kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\hpw

am[y-a-§fpw
kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\hpw
am[y-a-§fpw
kn.]n. kXy-cmPv
tIc-f-¯nse `qX-Ime kmaq-lnI
apt¶-ä-§sfbpw Ahsb IogvtaÂ
adn-¡p¶ hÀ¯-am\
bmYmÀYy-§sfbpw am[y-a-§Ä
ssIImcyw sNbvX hn[w
hnaÀi-\m-ß-Iambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶
]T-\w. \thm-°m\ tIc-f-¯nsâ
]n³\-S-¯-¯n\v am[y-a-§Ä
IpS-]n-Sn-¨-sX-§-s\-sb¶v
hni-Z-am-¡p¶ bpàn-`-{Z-
\nco-£-W-§Ä. `àn-hy-h-km-b-¯nse
em`-hnlnXw ]-äm\pÅ
am[y-a-§fpsS hgn-hn« k©m-cw
hyà-am-¡p¶ {KÙw.

Kerala Press Academy

Kakkanad, Cochin
ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 1

kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw
am[y-a-ßfpw

kn.]n. kXy-cmPv

tIcf {]kv A°mZan

2014
2 - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 3

kn.]n. kXy-cmPv
am[ya {]h¿Ø-I≥. IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse Nmh-t»-cn-bn¬ P\\w. A—≥: sI hn
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥. AΩ: kn ]n ]fln-\n. h¿Ø-am-\w, \yq GPv, am[yaw XpS-ßnb
]{X-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn®p. Ct∏mƒ C¥ym-hn-j-\n¬ No^v k_v FUn-‰¿. `mcy:
hn\oX, aI≥:tNX≥ Fkv. cmPv. C sabn¬: [email protected]
Malayalam Title :

Sammohika Navodhanavum Madhyamangalum

By C.P. Sathyaraj
© Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy under
CC BY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to C.P. Sathyaraj

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper or

any non-electronic form, without the prior written permission of the
copyright-owner.

C.P. Sathyaraj asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this
work.

Published by
Kerala Press Academy
Kakkanadu, Kochi-30

Cover Design : Saji Clarion

Published in May 2014

E-book edition not for sale.

 D≈-S°w
BapJw
1. tIcfw: Ccpfpw shfn-®hpw 11- -˛-30
kwL-Ime tIc-fw-˛B
- c
- ym-[n-\n-th-ihpw h¿Wm-{i-a[
- ¿a-ßf
- pw˛amdp∂ ioe-߃˛
\msº-Sp-°p∂ \thm-∞m\w˛]-cn-jvI¿Øm°fpw {]ÿm-\ß
- fpw

2. \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰hpw BZy-Ime ]{X-ßfpw 31- -˛-63

BZy-Ime am[y-aß - fpw aX-t_m-[\- h - pw˛aX-t_m-[\- Ø
- n¬\n∂v kmaq-lnI hna¿i-
\-Øn-te°v˛BZy-Ime {]kn-≤o-Ic - W- ß- fpw ap≥\n-c°- m-cpw˛hgn-\S- ∏
- v, t£{X-{]-
th-i\ ka-c-߃-˛-k-a-Z¿in˛[¿Ω-k-a-cw-˛-ae-bm-fn,- ka-Z¿in t]mcv˛ tIk-cn-˛-k-
tlm-Zc - ≥-˛X
- fn-t£-{X-]c- n-kc
- sØ hgn-\S- ∏- v˛tIcf Iuap-Zn˛ssh°w kXym-{K-lw-
˛-k©- m-ck- zm-X{- ¥yØn-s\-Xnsc Cug-hs‚ thm´v˛amXr-`q-an-bpsS XpS-°w-˛t- £-{X-
{]-th-i-\-Øn-\p≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ˛sI.-]n. tIih tat\ms‚ Ad-Ãv-˛-k-h¿W-Pm-
Y˛Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw˛kmaq-Xn-cn°pw sNIn-SØ - S- n® kh¿W-\p-sa-Xn-sc˛ae-
bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS kq£va-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ˛{]Pm-k-`-bnse ama≥ am∏n-f˛tIcf tkh-
I-s\-Xnsc k¿°m¿

3. kap-Zmb ]cn-jvIc- W
- ß
- ƒs°m∏w 64 -˛- 91
kap-Zm-b]
- c
- n-jI
v c
- W {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ˛DÆn\-ºq-Xc - n˛A¥¿P-\Ø - n-s‚bpw t\Xymc-
Ω-bp-sSbpw t]mcv˛anX-hm-ZnbpsS Zμz-\n-e]- mSv˛\h-i‡ - n-˛h
- n-Zym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n˛ktlm-
Z-c≥˛an{i-t`m-P-\w, an{i-hn-hm-lw, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw˛aXw-am-‰-߃˛ apkveow kap-
Zm-bØ
- nse am‰-߃-˛A - ‘- h- n-izm-kß
- ƒ°pw A\m-Nm-cß - ƒ°p-sa-Xn-sc˛apd-P] - -
Øn-s\-Xn-sc˛arK-_en \n¿Øm≥˛]{X-am-cW \nb-aß - ƒ

