Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the matrix A = ൥െ͸ ͹ െͶ൩. Are the
ʹ െͶ ͵
vectors linearly independent ?
[•ǣߣ ൌ Ͳǡ ͵ǡ ͳͷǤ ሺ݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ ʹǡ ʹሿ; ሺ݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾʹǡ ͳǡ െͳሿ; (݅݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾʹǡ െʹǡ ͳሿ;
ܾሻ݇͵ ൌ Ͳǡ ݇ʹ ൌ Ͳǡ ݇ͳ ൌ ͲǤ]
͵ െͳ ͳ
23. Find the Eigen values and the Eigen vectors for the matrix. ൥െͳ ͷ െͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ͵
[•ǣߣ ൌ ʹǡ ͵ǡ ͸; ሺ݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ െͳሿ; ሺ݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ ͳǡ ͳሿ; ሺ݅݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ െʹǡ ͳሿ]
 MATRIX THEORY | 59

͸ െʹ ʹ
24. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix. ൥െʹ ͵ െͳ൩
ʹ െͳ ͵
[•ǣߣ ൌ ʹǡ ʹǡ ͺ; ݅ሻ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ ʹǡ ͲሿǢ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ െʹሿ; ݅݅ሻ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ሾʹǡ െͳǡ ͳሿ]
͵ െͳ ͳ
25. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the matrix.൥െͳ ͵ െͳ൩
ͳ െͳ ͵
[•ǣߣ ൌ ʹǡ ʹǡ ͷ; ݅ሻ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ ͳǡ ͲሿǢ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ െͳሿ; ݅݅ሻ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ െͳǡ ͳሿ]
Ͷ ͸ ͸
26. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for A = ൥ ͳ ͵ ʹ൩
െͳ െͷ െʹ
[•ǣߣ ൌ ͳǡ ʹǡ ʹ; ሺ݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͶǡ ͳǡ െ͵ሿ; ሺ݅݅ሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾ͵ǡ ͳǡ െʹሿ]
ʹ ͳ Ͳ
27. Find the Eigen values and the Eigen vectors of the matrix A = ൥Ͳ ʹ ͳ൩.
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ
ൣ•ǣ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሾͳǡ Ͳǡ Ͳሿ൧
ʹ ʹ ͳ
28. If ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ͳ ͵ ͳ൩ǡ find the characteristic root and characteristic vectors of ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬
ͳ ʹ ʹ
ʹ Ͷ ͸ ͺ
29. If ߣͳ ǡ ߣʹ ǡ ߣ͵ ܽ݊݀ߣͶ are eigen values of A where ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ቎͵ െʹ Ͳ ʹ቏. Find the eigen
ͳ ͵ ʹ ͸
͵ ʹ ͳ Ͷ
values of adj.A
ሾ•ǣߣͳ ߣʹ ߣ͵ ǡ ߣͳ ߣʹ ߣͶ ǡߣͳ ߣ͵ ߣͶ ǡߣʹ ߣ͵ ߣͶ ሿ
െͳ ʹ ͵
30. If ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ Ͳ ͵ ͷ ൩ǡ find the eigen values of ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͷ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͺ‫ܫ‬
Ͳ Ͳ െʹ
ሾ•Ǥ ǣ ‹‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‫ ‡”ƒܣ‬െ ͳǡ͵ǡʹƒ†‘ˆ‫ ͵ܣ‬൅ ͷ‫ ܣ‬൅ ͺ‫ʹ‡”ƒܫ‬ǡͷͲǡ െͳͲǤ ሿ

31. Verify Cayley- Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A and hence find ‫ܣ‬െͳ ƒ†‫ܣ‬Ͷ ™Š‡”‡
ͳ ʹ െʹ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳ ͵ Ͳ ൩ ›‘—•Š‘—Ž†˜‡”‹ˆ›–Šƒ–‫ܣܣ‬െͳ ൌ ͳ
Ͳ െʹ ͳ
ͳ ʹ ͵
32. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A. where ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ʹ െͳ Ͷ൩
͵ ͳ െͳ
60 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

QUADRATIC FORM
An homogeneous polynomial of second degree, in ݊ number of unknown or variables is called a
quadratics form ሺܳ‫ܨ‬ሻ in ݊ variables.
For Example: ܳ ൌ ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ͳݔ ͵ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬is a quadratic form in three
variables ‫ ͳݔ‬ǡ ‫ ʹݔ‬and ‫ ͵ݔ‬.
Quadratic form ܳ can be written as a product of three matrices ܺ Ԣ ǡ ‫ ܣ‬and ܺ i.e. ܳ ൌ ܺ Ԣ ‫ܺܣ‬,
where
(a) ܺ is a column matrix of unknowns or variables.
(b) ܺ Ԣ is the transpose of ‫ݔ‬.
(c) ‫ ܣ‬is a symmetric matrix of order equal to the number of variables in quadratic form.
Symmetric matrix ‫ ܣ‬is called the matrix of the quadratic form.
Note: (i) The diagonal elements of ‫ ܣ‬are the coefficients of square terms in ܳ. (ii) Non diagonal
elements of ‫ ܣ‬are half the coefficients of product terms in ܳ.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. Write the matrix of quadratic forms of the following:
(i) ܳ ൌ ‫ ʹͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬൅ ͸‫͵ݔ ͳݔ‬
Solution: The matrix ‫ ܣ‬of quadratic form is
ͳ െʹ ͵
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െʹ െʹ ͷȀʹ൩
͵ ͷȀʹ ͵
(ii) ܳ ൌ ʹ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ͺ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
Solution: This can be written as
ܳ ൌ ʹ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ͺ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
Therefore the matrix ‫ ܣ‬of quadratic form is
ʹ Ͳ ͳ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ͲͶͶ൩
ͳ Ͷ Ͳ
(iii) ܳ ൌ ͵‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ʹ͵ݔ‬
Solution: Therefore the matrix ‫ ܣ‬of quadratic form is
͵ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ͲͶͲ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͷ
(iv) ܳ ൌ ܽ‫ ʹ ݔ‬൅ ʹܾ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ܾ‫ʹ ݕ‬
Solution: Therefore the matrix ‫ ܣ‬of quadratic form is
ܽ ݄
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቂ  ቃ
݄ ܾ
 MATRIX THEORY | 61

