Project report

On

“PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF RAILWAY STATION

AND SLAB CULVERT”

Submitted in the partial fulfilment

Of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

“Bachelor of Technology”

(Civil Engineering)

Guided by: Submitted by:

Dr. Trilok Gupta Mayank Kumawat Jitendra Prajapati

Assistant professor Akhil Kumar Neeraj Bilwal
Department of Civil Eng. Surendra Singh Kuldeep Salvi
Jagarti Sharma Aniket Tak
Arpit Shrivastava Rajesh Choudhary

2024-25
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Technology and Engineering
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology
Udaipur (Raj.)-313001

i
 Project report

On

“PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF RAILWAY STATION

AND SLAB CULVERT”

Submitted in the partial fulfilment

Of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

“Bachelor of Technology”

(Civil Engineering)

Project Chairman & Head: Dr. Trilok Gupta

2024-25

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology

Udaipur (Raj.)-313001

ii
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, UDAIPUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report entitled “PLANNING AND

DESIGNING OF RAILWAY STATION AND SLAB CULVERT” submitted
for the partial fulfilment of the degree embodies bona-fide work carried-out by the
students of B.Tech. Final year of Civil Engineering Department. Names of students are
mentioned below. The assistance and help received during investigation have been
fully acknowledged.

Mayank Kumawat

Akhil Kumar

Surendra Singh (Head of Department)

Jagarti Sharma

Arpit Shrivastava

Jitendra Prajapati

Neeraj Bilwal

Kuldeep Salvi

Aniket Tak

Rajesh Choudhary

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We offer our sincere gratitude to the lotus feet of the almighty God for giving us life.
At this stage, we take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and
feeling of thankfulness to Dr. Trilok Gupta, Assistant professor, for guiding us on our
project topic with the most valuable guidance, suggestion, and constant encouragement
for us to look into the most detailed literature and texts regarding the project and with
his ever available helping hands which helped us to successfully complete the project
work. At the same time, we pay our sincere thanks to Dr. Trilok Gupta (Head of
Department) for providing us with valuable suggestion regarding the project.
We are also thankful to Dr. Sunil Joshi, Dean of College of Technology and
Engineering, Udaipur.

iv
 PREFACE

As project presentation is in need of fulfilment of a bachelor's degree requirement, it

is also a way of improving communication and presentation skills. This report is
prepared with the view to include all details regarding the project that we carried out.
It demands vast knowledge of a selected topic so that every query can be answered
satisfactorily. The report shows “PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF RAILWAY
STATION AND SLAB CULVERT” To achieve a basic knowledge of the topic, we
have tried to give our best efforts for the completion of the project. Through this report,
we come to know about the importance of term work and the role of devotion toward
the work.

v
 ABSTRACT

The thesis is about structural analysis of identified parts of a Railway Station

building. The parts analysed included: roof truss, columns and the joints of the
structure. The parts of the building chosen were considered to be the most crucial
especially given the loading conditions. The three major loads acting on the
structure included: live load, wind load and the structure's own weight. The roof
trusses are mostly depended on the internal forces in the structure, dismember the
structure and analyse separate Freebody diagrams of individual members or
combination of members. The design of roof trusses frame, weld size, and area of all
members have calculated General design consists theory of structural analysis, the
equilibrium of rigid body, method of joints, tension and compression of members,
mechanical properties of materials, design of welded joints and sections for trusses
members. Drawings are prepared by Using AUTOCAD. And design and analysis
work are done analytically and using STAAD- Pro and ETABS. The main purpose
of the analysis was to identify parts of the building which experienced high stresses.
Parts of the structure that experienced high stresses were redesigned in order to
reduce the stress levels.

vi
 INDEX

S.NO Topic Name Page No.

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Railway Station 2
1.2 Railway Platform 3
2. Comparison between railway & other transport system 8
2.1 Railway and roads 8
2.2 Railway and waterways 9
2.3 Railway and Airways 10
3. Survey and Field Investigation 12
3.1 Survey 12
3.2 Field Investigation and Soil Testing 17
4 . Planning of railway station building

vii
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Railways revolutionized transportation and played a pivotal role in the development of

modern societies. The introduction of railways brought about significant changes in the
way people and goods were transported, fostering economic growth, industrialization,
and social mobility. This transformative mode of transportation emerged in the 19th
century and quickly spread across the globe, leaving an indelible mark on human history.
The concept of railways can be traced back to ancient times, with various civilizations
utilizing early forms of tracks and wheeled vehicles for transportation. However, it was
during the Industrial Revolution that railways truly came into their own. The invention
and refinement of steam-powered locomotives, coupled with the development of iron
and steel manufacturing techniques, set the stage for the rapid expansion of railway
networks. The first public railway to operate steam locomotives was the Stockton and
Darlington Railway in England, which opened in 1825. This ground breaking event
marked the beginning of a new era in transportation. Soon after, the famous Liverpool
and Manchester Railway opened in 1830, becoming the first railway to rely exclusively
on steam power and providing a reliable means of transporting goods and passengers
over long distances.
Railways quickly gained popularity due to their speed, efficiency, and capacity for
largescale transportation. The construction of railway lines expanded rapidly,
connecting towns, cities, and even entire countries. Railways enabled the efficient
movement of raw materials, manufactured goods, and agricultural products, fuelling
industrialization and facilitating trade. They also provided affordable and accessible
transportation for people, transforming travel from a luxury reserved for the wealthy to
a mode of transportation accessible to the masses. The impact of railways extended
beyond transportation and had profound societal and economic effects. Railways
stimulated economic growth by creating new job opportunities, attracting investment,
and facilitating the movement of goods and resources. They fostered urbanization, as
towns and cities sprang up around railway stations, serving as hubs of economic activity
and centres of population. Railways also played a vital role in unifying nations,
connecting previously isolated regions and enabling cultural exchange and social
interaction. Over the years, railway technology continued to advance. The steam
locomotives were gradually replaced by diesel and electric locomotives, offering
improved efficiency and reduced environmental impact. High-speed railways emerged,
capable of reaching astonishing speeds and further shortening travel times. Today,
railways continue to be a critical component of transportation infrastructure in many
countries, supporting both passenger and freight transport. In conclusion, the

1
introduction of railways revolutionized transportation, shaping the modern world in
numerous ways. Their development during the Industrial Revolution brought about
unprecedented changes, fostering economic growth, industrialization, and social
mobility. Railways remain an essential mode of transportation, providing efficient and
reliable connectivity for both people and goods, and contributing to the development of
sustainable and interconnected societies. Railways are a mode of transportation that uses
trains to move people and goods over a network of tracks. The development of railways
revolutionized transportation, making it possible to move goods and people faster and
more efficiently than ever before.

