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Nano notes-24-25

Nanomaterials are materials with dimensions at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) and are studied in nanoscience, which combines various scientific disciplines to understand their properties. Nanotechnology applies this knowledge to create practical applications, including innovative products and processes. Key synthesis methods for nanomaterials include top-down and bottom-up approaches, with carbon nanotubes being a significant type due to their unique properties and diverse applications in industries and medicine.

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14 views6 pages

Nano notes-24-25

Nanomaterials are materials with dimensions at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) and are studied in nanoscience, which combines various scientific disciplines to understand their properties. Nanotechnology applies this knowledge to create practical applications, including innovative products and processes. Key synthesis methods for nanomaterials include top-down and bottom-up approaches, with carbon nanotubes being a significant type due to their unique properties and diverse applications in industries and medicine.

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yaswanth.sagi4
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NANOMATERIALS

Nanoscience:
1. Study of fundamental principles and phenomena at nanoscale (1-100 nm)
2. Focuses on understanding physical, chemical, and biological properties
3. Explores nanoscale structures, materials, and processes
4. Interdisciplinary field combining physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science
5. Aims to advance knowledge and understanding
Nanotechnology:
1. Application of nanoscience knowledge to create practical solutions
2. Focuses on designing, developing, and utilizing nanoscale materials and systems
3. Aims to create innovative products, devices, and processes
4. Encompasses engineering, manufacturing, and commercialization
5. Seeks to improve performance, efficiency, and sustainability

Nanomaterials are usually considered to be materials with at least one external dimension that
measures 100 nanometres or less or with internal structures measuring 100 nm or less. They may be in
the form of particles, tubes, rods or fibres.A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle
of matter 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter.

Classification of nanomaterials based on dimensions


Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods
Nanomaterials are synthesised by top-down approach as well as bottom-up approach. These
methods include physical, chemical and biological.
Top-down versus bottom-up approach
Top down approach Bottom up approach

1. It is a physical process 1. It is a chemical process


2. Large size objectives is gradually reducing 2. Smaller particles are brought together to
to the nano-scale range get bigger particles.
3. Lithography, etching and epitaxy, 3. CVD, Hydrothermal and co-precipitation
ball milling, sputtering and thermal methods
evaporation are top-down methods,
4. It is a time consuming and relatively 4. Relatively cheaper method
expensive

Synthesis of nanomaterials:

Preparation of nano materials by CVD Method:

This method mainly consists of four substances


1.Substrate: It is the substance on whose surface chemical deposition takes place
Powdered activated carbon
2.Catalyst: For faster reaction
Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, or combination
3. Precursor gas or carbon containing gas
Acetylene, Ethylene, Ethanol, or methane
4. Carrier gas or Forced gas:Nitrogen

It contains two cylinders. Among them one contains precursor gas, and the other one is filled with
carrier gas. It also contains split furnace and Outlet. Using split furnace around 600-900 0C
temperature being maintained and from the outlet undesired products which are formed being ejected.

Chemical vapor deposition is achieved by putting a carbon source in the gas phase in an energy source
to transfer energy to gaseous carbon molecule. The energy source “cracks” the molecules into reactive
atomic carbon, which get settled on the surface of the catalyst (viz, Ni, Fe or Co).The temperature for
the synthesis of nanotubes is generally from 650-900°C.The nanotubes produced have yield up to
30%.Excellent alignment, as well as positional control on nanometer scale, can be achieved. Chemical
etching is used to remove impurities and contaminants from the substrate surface before deposition, to
create patterns and also to collect the specifically structured nanotubes.

Sol-gel process
 The sol-gel process is a wet chemical technique
 Which involves metal alkoxide or metal salts as precursor solution
 Precursor solution coverts in to a nano structured inorganic solid through hydrolysis
and polymerisation.
Hydrolysis
MO-R (Metal alkoxide) + H2O → M-OH (metal hydro polymer) + R-OH
Condensation
MO-R (Metal alkoxide) + HO-M → M-O-M (metal oxo polymer) + R-OH
 The liquid phase dried and then calcinated for polycondesation to enhance the
mechanical properties.
Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by precipitation method
CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure having length to diameter ratio greater
than 100,000. They are also called as Bucky tubes. These are long, thin cylinders of carbon,
discovered by S. Iijima in 1991.They are considered as a sheet of graphite rolled into a cylinder.
These have a broad range of electronic, thermal and structural properties depending on the length,
diameter, chirality or twist of nanotube.

Types of carbon nanotubes: Depending on the arrangement of atoms in carbon nanotubes, there are
two types of carbon nanotubes.
i) Single walled nanotubes (SWNT) ii)Multi walled nanotubes (MWNT)
Single Walled Nano Tubes (SWNT)
 Single walled nanotubes have a diameter close to 1nm and run into million times longer than
its diameter.
 They are obtained by wrapping a sheet of graphene ( a single layer of graphite) into seamless
sheets.
 There are three types of single walled nanotubes base on the way the graphene sheet is
wrapped. Graphene sheet is represented by a pair of indices (n, m) called the chiral vector.
The integers n and m denote the number of unit vectors along two directions in the honey
comb crystal of graphene.
 If m=0, the nanotubes are zig-zig. The lines of the carbon bonds are down the centre.
 If n=m, the nanotubes are called arm- chair. The lines of hexagons are parallel to the axis of
the nanotubes.
 Otherwise, they are called ‘chiral’. They have a twist or spiral around the nanotubes.

Multi Walled Nano Tubes (MWNT):


 Multi- walled nanotubes consist of multiple rolled concentric tubes of graphite.
 The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene
layers. In graphite it is approximately 3.3A.U.
 There are two models which can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes
a) In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders
E.g:- A (0,8) single walled nanotube within a larger (0,10) Single – walled nanotube.
b) In the Parchment model, a single sheet of graphite is rolled around itself, resembling a
rolled newspaper.

Engineering applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)


Applications in industry and research:
 CNTs are used to make space elevators, stab proof and bullet proof clothing due to their
superior mechanical properties.
 CNT – polymer composites are used for making electrical cables and wires due to their
superior conductivity.
 CNTs are used in solar panels due to their strong UV/Vis-Near IR absorption
characteristics
 CNTs are used for coating textile fibres which is anti-bacterial, electrically conductive, and
flame retardant with electro-magnetic absorption properties used in special equipment.
 Hydrogen can be stored in the carbon nanotube, which can be used in the fuel cells.
 Carbon nanotubes can replace platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells, which could significantly
reduce the overall cost.
Applications in medicine:
 Carbons nanotubes (CNTs) are used in drug delivery and bio-sensing methods for disease
treatment and health monitoring.
 Cancer treatment
 Gene therapy
 Imaging and diagnostics
 Tissue engineering
 Wound healing
 Treatment of neurological disorders
 Create biosensor
 Orthopaedic applications

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