૚ ૛ ૜
2. Write the quadratic form where the matrix of quadratic form is ࡭ ൌ ൥૛૝ ૢ ൩
૜ ૢ െ૜
Solution: The quadratic form is
ܳ ൌ ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹʹݔ‬െ ͵‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ͳͺ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬൅ ͸‫ͳݔ ͵ݔ‬
Linear Transformations
Consider two sets of variables ‫ ͳݔ‬ǡ ‫ ʹݔ‬ǡ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ ݊ݔ‬and ‫ ͳݕ‬ǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬ǡ ǥ ǥ ǡ ‫ ݊ݕ‬.
Let these variables be related by the following linearly equations.
‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ ͳͳ݌‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ ʹͳ݌‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ Ǥ ൅‫݊ݕ ݊ͳ݌‬
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ ͳʹ݌‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ ʹʹ݌‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ൅ ‫݊ݕ ݊ʹ݌‬
‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ ͳ͵݌‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ ʹ͵݌‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ൅‫݊ݕ ݊͵݌‬
‫ڭ‬
‫ڭ‬
‫ ݊ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ ͳ݊݌‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ ʹ݊݌‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ‫݊ݕ ݊݊݌‬
The above ݊ equations can be expressed as a single matrix equation. ܺ ൌ ܻܲ,
‫ͳݔ‬ ‫݊ͳ݌ ڮ ʹͳ݌ ͳͳ݌‬ ‫ͳݕ‬
‫ʹݔ‬ ‫݊ʹ݌ ڮ ʹʹ݌ ͳʹ݌‬ ‫ʹݕ‬
where ܺ ൌ ቎ ቏ ǡ ܲ ൌ ቎    ቏ǡ ܻ ൌ ቎ ቏
‫ڭ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڭ ڭ ڭ‬ ‫ڭ‬
‫݊ݔ‬ ‫݊݊݌ ڮ ʹ݊݌ ͳ݊݌‬ ‫݊ݕ‬
The transformation from ‫’ݔ‬s to ‫’ݕ‬s by the above equations is called a linear transformation. The
linear transformation is singular or non singular according as the matrix ܲ is singular or non
singular.
Linear Transformation of a Quadratic form
Consider a quadratic form ܳ ൌ ܺ Ԣ ‫ ܺܣ‬and a non singular linear transformation given by ܺ ൌ ܻܲ
ܳ ൌ ܺ Ԣ ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ሺܻܲሻԢ ‫ܣ‬ሺܻܲሻ
ൌ ܻ Ԣ ሺܲԢ ‫ܲܣ‬ሻܻ ൌ ܻ Ԣ ‫ܻܦ‬
where ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ܲԢ ‫ܲܣ‬
where ‫ ܣ‬is a matrix of rank ‫ ݎ‬then there exists a non singular linear transformation ܺ ൌ ܻܲ
which transforms the given quadratic form to sum of ‫ ݎ‬square terms, i.e.
ܾͳ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ܾʹ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ൅ ܾ݊ ‫ʹ݊ݕ‬
The Quadratic form ܻ Ԣ ‫ ܻܦ‬is called a linear transform of the quadratic form ܺ Ԣ ‫ܺܣ‬. This new
form ܳ ൌ ܻ Ԣ ‫( ܻܦ‬i.e. the linear transform of the quadratic form) has been expressed as the sum
and difference of the squares of new variables ‫’ݕ‬s. This form is called canonical form.
[Thus if by any non singular linear transformation a real quadratic form can be expressed as a
sum and difference of the squares of the new variables then this later expression is called the
canonical form of the given form]
62 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

