Internet of Things

KCA-043
Unit 2
 Participating Sensing Technology
• Participatory Sensing is an approach to
data collection and interpretation in
which individuals, acting alone or in
groups, use their personal mobile
devices and web services to
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systematically explore interesting

aspects of their worlds ranging from
health to culture.
• Participatory sensing is the process
whereby individuals and communities
use ever- more-capable mobile phones
and cloud services to collect and analyze
systematic data for use in discovery.
• The convergence of technology and
analytical innovation with a citizenry
that is increasingly comfortable using
mobile phones and online social
networking sets the stage for this
technology to dramatically impact many
aspects of our daily lives.
 Participating Sensing Technology Applications and Usage
Models
• One application of participatory sensing is as a tool for health and wellness. For example, individuals can
self-monitor to observe and adjust their medication, physical activity, nutrition, and interactions. Potential
contexts include chronic-disease management and health behavior change. Communities and health
professionals can also use participatory approaches to better understand the development and effective
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treatment of disease.

• The same systems can be used as tools for sustainability. For example, individuals and communities can
explore their transportation and consumption habits, and corporations can promote more sustainable
practices among employees.

• In addition, participatory sensing offers a powerful “make a case” technique to support advocacy and civic
engagement. It can provide a framework in which citizens can bring to light a civic bottleneck, hazard,
personal-safety concern, cultural asset, or other data relevant to urban and natural-resources planning and
services, all using data that are systematic and can be validated.

• These different applications imply several different usage models. These models range from public
contribution, in which individuals collect data in response to inquiries defined by others, to personal use and
reflection, in which individuals log information about themselves and use the results for personal analysis
and behavior change.
Hardware for IoT Participating Sensing Technology Model Workflow
 Participating Sensing Technology Essential Components
1. Ubiquitous Data Capture
• Mobile phones have become mobile computing, sensing, and communication platforms, complete with image, audio,
video, motion, proximity, and location data capture and broadband communication, and they are capable of being
programmed for manual, automatic, and context-aware data capture.
• Because of the sheer ubiquity of mobile phones and associated communication infrastructure, it is possible to include
people of all backgrounds nearly everywhere in the world. Because these devices travel with us, they can help us make
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sustainable observations on an intimately personal level. Collectively, they provide unmatched coverage in space and
time.

2. Leveraged Data Processing and Management

• In some cases, the data collected with a mobile device are enough to reveal an interesting pattern on their own.
• However, when processed through a series of external and cross-user data sources, models, and algorithms, simple data
can be used to infer complex phenomena about individuals and groups.
• Mapping and other interactive capabilities of today's Web enhance the presentation and interpretation of these
patterns for participants.
• Many applications will call for the comparison of current measures to past trends, so robust and long term storage and
management of this data is a central requirement.
 Participating Sensing Technology Essential Components
3. The Personal Data Vault
• It decouples the capture and archiving of personal data streams from the sharing of that information.
• Instead of individuals sharing their personal data streams directly with services, we propose the use of secure containers
to which only the individual has complete access.
• The personal data vault would then facilitate the selective sharing of subsets of this information with various services
over time.
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• Selective sharing may take the form of exporting filtered information from specific times of day or places in space, or
may import service computations to the data vault and export resulting computational outputs.
• Finally, legal consideration is essential to protect and preserve the individual's control over his or her own data streams.,
motion, proximity, and location data capture and broadband communication, and they are capable of being
programmed for manual, automatic, and context-aware data capture.
 Embedded Platforms for IoT
• The Internet of Things concept implies the creation of a distributed network consisting of numerous physical
objects equipped with embedded software, sensors and connectivity options that collect and share data
with each other and with the central platform via the internet.

• An IoT platform serves as a mediator between the world of physical objects and the world of actionable
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insights.

• Combining numerous tools and functionalities, Internet of Things platforms enable you to build unique
hardware and software products for collecting, storing, analyzing and managing the plethora of data
generated by your connected devices and assets.

• How IoT platforms helps:

 IoT Platform connects sensors and devices.
 IoT platform handles different software communication protocol and hardware.
 IoT platform provides security and authentication for sensors and users.
 It collects, visualizes, and analyzes the data gathered by the sensor and device.
 Types of Embedded Platforms for IoT
IoT products consist of numerous components:

 Hardware: Hardware development platforms provide physical development boards for creating IoT
devices, including microcontrollers, microprocessors, Systems on Chip (SoC), Systems on Module
(SoM).
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 Software: App development platforms serve as an integrated development environment (IDE) with
tools and features for coding applications.

 Communication technologies: Connectivity platforms provide communication technologies to connect

physical objects with the data center (on-premise or cloud) and transmit information between them.
Among popular connectivity protocols and standards for the Internet of Things are MQTT, DDS, AMQP,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, Cellular and more.