Railway systems consist of many different components, including tracks, locomotives,

wagons or cars, signalling systems, and stations. Tracks are typically made of steel rails,
which are laid on a bed of ballast to provide stability and support. Locomotives are the
engines that pull the trains, while wagons or cars carry passengers or cargo. Railway
systems are used for a variety of purposes, including passenger transportation, freight
transportation, and even military logistics. They are also an important part of many
countries' transportation infrastructure, with some cities relying heavily on railways for
their daily commute and transportation needs. There are many different types of
railways, including high-speed railways, urban railways, and intercity railways.
Highspeed railways are designed for speeds of over 200 km/h, while urban railways are
typically used for shorter distances within cities. Intercity railways connect different
cities and regions, allowing for efficient long-distance transportation. Despite being a
reliable and efficient mode of transportation, railways face various challenges, such as
maintenance costs, safety concerns, and competition from other modes of transportation.
However, they remain an important part of global transportation infrastructure and are
likely to continue to play a significant role in the future.

1.1 RAILWAY STATION –

The introduction of railway stations marked a crucial milestone in the development of
railway systems and revolutionized the way people travelled and interacted with trains.
Railway stations serve as key hubs where passengers board and disembark from trains,
facilitating the smooth operation of train services and providing various amenities and
services to travellers. The concept of railway stations emerged alongside the expansion
of railway networks in the 19th century. Initially, stations were simple structures built at
the terminus or junctions of railway lines. These early stations often consisted of a
platform, a small building for ticketing and passenger services, and basic facilities for
passenger comfort. As railways became more widespread, the design and functionality
of railway stations evolved significantly. Railway stations became more elaborate and
grander in their architecture, reflecting the importance and prestige of railway travel.

2
Stations were designed to accommodate the increasing number of passengers and to
provide various amenities such as waiting rooms, ticket offices, baggage handling
services, restaurants, and shops. Stations also incorporated essential infrastructure like
platforms, tracks, signal systems, and goods yards for the efficient movement of trains
and freight. The location of railway stations became critical for urban planning and
development. Stations often acted as catalysts for the growth of surrounding areas,
attracting businesses, industries, and residential settlements. The establishment of
railway stations transformed rural areas into bustling towns and cities, stimulating
economic activities and population migration. As railway technology progressed, so did
the design and features of railway stations. The advent of electrification and high-speed
trains necessitated modifications to stations to accommodate these advancements.
Highspeed rail stations, for example, are designed to handle the increased passenger
flow and offer amenities like escalators, elevators, and dedicated platforms for high-
speed trains.
Furthermore, railway stations serve as important transportation interchanges, connecting
trains with other modes of transport such as buses, trams, taxis, and metro systems.
Many major railway stations have integrated transportation facilities, allowing seamless
transfers between different modes of transport and enhancing connectivity within cities
and regions. In recent years, railway stations have also become architectural landmarks,
blending functionality with aesthetic appeal. Renowned architects have designed iconic
railway stations around the world, combining innovative designs, sustainability features,
and advanced technology to create visually striking and environmentally friendly
structures. Overall, the introduction of railway stations played a vital role in the
development of railway systems and the advancement of transportation. They have
served as vital hubs for passenger and freight movement, economic growth, and urban
development. Railway stations continue to evolve, adapting to changing needs and
technologies while remaining integral components of transportation infrastructure and
iconic landmarks within cities.

1.2 RAILWAY PLATFORM –

Railway platforms are essential components of railway stations that provide a designated
area for passengers to board and alight from trains. They serve as the interface between
trains and passengers, ensuring safe and efficient embarkation and disembarkation. The
introduction of railway platforms revolutionized the way passengers access trains and
significantly enhanced the safety and convenience of railway travel. Before the
introduction of platforms, passengers would often have to navigate uneven ground or
climb steps to board trains directly from the station building. This process was
cumbersome and potentially hazardous, especially when dealing with multiple carriages
and busy train services. The absence of designated platforms also posed challenges for
passenger safety, as there was a risk of falling or getting too close to moving trains. The

3
concept of railway platforms emerged as railway systems expanded and stations became
more sophisticated. Platforms are typically raised, level surfaces located alongside
tracks, providing a safe and easily accessible space for passengers to board and alight
from trains. They offer a consistent height that aligns with the train doors, allowing
smooth and effortless movement between the train and the platform. Railway platforms
vary in size, depending on factors such as the expected number of passengers, train
lengths, and station layout. Larger stations with high passenger volumes often have
multiple platforms to accommodate several trains simultaneously. Platforms may also
have different sections or markings to indicate specific train carriages or seating classes,
ensuring orderly boarding and convenient access for passengers. Safety is a primary
consideration in the design and operation of railway platforms. They are equipped with
various safety features such as tactile paving, handrails, and safety barriers or fences to
prevent passengers from straying onto the tracks. Signage and announcements provide
information about train arrivals, departures, and platform assignments, assisting
passengers in finding their correct platform and ensuring a smooth flow of traffic.
Railway platforms are also equipped with amenities and facilities to enhance passenger
comfort and convenience. They often have seating areas, shelters, and lighting to
provide a comfortable waiting environment. Some platforms may offer ticket vending
machines, information displays, and digital signage to provide real-time updates and
relevant travel information. Moreover, accessibility is a critical consideration in
platform design to ensure that passengers with disabilities or mobility challenges can
board and alight from trains safely. Features such as ramps, elevators, and tactile
indicators are incorporated to facilitate barrier-free access for all passengers. The
introduction of railway platforms transformed the passenger experience, making train
travel safer, more convenient, and efficient. Platforms have become an integral part of
railway station infrastructure, enabling smooth passenger flow, ensuring safety, and
facilitating the seamless movement of trains. They continue to evolve with
advancements in technology, design, and accessibility to accommodate the needs of
modern railway systems and enhance the overall travel experience.

1.2.1 The study of railways is important for several reasons:

(a)Transportations: Railways are an important mode of transportation for both
passengers and goods. Studying railways helps us understand how to improve them
efficiency, safety, and reliability.

(b)Economic Development: Railways are crucial for economic development, as they

facilitate the movement of goods and people across long distances. Studying railways
can help identify areas for investment and growth, and help develop policies to promote
economic development.

4
(c)Environmental Sustainability: Railways are a relatively low-emission mode of
transportation, making them an important part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and combat climate change. Studying railways can help identify ways to make
them even more sustainable and environmentally friendly.

(d)Engineering and Technology: Railway engineering is a complex field that

involves a wide range of disciplines, including civil, mechanical, electrical, and
computer engineering. Studying railways can help advance our understanding of these
fields and lead to new technological innovations.

