3.

9 Examples on Settings of Distance Protection Relays

EXAMPLE 3.1 Figure 3.20 showsa single line diagram of a portion of power
System. The relays Rjand R2 are mho relays with characteristic angle of 60°, The
secondary ohms of both the relays are as follows. KË =9.64 2, K, = 26 2, and
K. = 40 Q., State the reach of the relay R, in all three zones. Your answer should
be supported by relevant calculations.
Solution:
Let us assume that X, is the reach of transmission line in the first zor
Now, the impedance of lineon primary side, Z (pri) =5 +j20 2= 20.61/75.96°2.
Zi (pri) =X ×20.61Z75.96°
Z, (sec) =
CTR 1000/1 -XX x 20.61/75.96°2
PTR
-x Z, (pri) = 220 ×10° u0
Z, (sec) = X, X10.305275.96°
 SWITCHGEAR PILOT
I06 PROTEC
TIONAND
Load.
X= 14%
15.75/220ky Z (pri) = 73.1177 Q
INDEPENDENT DSTANCE PELATNG KHEyE 107
I/220V Load
250 MVA GT
2S0 MVA 220kV ofR,= 73.1177.= 1.5438 =154.38%
N= 10% 1000/1 Line
1000/1 Thirdzone reach 47.36

15.75 MW EXAMPLE3.2 Decide the three zone

(R: 210 MW shownin Fig. 3.21, having
characteristic settings
angle of
of mho
distance relay R, as
R 60°.
120MW 0.8S PF
X= 20% The required data is as followg:
0.85PE
400kV lines LË and LT:
= 20% Impedance: 0.01 +j x 0.1 2/km/phase
220 kV/I 10V PT Line length: 200 km
220kV/I10VPT 220 kV lines L; and L4:
of a portion of power system network Impedance: 0.02 +jx 0.1 2km/phase
Fig. 3.20 Single line diagram Linelength: L3 is 100 km long, whereas L4 is 125 km long.
A
CT ratio: 400/1
Z(sec) kV/l10 V
K PT ratio: 420
cos(8-p)
15.75/420 kV 420 kV/220 kV
Z (sec) 250 MVAGTS 250 MVA
9.64= cos(75.96°-60)
X,= 14.59% X= 12%

A, x10.305xZ75.96°
=9.64x cos(75.96° - 60) 2 Lransformers Li
220/132 kV
A=0.8994/-75.96=0.8994 2 L O--1
------ Receiving end
89.94%. substation
Hence, the first zone ofthe relay is to consider the 400 kV
R, in the second zone, we have 220 kV
To find out the reach of the relay Transmission Transmission
impedance of a transformer.
D
15.75 kV, 247 MVA
CT line

----o
line

L --H220/132kV
X,= 20%. XÍ = 10%
Zhase Generators R Receiving end
Zgc =0.14x
(Kv) -=014y 220) 420 kV/l32 kV substation
250 MVA
MVA 250
X= 12%
PT
Zact =27.104 2
Zioa|=5+20 +j27.104 2=5+j47.1042, Fig. 3.21 Single line diagram of a portion of power system network
Ziotal =47.36Z83.94° 2
Solution:
Z,(sec) =K, xcos (0-)= 26x cos(83.94° - 60°) 20.09284.29° 2
Impedance of L = (0.01 +jx 0.1) x200 =2 +jx 20 SQ=80%,
Z, (sec) = 23.76 2 the impedance of
Assuming that the reach of mho relay R in first zone
Z (pri) = 47.5262
47.526 zone l of relay R isgiven by,
The second-zone reach of R =
47.36
.= 1.0035 = 100.35% Z,(pri) = 0.8x 20.09Z84.29° = 16.0722Z84.29° 2
(secondary side of CT),
It is clear that the second zone of the relay R, enters the transformer protec the Iransterring this primary impedance to the relay side
zone and provides backup protection if the primary protective device of CTR 400/1 -x16.072Z84.29°
transformer fails. Z, (sec) = PTR xZ, (pri) 420x10/1 10
Third zone of distance relay is not required for this example. However,
if the Z, (sec) = 1.6837Z84.29° 2
required, it enters the generator protection zone and provides backup Hence, the first zone setting ofmho relayRis given by,
primary protective device of the generator fails.
Z, =K, cos(-p) = 40 xcos(83.94°- 60°) 1.6837
K, = -=1.84722
Z; (sec) = 36.5588 SQ cos(-p) 0.9115
108
8OTECIONAND
SWITCHGEAR