(a) Rank of a quadratic form: Rank of the diagonal matrix ‫ ܦ‬is called the rank of the
quadratic form. It is also equal to the number of non-zero terms in its canonical form. It is
denoted by ‫ݎ‬.
(b) Index of a quadratic form ሺ࢖ሻ: The number of positive squares in the canonical form is
called the index of the quadratic form. It is denoted by ‫݌‬.
(c) Signature of a quadratic form ሺ࢙ሻ: It is the excess number of positive squares over
negative squares in canonical form. Since there are in all ‫ ݎ‬terms and ‫ ݌‬of them are
positive then there will be ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫ ݌‬negative terms and hence the difference between the
positive and negative terms is called signature of the quadratic form. Thus
‫ ݏ‬ൌ ‫ ݌‬െ ሺ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫݌‬ሻ ൌ ʹ‫ ݌‬െ ‫ݎ‬
Classification of quadratic forms
Value class of a quadratic form ܳ ൌ ܺ Ԣ ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ܻ Ԣ ‫ܻܦ‬
(a) Positive definite: If ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ݊ and ‫ ݌‬ൌ ݊
i.e. the number of positive squares is equal to the number of variables and also equal to
the rank or in other words if all the diagonal elements of matrix ‫ ܦ‬are ൅‫( ݁ݒ‬not zero) then
the quadratic form is called positive definite. i.e. quadratic form can be reduced to form
ܳ ൌ ܾͳ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ܾʹ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ܾ݊ ‫ ʹ݊ݕ‬ሺܾ݊ ൐ Ͳሻ
(b) Negative definite: If ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ݊ and ‫ ݌‬ൌ Ͳ
i.e. the number of negative squares is equal to the number of variables and also equal to
the rank or in other words if all the diagonal elements of matrix ‫ ܦ‬are െ‫ ݁ݒ‬then the
quadratic form is called negative definite. i.e. quadratic form can be reduced to form
ܳ ൌ െܾͳ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬െ ܾʹ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬െ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ െ ܾ݊ ‫ʹ݊ݕ‬
(c) Positive semi definite: If ‫ ݎ‬൏ ݊ and ‫ ݌‬ൌ ‫ݎ‬
i.e. if the number of positive squares is equal to the rank of the matrix of the quadratic
form which is less than the number of variables ݊ or in other words if ‫ ݎ‬diagonal elements
of the matrix ‫ ܦ‬are positive and remaining ሺ݊ െ ‫ݎ‬ሻ elements are zero i.e. then the
quadratic form is called positive semi definite. i.e. quadratic form can be reduced to form
ܳ ൌ ܾͳ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ܾʹ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ ൅ ܾ‫ ʹݎݕ ݎ‬ሺܾ‫ ݎ‬൐ Ͳሻ
(d) Negative semi definite: If ‫ ݎ‬൏ ݊ and ‫ ݌‬ൌ Ͳ
i.e. if the number of negative squares is equal to the rank of the matrix of the quadratic
form which is less than the number of variables ݊ or in other words if ‫ ݎ‬diagonal elements
of the matrix ‫ ܦ‬are negative and remaining ሺ݊ െ ‫ݎ‬ሻ elements are zero i.e. then the
quadratic form is called negative semi definite. i.e. quadratic form can be reduced to form
ܳ ൌ െܾͳ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬െ ܾʹ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬െ ‫ ڮ‬ǥ ǥ െ ܾ‫ ʹݎݕ ݎ‬ሺܾ‫ ݎ‬൐ Ͳሻ
(e) Indefinite: If the matrix ‫ ܦ‬has some diagonal elements ൅‫ ݁ݒ‬and some diagonal elements
Ȃ ‫݁ݒ‬, or zero, the quadratic form is called indefinite.
The above five classes of real quadratic forms are called value classes of real quadratic forms.
 MATRIX THEORY | 63

SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. Reduce the quadratic form ૛࢞૛૚ ൅ ࢞૛૛ െ ૜࢞૛૜ െ ૡ࢞૛ ࢞૜ െ ૝࢞૜ ࢞૚ ൅ ૚૛࢞૚ ࢞૛ to normal form
through congruent transformations. Also find its rank, signature and value class.
Solution: The quadratic form can be written as
ʹ ͸ െʹ ܺͳ ʹ ͸ െʹ
ሾ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬ሿ ൥ ͸ ͳ െͶ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩  ‫ ܣ ׵‬ൌ ൥ ͸ ͳ െͶ൩
െʹ െͶ െ͵ ܺ͵ െʹ െͶ െ͵
We write A = I A I
ʹ ͸ െʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥͸ ͳ െͶ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ A൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
െʹ െͶ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ܴʹ െ ͵ܴͳ
‫ ܥ‬െ ͵‫ʹ ͳܥ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ͵ ͳ
By ʹ ൥ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥െ͵ ͳ Ͳ ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ Ͳ൩
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴͳ Ͳ െͳ͹ ͳ
Ͳ ʹ െͷ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ ͵ܥ‬൅ ‫ͳܥ‬
ͳͳ
ʹ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ͵
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴʹ ͳ͹
By ͳ͹
ʹ ቎Ͳ െͳ͹ Ͳ ቏ ൌ ቎െ͵
ͺͳ ͳͳ
ͳ
ʹ
Ͳ቏ A ൦
Ͳ ͳ
ʹ൪
‫ ͵ܥ‬൅ ‫Ͳ ʹܥ‬ ʹ ͳ ͹
ͳ͹ ͳ͹ ͳ͹ ͳ͹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ξͳ͹ ξͳ͹
By ܴͳ ǡ ‫ܥ‬Ǣ ‫ ܥ‬Ǣ ܴ͵ ǡ ‫͵ܥ‬
ξʹ ξʹ ͳ ξͳ͹ ʹ ͻ ͻ