(e)Historical and Cultural Significance: Railways have played an important role

in the history and culture of many countries. Studying railways can help us understand
their historical and cultural significance, and help preserve important railway heritage
sites and artifacts for future generations
Railways, also known as railroads or train systems, are a mode of transportation that
uses a specialized infrastructure consisting of tracks, locomotives, and rolling stock to
transport goods and passengers over long distances. Railways can be found all over the
world, and they have played a vital role in shaping the development of economies and
societies. The earliest railways were built in the early 19th century, and their primary
purpose was to transport raw materials, such as coal and iron, from mines and factories
to ports and markets. As the technology advanced, railways began to transport
passengers as well, leading to the development of the modern railway network that
we know today. The infrastructure of a railway consists of a network of tracks that are
laid on a prepared bed of gravel, stone, or concrete. Trains run on these tracks, propelled
by locomotives, which pull a series of interconnected cars, called rolling stock. The rails
are made of steel, and they are designed to withstand the weight of the trains and the
forces generated by their movement. Railways can be used for both freight and
passenger transport. Freight trains typically carry bulk commodities, such as coal, grain,
and oil, while passenger trains carry people from one place to another. High-speed trains
are a popular form of passenger transport in many countries, and they can travel at
speeds of up to 300 km/h or more. Overall, railways are a crucial part of modern
transportation infrastructure, offering an efficient and reliable means of moving goods
and people over long distances Designing a railway platform requires careful
consideration of several factors, including safety, accessibility, capacity, and
functionality. Here are some key aspects to consider when designing a railway platform:

(a) Platform Width: The width of a platform is an essential factor to ensure the
safety of passengers. It should be wide enough to accommodate people walking in both
directions and to provide adequate space for luggage and strollers.

5
(b) Platform Length: The platform length should be long enough to accommodate
the longest trains that will use the station. It is also important to ensure that there is
sufficient space at the ends of the platform to allow for safe boarding and alighting.

(c) Height: The platform should be at the same height as the train doors to allow for
easy boarding and alighting. This is typically between 55 and 70 cm above the tracks.

(d) Edge Protection: The platform edge should have a physical barrier such as a
fence, railing or edge marker strip, to prevent passengers from falling onto the tracks.

(e) Lighting: Adequate lighting is crucial for the safety and security of passengers,
especially during night time or low light conditions.

(f) Signage: Clear signage is essential for guiding passengers to the correct platform
and providing information about train schedules and services.

(g) Seating: Provision of seating areas for passengers waiting for trains is essential
for passenger comfort.

(h) Shelter: Shelter should be provided in the form of canopies or shelters to protect
passengers from the elements.

(i) Accessibility: The platform should be designed to provide easy access for all
passengers, including those with disabilities. This includes the provision of ramps,
elevators, and tactile paving.
(j) Passenger Flow: The platform should be designed to provide smooth and
efficient passenger flow, with clear signage and adequate space for passengers to move
around.
By considering these factors and other relevant requirements, railway platforms can be
designed to provide safe, accessible, and efficient service for passengers.
Railway stations are vital hubs of transportation that serve as the central points where
trains and passengers intersect. These bustling facilities play a pivotal role in facilitating
the smooth operation of train services and providing various amenities and services to
travellers. The introduction of railway stations marked a significant milestone in the
development of railway systems, revolutionizing the way people travelled and interacted
with trains. Railway stations have evolved from simple structures to complex and multi-
functional spaces. In the early days of railways, stations were often modest buildings
located at the terminus or junctions of railway lines. However, as railways expanded and
the demand for passenger and freight transport grew, stations underwent remarkable
transformations. Today, railway stations are architectural marvels, designed with both
functionality and aesthetics in mind. They boast impressive features, including grand

6
entrances, expansive concourses, multiple platforms, and sophisticated infrastructure.
These stations are equipped with ticketing counters, waiting areas, lounges, restrooms,
restaurants, shops, and other amenities that cater to the needs and comfort of passengers.
The location of railway stations plays a significant role in urban planning and
development. Many cities have experienced growth and economic prosperity due to the
presence of railway stations. These stations act as magnets, attracting businesses,
tourism, and investments, and contributing to the overall development of the
surrounding areas. Stations often become bustling transportation interchanges,
connecting trains with other modes of transport like buses, trams, taxis, and metro
systems, thereby enhancing regional and local connectivity. Railway stations also serve
as gateways to cultural experiences, as they are often adorned with artworks, sculptures,
and historical displays that reflect the local heritage. They create a sense of place and
identity, showcasing the history and culture of the region they serve. Safety and
efficiency are paramount in the design and operation of railway stations. Modern
stations are equipped with advanced security systems, surveillance cameras, and crowd
management measures to ensure the well-being of passengers. They feature
welldesigned layouts and signage to guide passengers and facilitate the smooth flow of
foot traffic.

7
 CHAPTER – 2
Comparison between Railway and Other Transport System

2.1 Comparison between Railway and Other Transport System: -

1. Railway and Roads

2. Railway and Waterways

3. Railway and Airways

2.1.1 Railway and Roads –

Railways and roads are two different modes of transportation that have their own unique
characteristics. Here are some comparisons between railways and roads:

Fig. 2.1 Railway Station

(a) Speed: Railways can generally achieve higher speeds than roads, especially for
long distances. Trains can travel at speeds of up to 300 km/h or more, while the
maximum speed on most roads is typically limited to around 100 km/h.
(b) Capacity: Railways can carry larger volumes of goods and passengers than
roads, especially over long distances. Trains can carry many thousands of tons of cargo,
while the capacity of roads is limited by the size and weight of individual vehicles.
(c) Energy efficiency: Railways are generally more energy efficient than roads, as
trains can move large amounts of goods and people with relatively low energy
consumption. Roads, on the other hand, require individual vehicles to use fuel to move,
which can be less efficient.

8
(d) Cost: The cost of building and maintaining railways is generally higher than that
of roads, as railways require specialized infrastructure like tracks and stations. However,
railways can be more cost-effective for transporting large volumes of goods and
passengers over long distances.
(e) Environmental impact: Railways can have a lower environmental impact than
roads, as they emit less greenhouse gases per ton of cargo or passenger mile. Trains can
also be powered by electricity from renewable sources, while most vehicles on roads
still rely on fossil fuels.
(f) Accessibility: Roads are generally more accessible than railways, as they can
reach more remote areas and offer more flexible routing. However, railways can offer
more frequent and reliable service on established routes.
Overall, railways and roads are both important modes of transportation that have their
own strengths and weaknesses. Choosing between the two depends on the specific needs
of the transportation task at hand, including distance, volume of goods or passengers,
and environmental impact.
Rail transport is the fastest transport mode on land, and it has its benefits. Rail transport
is much faster and more reliable, and also least affected by weather conditions and traffic
jams. Large volumes can be shipped over greater distances, in a cost-effective structure,
by rail transport easily.