4. kzmX-{¥ym-\¥
- c ]n≥\-SØw 92- -˛-136
kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c cmjv{So-b-am-‰w-˛-]-{X-ß-fpsS {]^-j-W¬ coXn˛PmXo-b-X-bpsS
]p\xkrjvSnbpw PmXn-cm-jv{So-bhpw˛am[y-a-ß-fnse PmXo-b-X˛h¿Kob tNcp-h-
Iƒ˛aqe-[-\hpw kmaq-lnI ImgvN-∏m-Spw˛`‡nbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpw˛Kpcp-hm-
bq-cnse tNmdq¨ hnhm-Zw˛]Sn-°p-]p-d-Øm-Ip∂ Cug-h-∏q-Pm-cn-am¿˛i_-cn-ebpw
kz¿W-{]-i\ v Ø
- nse au\-hpw˛aIc tPymXn-bpsS D≈-dI - f
- n-te°v IS-°m-sX-˛] - fl-
\m- ` - t £{X \n- e - h d Xpd- ° mØ cl- k y- ß ƒ˛s]m¶m- e - b - £ - c - ß - f nse
`‡n˛BtLm-ja - m-Ip∂ _en-X¿∏-Ww˛BƒssZ-hß - ƒ°p-]n-∂m-se˛Aar-Xm-\μ - -
a-bn°p ap∂n¬ Xe-Ip-\n-®v˛- k- t- ¥mjv am[-h\
- n¬ kS-Ip-S™
- v˛ap…ow \thm-∞m-
\hpw BNm-c-ß-fpw˛Xncp-tIiw sXmSmØ \njv]-£-X˛an{i-hn-hm-l-Øn¬\n∂v
eu Pnlm-Zn-te-°v
5. hnizmk-ßf- psS hn]Wn 137- -˛-148
hn]-Wnbpw P\m-`n-em-j-hpw˛Cw•ojv am[y-a-ß-fpsS hgn-tb˛Dev]∂ k¶ev]w
]{X-ß-fn-epw-˛B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-I-fpsS ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn˛am{¥n-I-G-e- p-I-sf∂ [\m-
K-a\
- a
- m¿§w-˛]
- t- c-Xm-flm-°ƒ°pw CSw˛]-{X-߃°v Hcp D]-Im-ck - vac
- W

6. Ad-®p-\n¬°p∂ Zriy-am-[y-aß
- ƒ 149- -˛1- 52
Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS XpS-°hpw hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-hpw-˛-s]m-en-a-
tb-Ip∂ Zriy-hn-cp-∂p-Iƒ-˛B
- t- Lm-ja
- m-Ip∂ aI-ct- Pym-Xnbpw s]m¶m-eb
- pw-˛Z- riym-
t\z-jW km-[y-XI - fnte°v IS-°msX

klm-bI {KŸ-߃
 BapJw
cmPy-Øn\v amXr-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI \thm-
∞m\ apt∂-‰-߃. kmaq-lnI D®-\o-NXzw AXns‚ F√m cu{Z-
X- tbm-sSbpw Ac-tß-dnb Hcp `qX-Im-e-Øn¬\n∂v Iogm-f-P-\-hn-
`m-K-߃°v Xe-bp-b¿Øn \S-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw Hcp-ßn-bXv
Zo¿L-Imew kaq-l-Øns‚ k¿h-X-e-ß-fnepw \S∂ ]cn-jvI-cW
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI apt∂-‰-Ønse Cu ae-bm-
f-s∏-cp-a-bn¬ Du‰w-sIm-≈p-tºmgpw \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-ßsf
Iogvta¬ adn-°p∂ kw`-h-ß-ƒ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kaq-l-Ønepw
Ac-tß-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv Hcp bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv. hyXykvX
Ime-L-´-Ønse kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ßsf am[y-a-߃ Fßs\
kao-]n-®p-sh∂XmWv Cu ]T-\-Ønse D≈- S-°w.
sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn°v apºp≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kml-
N-cy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS- am{Xta B[p-\nI ImesØ
khn-ti-j-X-bn-te°v Fßs\ FØn-t®¿∂p F∂ hni-I-e-\w
km[yamIq. H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ CXn-\p≈ {ia-amWv \S-Øp-
∂-Xv. kwL-Ime kmaqly kml-Nc - y-ßf
- pw AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn
h¿Wm-{ia[¿aw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly a\- ns\ Iog-S-°n-b-sX-
ß-s\-sb∂pw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS DZ-bhpw AXns‚
{]h¿Ø\ coXn-bpw BZy-Ime ae-bmf ]{X-߃ AXn-s\ Fß-
s\-bmWv ho£n-®-sX-∂p-amWv c≠mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kzmX{¥y e_v[n-°p-tijw tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-
km-aq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬h∂ am‰-ß-sfbpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ am[y-a-
k-ao-]-\-ß-fp-amWv aq∂pw \mepw A[ym-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. am[y-a-cw-
KØv aqe-[\ Xmev]cy-߃ DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXv \thm-∞m-\-
aq-ey-߃ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xn¬ F¥v kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-®-sX∂pw
\memw A[ymbw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. Zriy-am-[y-a-߃ tIcf-Øn¬
kPo-ha - mb tijap≠mb kml-Nc - y-ßsf A®-Sn-am-[y-aß
- fpw Zriy-
am-[y-a-ßfpw Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNbvXp-sh∂XmWv A©mw
A[ym-bw.
 tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI Ncn-{XsØbpw hnIm-k-sØbpw Ipdn-
®p≈ {KŸ-ßfpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\N-cn{Xw kw_-‘n®
cN-\-Ifpw ]gb ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-hn-ep≈ ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw
]Xn-∏p-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®mbncp∂p ]T\w. ]g-b-Ime ]{X-ß-fp-
sSbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v
Xriq¿ kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan sse{_-dn-bn¬\n∂v e`n® kl-I-cWw
hne-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w hnhn[ am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS kl-I-c-Whpw ]T\w
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn. Ah-tcm-sS-√m-ap≈ IrX-
⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-\-thm-∞m-\-sØbpw am[y-a-ß-fpsS
]¶n-s\bpw Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-a-Xnbpw km[y-Xbpw Hcp-
°n-Ø∂ tIcf {]kv A°m-Za - n-tbm-Sp≈ IrX-⁄X
- bpw {]tXyIw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kmaq-lnI am‰sØ Ipdn-®p≈ XpS¿ am[ya
]T-\-߃°v sNdnb ASn-Ø-d-bm-Im≥ Cu ]T\w klm-b-I-amIpw
F∂mWv {]Xo-£.