 Central repository (cloud or local): Analytics platforms use intelligent algorithms to analyze collected
information and transform it into actionable insights for customers.

 End-user applications: End-to-end IoT platforms cover all aspects of IoT products, from development
and connectivity to data management and visualization.
 Popular IoT Platforms in 2023
1. Google Cloud IoT
2. Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
3. Salesforce IoT Cloud
4. IRI Voracity
5. Particle
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6. IBM Watson IoT

7. ThingWorx
8. Amazon AWS IoT Core
9. Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
10. Oracle IoT
 Embedded Computing in IoT
• The IoT ecosystem is a connection of various kind of devices that sense and analyze the data and
communicates with each other over the networks.

• In the IoT ecosystem, the user uses smart devices such as smartphones, tablet, sensors, etc. to send the
command or request to devices for information over the networks.
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• The device response and performs the command to send information back to the user through networks
after analyzed.
Hardware for IoT Embedded Computing in IoT
 Embedded Computing in IoT
• Sensing, Embedded processing, Connectivity: The IoT ecosystem senses its surrounding like temperature,
gyroscope, pressure, etc. and make the embedded processing using devices. These devices are connected
through any type of devices such as GPS, WiFi, RFID, etc. over the networks.
• Smart devices and environment, Cloud Computing, Big Data: The data transfer or receive through smart
devices and environments are communicated through Cloud Computing or others Servers and stored as Big
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Data.
• Technology, Software, Application: The IoT ecosystem uses any of different technologies, software and
application to communicate and connect with smart devices and environment.
• Users or groups of community: The product or services generated by the IoT ecosystem are consumed by
the users or the group of communities to serve the smart life.
 Embedded Computing in IoT
• It is essential to know about the
embedded devices while
learning the IoT or building the
projects on IoT.
• The embedded devices are the
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objects that build the unique

computing system.
• These systems may or may not
connect to the Internet.
• An embedded device system
generally runs as a single
application.
• However, these devices can
connect through the internet
connection, and able
communicate through other
network devices.
 Embedded Computing in IoT Embedded System Hardware
• The embedded system can be
of type microcontroller or type
microprocessor. Both of these
types contain an integrated
circuit (IC).
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• The essential component of the

embedded system is a RISC
family microcontroller like
Motorola 68HC11, PIC 16F84,
Atmel 8051 and many more.
• The most important factor that
differentiates these
microcontrollers with the
microprocessor like 8085 is
their internal read and writable
memory.
 Embedded Computing in IoT Embedded System Software
• The embedded system that uses the devices for the operating system is based on the language platform,
mainly where the real-time operation would be performed.
• Manufacturers build embedded software in electronics, e.g., cars, telephones, modems, appliances, etc.
• The embedded system software can be as simple as lighting controls running using an 8-bit microcontroller.
• It can also be complicated software for missiles, process control systems, airplanes etc.
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 IoT supported Hardware Platforms Arduino
• This essentially refers to platforms that are used for the development of the “things” in the internet of
things.
• It could refer to communication modules, Microcontrollers, and SoC modules with features that make them
desirable for use in the development of IoT devices.
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1. Arduino
• The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino.
• It was also the first USB board released by Arduino.
• It is considered as the powerful board used in various projects.
• Arduino.cc developed the Arduino UNO board.
• Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller.
• It is easy to use compared to other boards, such as the Arduino Mega board, etc.
• The board consists of digital and analog Input/Output pins (I/O), shields, and other circuits.
• The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and an ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.
• It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for Integrated Development Environment.
• It can run on both online and offline platforms.
• The IDE is common to all available boards of Arduino.
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms Arduino
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms Arduino
 IoT supported Hardware Platforms NetArduino
• ESP8266 is the name of an infamous WiFi module that is a System on a Chip (SoC) developed by Espressif
Systems, a company based in Shanghai.
• Originally used with Arduino boards to WiFi-enable hardware projects, it soon became a cheap standalone
Arduino-compatible development board.
• It can function in complete autonomy, without an additional microcontroller like Arduino board for example.
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• Home automation and IOT – connecting devices to a network is one ever-growing, big trend nowadays.
Given its cheap price, the user-friendly setup, and its huge community that contributes with open-source
libraries and projects, you will immediately see why this chip is receiving so much interest.
• This MCU (Microcontroller Unit) can be used to control and monitor engineered systems and products,
sensor data logging and more.
• All of this makes it the perfect piece of hardware for connected home automation projects.
• It comes in many shapes and forms, with the NodeMcu (with the newest ESP8266-E12 chip) being the most
popular development board among them.
• NetArduino is usually termed as Arduino with Internet-enabled module, i.e., Wi-Fi module
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms NetArduino
 IoT supported Hardware Platforms Raspberry Pi
• Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized single computer board.
• It can be used for many of the things that your desktop PC does, like spreadsheets, word-processing, games
and it can also play high definition video.
• It was developed by Raspberry Pi foundation from UK.
• The raspberry pi is ready for public consumption since 2012 with the idea of producing a cheep educational
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microcomputer for students and children.