2.1.2. Railway And Waterways –

Railways and waterways are two different modes of transportation that have their own
unique characteristics. Here are some comparisons between railways and waterways:
(a) Speed: Railways can generally achieve higher speeds than waterways. Trains can
travel at speeds of up to 300 km/h or more, while boats on waterways typically travel at
much lower speeds.
(b) Capacity: Waterways can carry larger volumes of goods and passengers than
railways, especially over long distances. Barges and cargo ships can carry many
thousands of tons of cargo, while trains have a more limited capacity.
(c) Energy efficiency: Waterways are generally more energy efficient than railways,
as boats can move large amounts of goods and people with relatively low energy
consumption. Railways still require significant energy consumption to power the trains.
(d) Cost: The cost of building and maintaining waterways can be higher than that of
railways, as waterways require specialized infrastructure like locks and dams. However,
waterways can be more cost-effective for transporting large volumes of goods and
passengers over long distances.

9
(e) Environmental impact: Waterways can have a lower environmental impact than
railways, as they emit less greenhouse gases per ton of cargo or passenger mile. Boats
can also be powered by electricity from renewable sources, while most trains still rely
on fossil fuels.
(f) Accessibility: Railways are generally more accessible than waterways, as they
can reach more remote areas and offer more flexible routing. However, waterways can
offer more direct routes for shipping goods between ports.
Overall, railways and waterways are both important modes of transportation that have
their own strengths and weaknesses. Choosing between the two depends on the specific
needs of the transportation task at hand, including distance, volume of goods or
passengers, and environmental impact.

2.1.3. Railway And Airways –

Railways and airways are two different modes of transportation that have their own
unique characteristics. Here are some comparisons between railways and airways:
(a) Speed: Airways can generally achieve much higher speeds than railways. Planes
can travel at speeds of up to 900 km/h or more, while trains typically have a maximum
speed of around 300 km/h.
(b) Capacity: Airways can carry larger volumes of passengers over long distances
than railways. Planes can carry hundreds of passengers at once, while trains have a more
limited capacity.
(c) Energy efficiency: Railways are generally more energy efficient than airways,
as trains can move large amounts of goods and people with relatively low energy
consumption. Planes, on the other hand, require significant energy consumption to lift
off and stay in the air.
(d) Cost: The cost of traveling by air can be higher than that of traveling by train,
especially for shorter distances. However, air travel can be more cost-effective for long
distances or for time-sensitive travel.
(e) Environmental impact: Railways have a lower environmental impact than
airways, as they emit less greenhouse gases per passenger mile. Planes are responsible
for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as other forms of pollution
like noise pollution.
(f) Accessibility: Railways are generally more accessible than airways, as they can
reach more remote areas and offer more flexible routing. However, air travel can be
more convenient for traveling long distances or to international destinations.
Overall, railways and airways are both important modes of transportation that have their
own strengths and weaknesses. Choosing between the two depends on the specific needs
10
of the transportation task at hand, including distance, volume of passengers, time
sensitivity, and environmental impact.

11
 CHAPTER-3
SURVEY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION
3.1 SURVEY-
Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance
Measuring Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with
microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. The instrument can be
used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to
the instrument.
Our project is on Analysis and Design of Railway platform and Railway RC Building
with their various components. Over fundamental purpose is making contour diagram
of railway station and with the help of contour diagram we decided the drainage path of
water. A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument
used in modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope
distances from the instrument to a particular point.

3.1.1 CONTOUR-
A contour map, also known as a topographic map or contour plot, is a type of map that
represents the three-dimensional shape and elevation of the Earth's surface on a
twodimensional plane. It uses contour lines to depict the changes in elevation and relief
of the land. Contour lines are continuous lines drawn on the map, connecting points of
equal elevation above a reference point, such as sea level. Each contour line represents
a specific elevation, and the spacing between contour lines indicates the steepness of the
terrain. When contour lines are close together, it indicates a steep slope, while widely
spaced contour lines represent a gentle slope.
Contour maps are commonly used in various fields, including geography, geology,
cartography, and engineering. They provide valuable information about the topography
of an area, such as the location of hills, valleys, ridges, and depressions. By interpreting
the contour lines, one can understand the shape and features of the land, plan routes,
assess drainage patterns, and analyse the suitability of a site for various purposes, such
as construction or resource exploration.
In addition to contour lines, contour maps may also include other elements like spot
elevations, which are specific elevation values marked at particular points on the map,
as well as colour shading or hachures to indicate the relief and slope of the terrain. These
additional elements help provide a more comprehensive representation of the landscape.

12
3.1.2 Methodology-
Creating a contour diagram using a total station involves a combination of surveying
techniques and data processing. The total station is a surveying instrument that combines
electronic distance measurement (EDM) and angular measurements to determine the
coordinates of points on the ground. Here's a general methodology for creating a contour
diagram using a total station:

(a) Setup and calibration:

• Choose a suitable location for the total station setup that provides good
visibility of the survey area.
• Ensure the total station is properly levelled and calibrated before beginning the
survey.

(b) Establish control points:

• Establish a network of control points across the survey area using known
coordinates or a GPS base station.
• These control points should be marked with permanent markers or targets to
facilitate future measurements.

(c) Determine survey grid:

• Divide the survey area into a grid system, with regularly spaced survey points.
The grid spacing will depend on the scale and detail required for the contour
map.

(d) Measure survey points:

• Move the total station to each survey point and set up the instrument.
• Aim the total station at a target or prism located at the survey point.
• Use the total station to measure the horizontal and vertical angles, as well as
the slope distance to the target.
• Repeat this process for each survey point in the grid.

(e) Data collection:

• Record the measured data from the total station for each survey point, including
the coordinates (horizontal and vertical) and any additional attributes or features
relevant to the site.

(f) Data processing:

13
 • Import the measured data from the total station into surveying software or
specialized contour mapping software.
• Process the data to calculate the elevation (Z-coordinate) for each survey point
based on the known control points and the measured distances and angles.
• Generate a triangulated irregular network (TIN) or other interpolation method
to create a continuous surface representation of the terrain.

(g) Contour generation:

• Using the processed elevation data, generate contour lines by setting contour
intervals based on the desired level of detail.
• The contour lines represent lines of equal elevation and are typically drawn at
regular intervals (e.g., every 1 meter or 5 feet).
• Label the contour lines with their respective elevations.

(h) Finalize the contour diagram:

• Add any additional details, such as key features, landmarks, or annotations to

the contour diagram.
• Prepare the contour diagram for presentation or further analysis by exporting it
to the desired file format (e.g., PDF, CAD, or GIS formats).

It's important to note that the exact methodology and software used may vary depending
on the specific total station model, surveying practices, and software preferences.
Consult the user manual for the total station and relevant software documentation for
detailed instructions.