ͳ ͳ ͵ ͳͳ
‫ۍ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ۍ ې‬ െ ‫ې‬
‫ ێ‬ξʹ ‫ێ ۑ‬ξʹ ξͳ͹ ͻξͳ͹‫ۑ‬
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ێ‬ ͵ ͳ ‫ۑ‬ ͳ ʹ ‫ۑ‬
൥Ͳ െͳ Ͳ൩ ൌ ‫ێ‬െ Ͳ ‫Ͳ ێێ ܣ ۑ‬
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ξͳ͹ ξͳ͹ ξͳ͹ ͻξͳ͹‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫ͳͳ ێ‬ ʹ ξͳ͹‫ێ ۑ‬ ξͳ͹ ‫ۑ‬
Ͳ Ͳ
‫ͻ ۏ‬ξͳ͹ ͻξͳ͹ ͻ ‫ۏ ے‬ ͻ ‫ے‬
Thus, B = ܲԢ ‫ ܲܣ‬where B is diagonal matrix.
This means the quadratic form ܺ Ԣ ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ ‫ ʹʹݔ‬െ ͵‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬െ ͺ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ͳݔ ͵ݔ‬൅ ͳʹ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬will be
transformed to ܻ Ԣ ‫ ܻܤ‬ൌ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬െ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹ͵ݕ‬by transformation X = PY.
ͳ ͳ ͳͳ ͳ ʹ ξͳ͹
ฺ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬െ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݕ‬Ǣ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݕ‬Ǣ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݕ‬
ξʹ ξͳ͹ ͻξ͹ ξͳ͹ ͻξͳ͹ ͻ ͵
‫ ׵‬The rank = 3
Signature = Difference between positive squares and negative squares.
=2–1=1
Since some diagonal elements are positive ,some are negative ,the value class is indefinite.
64 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

2. Reduce the following quadratic form to real canonical form by congruent

transformation. Also find rank, index signature and value class. Find also non zero
set of values for which the form assumes (i) Positive value (ii) negative value (iii)
zero value.
ࡽ ൌ ࢞૛૚ ൅ ૛࢞૛૛ ൅ ૜࢞૛૜ ൅ ૛࢞૛ ࢞૜ െ ૛࢞૜ ࢞૚ ൅ ૛࢞૚ ࢞૛
ͳ ͳ െͳ ‫ͳݔ‬
Solution: We have ܳ ൌ ሾ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬ሿ ൥ ͳ ʹ ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ the matrix of the quadratic form
െͳ ͳ ͵ ‫͵ݔ‬
ͳ ͳ െͳ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ ͳ ʹ ͳ ൩
െͳ ͳ ͵
Now ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫͵ܫܣ ͵ܫ‬
ͳ ͳ െͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥ ͳ ʹ ͳ ൩ ൌ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
െͳ ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
We shall reduce matrix ‫ ܣ‬to diagonal form by applying congruent transformations till matrix ‫ܣ‬
to the left is reduced to diagonal matrix ‫ܦ‬.
ͳ Ͳ െͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ
ܴʹ െ ܴͳ and ‫ ʹܥ‬െ ‫ ͳܥ‬gives ൥ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥െͳͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
െͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ ͳ
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴͳ and ‫ ͵ܥ‬൅ ‫ ͳܥ‬gives ൥Ͳͳʹ൩ ൌ ൥െͳͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
Ͳ ʹ ʹ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ െͳ
ܴ͵ െ ʹܴʹ gives ൥Ͳͳ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥െͳͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͵ ʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ ͵
‫ ͵ܥ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹܥ‬gives ൥Ͳͳ Ͳ ൩ ൌ ൥െͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ െʹ൩
Ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͵ െʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ ܦ ׵‬ൌ ൥Ͳͳ Ͳ ൩ ൌ ܲԢ ‫ܲܣ‬
Ͳ Ͳ െʹ
ͳ െͳ ͵
and ܲ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ െʹ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ܳ ൌ ܻ Ԣ ‫ܻܦ‬
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳݕ‬
ൌ ሾ‫ͳݕ‬ ‫ʹݕ‬ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ሿ ൥Ͳͳ Ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩
Ͳ Ͳ െʹ ‫͵ݕ‬
ൌ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬െ ʹ‫ʹ͵ݕ‬
This is now expressed as the sum and difference of the squares of new variables ‫ ͳݕ‬ǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬, and ‫ ͵ݕ‬.
This is called canonical form.
 MATRIX THEORY | 65

Now rank ‫ ݎ‬of the given quadratic form ൌ no. of non zero terms in its canonical form ൌ ͵ Index
‫ ݌‬ൌ no. of positive squares in canonical form ൌ ʹ.
Signature of the given quadratic form ൌ excess number of positive squares over number of
negative squares in its canonical form ൌ ʹ‫ ݌‬െ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ Ͷ െ ͵ ൌ ͳ.
For value class,
‫ݎ‬ൌ݊ൌ͵
‫݌‬ൌʹ
The value class of the given quadratic form is indefinite.
Now the linear transformation ܺ ൌ ܻܲ
‫ͳݔ‬ ͳ െͳ ͵ ‫ͳݕ‬
൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ െʹ൩ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩
‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬െ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ͵‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ‬െ ʹ‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫͵ݕ‬
ܳ ൌ ‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬െ ʹ‫ʹ͵ݕ‬
(i) For ࡽ positive: Take ‫ ͳݕ‬ൌ ʹǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ൌ ͳ
‫ ܳ ׵‬ൌ Ͷ ൅ ͳ െ ʹ ൌ ͵
‫ ͳݔ ׵‬ൌ ʹ െ ͳ ൅ ͵ ൌ Ͷ
ฺ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ͳ െ ʹ ൌ െͳ
ฺ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͳ ൌ ͳ
Therefore taking ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ Ͷǡ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ െͳǡ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͳ
ܳ ൌ ሺͶሻʹ ൅ ʹሺെͳሻʹ ൅ ͵ሺͳሻʹ ൅ ʹሺെͳሻሺͳሻ െ ʹሺͳሻሺͶሻ ൅ ʹሺͶሻሺെͳሻ
ൌ ͳ͸ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͵ െ ʹ െ ͺ െ ͺ ൌ ͵ which is a positive value.
(ii) For ࡽ negative: Take ‫ ͳݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ൌ ʹ
‫ ܳ ׵‬ൌ ͳ ൅ ͳ െ ͺ ൌ െ͸
ฺ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ͳ െ ͳ ൅ ͸ ൌ ͸
ฺ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ͳ െ Ͷ ൌ െ͵
ฺ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ʹ
ܳൌ ሺ͸ሻʹ ൅ ʹሺെ͵ሻʹ ൅ ͵ሺʹሻʹ ൅ ʹሺെ͵ሻሺʹሻ െ ʹሺʹሻሺ͸ሻ ൅ ʹሺ͸ሻሺെ͵ሻ
ൌ ͵͸ ൅ ͳͺ ൅ ͳʹ െ ͳʹ െ ʹͶ െ ͵͸
ൌ െ͸
66 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