kn.]n. kXy-cmPv
 {]km-[I
- ¡
- p-dn-¸v

tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZ-an kwÿm-\ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS

]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°p-th-≠n G-s‰-Sp-Ø am-[y-a-K-th-j-W ]-≤-Xn-
bp-sS ^-e-am-Wv, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\mb {io. kn.]n.k-Xy-cm-Pns‚
km-aq-ly-\-thm-∞m-\hpw am-[y-a-ßfpw F∂ Cu {K-Ÿw.

tIcfØnse ]{X{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ XpS°w, bYm¿∞Øn¬

tIcfØnse \thm∞m\Øns‚ XpS°w Xs∂bmWv- F∂v-
Nn¥I\pw Ncn{XhymJymXmhpw IqSnbmb C.Fw.Fkv -
\ºqXncn∏mSv- ]d™psh®n´p≠v-. \q-‰-dp]Xv h¿-j-tØmfw \o≠
a-ebmf ]{X{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Ncn{X-sØ km-aq-ly-am‰Øns‚
Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂v- th¿Xncn®v- tcJs∏SpØp-I {]-bmkam-Wv.-
kmaqlyam‰ßsf ]{X{]h¿- Ø \hpw ]{X{]h¿- Ø \sØ
kmaqly-am‰hpw kzm[o\n®pt]m∂p

Xo¿-®-bm-bpw K-l-\am-b Cu hn-j-b-am-Wv {io k-Xy-cm-Pv ]T-\-

Øn\v G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. F-∂m¬ ]T-\w A-Xn-sem-Xp-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂n√.
A-‘-hn-izm-k-߃°pw A-\m-Nm-c-߃-°pw F-Xn-sc ]-S s]m-cpXn-
b A-tX ]-{X-߃ X-s∂ kzm-X-{¥ym-\¥-cw s{]m-^-j-\¬ ]-{X-
{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ ap-Jw-aq-Sn-bn-´v A-‘ hn-izm-k-߃°pw A-\m-
Nm-c-߃-°p-t]mepw t{]m-’ml-\w \¬-Ip-∂, \-thm-∞m-\-Øn¬
\n-∂p-≈ Xn-cn-™p-\-S-Ø-sØ-Ip-dn®pw {io k-Xy-cm-Pv hn-e-tbdn-b
\o-co-£-W-߃ \-S-Øp-∂p-≠v. hn-]-Wn- F√m aq-ey-ß-ƒ°pw hn-e-
bn-Sp-∂- Im-ew F-∂ Zp-c-¥-Øn-te-°m-Wv K-th-j-I≥ hn-c¬-Nq-≠p-
∂-Xv.
h¿-j-߃ ]n-∂n-´mepw hm-bn-°-s∏-tS-≠ Cu Ir-Xn h-cpw -X-e-ap-d-
Iƒ-°pw F-fp-∏w e`y-am-Ip-∂ C˛_p-°v B-bn {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn¬ k-t¥m-jhpw A`n-am-\-hp-ap-≠v. C-\n-bp-ta-sd N¿-®-Iƒ°pw
kw-hm-Z-Øn\pw C-Xv ]m-{X-amIpw F-∂v B-in-°p∂p.