3.1.3 RESULTS-
Following data is obtained by Total station Survey-
LAT LONG ALT DIST

24.5828 73.72785 565.52 0.059976

24.58326 73.72811 566.837 0.144638

24.58287 73.72807 566.134 0.188513

24.58233 73.72795 565.556 0.250329

24.58338 73.72849 567.238 0.391649

14
24.58295 73.72844 566.867 0.440133

24.58295 73.72844 566.867 0.440133

24.58253 73.72835 566.066 0.488036

24.58228 73.72838 566.247 0.573928

24.58312 73.7286 566.757 0.671671

24.58314 73.72881 566.208 0.738492

24.58246 73.72859 566.031 0.817668

24.58215 73.72844 566.367 0.857617

24.58225 73.72877 566.141 1.050552

24.58273 73.72886 566.032 1.113009

24.58318 73.7291 565.384 1.193857

24.58274 73.72898 565.904 1.244909

24.5823 73.72889 566.08 1.294944

24.58192 73.72905 566.1 1.364846

24.5824 73.72911 566.008 1.42011

24.58285 73.72923 565.352 1.472351

24.58314 73.72949 564.283 1.54751

24.58264 73.72933 565.103 1.606137

24.58213 73.72923 565.742 1.663565

24.58194 73.72938 565.136 1.707241

24.58213 73.72949 564.642 1.730639

24.58217 73.7295 564.561 1.735941

24.5822 73.7295 564.537 1.739175

24.58223 73.72951 564.496 1.741928

15
24.58221 73.72958 564.174 1.959689

24.58217 73.72959 564.183 1.963318

24.58216 73.72959 564.196 1.964821

24.58212 73.72959 564.21 1.968971

24.58212 73.72962 564.055 1.972693

24.58163 73.72983 563.695 2.326704

24.58167 73.72991 563.344 2.335108

24.58179 73.72999 562.888 2.351759

24.58183 73.72999 562.824 2.35645

24.58188 73.73 562.753 2.361734

24.58155 73.73006 563.293 2.648706

24.58156 73.73008 563.214 2.651084

24.58158 73.73012 563.04 2.6561

24.58162 73.73017 562.777 2.662764

24.58166 73.73019 562.558 2.668345

24.58199 73.73039 562.405 2.710212

24.58266 73.73094 564.107 3.154187

24.58266 73.73095 564.112 3.154879

24.58254 73.73094 564.124 3.168072

24.58253 73.73094 564.124 3.169587

24.5825 73.73094 564.118 3.172714

24.58246 73.73093 563.977 3.176939

24.58195 73.73123 562.477 3.697832

24.58196 73.73123 562.547 3.699987

16
24.58198 73.73123 562.616 3.702102

24.58202 73.73126 562.792 3.707376

24.58205 73.73126 562.896 3.710541

24.58137 73.73128 562.229 3.950634

24.58139 73.73131 562.182 3.954721

24.58145 73.73135 562.08 3.962501

24.58146 73.73137 562.063 3.964796

24.58152 73.7314 561.964 3.971892

24.58167 73.73145 561.739 3.98898

24.58187 73.73191 562.89 4.330867

24.58193 73.73194 563.072 4.337951

24.58196 73.73194 563.166 4.341714

24.58203 73.73195 563.364 4.349633

24.58209 73.73196 563.521 4.356003

24.58146 73.73234 562.451 4.811708

24.58144 73.73233 562.418 4.813959

24.58143 73.73232 562.395 4.815506

24.58113 73.73221 562.037 4.849741

24.58103 73.7322 561.931 4.861936

24.58122 73.73263 561.851 5.142415

24.58113 73.73261 561.663 5.152713

24.58111 73.7326 561.623 5.154693

24.58106 73.7326 561.503 5.160763

24.58104 73.7326 561.472 5.162198

24.58143 73.73332 561.725 5.535767

17
 24.58152 73.73334 561.814 5.545653

24.58154 73.73336 561.825 5.549247

24.58157 73.73336 561.853 5.552449

24.5816 73.73337 561.881 5.555623

24.58131 73.73355 561.419 5.743837

24.58136 73.73359 561.431 5.750616

24.58138 73.73362 561.429 5.754142

Table:3.1 Contour Map Reading

• A contour map, also known as a topographic map or contour plot is given below

Fig. 3.1 Contour Map

3.2 FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SOIL TESTING-

3.2.1 Standard Penetration Test:

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is a widely used in-situ geotechnical investigation
method to determine the engineering properties of soils at a particular site. It provides
valuable information about the soil's resistance to penetration, which is used to evaluate
its strength and stiffness characteristics.
Here's a step-by-step explanation of the Standard Penetration Test process:

18
 • Equipment: The SPT requires specific equipment, including a sampling tube, a
driving hammer, a drill rig or hand-operated equipment, and other accessories.
• Drilling: A borehole is first drilled to the desired depth using a drilling rig. The
diameter of the borehole is typically about 2-2.5 inches (50-63.5 mm).
• Sampling: After reaching the desired depth, the drilling equipment is removed,
and a thin-walled sampling tube with an inside diameter of 2 inches (50 mm) and
a length of 18-30 inches (450-750 mm) is driven into the soil using a standard
SPT driving hammer. The hammer is usually dropped from a height of 30 inches
(750 mm) and repeated blows are applied until the required depth is reached.
• Penetration Resistance Measurement: The number of blows required to drive the
sampling tube through each 6 inches (150 mm) increment of penetration is
recorded. This number is referred to as the "blow count" or "N-value." The blow
count provides an indication of the resistance encountered during penetration.
• Soil Sampling: Once the required depth is reached, the sampling tube is extracted
from the borehole, and the soil sample inside is collected. The sample is then
examined to identify and classify the soil type.
• Testing Depth Intervals: The SPT is typically conducted at regular intervals along
the borehole, usually every 5 or 10 feet (1.5 or 3 meters). This allows for the
evaluation of soil layering and variation in strength properties with depth.
• Interpretation: The blow counts obtained from the SPT are used to evaluate soil
properties such as the relative density, shear strength, and bearing capacity. These
values can be correlated with empirical relationships or used in conjunction with
other geotechnical tests to assess soil behavior and make engineering design
decisions.
The Standard Penetration Test is widely accepted due to its simplicity, costeffectiveness,
and ability to provide valuable information about the subsurface soil conditions.
However, it is important to note that it has some limitations, such as the disturbance of
the soil during sampling and the inability to directly measure parameters such as
stiffness or permeability. Therefore, it is often used in combination with other
geotechnical tests to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the site conditions.

19
 Fig. 3.2: Standard Penetration Test

Equipment:
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) requires specific equipment to carry out the
procedure effectively. Here are the main pieces of equipment used in the SPT:

• Drill Rig: A drill rig is used to create the borehole in the ground. There are various
types of drill rigs available, ranging from large, truck-mounted rigs used for deep
drilling to smaller, hand-operated rigs for shallow investigations.
• Drilling Tools: The drilling tools include drill bits, drill rods, and casings. Drill
bits are attached to the bottom of the drill rods and are used to cut through the
soil or rock during the drilling process. Drill rods provide the necessary length
and stability to reach the desired depth. Casings may be used to support the
borehole walls and prevent cave-ins, especially in loose or unstable soils.
• Sampling Tube: A thin-walled sampling tube is a critical component of the SPT.
It is typically made of steel and has an inside diameter of 2 inches (50 mm). The

20
 tube is driven into the ground using a driving hammer to collect undisturbed soil
samples at specific depths.