(iii) For ࡽ zero value: Take ‫ ͳݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ൌ ͳ

‫ ܳ׵‬ൌͳ൅ͳെʹൌͲ
ฺ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ͵
ฺ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ െͳ
ฺ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ͳ
ܳ ൌ ሺ͵ሻʹ ൅ ʹሺെͳሻʹ ൅ ͵ሺͳሻʹ ൅ ʹሺെͳሻሺͳሻ െ ʹሺ͵ሻሺͳሻ ൅ ʹሺ͵ሻሺെͳሻ
ൌͻ൅ʹ൅͵െʹെ͸െ͸
ൌͲ
3. Reduce the following quadratic form ૟࢞૛૚ ൅ ૜࢞૛૛ ൅ ૚૝࢞૛૜ ൅ ૝࢞૚ ࢞૛ ൅ ૚ૡ࢞૚ ࢞૛ ൅ ૝࢞૛ ࢞૜ .
To diagonal form through congruent transformation.
͸ ʹ ͻ ܺͳ
Solution: The quadratic form can be written as ሾ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬ሿ ൥ʹ ͵ ʹ ൩ ൥ܺʹ ൩
ͻ ʹ ͳͶ ܺ͵
͸ ʹ ͻ
‫ ܣ ׵‬ൌ ൥ʹ ͵ ʹ ൩
ͻ ʹ ͳͶ
We write ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ܫܣܫ‬
͸ ʹ ͻ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥ʹ ͵ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩
ͻ ʹ ͳͶ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ
ܴʹ െ ܴͳ
͵
͵ ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͵
ܴ͵ െ ܴͳ Ͳ ͹ ͳ ͳ െ െ
‫ݕܤ‬ ʹ
൦ െͳ൪ = ൦െ ͳ Ͳ൪ ‫ ܣ‬቎ ͵ ʹ
ͳ ͵ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ቏
‫ ʹܥ‬െ ‫ Ͳ ͳܥ‬െͳ ͹ ͵
͵
͵
െ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
͵ ʹ
‫ ͵ܥ‬െ ‫ͳܥ‬
ʹ

͵ ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ
ͳ
െ
ʹ͵
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴʹ Ͳ ͹
Ͳ൪ ൌ ൦ െ
ͳ
ͳ Ͳ൪ ‫ ܣ‬൦ ͵ ͳͶ
͹
By ͵ ൦ ͵ ͵
Ͳ ͳ
͵ ൪
‫ ͵ܥ‬൅ ‫Ͳ ʹܥ‬ Ͳ
ͳ ʹ͵ ͵ ͹
͹ െ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳͶ ͳͶ ͹

Thus, B = P ‫ ܲܣ‬where B is a diagonal matrix

This means the quadratic form ܺ Ԣ ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ͸ܺͳʹ ൅ ͵ܺʹʹ ൅ ͳͶܺ͵ʹ ൅ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ͳͺ‫ ͵ݔ ͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬will
͹ ͳ
be transformed to ܻ Ԣ ‫ =ܻܤ‬͸‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹ͵ݕ‬by transformation X = PY
͵ ͳͶ

ͳ ʹ͵ ͵
ฺ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬െ ‫ ʹݕ‬െ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ǡ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ǡ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͵ݕ‬Ǥ
͵ ͳͶ ͹
 MATRIX THEORY | 67