sIm-®n F³.]n.cm-tP-{μ³
15 G-{]n¬ 2014 sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZan
 A[ymbw H∂v

tIcfw: Ccpfpw shfn-®hpw

P¿a≥ ss{IkvXh anj-W-dn-bmb tUm. sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v 1847
PqWn¬ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ {]Xn-amk
]{Xn-Ib- mb "cmPy-ka
- m-Nmcw' {]ko-≤o-Ic - n-®v GXm≠v Ac-\q-‰m≠v
Ign-™t∏m-gm-bn-cp∂p kzman hnth-Im-\-μs‚ tIcf kμ¿iw.
"CsXmcp {`m¥-me-b-amWv' F∂ kzman hnth-Im-\-μs‚ ]cn-lmkw
A∂sØ tIc-fØ - nse kmaq-lym-¥c - o-£Ø - ns‚ ]cn-Xm-]I
- c
- a
- mb
ÿnXnbpsS hym]vXn hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse
CXctZi-ß-sf-t∏mse aX-hnizmk tI{μo-Ir-Xambn-cp∂p A∂v
tIc-f-Ønsebpw s]mXp-k-aq-lw. F∂m¬, AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn as‰-
ßp-an-√mØ hn[w PmXn-˛-D-]-PmXn _‘-ßfpw th¿Xn-cn-hp-Ifpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-ÿnXn AXy-[nIw k¶o¿W-am-°nbncp-∂p.
hnizm-k-߃°pw BNm-c-߃°psam∏w A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-
Nm-chpw kaq-l-Øn¬ apJy-ÿm\w t\Sn. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ A‘-hn-
izm-k-߃°pw A\m-Nm-c-߃°p-am-bn-cp∂p ta¬ss° F∂p ]d-
bmw.
\mSp-hm-gnØ`q{]-`p-Xz-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p A[n-Im-cw. Ch¿s°m∏w
PmXn-ta¬t°m-bvabpw kaq-lØ - ns‚ Ne-\ß - sf \nb-{¥n-®p. \mSp-
h-mgn-bn-emtWm, P∑n-bn-em-tWm, Db¿∂ PmXn-bn-emtWm A[n-
Imcw tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-hm-Øhcm-bn-
cp∂p Iogmf P\hn-`m-Kw. {_m“-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw Ah-cpsS Imcy-
ÿ-h¿Khpw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS CjvS-Øn-\\p-k-cn®v \nb-a-ßfpw hyh-
ÿ-Ifpw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Xpey-\o-Xn-b-√, hnth-N-\-am-bn-cp∂p \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS
ASn-ÿm\w Xs∂. \mSp-hm-gn-I-fnepw PmXn- ta¬t°mbva ÿm\-
Øp--≈-h-cnepw `qan-bp-sSbpw kº-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Imcw ]q¿W-
ambpw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iogm-f-hn`mKw Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-cp-∂p;
F√m A¿∞Ønepw. kº-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, hnZym-
`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu Zmcn{Zyw Ahsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn. hnZym-
`ymkw kh¿W-cn¬ am{Xw tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
kaq-l-Øn¬ hn\o-X-hn-t[-b-cm-hm≥ am{Xta Ah¿Æ¿°v km[n-
12 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. AXm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ \m´p-\-S-∏v. A\p-k-cn-

°pI F∂-Xn¬ Ah¿Ws‚ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw HXp-ßn.
A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-chpw Ah¿W-\n¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-
√. aqV-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS ta¬ AS-bn-cn-°p-∂Xn¬ kh¿Wcmbn-
cp∂p ap∂n¬. A[n-Im-cn-If
- n¬\n∂pw ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cn¬\n-∂pap≈
]oU-\-Øns‚ `oXn \nanØw A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-c-hpw A-
\p-jvTn-°m≥ Ah¿W¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-b-t∏mƒ, kh¿W¿ kzbw
krjvSn-s®-SpØ `oXn-bpsS temI-Øm-bn-cp∂p Ign-™-Xv. BNm-c-
\n-tj-[w hgn X߃ ]X-\-Øn-te°v \bn-°s∏Sp-sa∂v Ah¿
`b-∂p. A‘-hn-izmkw ImgvN-a-d-®p. AXn-\-∏p-dsØ ImgvN-Im-Wm-
≥ kh¿W¿°v km[n®n√. Cu `oXn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-\-am-bn-
cp∂p Iogm-f-\p-ta-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsSbpw BNm-c-\n-
jvI¿j-bn-eq-sSbpw kh¿W¿ km-[y-am-°n-bn-cp∂Xv.
ASnak{º-Zm-bw, Abn-Øw, sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bva, Xo≠n-°q-Sm-bva,
PmXn-{`-„v, ]pe-t∏-Sn, aÆm-t∏-Sn, ]d-t∏-Sn, apd-P-]w, Zmb-{I-aw,
ssiih hnhm-lw, _lp-`m-cym-Xzw, _lp-`¿Xr-Xzw, Xmen-sI´v
Ieym-Ww, Xnc-≠p-I-eym-Ww, kv{XoI-fpsS amdp-a-d-bv°m-Xn-cn-°¬,
k©mc kzmX{¥y \ntj-[w, t£{X-{]-th--\-an-√mbva, hnZym-`ymk
\ntj[w, acp-a-°-Ømbw, P∑nØw F∂n-ßs\ \m\m-hn-[m-Nm-c-
ßfpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿIfp-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-
Xv. Cu \nb-a-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]men-°p∂-Xn¬ kq£vaX
]pe¿tØ≠ _m[y-Xbpw Ah¿W\pw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-am-bn-cp-
∂p. AXm-b-Xv, kh¿Ws‚ ]cn-ip≤n \jvS-am-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈
{i≤ Iogm-f¿ ]pe¿Ø-W-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn\mbn kh¿WcpsS
I¨sh- ´ Øv bmZr- — n- I - a mbnt]mepw h∂p- s ]- S m- X n- c n- ° m≥
Ah¿W≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. {_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb¿ XpS-ßn
kh¿W hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ {]tXyI
i_vZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿W≥ Xo≠m-∏m-S-Iew
kq£n-°p∂-Xn-\m-Wn-Xv. ANm-cm-\p-jvTm-\ß
- f - n¬ hcp-Øp∂ hogvN-
bpsS in£bpw ISp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. in£ -`-b∂v ISp-InS sX‰msX
Ah ]men-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp -]-cn-[n-hsc F√m-hcpw \njvI¿j
]men®p.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 13

tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-߃ sshtZ-in-

Im-[n-]-Xy-w DS-se-Sp°p-∂-Xn\pw Ht∂m ct≠m \q‰m≠paptº
tIcfw CØcsamcp kmaq-lnI N´-°q-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬, AXn\papºp≈ Ime-L-´-
Øn¬ CØ-c-samcp th¿Xn-cnhv tIc-f-Øn¬ ImWm≥ km[n-°p-
am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI Ncn-{X-
hn-Im-ksØ {]mY-an-I-ambn aq∂v L´-ß-fmbn Xncn-°m≥ km[n-
°pw. H∂v, tIcfØns‚ Ncn{Xw cq]s∏-´p XpS-ßnb kwL-Im-e-
L-´w. c≠v, Bcy-h-XvI-c-Whpw AXn\v tij-hpw. aq∂v, \thm-
∞m\ Ime-L´w.
{InkvXp-h¿j-Øn‚ BZysØ A©v \ - q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ hcp∂ kwL-
Im-esØ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lyLS\ ]nevIm-esØ At]-£n®v
XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v s{]m^. Cfw-Ipfw ]nFw
Ip™≥]n-≈-sbbpw F {io[-c-ta-t\ms\bpw t]mep≈ Ncn-{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-SpØnbn-´p-≠v. tIcf Ncn{Xw cq]-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßp-
∂XvXs∂ Xan-gvkm-ln-Xy-Ønse kp{]-kn-≤-amb kwL-Im-e-L-
´-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Xan-g-I-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-hpw.
thWm-Sv, Ip´-\m-Sv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\m-Sv, I¿°m-\mSv F∂n-ßs\
A©p-\m-Sp-IfpsS ka-\z-b-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-fw. A°m-esØ kmaq-
lnI Pohn-XsØ "tIcf Ncn-{X-Øn¬' F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ hnh-cn-
°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:
"Hcp kw{K-YnXkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-
amb ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-sf√mw kwL-Im-eØv D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. A∂v kaqlw kap-Zm-b-ß-fmbpw PmXn-I-fmbpw
Jfin-X-ambn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. cq£-amb PmXn-hy-
Xym-k-tam, kmaq-ln-I-amb th¿Xn-cn-°tem A⁄m-X-am-
bn-cp-∂p. P\-߃ kmaq-ln-I-amb kzmX-{¥y-Ønepw ka-
Xz-Ønepw Ign-™p-Iq-Sn. A≤zm-\-Øns‚ A¥ v Fhn-
sSbpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sXmgn-ens‚ \ne-
hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v P\-ßsf kmaq-ly-ambn XmW-h-
sct∂m Db¿∂-h-sct∂m Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]mW¿,
Ipd-h¿, ]d-b¿, thS¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zm-b-ßsf cmPm-°-
∑mcpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw _lp-am-\-]q¿Δ-amWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-
14 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

∂-Xv. ]cn-]q¿W-amb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ah¿°v Ah-Im-

i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mW¿ _p≤n-]-chpw kwkvIm-cn-I-hp-
amb kn≤n-I-fm¬ {_m“-W-scbpw AXn-i-bn-∏n-®p.'
˛tIcf Ncn-{Xw, ]pdw 90
kwL-Im-esØ P\-ßfn¬ `qcn-]-£-Øn\pw FUn 500 hsc
{]tXy-I a-X-sam-∂pw- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ ]d-bp-
∂p. AXn\v tij-ap≈ aq∂p-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIcf Ncn-{XsØ
Ipdn®v aXn-bmb tcJ-I-sfm∂pw Is≠-Sp-°m≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v
km[n-®n-´n-√. Nmeq-Iy¿, ]√-h¿, ]mfiy¿, cmjv{S-Iq-S¿ F∂o
hwi-߃ tIc-fsØ B{I-an®v B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-s®-∂mWv hniz-
kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS B[n-]Xyw apX¬ km-aq-lnILS-\-bn¬
ImXemb am‰Øn\v tIcfw km£n-bm-bn. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
HºXmw \q‰m-≠n\v tijw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bXv Xo¿Øpw s]mfn-
s®-gp-Xnb Hcp kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. tIcf
Ncn-{Xw kw_-‘n® Cu Ccp-fm≠Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Bcy-h-XvI-
cWw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse {ZmhnU kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ta¬ B[n-
]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Bcy-h-XvI-cWw tIc-f-Ønse h¿W-
hy-h-ÿ-bnepw kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnepw henb ]cn-h¿Ø\w Xs∂
hcp-Øn. AXm-Is´ A©mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp
LS-\-bpsS t\¿ hn]-co-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-hscbn√m-Xn-cp∂ PmXn-
hy-h-ÿ-bn-te°v tIcfw hgn-am-dn \S-∂Xv Cu Bcy-h-XvI-c-W-
Øn\v tij-am-Wv.
"tIc-fØ
- nse Bcy--hX- vIc
- Ww aμ-sa-¶nepw A\p-kyq-Xa
- mb Hcp
{]{In-b-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bbp-[-ß-fpsS i‡n-sIm-≠-√, kam-[m-\-
Øns‚ \tbm-]m-b-߃sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p Iuie-Øn¬ AXp
km[n-®-Xv. hS-°p-\n-∂p -h∂ {_m“-W-cpsS ap¥nb _p≤n-i-‡n-
bp-sSbpw `c-W-ssh-Z-Kv[y-Øn-s‚bpw apºn¬ Chn-SsØ {ZmhnU
h¿K-°m¿ \nt»jw Iog-S-ßp-∂-Xp-hsc AXp \o≠p-\n-∂p' (tI-
cf Ncn-{Xw, ]pdw 102) F∂mWv F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ Cu ]cn-
h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.
Cu B- c y- h - X v I - c - W - Ø ns‚ ASn- Ø - d bn- e mWv ]nev I me
tIcfØns‚ kmaq-ly-L-S\ sI´n-s∏m-°n-b-Xv. Nmeq-Iy¿°pw ]√-
h¿°pw tIc-fØ
- n-ep-≠mb ta[m-hnXzw Bcy-hX - vIc- W
- Ø
- n\v thKw
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 15