scond-z0ne reach of
mho relay R cOvers line L Ris a mho rclay with
PONDIPNDH oiSTANCE BELAGHME 10n
kVIIIOclaractV. eThree
ristic angle
and tWo The relayand PT ratio is 220 of 65.
Assuming that the J000/1 M
0ne scltmys of The CI ratto s
arallel transtormeS.
transtormersis given by, 17.32, and K, = 22.72,
bus I for the line L inrespect iv el y.
5.2, K, rom rclay ksK
Parallelimpedance of two (420) = jx42.336 2 relayR km, (b) Determi n
zone reach of
2 e (a) zone I rcach of
400kVside)= 250 2 in km, (c) zonc 3 reach of
relay RIrom bus 2for relay Rforn bus 2
Z, (retendon for lineL, line L.
400kVside)
(pri) Z
= +Z,(retemedon =2+jx62.336) 220 kV
220 kV/N32 kV
Z, Transmission 250 MVA
2+jx20+ jx42.336 Line
Z,(pri)= 62.368Z88. J6°2
Z;(pri)=
Bus I Bus 2 X =|0%
Bus 2

impedanceto relay side (secondary

side of CT), CT L
Transferringthis prinary
CTR
400/1 x 62.368Z88. 16° ---0
Z,(sec)= PTR -xZ, (pri) = 420x10/110
R
16°2
2, (sec) = 6.5337ZS8. given by, PT
setting of mho relay R is
Hence, the second-zone 6.5337 =7.4078 S2
L
K,= cos(&-) 0.382
198Z78.69° o
=2 +j x 10S2= 10. Fia. 3.22 Single line diagram ot a portion of power system network
Impedance of L;=(0.02+j x0.l) x 100 12.7475/78. 60°0
125 = 2.5 +j x 12.5 S2 =
Impedance of L =(0.02 +j x0.1) xrelay settino ie to
R cover lines L3 and L4, its Solution:
Considering the third zone of mho (a) Impedance of L, =(0.03 16 +j x 0.1265) x95 =3 +j x 122= 12.37275.96°2
of line L4 to achieve maximum coverape
be done with respect to the impedance impedance of line L
with respect to the Z.(sec) =K, x cos(p-6)° = 5.2 x cos(75.96 65) =5.1052 9
If the setting of relay R is carried out
for line L4. Transferring this secondary impedance to primary side,
then the relay R underreaches
400kVside)
Z, (pri) =Z, +Z, +Z,, (referredon Z, (pri) =
PTR
x Z, (sec) =
220 x10°/110-x5.1052 = 10.2103 2
CTR 1000/1
420 x12.7475Z78.69° bus 1 is
Z,(pri) =2+jx 20 +jx42.336 + 220 Hence, zone I reach of mho relay R from
Z, (pri) 10.2103
= 78.54 km
Z, (pri) = 108.46Z84. 12° 2 Z/km 0.0316+jx0.1265
of CT),
Transferring this primary impedance to relay side (secondary side (b)Now. the second-zone reach of mho relay R covers the line L and the
CTR 400/1 -x108.846Z84. 12o