• The raspberry pi computer is portable and less expensive.
• Most of the raspberry boards are used to built raspberry pi projects, mobile phones and also used in solar
street-lights.
• The system comes into two different models that is model A and model B.
• The main differences between these two are USB ports.
• The model A board which does not includes a Ethernet port and will consume less power.
• The model B that includes an Ethernet port and manufactured in China.
• The raspberry pi comes with set of open-source technologies that is communication and multimedia of web
technologies and ability to interact with microcontroller.
• It is portability of a mobile device.
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms Raspberry Pi
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms Raspberry Pi
 IoT supported Hardware Platforms Beagle Bone
• The BeagleBoard is a low-power open-source single-board computer produced by Texas Instruments in
association with Digi-Key and Newark element14.
• The board was developed by a small team of engineers as an educational board that could be used in
colleges around the world to teach open-source hardware and software capabilities.
• It is also sold to the public under the Creative Commons share-alike license.
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• The board was designed using Cadence OrCAD for schematics and Cadence Allegro for PCB manufacturing;
no simulation software was used.
• The OMAP3530 includes an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU, a TMS320C64x+ DSP for accelerated video and audio
decoding, and an Imagination Technologies PowerVR SGX530 GPU to provide accelerated 2D and 3D
rendering that supports OpenGL ES 2.0.
• Video out is provided through separate S-Video and HDMI connections.
• A single SD/MMC card slot supporting SDIO, a USB On-The-Go port, an RS-232 serial connection, a JTAG
connection, and two stereo 3.5 mm jacks for audio in/out are provided.
• Built-in storage and memory are provided through a PoP chip that includes 256 MB of NAND flash memory
and 256 MB of RAM (128 MB on earlier models).
• The board uses up to 2 W of power and can be powered from the USB connector, or a separate 5 V power
supply.
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms Beagle Bone
 IoT supported Hardware Platforms Intel Galileo Boards
• Intel Galileo is the first in a line of Arduino-certified development boards based on Intel x86 architecture
and is designed for the maker and education communities.
• Intel released two versions of Galileo, referred to as Gen 1 and Gen 2. These development boards are
sometimes called "Breakout boards".
• Intel Galileo combines Intel technology with support for Arduino ready-made hardware expansion cards
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(called "shields") and the Arduino software development environment and libraries.
• The development board runs an open-source Linux operating system with the Arduino software libraries,
enabling re-use of existing software, called "sketches". The sketch runs every time the board is powered.
• Intel Galileo can be programmed through OS X, Microsoft Windows and Linux host operating software.
• Intel Galileo features the Intel Quark SoC X1000, the first product from the Intel Quark technology family of
low-power, small-core products.
• Intel Quark represents Intel's attempt to compete within markets such as the Internet of Things and
wearable computing.
• According to Intel’s website, the compute module was designed for experts, makers, entrepreneurs, and for
use in industrial IoT applications.
• The module and most of the other boards like the Intel Curie and the Intel Galileo has however been
discontinued.
• The currently most popular IoT hardware development platform from Intel is the Up Squared groove IoT
Development Kit which is a platform designed specifically to suit the rugged demands of industrial IoT
applications.
 IoT supported Hardware Platforms Intel Galileo Boards
Up Squared groove IoT Development Kit
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Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms Intel Galileo Boards
 IoT supported Hardware Platforms ARM Cortex
• In 2016, Arm announced the release of revolutionary new symmetric Cortex-A72 CPUs with 64-bit Armv8-a hardware
architecture, fully supporting parallel computations, on scale.
• And this is the next tremendous era of IoT-boards and tiny-sized nanocomputers, including Raspberry Pi 4B+ boards.
• They are designed for massively collecting and processing data, in real-time, as the most essential constituent of
embedded systems and IoT-clusters.
• The Arm Cortex-A72 CPUs operate at 1.8Ghz clock-frequency and the latest LPDDR4-3200Mhz RAM.
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• They have a capacity of up to 8GB depending on the SoC-chip and IoT-board model.
• They meet the expectations of software developers and system engineers, engaged in designing of the high-
performance embedded systems and IoT-clusters.
Hardware for IoT IoT supported Hardware Platforms ARM Cortex