Iq´m≥ henb kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CtXmsS ]pXnb

kmap- l nI _‘- ß ƒ DS- s e- S p- Ø p. h¿W- t h¿Xn- c n- h p- I ƒ°v
]pXnb am\-Z-fi-ß-fm-bn. AXn\v apºv kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂
ÿm\-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn`m-K-߃ {ItaW IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmbn ]cn-
W-an-®p. A[n-Im-chpw kºØpw Bcy-∑m-cn¬ tI{μo-Ic - n-°pI IqSn
sNbvX-tXmsS CXn\v B°w IqSn. kwL-Im-e-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-
L´w hsc kaql-Øn¬ D∂X ÿm\-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ thS¿,
]mW¿, Ipd-h¿ XpS-ßnb A≤zm-\-h¿K-߃ aq∂mw-X-c-°m-cmbn
XmW PmXn-I-sf∂ A[n-t£-]-Øn\v CS-bmbn.
FUn F´mw \q‰m≠v tIc-f-Øn¬ {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw i‡n-
bm¿Pn® Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. Bcy-h-XvIcW Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tIc-
f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-\n∂v {_m“-W-cpsS hen-sbmcp kwLw Xs∂
ChnsS FØn-t®-cp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Ønse {_m“-W¿s°m∏w
]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Ønb {_m“-W¿IqSn tN¿∂-tXmsS kaq-l-Øns‚
ta¬ kºq¿Wm-[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-°m-hp∂ hn[-Ønep≈ Hcp i‡n-
bmbn Bcy-aXw amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {_m“-W¿°p-≠mb Cu
{]mapJyw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-bnepw henb ]cn-
h¿Ø\w Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. kwL-Im-esØ {ZmhnUtKm{Xw IqSp-
X¬ Zp¿_-e-am-hp-Ibpw apJy-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v {ItaW Dƒh-en-bs∏-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øns‚ A\n-tj-[y-X-bn¬ A[n-
jvTn-X-amb Bcy-{]-am-W-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akm-[m-cW
aXXo{h-X-tbmsS {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂ Cu {_m“-W¿ tIc-f-Ønse
PmXn-c-ln-X-amb kaq-l-Øn¬ PmXn-k-{º-Zmbw X{¥-]q¿Δw Xncp-
In-°-b-‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p' (tIcf Ncn{Xw, ]pdw 105) F∂v F {io[-
c-ta-t\m≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p.
Xangv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-kw-
kvIm-cØ - ns‚ `mK-amb h¿W-hn-`P - \w \S-∂Xv kmaq-ln-Im-[n-Imcw
ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmPm-°-∑m-cnepw \mSp-
hm-gn-Ifnepw `q{]-`p-°-∑m-cnepw kzm[o\w t\Sp-Ibpw {ItaW Ah-
cpsS ta¬ kºq¿Wm-[n-]Xyw ssIh-cn-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Bcy-
∑m¿. A∂sØ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw kº-Øns‚bpw tI{μ-ß-
fm-bn-cp∂ tImhn-e-I-ßfpw t£{X-ßfpw ]cn-]q¿W-ambpw Bcy-
{_m“-W-cp-sSbpw £{Xn-b-cp-sSbpw \nb-{¥-W-Øn-te°v {ItaW
h∂p-tN¿∂p. F∂m¬ DØ-tc-¥y≥ kmaq-ln-I-L-S-\sb AtX-
16 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

]Sn ]dn-®p-\-Sm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw, kwL-

Im-esØ {ZmhnU kwkvImcw ChnsS A°m-eØv A{X-ta¬ thcq-
∂n- ° - g n- ™ n- c p- ∂ p. AXns‚ ^e- a mbn h¿W- h n- ` - P \Øn\pw
{]tXyI kz`mhw ssIh-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse Bcym-[n-\n-thi Ime-
L-´-Øn¬Xs∂ I®-h-Sm-h-iy-Øn-\mbn FØnb blq-ZcpsSbpw
{InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Ad-_n-I-fptSbpw km∂n[yw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. Xan-g-I kwkvIm-c-Øn-s\m∏w Cu hntZ-iob I®-h-Skaq-
lhpw Cg-tN¿∂p \n∂-Xn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ {]tXyI kmaq-ly-
L-S-\-bmWv cq]-s∏-´-Xv.
Bcym-h¿ØØn-se∂-t]mse hy‡-amb NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-
eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn-´√ ChnsS PmXn hyhÿ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv
F∂mWv C Fw Fkv Cu Ncn-{X-hn-Im-ksØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.