Z, (sec) = -xZ, (pri) = 420 x10°/110 transformer reactance.
PTR
Z, (sec) =l1.36284. 12°2 Z,(referred on 220 kV side) = (220) -x0.10 =jx 19.36 2
250
Hence, the third-zone setting of mho relay R is given by, Z, +Z, =3+jx12+jx19.36 =3+jx31.36=31.50Z84.53° 2
11.36
K,
cos(-p) 0.913
-=12.45 S2 Z, (sec) = K, Xcos(0- 0)° = 17.32 x cos(84.53 -65)° = 16.32 2
Transferring this secondary impedance to primary side.
EXAMPLE 3.3 Figure 3.22 shows single line diagram of a portion of power PTR 220x10°/10 x16.32 = 32.64 SQ
system network. The line parameters of LË, Lz, and L3 are as follows: Z (pri) = CTR x Z, (sec) = 1000/1
Line
Impedance (km) Distance (km) Hence, the zone 2 reach of mhorelay R from bus 2 Is
L 0.0316 +jx 0.1265 95
Z, (pri) - Z, -Z 32.64 -31.5 =6.91 km
L 0.04 +j >X 0.16 0.04+jX0.16
L3 0.0175 +jx 0.075
100 Zi,/km
75
 SWITCHGEAR PILOT
II0
PROTECTIONAND
seen by relay
Rin thethird zone is given by, Solution:
INDEPENDENT DSTANCE PELATING SCHEME |I1
impedanceofL,as 220)2
Now,the x(4+jx16) Impedance ofL, =(0.04 +j x 0.16) x 100 =4
(c) =Z. +Z, t 132) +j
(referredon220kVside) L the first zone
coVers 90% of
line L, 162=
Z. =77.1279.46° 2 As
Z,(pri) = 0.9x16.49Z75.96 =
Q. 1649275.96°
cos(Ø-)°=22.72X cos(79.46-65)° = 22.0 Q CTR
Z,(sec) = PTR x Z,(pri) 1000/1 14.8415.96°
2
Z,(sec) = K, x impedance toprimaryside, 220 ×10 /uo-x14.84 =74227596 2
secondary 220x10'/110-x 22.0 =44.0Q
Transferring this Hence,the first zone
setting of mho
relay 21 is given by,
Z,(pri) =:CTR-xZ,(sec) =
PTR 1000/1 7.42
0.9615-=7.722
K
relay R from bus 2 is cos(- )
reach ofmho
Hence, the zone 3 44.0-31.5 =75.8km second zone covers the
Z,(pri)- Z,,-Z, 0.04+jx0.16 Now, the
transformer. The equivalent impedance
complete
220 kV line along
ofttwo with the
Z,/km
220kVside), the line L
will not be covered
ful y side) (220)0.1 transformers
is given by,
(refered on Z, (referred on 220kV X
-= jx16.1392
As Z;(pri) <Z, 150 2
relay R. So, theimpedance of: second zone on 220 kv side is given by,
by zone 3 ofthe diagram of a portion of
3.23 shows single line are as follows:
EXAMPLE 3.4 Figureparameters power Z.(pri) =4+jX16+jxl6.13=32.38/82 g° o
of L and LT
line CTR
system network. The Z,(sec) = PTR-xZ,(pri) =
1000/1