4. Show that the quadratic form ૟࢞૛ ൅ ૚ૠ࢟૛ ൅ ૜ࢠ૛ െ ૛૙࢞࢟ െ ૚૝࢟ࢠ ൅ ૡࢠ࢞ in three
variables is positive semi definite. Find a non zero set of values of ࢞ǡ ࢟ǡ ࢠ for which the
form assumes positive value.
͸ െͳͲ Ͷ ‫ݔ‬
Solution: We have quadratic form ܳ ൌ ሾ‫ݖ ݕ ݔ‬ሿ ൥െͳͲ ͳ͹ െ͹൩ ቈ‫ݕ‬቉
Ͷ െ͹ ͵ ‫ݖ‬
͸ െͳͲ Ͷ
The matrix ‫ ܣ‬of the quadratic form is ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳͲ ͳ͹ െ͹൩
Ͷ െ͹ ͵
Let ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫͵ܫܣ ͵ܫ‬
͸ െͳͲ Ͷ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ฺ ൥െͳͲ ͳ͹ െ͹൩ ൌ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
Ͷ െ͹ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
͸ െ͵Ͳ Ͷ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
By ͵ܴʹ and ͵‫ ʹܥ‬൥െ͵Ͳ ͳͷ͵ െʹͳ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩
Ͷ െʹͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
͸ െ͵Ͳ ͳʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
By ͵ܴ͵ and ͵‫ ͵ܥ‬൥െ͵Ͳ ͳͷ͵ െ͸͵൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩
ͳʹ െ͸͵ ʹ͹ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
͸ െ͵Ͳ ͳʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
By ܴʹ ൅ ͷܴͳ ൥ Ͳ  ͵ െ͵൩ ൌ ൥ͷ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩
ͳʹ െ͸͵ ʹ͹ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
͸ Ͳ ͳʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ Ͳ
By ‫ ʹܥ‬൅ ͷ‫ ͳܥ‬൥ Ͳ  ͵ െ͵൩ ൌ ൥ͷ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩
ͳʹ െ͵ ʹ͹ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
͸ Ͳ ͳʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ Ͳ
By ܴ͵ െ ʹܴͳ ൥Ͳ ͵ െ͵൩ ൌ ൥ ͷ ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩
Ͳ െ͵ ͵ െʹ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ െʹ
By ‫ ͵ܥ‬െ ʹ‫ ͳܥ‬൥Ͳ ͵ െ͵൩ ൌ ൥ ͷ ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵ Ͳ ൩
Ͳ െ͵ ͵ െʹ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ െʹ
By ܴ͵ ൅ ܴʹ ൥Ͳ͵െ͵൩ ൌ ൥ͷ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵ Ͳ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ ͵ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ ͵
By ‫ ͵ܥ‬൅ ‫ ʹܥ‬൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩ ൌ ൥ͷ͵Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ͵͵൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ ͵ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͵
ൌ ܲԢ ‫ܲܣ‬
ͳ ͷ ͵
‫ ܲ ׵‬ൌ ൥Ͳ͵͵൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͵
68 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

͸ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳݕ‬
ܳ ൌ ܻ ‫ ܻܦ‬ൌ ሾ‫ͳݕ‬
Ԣ ‫ʹݕ‬ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ሿ ൥Ͳ͵Ͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ܳ ׵‬ൌ ͸‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ʹ͵ݕ‬
This is now expressed as sum and difference of the squares of new variable ‫ ͳݕ‬ǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬ǡ ‫ ͵ݕ‬. This is
called canonical form.
Now rank ‫ ݎ‬of the given quadratic form ൌ no. of non zero terms in its canonical form ൌ ʹ index
‫ ݌‬ൌ no. of positive squares in normal form ൌ ʹ. Signature of the given quadratic form is the
excess number of positive squares over number of negative squares in its canonical form
ൌ ʹ‫ ݌‬െ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ Ͷ െ ʹ ൌ ʹ
The value class of the given quadratic form is positive semi definite.
Now ܳ ൌ ͸‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ʹ͵ݕ‬
Now the linear transformation as ܺ ൌ ܻܲ
‫ ͳ ݔ‬ͷ ͵ ‫ͳݕ‬
‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬
ቈ ቉ ൥Ͳ͵͵൩ ൌ ൥ ʹ ൩
‫͵ Ͳ Ͳ ݖ‬ ‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ݔ ׵‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ ͷ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ͵‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ͵‫͵ݕ‬
‫ ݖ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ͵‫͵ݕ‬
For ܳ to be positive
‫ ͳݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ʹݕ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ
ܳ ൌ ͸ሺͳሻʹ ൅ ͵ሺͳሻʹ െ Ͳ ൌ ͻ
‫ ݔ ׵‬ൌ ͸ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵ǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ Ͳ
Putting these values in the given quadratic form,
ܳ ൌ ͸ሺ͸ሻʹ ൅ ͳ͹ሺ͵ሻʹ െ ʹͶሺ͸ሻሺ͵ሻ
ൌ ͻǡሾ‘•‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡ሿ
5. Reduce the following quadratic form to canonical form by
(a) congruent transformation
(b) orthogonal transformation
State the transformation matrix in each case. Also find the rank, index and signature
of quadratic form and class value.
ࡽ ൌ ૟࢞૛૚ ൅ ૜࢞૛૛ ൅ ૜࢞૛૜ െ ૝࢞૚ ࢞૛ ൅ ૝࢞૚ ࢞૜ െ ૛࢞૛ ࢞૜
Solution: The quadratic form can be expressed as
͸ െʹ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬
ܳ ൌ ܺ Ԣ ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ሾ‫ͳݔ‬ ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ሿ ൥െʹ ͵ െͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩
ʹ െͳ ͵ ‫͵ݔ‬
 MATRIX THEORY | 69