"F¶nepw Bcym-h¿X-Øn-se-∂-t]mse Chn-sSbpw PmXn-

k-{º-Zmbw hf¿∂p-h-cm≥ hf-°q-dp≈ aÆp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
NmXp¿h¿Wyw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠-√m-sXbmsW-¶n-epw, PmXn-
Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Chn-sSbpw hf¿∂p-h-∂p. h¿K-hn-`-P-\-
Øns‚ Chn-SsØ cq]w NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-eq-sS-b-√msX
hf¿∂p-h∂ PmXn hyXym-k-Øn-s‚-cq-]-Øn-em-sW-∂¿∞w.
AXv hf¿∂p-h∂ - s
- X-ßs
- \-bm-W∂
- X
- n\v hnizm-ky-amb sXfn-
hp-I-fn-√.''
˛C Fw Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv, tIcfNcn{Xw am¿IvknÃv
ho£-W-Øn¬, ]pdw 32
kwL-Ime km-aq-ln-I-L-S-\-bpsS ssiYn-ey-Øn\v tijw
Bcym-[n-]Xyw IpSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. HºXmw \q‰m-
≠p-ap-X¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]mcw-`-w hsc Cu Bcym-[n-]Xyw
henb Ae-´n-√msX \ne-\n-∂p. h¿W-hn-`-P-\hpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw
A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw D®-ÿm-bn-bn-embn. \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw `p{]-`p-
°-∑m-cp-sa√mw Cu h¿W-ta-[m-hn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ \n-∂m-b-Xn-\m¬
{_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb-∑m¿ F∂o kh¿W-hn-`m-KØnse
F√m-h¿°pw {]tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-ß-fmWv kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. PmXn hnth-N\ambn-cp∂p kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fpsSbpw kmº-
ØnI LS-\-bpsSbpw am\-Z-fiw. AXv Gdn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-X-√msX
am‰-Øns‚ Imlfw Fhn-sSbpw Db¿∂n-cp-∂n-√. IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 17

ta¬ ssIh-cn® B[n-]Xyw Bkz-Zn®, Ae-k-Po-hnXw \bn®

kh¿W-hn-`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
IogvPm-Xn-°m-c\v kzmX{¥y \ntj[w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Fhn-sS-bpw.
PmXn-Iƒ D]-Pm-Xn-I-fmbn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw Cu Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw
Ah-ch - c
- p-tS-Xmb BNm-c\
- njvTI
- ƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mSp-
hm-gn-Iƒ°v ]uc-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ kºq¿Wm-[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu A[n-Imcw Bhiywt]msebpw Xm¥-ß-fpsS CjvS-Øn-\p-k-
cn®pw h\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Imcy-ÿ-h¿K-Øn\v \evIp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ A-dn-bmsX Xs∂ XmW-
Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS ta¬ CjvSm-\p-k-cWw F¥-[n-Im-chpw {]tbm-Kn-
°m≥ kh¿W¿°v km[n-®n-cp-∂p. CXv tNmZyw sNøm≥]m-Sn-s√∂v
am{X-a-√, tNmZyw sNøp-∂Xv Xs∂ in£bv°v Imc-W-am-bn.
bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ Imse-Sp-Øp-h-®-ti-jhpw CXn¬
henb am‰-ap-≠m-bn-s√∂v am{X-a√ ]pXnb cq]-Øn¬ i‡n-{]m-
]n-°m\pw XpS-ßn. A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øp≈ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿°p
]-Icw kh¿W- hn-`m-K-߃ bqtdm-]y≥ i-‡n-Isf {]Xn-jvTn-®p.
A[n-Im-c-tØmSv H´n -\nevIp-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kh¿W-cpsS coXn.
Htc-ka- bw bqtdm-]y≥ i-‡n-If - p-sSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-If
- p-sSbpw CjvS-
tXm-g-∑m-cmbn kh¿W¿°v XpS-cm≥ Ign-™-t∏mƒ XmW-Pm-Xn-
°m-cpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬ am‰-sam∂pw kw`-hn-®n-√. Ah-cpsS ÿnXn
IqSp-X¬ Zb-\o-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNø-
s∏-SmØ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i߃ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ kh¿W-ta-[m-hn-
Iƒ°m-bn. \mSp-hmgnItfmSpw ]nevIm-eØv bqtdm-]y∑mcmb `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSpw am{Xta Cu kh¿W-hn-`mKw GsX-¶nepw
hn[-Øn-ep≈ hnt[-bXzw ImWn-t°-≠n-h∂ - n-´p-≈q. Ah-tcmSv F{X-
am{Xw hnt[-b-cm-hm≥ km[n-®pthm A{X-ta¬ Iogm-f-hn-`m-K-Øn\v
ta¬ k¿hm-[n-Imcw ÿm]n-°m≥ kh¿W¿°v km[n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
16, 17 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaq-ln-I ÿnXn-bpsS
Nn{Xw F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"{_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb kh¿W lnμp-