Line
Voltage (kV)
Impedance (2/km) Distance (km)
220x 10/10-x32.38Z82.9°
0.04 +j X 0.16 100
L
220
0.03 +j X 0.09 50
=16.19282.9° 2
L2 132 Hence the second-zone setting of mho relay 21 is given by.
220 kV 16.19
angle of 60° 1s used to protect the K, = cos(0-p) cos(82.9-60) =17.57 2
The mho relay 21 with characteristic 220 kV/l10 V. The first zos
and the PT ratio is
line. The CT ratio is 1000/1 A, entire 220
line. The second zone covers the As the ratio of Kz/K1 =2.27, K, is 227% of K,.
of relay 21 covers 90% of 220 kV third zone covers 20 km of
kV bus. The Now, the third zone covers the entire 220 kV line plus transfomer and 20 km of
kV line plus the transformers upto 132 and K,
K2, and K3. Note that K, 132 kV line.
132 kV bus. Determine the relay settings K,,
should be in percentage of K1. Z, (pri) =4 +jx 32. 13+(220/132) x(0.03+jx0.09)x20 =37.55281.32 2
CTR 1000/1
220 kV
132 kV Z, (sec) = PTR -xZ, (pri) = -x37.55Z81.32° = 18.775Z81.32° Q
bus
bus 220x 10/10
Hence, the third-zone setting of mho relay 21 is given by,
CT L 18.775
--- L 132/66 kV Kz = = 20.154Q
220 kV substation cos(- ) cos(81.32 -60)
(21) Transmission As the ratio of Kz/K,=2.61, K is 261% of K,.
line
PT
220 kV/132 kV 3.10 Symmetrical Component-based Digital Distance Relay
150 MVA
X= 10% Figure 3.24 shows the functional block diagram of the symmetrical component
based digital distance relay.
Fig. 3.23 Single line diagram of a portion of power system network ue voltage and current inputs (3 V+3D are fed into the signal conditioning
OoCK that contains surge protection device. isolation transformer, and anti-alasiMg
t ne signal conditioning block removes unwanted frequency componens
 gital distance relay demerits.
Numerical Exercises
1. In Example 3.1(Fig. 3.20), find out the
reach of relay
=88.27%, second-zone reach R2 in all
= three zones.
2. Figure 3.25 shows a single line diagram of a
121.17%, third-zone reach =18641%)
Ris used to protect the portion of the line
with
portion
a
of power
system. The mho relay
Determine the three zone
settings
section. The second Zone COvers the first
characteristic
of mho relay. The first angle of 40°.
ZOne cOvers 85% of first
the third zone covers the first section plus 30% of the second
section plus 120% of the second section. section, and
[K,=4.43 2, K,= 6.31 2, and K=9.64 2)
 SWITCHGEAR
PROTECTIONAND
PILOT INDEPEr IDET
220 kv 15.75/420 kV
DISTANCE
16
PELAYIN GCHEME
220 KV
Line 250 MVA,
13SAV/220AV
220kV Line
- X= 14.6% 17
400/1
Line-0+0------ CT
250 MVA 3+j14 2 2+j10 2 Line.
4+j202 Load
GT
%25 +j94.5 2
GT R

PT

PT
220kV/l|0V Fig. 3.27
Fig.3.25
Consider Fig. 3.26, If the value of fault
setting of a mho
relay R as shown in Fig. 3.26.
follows: The relay R 5.
relay characteristic, then find out the new
the data is the
resistance
values
of 10 2 is
of inzone
cluded in the mho
the three zones required data is as relay. The rest of same as given in the three
3. Decidecharacteristic 60°. The setings of the
=9.112,Numer
K,= ical Exercise 3.
angle of and impedance of
has the
(L)havingthe
of 150 km
length 0.012 +j0.05 [K
(a) 220 kV line
of 70 km and impedance of 0.05 + 6. Figure
3.28 shows a single line
diagram of a of 14.1132, and K,= 22.16 2)
km/phase
having the length j0.\0 the sequence impedances are shown in Fig. 3.30portion power
system
(b) 132kV line (L)
side. The other data is asfollows. The CT ratio ohms as viewed fromnetthework. All
in
and PT 132 KV
Qkmphase 250 MVA having the reactance Xof 10% kV/l10 V, respectively. The available three zone ratio are
(c) Power transformer: 220/132 kV, kV/10V
220
are as follows: settings ranges of the500/1distance
Aand 132
1000/1 A, PT ratio: Zone 1: 0.1-10S2 in steps of 0.1 Q relay
(d) CT ratio: (K, =3.21 2, K, = 14.92 S2, and K, =|-18.31 2
Zone 2: 0.15-15 S2 in steps of 0.1 Q
220 kV Line
Zone 3: 0.5 S2-50 S2 in steps of 0.1 )
The characteristic angle of mho relay Ris 75°.
I kV/220 kV
relay must backup the entire line along with Considering that the
200 MVA
settings for the relay R. transformer, determinethirdthe zone of the
three zone
[K, =5.11 S2, K,= 13.15 2, K, =
220 kV/I32 kV 23.31 Q
250 MVA |1/132kV A B
CT 220 kV 132kV 100 MVA,
JkV/220kV o Dine-C Load 132 kV. jx 1692
4+jx 24 2
200 MVA -incLË L
X= 14.6%
CT 100 km line