(a) Congruent transformation

‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫͵ܫܣ ͵ܫ‬
͸ െʹ ʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൥െʹ ͵ െͳ൩ ൌ ൥ͲͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥ͲͳͲ൩
ʹ െͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͳ ͸ െʹ ʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳȀ͵ െͳȀ͵
ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ǡ ܴ͵ െ ܴͳ ൥Ͳ ͹Ȁ͵ െͳȀ͵൩ൌ൥ ͳȀ͵ ͳͲ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  Ͳ ൩
͵ ͵
Ͳ െͳȀ͵ ͹Ȁ͵ െͳȀ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͸ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳȀ͵ െʹȀ͹
‫ ͵ܥ‬൅ ‫ ʹܥ‬൥Ͳ͹Ȁ͵ Ͳ ൩ൌ൥ ͳȀ͵  ͳ Ͳ൩ ‫ ܣ‬൥Ͳ ͳ  ͳȀ͹ ൩
͹
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ͸Ȁ͹ െʹȀ͹ ͳȀ͹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
Thus the transformation matrix is
ͳ ͳȀ͵ െʹȀ͹
ܲ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ  ͳȀ͹ ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
and the transformation is
ͳ ͳȀ͵ െʹȀ͹ ‫ͳݕ‬
ܺ ൌ ܻܲ ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ  ͳȀ͹ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫͵ݕ‬
ͳ ʹ
ฺ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ‬െ ‫; ͵ݕ‬
͵ ͹
ͳ
ฺ ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫; ͵ݕ‬
͹

ฺ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫͵ݕ‬

Thus the canonical form of quadratic form is
ܳ ൌ ܻ Ԣ ‫ܻܦ‬
͸ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳݕ‬
ൌ ሾ‫ͳݕ‬ ‫ʹݕ‬ ‫ ͵ݕ‬ሿ ൥Ͳ͹Ȁ͵ Ͳ ൩ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ͸Ȁ͹ ‫͵ݕ‬
͹ ͳ͸ ʹ
ൌ ͸‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬
͵ ͹ ͵
Rank of quadratic form ‫ ݎ‬is the rank of matrix ‫ ܦ‬is ͵.
Index of quadratic form ‫ ݌‬is the number of positive terms in quadratic form is ͵.
Signature of quadratic form is the excess of positive terms over negative terms i.e. ሺ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫݌‬ሻ is
known as signature of quadratic form ൌ ͵ െ Ͳ ൌ ͵.
Here rank of the quadratic form is equal to the index of quadratic form. Now the canonical form
contains all positive terms ‫ ݎܥ‬൐ Ͳ. Hence quadratic form is called positive definite.
70 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - III

(b) Orthogonal Transformation

͸ െ ߣ െʹ ʹ
The characteristic equation for ‫ ܣ‬is อ െʹ ͵ െ ߣ െͳ อ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ െͳ ͵ െ ߣ
ฺ ሺെͳሻ ߣ ൅ ሺͳʹሻߣʹ െ ͵͸ߣ ൅ ͵ʹ ൌ Ͳ
͵ ͵

ߣ͵ െ ͳʹߣʹ ൅ ͵͸ߣ െ ͵ʹ ൌ Ͳ
ሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ʹሻሺߣ െ ͺሻ ൌ Ͳ
ߣͳ ൌ ʹǡ ߣʹ ൌ ʹǡ ߣ͵ ൌ ͺ
െʹ െʹ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
For ߣͳ ൌ ͺ, the eigen vectors given by ൥െʹെͷെͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͳ െͷ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
Let us obtain the rank of the matrix
െʹ െʹ ʹ
‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൥െʹെͷെͳ൩
ʹ െͳ െͷ
െʹ െʹ ʹ
ܴʹ െ ܴͳ ǡ ܴ͵ ൅ ܴͳ ̱ ൥ Ͳ െ͵െ͵൩
Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
െʹ െʹ ʹ
ܴ͵ െ ܴʹ ̱ ൥ Ͳ െ͵െ͵൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ฺ െʹ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
ฺ Ͳ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ͵‫ ʹݔ‬െ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ͳݔ‬ െ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ൌ ൌ
െʹ ʹ െʹ ʹ െʹ െͳ
ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ
െ͵ െ͵ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ െ͵
‫ͳݔ‬ ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ฺ ൌ ൌ
ͳʹ െ͸ ͸
‫ͳݔ‬ ‫ʹݔ‬ ‫͵ݔ‬
ฺ ൌ ൌ
ʹ െͳ ͳ
ʹ
ฺ ܺͳ ൌ ൥െͳ൩
ͳ
For ߣʹ ൌ ʹ,
To find rank of matrix ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬
ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ߣ‫ܫ‬ሻܺ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ െʹ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
Gives ൥െʹ ͳ െͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
ʹ െͳ ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
 MATRIX THEORY | 71

Ͷ െʹ ʹ
‫ ˆ‘ƒ” ׵‬൥െʹ ͳ െͳ൩
ʹ െͳ ͳ
Ͷ െʹ ʹ
ܴ͵ ൅ ܴʹ ݃݅‫ ݏ݁ݒ‬൥െʹ ͳ െͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ Ͷ െʹ ʹ
ܴʹ ൅ ܴͳ ݃݅‫ ݏ݁ݒ‬൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩
ʹ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Rank is ͳ.
‫ ׵‬G.M. = no. of unknown rank ൌ ͵ െ ͳ ൌ ʹ
Ͷ െʹ ʹ ‫ͳݔ‬ Ͳ
൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ ൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫͵ݔ‬ Ͳ
‫ ׵‬Ͷ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ʹ‫ ͳݔ‬െ ‫ ʹݔ‬൅ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
Putting ‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ െʹ
ͳ
ܺʹ ൌ ൥ Ͳ ൩
െʹ
݈
Now eigen vectors of ܺ͵ ൌ ൥݉൩ so chosen that ܺʹ ൅ ܺ͵ ǡ ܺͳ ൅ ܺ͵ .
݊
‫ ݈ ׵‬൅ Ͳ݉ െ ʹ݊ ൌ Ͳ
ฺ ʹ݈ െ ݉ ൅ ݊ ൌ Ͳ
By Cramer’s rule,
݈ െ݉ ݊
ൌ ൌ
Ͳ െʹ ͳ െʹ ͳ Ͳ
ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ ቚ  ቚ
െͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ െͳ
݈ െ݉ ݊
ฺ ൌ ൌ
െʹ െͷ െͳ
െʹ ʹ
ܺ͵ ൌ ൥െͷ൩ ൌ ൥ͷ൩
െͳ ͳ
The matrix of eigen vectors is
ʹ ͳ ʹ
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ൥െͳ Ͳ ͷ൩
ͳ െʹ ͳ
Normalizing the column of ‫ ܯ‬we get the orthogonal transformation matrix as
72 | APPLIED MATHEMATICS - IV