• SPT Driving Hammer: The driving hammer is used to deliver blows to the top of
the sampling tube, driving it into the soil. The hammer is usually made of steel
and weighs 140 pounds (63.5 kg). It is dropped from a height of 30 inches (750
mm) to generate the required energy for penetration.
• SPT Tripod: A tripod or similar support structure is used to hold the driving
hammer and provide stability during the test. It ensures that the blows are
delivered vertically and consistently.
• Measuring Devices: To record the number of blows required for penetration,
measuring devices are used. A mechanical or electronic blow counter is attached
to the driving hammer to count the blows accurately.
• Safety Equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential during the
SPT, including hard hats, safety goggles, gloves, and steel-toe boots. Safety
measures should also be implemented to secure the work area and prevent
accidents.
These are the primary equipment used in the Standard Penetration Test. The specific
equipment and tools required may vary depending on the project requirements, soil
conditions, and the depth of investigation. It is important to ensure that all equipment is
in good working condition and calibrated properly to obtain reliable test results.

21
 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RAILWAY STATION BUILDING

To accomplish the objectives of this work, systematic study is carried out on three
building frames. Plan and elevation of this building these frames have been shown in
Fig.4.1. Plinths beams are provided for all the building frames as it has shown (Sunitha
et al. 2015), plinth beams help to control seismic demands in RC frame buildings.
Analysis of these frame have been carried out using versatile structural software
(STAAD Pro.). All the selected building frames are designed for the forces obtained
from STAAD Pro. using conventional design method.

Fig 4.1 Plan and Elevation

4.1 STEPS OF SOFTWARE ‘STAAD-PRO’

The analysis of the selected frames has been done using software ‘STAAD Pro’. Various
steps followed in this software are discussed below:

22
4.1.1 Preliminary Model for Five Storey Plane Frame: -
Floor plan of a building is given. The plan is regular and has all columns equally placed.
The building space frame is divided into a number of frames. A frame is considered for
the analysis and design. The salient feature of the frame is:

Fig 4.2 Designed and Developed Through STAAD Pro.

A five storied reinforced concrete plane frame for Zone (II and V), as shown in Fig
no 4.2 has been designed on the concept of Capacity Based. The assumed data for
the analysis of frame are given in table no 4.1 and 4.2.

4.1.2 Preliminary Member Property Assigning: -

A five storey Frames building is taken for analysis. The salient features of the building
are:

23
Table 4.1: General data for building frames-

S.NO Type of structure Ordinary RC moment resisting frame.

1. Seismic zone II

2. Type of soil Medium

3. Imposed Load 1.5 KN/m2

4. Dead Load 5 KN/m2

5. Floor finishes 1.0 KN/m2

6. Depth of slab
125 mm
7. Materials M 30 concrete and Fe 500 steel

8. Unit weight of RCC

25 KN/m3
9. Unit weight of Masonry 19.20 KN/m3

Modulus of elasticity of
concrete
10 2.73 × 107 KN/m2

11 Width of beam 300mm

12 Depth of Beams 450 mm

13 Clear cover of beam 25 mm

14 Clear cover of column 40 mm

4.1.3 Determination of Loads (Agarwal and Shrikanta 2006): -

Dead load calculations: - The dead loads on various beams and columns in the frame
are calculated according to yield line theory and shown in table 4.3

24
Table 4.3: Dead Load
Dead Load At Roof Level Dead Load At Floor Level

Weight of the Slab: Weight of the Slab:

Total intensity of slab including floor
Total intensity of slab including floor
finish and terrace waterproofing = (0.125
finish and terrace waterproofing = (0.125
× 25 + 1.0) = 3.125 KN / m.
× 25 + 1.0) = 3.125 KN / m.
Loading on Beam of Span:
Loading on Beam of Span:
Tributary floor area = Tributary floor area =

(5×2.5)=6.25 m² (5×2.5)=6.25 m²
Slab load on Beam = 5.937 Slab load on Beam = 5.937
Self-weight of Beam = 2.625 Self-weight of Beam = 2.625
Weight of parapet wall = 4.416 Weight of parapet wall = 12.36
Total load on beam= 12.72 Total load on beam= 20.92

Plinth Beam Calculation:

Self-weight of Beam = 2.625
Weight of wall = 15.456
Total load on beam= 18.08 KN/m2

Live load calculations: - The live loads on various beams and columns in the frame
are calculated according to yield line theory and shown table 4.4. The intensity of
imposed loading (live load) has been considered as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002.

Table 4.3: Live Load

Live Load At Roof Level = Live Load At Roof Level =

Intensity of live load = 1.5 KN/m2 Intensity of live load = 3 KN/m2

Loading on Beam Loading on Beam

Tributary floor area Tributary floor area

(5×2.5)=6.25 m² (5×2.5)=6.25 m²
Slab load on Beam = 1.875 Total Slab load on Beam = 3.75 Total
load on beam= 1.87 load on beam= 3.75
Using the following loading data, analysis of the frame is carried out with all the load
combination as per IS 1893(Part 1):2002. The maximum moments and forces for the
beams and column for all the load combination for each member are considered for the
design.

25
The steps of Analysis of the building frames by Conventional Design and Capacity
Based Design has been shown below and for the analysis of the building frame by
using above all the steps.

4.2 ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FRAMES USING CONVENTIONAL DESIGN

(Shah and Kale 1972)
Step 1: Finalized of structural Configuration: -
In this work, studies are carried out for building frames of 5, 10 and 15 storeys. These
building frames have three bays in X direction and one bay in Y direction. The details
of these frames are shown in fig 4.2 and assigning data are shown in table 4.1 and 4.2
Step 2: Load Calculation.
Before proceeding for load calculation preliminary sizes of slabs, beams and columns
decided. Calculation of preliminary sizes of structural members should be judicially
fixed. For each floor or roof, the loading intensity of slab is calculated taking into
account the dead load of the slab, finish plaster, etc. including partitions and the live
load expected on the floor, depending on the usage of the floor or roof. Step 3:
Analysis of frames: -

Analysis of the plane frame is carried out considering appropriate combination of

gravity load and earthquake induced forces as per IS 1893 (Part 1); 2002. The
maximum interaction effect for columns and maximum force for beams from all load
combinations for each member is considered in the analysis. Analysis of the selected
frames is done for mild and most severe earthquake zones (II and V). Member forces
obtained for combination of loads in the analysis are recorded for the design of
Columns and Beams of the building frames.

Step 4: Design of Column and Beams: -

After load calculation and analysis for vertical & horizontal loads, design of Beams.
And Columns are to be carried out as per the various clauses of IS codes, IS 456 (2000),
IS 1893 (2002), IS 13920 (1993), SP16 (1980) etc.