3+jx I5 9
GT R

al
220 kV /110VPT
PT
Fig. 3.26

4. Figure 3.27 shows a single line diagram of a portion of power system. The distance Fig. 3.28
relay with mho characteristic having the characteristic angle 75° is used to protect the 7. Figure 3.29 shows the single line diagram of a portion of power system network. The
400 kV transmission line. The required data is as follows: line parameters of L, Lz, and L; are as follows:
CT ratio: 400/1 A, PT ratio: 420kV/l10 V. Line Voltage (kV) Impedance (kn) Distance (km)
Determine the relay settings for all three zones assuming that zone l covers 90% 01
L 132 200
the line length, zone 2 covers l40% of line length, and zone 3 covers 220% of tne 0.025 +j* 0.10
line length. L2 132 0.03 +j*0.12 100

[K, =9.082, K, = 14.13 2. and K,= 22.20 S2) L 66 0.05 +j* 0.2 50
 First zonc, second
Zonc, and third beit
SWITCHGEAR
of60°is
used to protect the
linc. CT section, respectively. Z0nc cover DSTANE
18
PROoTECTIONAND

relayR withthe
characteristicangle Thethree zone sctings of
132
is
kV/L10V.
200% ofK).
relay Ris 90%, \40%, andPEL225%,ATINGCHEME
of
|19

having (theX-1.19 SL, X,of-1L19SL, X,-

The mho PT ratio relayis used to protect a line the line
1000/1 Aand of K,andK,= 10. A mho
ratiois 160% kilometres: a distance relay is set to
=14.2I,K, = distancein lineLj first zone of
K,
Findout in termsof
reach of
relayR from busA forthe
forlineL,
formbusB I(a)
Theother data is as followg:
CT ratio: 1000/1
A K,=9.| ).impedance 72%+j 16.941 902.HSA)
(a)Zone l reach of relayR lineL
bus for 159.02km, (b) 45.37 km, (c) 16.25 km)
B kV/110 v The
(b)Zone2 reachofrelayR from PTratio: 220
Characteristic angle (): 750
(c)Zonc-3
C Line angle (Ø): 60°
B Determine the value of the fault
A
D
eircuit at 90% of the line length resistance that the mho relay
I/I32kV
GT CT
L Lg in
[Fault
corporates for short-
a
132kV
Answers to Multiple Choice resistance R=2.5 2)
R
Transmission
line
132 kV/66 kV Questions
100 MVA
1. (a) 2.(d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)
PT
X= 10% 6.(d) 7.(d) 8.(c)
each
9.(b) 10.(c)
Fig.3.29
portion of power system. The
Figure 3.30 shows asingle line diagram of a protect 220 kV transmission
characteristic is used to
distance
line. The
8.
having reactance
relay follows:
required data is as kV/110 V
PT ratio: 220
CT ratio: 1000/1 A, 85% of the line length. The second zone covers 160% of line
covers
The first zone the line length, Determinethethree
zone covers 225% of zone
length, and the third
settings ofreactance relay R. (X= 10.21 2, X,= 19.999 , and X, =27.0 Q0)

15.75/220kV
250 MVA,
X= 14.6% 220 kV
CT
100 km line
--O
0.06 +j x 0.24 km
GT R

Fig. 3.30
9. A 132 kV transmission line with an impedance of 4 +j x 16 2 is protected by a
reactance relay. On R-X plane, draw the operating characteristic of a reactance relay.
Furthermore, determine the reach of the reactance relay in secondary ohms for all
three zones. The CT ratio and PT ratio are 600/1 A and 132 kV/l10 V, respectively.