ʹȀξ͸ͳȀξͷ ʹȀξ͵Ͳ
ܲ ൌ ൦െͳȀξ͸ Ͳ ͷȀξ͵Ͳ൪ ܰ‫݁ݐ݋‬ሺܲܲԢ ൌ ‫ܫ‬ሻ ‫ ܲ ׵‬െͳ ൌ ܲԢ
ͳȀξ͸ െʹȀξͷ ͳȀξ͵Ͳ
The orthogonal transformation ܺ ൌ ܻܲ is
‫ͳݔ‬ ʹȀξ͸ ͳȀξͷ ʹȀξ͵Ͳ ‫ͳݕ‬
൥‫ ʹݔ‬൩ ൌ ൦െͳȀξ͸ Ͳ ͷȀξ͵Ͳ൪ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩
‫͵ݔ‬ ‫͵ݕ‬
ͳȀξ͸ െʹȀξͷ ͳȀξ͵Ͳ
ʹ ͳ ʹ
‫ ͳݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅
‫͵ݕ‬
ξ͸ ξͷ ξ͵Ͳ
ͳ ͷ
‫ ʹݔ‬ൌ െ ‫ ͳݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ʹݕ‬൅ ‫͵ݕ‬
͸ ξ͹Ͳ
ͳ ʹ ͳ
‫ ͵ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ͳݕ‬െ ‫ ʹݕ‬൅
‫͵ݕ‬
ξ͸ ξͷ ξ͵Ͳ
The canonical form of quadratic form under orthogonal transformation is
ͺ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳݕ‬
ܳ ൌ ܻ Ԣ ‫ ܻܦ‬ൌ ሾ‫ ͵ݕ ʹݕ ͳݕ‬ሿ ൥ͲʹͲ൩ ൥‫ ʹݕ‬൩ ൌ ͺ‫ ʹͳݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹʹݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ʹ͵ݕ‬
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ‫͵ݕ‬
PROBLEMS
1. Reduce the following quadratic forms to diagonal form through congruent transformations.
(a) ‫ ʹ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹ ݕ‬൅ ͹‫ ʹ ݖ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ͺ‫ݖݔ‬ [Ans: ‫ ʹݑ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹ ݒ‬൅ ͻ‫ ʹ ݓ‬ሿ
ͳ
(b) ‫ ʹ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹ ݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹ ݖ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ‫ݔݖ‬ [Ans: ‫ ʹݑ‬൅ ‫ ʹ ݒ‬൅ ‫ ʹ ݓ‬ሿ
ʹ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ͳͳ ʹ
(c) ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͵‫ ݖ‬൅ ͷ‫ ݓ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ͺ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݓݕ‬െ ʹ‫ݔݖ‬ [Ans: ‫ ݌‬െ ʹ‫ ݍ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹ ݎ‬൅
ʹ ʹ
‫ ݏ‬ሿ
ʹ
2. Reduce the quadratic form ͷ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ ʹ͸‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ ͳͲ‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬൅ ͸‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬൅ ͳͶ‫ ͳݔ ͵ݔ‬to normal
form Show that positive semi-definite and find non zero set of values of ܺͳ ǡ ܺʹ ǡ ܺ͵ which
will make the quadratic form zero.
3. Reduce the following quadratic forms to canonical form by congruent transformations.
State also form of the quadratic form.
(a) ‫ ʹ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ʹ ݕ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹ ݖ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ͸‫ݔݖ‬
(b) ‫ ʹͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹʹݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ʹ͵ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ͵ݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ʹ‫͵ݔ ʹݔ‬
ͳ ʹ ͵
4. Find the orthogonal matrix which will diagonalise the matrix ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ʹ Ͷ ͸൩
͵ ͸ ͻ
Ԣ ʹ ʹ
5. Reduce the quadratic form ܺ ‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ͵‫ ͳݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ͵ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ʹݔ ͳݔ‬൅ ͺ‫ ͵ݔ ͳݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ͵ݔ ʹݔ‬to the form
ߣͳ ‫ ʹ ͳݕ‬൅ ߣʹ ‫ ʹ ʹݕ‬൅ ߣͳ ‫ ͳߣ݁ݎ݄݁ݓ ʹ ͵ݕ‬ǡ ߣʹ ǡ ߣ͵ are eigen values of A. Hence, deduce that ܺ Ԣ ‫ܺܣ‬
is indefinite and find ܺ ് Ͳ such that ܺ Ԣ ‫=ܺܣ‬0
6. Reduce the quadratic form ʹ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݖݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݔݖ‬by orthogonal reduction to diagonal form n