4.3 RESULTS-

4.3.1 Maximum Displacement-

Displacement is the distance from which one node or element (beam, column, frame,
etc) moved from its original location. The movement could be from a beam deflecting,
but it could also be the result of the entire object moving, un-distorted, like a box sliding
26
on a surface with friction. Displacement can both be measured in terms of distance and
in terms of rotation.

Maximum Displacement
Length Max x Dist. Max y Dist. Max z Dist. Max Dist.
Beam
m mm m mm m mm m mm m

1 5 0.005 2.917 -1.153 2.5 -0.003 0.833 1.153 2.5

2 5 -0.001 4.583 -0.967 2.5 -0.003 0.25 0.967 2.5
3 5 0 4.583 -0.881 2.5 0 0 0.881 2.5
4 5 0.003 4.583 -0.883 2.5 0 0 0.883 2.5
5 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
6 5 0.002 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
7 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
8 5 0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
9 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
10 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
11 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
12 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
13 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
14 5 0.006 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
15 5 -0.004 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
16 5 -0.004 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
17 5 0.003 0.417 -0.883 2.5 0 0 0.883 2.5
18 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
19 5 0.006 3.75 -0.967 2.5 -0.004 0.417 0.967 2.5
20 5 0.006 3.75 -0.967 2.5 0.004 0.417 0.967 2.5
21 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
22 5 0.003 0.417 -0.883 2.5 0 0 0.883 2.5
23 5 -0.004 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
24 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
25 5 0.006 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
26 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
27 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
28 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
29 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
30 5 0.003 0.417 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
31 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
32 5 0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5

27
33 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
34 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
35 5 0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
36 5 -0.001 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
37 5 0.001 1.25 -0.883 2.5 -0.005 0.833 0.883 2.5
38 5 -0.001 3.75 -0.965 2.5 0.004 0.417 0.965 2.5
39 5 0 4.583 -0.893 2.5 -0.004 0.667 0.893 2.5
40 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.843 2.5 -0.002 0.167 0.843 2.5
41 5 0 2.5 -0.883 2.5 -0.006 0.917 0.883 2.5
42 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.102 2.5 0.001 0.25 1.102 2.5
43 5 -0.001 2.5 -0.949 2.5 0 0 0.949 2.5
44 5 -0.005 4.583 -1.123 2.5 0.002 0.25 1.123 2.5
45 5 0.005 3.75 -1.124 2.5 -0.002 0.25 1.124 2.5
46 5 0.004 1.667 -1.109 2.5 0.001 0.917 1.109 2.5

47 5 0.001 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5

48 5 -0.005 3.75 -1.129 2.5 0.002 0.917 1.129 2.5
49 5 0 3.75 -0.967 2.5 0.004 0.667 0.967 2.5
50 5 0.001 3.333 -0.872 2.5 0.006 0.75 0.872 2.5
51 5 0.001 2.917 -0.883 2.5 -0.006 0.917 0.883 2.5
52 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
53 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
54 5 -0.002 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
55 5 0.003 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
56 5 -0.002 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
57 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
58 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0.006 0.917 0.882 2.5
59 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
60 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
61 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
62 5 0.006 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
63 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
64 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
65 5 -0.004 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
66 5 0.003 0.417 -0.883 2.5 0 0 0.883 2.5
67 5 0.003 0.417 -0.95 2.5 0 0 0.95 2.5
68 5 0.001 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0.006 0.75 0.882 2.5
69 5 -0.001 3.333 -0.882 2.5 -0.006 0.917 0.882 2.5
70 5 0.001 3.75 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
71 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5

28
72 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
73 5 0.003 4.167 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
74 5 -0.002 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
75 5 -0.003 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
76 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
77 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
78 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0.006 0.917 0.882 2.5
79 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
80 5 0.006 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
81 5 -0.003 2.5 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
82 5 -0.002 4.583 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
83 5 -0.004 3.333 -0.882 2.5 0 0 0.882 2.5
84 5 0.003 0.417 -0.883 2.5 0 0 0.883 2.5
85 5 0.003 0.417 -0.95 2.5 -0.006 0.917 0.95 2.5
86 5 0.006 3.75 -1.124 2.5 0.001 0.417 1.124 2.5
87 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.854 2.5 0.001 0.417 0.854 2.5
88 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.125 2.5 0.002 0.25 1.125 2.5
89 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.123 2.5 -0.001 0.75 1.123 2.5
90 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 -0.001 0.75 0.855 2.5
91 5 0.006 3.333 -1.122 2.5 0.002 0.833 1.122 2.5
92 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5

93 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5

94 5 0.006 3.333 -1.122 2.5 -0.002 0.417 1.122 2.5
95 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
96 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
97 5 0.006 3.333 -1.122 2.5 0.002 0.583 1.122 2.5
98 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
99 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
100 5 0.005 2.083 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
101 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
102 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
103 5 0.006 3.333 -1.122 2.5 0.003 0.917 1.122 2.5
104 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
105 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
106 5 0.006 3.333 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
107 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
108 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
109 5 0.006 3.333 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
110 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5

29
111 5 0.008 4.583 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
112 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
113 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
114 5 0.008 4.583 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
115 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
116 5 0.006 3.75 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
117 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
118 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
119 5 0.006 3.75 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
120 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
121 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
122 5 0.006 3.75 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
123 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
124 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
125 5 0.006 3.75 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
126 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
127 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
128 5 0.006 3.75 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
129 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
130 5 -0.002 4.167 -1.122 2.5 0 0 1.122 2.5
131 5 0.006 3.75 -1.123 2.5 0.004 0.583 1.123 2.5
132 5 -0.002 4.167 -0.855 2.5 0 0 0.855 2.5
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137 5 -0.004 4.583 -1.146 2.5 -0.003 0.167 1.146 2.5
138 5 0.005 3.75 -0.843 2.5 0 0 0.843 2.5

139 5 -0.003 4.167 -1.146 2.5 0.003 0.167 1.146 2.5

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144 1.5 0 1.125 -0.002 1 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
145 1.5 0 1.125 0.003 1.375 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
146 1.5 0 1.125 -0.002 0.75 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
147 1.5 0 1.125 0.002 1.125 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
148 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
149 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5

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150 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
151 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
152 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
153 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
154 1.5 0 1.125 -0.005 1.125 0.076 0.333 0.077 0.5
155 1.5 0 1.125 -0.003 0.75 0.076 0.333 0.077 0.5
156 1.5 0 1.125 0.004 0.625 0.076 0.333 0.077 0.5
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158 1.5 0 1.125 0.005 1.125 0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
159 1.5 0 0.625 0.031 0.5 0.084 0.417 0.088 0.625
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171 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 -0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
172 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 -0.076 0.333 0.076 0.5
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185 1.5 0 0.75 -0.003 0.875 -0.076 0.417 0.076 0.625

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189 1.5 0 1.125 0.002 0.875 -0.008 0.333 0.008 0.5
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191 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 -0.008 0.333 0.008 0.5
192 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 -0.008 0.333 0.008 0.5
193 1.5 0 1.125 0 0 -0.008 0.333 0.008 0.5
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227 4 0 2.333 -0.002 2 0.305 0.75 0.305 3

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228 4 0 2.333 0.001 0.333 0.299 0.75 0.299 3
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230 4 0 2.333 0.003 3.667 0.299 0.75 0.299 3

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266 4 0 3 0.063 3 0.146 0.167 0.155 3

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267 4 0 3 -0.009 2.333 -0.282 0.75 0.282 3
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306 5 -0.001 4.583 -0.536 2.5 0 0 0.536 2.5
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324 5 0.003 0.417 -0.533 2.5 0 0 0.533 2.5
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345 5 0.006 4.167 -1.289 2.5 0 0 1.289 2.5
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383 5 0.003 0.417 -0.92 2.5 0 0 0.92 2.5

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384 5 0.003 0.417 -0.92 2.5 0 0 0.92 2.5
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 423 5 -0.004 3.333 -0.748 2.5 0 0 0.748 2.5
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437 5 -0.004 4.167 -1.413 2.5 0 0 1.413 2.5
438 5 -0.004 3.333 -0.762 2.5 0 0 0.762 2.5
439 5 0.006 4.167 -1.413 2.5 0 0 1.413 2.5
440 5 -0.004 4.167 -0.844 2.5 0 0 0.844 2.5
441 5 -0.004 3.333 -0.44 2.5 0 0 0.44 2.5
442 5 0.003 0.417 -0.845 2.5 0 0 0.845 2.5

4.3.2 Max. And Min. Reaction-

A support reaction can be a force resulting on a support or a resulting restraining end

moment, which results due to a prevented possibility to move. In the case of structural
systems, support reactions are in equilibrium with the external forces acting on the
structure.

4.3.3 Maximum Axial Force-

The term "maximum axial force" is often used in engineering and structural analysis to
refer to the maximum force acting along the axis of a structural member, such as a beam,
column, or rod. The axial force can be either compression (pushing) or tension (pulling)
depending on the direction of the force relative to the axis.

To determine the maximum axial force that a structural member can withstand,
engineers consider various factors such as the material properties, cross-sectional area,
length, and boundary conditions. These factors are essential for calculating the member's
capacity to resist axial loads without failure. For example, in the case of a column, the
maximum axial force it can withstand before buckling or collapsing is influenced by its
length, cross-sectional properties (such as moment of inertia), and the material's

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compressive strength. Engineers perform calculations, such as Euler's buckling formula
or finite element analysis, to determine the critical load that causes buckling and
therefore estimate the maximum axial force.

In summary, the determination of the maximum axial force depends on the specific
structural member and its design considerations.

4.3.4 Maximum Bending Moment –

Maximum bending moment refers to the highest magnitude of bending moment

experienced within a structural element or system. Bending moment is a result of
external loads acting on a structural member, causing it to bend or experience internal
moments. To determine the maximum bending moment in a structural system, you
typically need to analyse the applied loads, geometry, and support conditions of the
structure. The calculation varies depending on the type of structure and its specific
loading conditions.

For example, in a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at the centre, the
maximum bending moment occurs at the centre and is equal to the magnitude of the
concentrated load multiplied by the span length divided by 4. In more complex cases,
such as continuous beams or frames, the determination of maximum bending moments
requires more detailed structural analysis, considering factors like distributed loads,
moments, and support conditions.

4.3.5 Maximum Shear Force-

Maximum shear force refers to the highest magnitude of shear force experienced within
a structural element or system. Shear force is a result of external loads acting
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the structural member, causing it to deform or
experience internal forces.

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 PLANNING OF RAILWAY STATION BUILDING

1. Introduction

Railway stations play a pivotal role in a country’s transportation infrastructure.

Efficient station planning ensures smooth operations, passenger comfort, and future
scalability. With rising urbanization and increasing passenger loads, modern railway
stations are expected to provide not just basic amenities but also advanced facilities
like digital information systems, commercial spaces, and multimodal connectivity.

2. Objectives of Station Planning

The primary objectives of railway station planning are:

 To ensure smooth movement of passengers and goods.

 To provide safety and convenience.
 To facilitate operational efficiency for trains.
 To accommodate future growth and technology upgrades.
 To enhance user experience through modern amenities.

3. Site Selection Criteria

While selecting a site for a new railway station, the following factors are considered:

 Topography: Flat land is preferred to minimize earthwork.

 Connectivity: Proximity to highways, metro, or bus stations.
 Land Availability: Adequate space for platforms, tracks, buildings, and future
expansion.
 Drainage: Natural slope for water runoff.
 Urban Planning: Integration with city master plans and development zones.

4. Zoning and Layout Planning

The railway station area is typically divided into zones:

a. Operational Zone

 Platforms
 Tracks
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  Signal and control rooms

b. Passenger Zone

 Entrance/exit halls
 Ticket counters and machines
 Waiting rooms
 Restrooms
 Food courts

c. Commercial Zone

 Shops
 ATMs
 Lounges

d. Service and Utility Zone

 Staff quarters
 Power sub-station
 Water supply and sewage facilities

5. Platform Design and Circulation

Platforms must be designed considering:

 Train length and frequency

 Width (typically 10–12 meters minimum)
 Height (as per coach floor level)
 Canopies for protection from weather
 Safe movement and tactile tiles for visually impaired

Passenger circulation includes:

 Foot overbridges (FOBs)

 Subways
 Escalators and elevators
 Clear signage and information boards

6. Passenger Amenities

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Modern stations should offer:

 Clean and ample restrooms

 Drinking water facilities
 Comfortable waiting lounges
 Digital display boards and public address systems
 Wi-Fi connectivity
 Cloakroom and luggage trolleys

7. Traffic and Parking Facilities

Efficient traffic management includes:

 Drop-off/pick-up zones
 Auto/taxi stands
 Bus bays
 Parking areas for two-wheelers and four-wheelers
 Pedestrian-only zones for safety

8. Safety and Security Features

Safety is non-negotiable in station planning:

 CCTV surveillance
 Metal detectors and baggage scanners
 Fire alarms and fire-fighting equipment
 Emergency exits
 Well-trained security staff

9. Environmental and Sustainable Design

Sustainable elements should include:

 Solar panels for power

 Rainwater harvesting systems
 Use of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs)
 Waste management systems (segregated bins, composting)
 Green landscaping to reduce heat and provide shade

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10. Future Expansion and Technology Integration

Station planning must be forward-looking:

 Provision for extra platforms

 Space for longer trains
 Integration with metro, bullet trains, or bus rapid transit (BRT)
 Smart ticketing and AI-powered crowd management
 Digital kiosks for information and booking

11. Conclusion

Planning a railway station building involves a blend of engineering, architecture, urban

design, and human-centric thinking. A well-planned station is more than just a transit
hub—it becomes a gateway to cities, a hub of activity, and a symbol of progress.

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