°ƒ°v hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]Z-hn-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. PmXn-]-c-amb BNm-c-߃ hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√msX ]men-
18 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

°m≥ IS-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Cu BNm-c-߃ ewLn-

°p-∂-hsc \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS B⁄-{]-Imcw PmXn-{`jvSv
Iev]n®v apkveow-Iƒt°m {InkvXym-\n-Iƒt°m hnevIp-I-
bm-bncp∂p ]Xn-hv. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h-cpsS _‘p-°ƒ Nne-
t∏mƒ \mSp- h m- g n- b psS A{]o- X nbn¬\n∂v c£- s ∏- S m≥
Ahsc cl-ky-ambn sIm√m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. .....-{_m-“-W-cp-
ambn ASp-Øn-S-s]-´n-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \mb-∑m¿°p kap-Zm-b-
Øn¬ Db¿∂ ÿm\-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ PmXn-]-c-
amb BNm-c-߃ I¿i-\ambn ]men-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bva F∂ A‘m-Nmcw I¿i-\-ambn ]pe¿Øp-
∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿, £{Xn-b-∑m¿, \mb-∑m¿ XpS-
ßn-b-h¿..........sXmSo¬ IqSmsX Xo≠epw I≠p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw
_o`-’-cq-]-Øn¬ A∂p \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. \mbm-Sntbm ]pe-
bt\m \ºq-Xn-cnsb ImWm-\n-S-bm-bm¬ \ºq-Xn-cn°v Abn-
Ø-am-bn. ]pe-b≥ \mb-cn¬\n∂v Adp-]-XSn AIse \n¬°-
W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p N´w. \mb¿ {]-am-Wn-am¿ s]mXp-\n-c-Øn-
eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ, Hcp XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-c≥ bmZr-—n-I-
am-sb-¶nepw Xo≠m-∏m-Sn-\-∏pdw h∂v Aip-≤-am-°p-∂Xv XS-
bm≥th≠n Ah-cpsS hmey-°m¿ "t]m, t]m' F∂v B´n-
s°m≠p aptº \S-°pw. \mb-∑m¿°pw a‰pb¿∂ PmXn-
°m¿°pw hgn-am-dn-s°m-Sp-°mØ XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-c≥ \nb-a-
k-am-[m-\-]m-e-I-cpsS au\-k-Ω-X-tØmsS h[n-°-s∏-Spw.'
tIcf Ncn-{Xw, ]pdw 265
tIc-f-Ønse A°m-esØ PmXn-L-S-\sb tUm. Fw Fkv
\mb¿ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"kh¿W¿, Ah¿W¿ F∂n-ßs\ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p-X-c-Øn¬

kaqlw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p. {_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b≥, sshiy¿, iq{Z¿
F∂n-h¿ kh¿W-hn-`m-K-Ønepw Cug-h≥, Ac-b≥, ]pe-b≥, ]d-
b≥, D≈-S≥, \mbmSn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Ah¿W hn`m-K-Ønepw
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ £{Xn-b≥, sshiy¿, iq{Z≥ F∂n-ß-
s\-bp≈ IrXy-amb Xcw-Xn-cnhv Akm-[y-am-sW-¶nepw \mb-∑m¿
iq{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu iq{Z-cn¬\n-∂mWv cmPm-°-
∑msc Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-∂-Xv. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn¬ G‰hpw {]m_-
eyhpw {]map-Jyhpw {_m“-W¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°p-]n-∂mse
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 19

{]apJ ]Zhn A\p-`-hn®Xv \mb-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. bmZ-h≥, Cug-

h≥(-Xo-ø≥), ap°p-h≥, Bim-cn, sIm√≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \mb--
∑m¿°p-Xm-sg-bm-Wv. hÆm≥, ]mW¿, ae-b≥, ]d-b≥ XpS-ßn-b-
h¿ A[x-Ir-X-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-´p.
Htcm PmXn-°m-c\pw Ahs‚ ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-c-\n¬\n∂v \n¿Zn-jvS-
Zqcw amdn- \ n¬°m≥ Abn- Ø m- N - c - W - Ø n¬ hyh- ÿ - b p- ≠ v .
kh¿W-cn¬Xs∂ {_m“-W\pw \mbcpw XΩn¬ Abn-Ø-ap-≠v.
\mb¿, {_m“-W-\n¬\n∂v ]Xn-\m-dSn Zqsc \nevI-Ww. Cug-h≥
ap∏-Ø-c-≠-Snbpw ]pe-b¿ Adp-]-Øn-\m-e-Snbp amdn-\n-evI-Ww.
CtX-t]mse Cug-h¿ \mb-cn¬\n∂v ]Xn-\m-dSn Zqsc \nevI-Ww.
]pe-b≥ ap∏-Øn-c-≠Sn Zqsc \nevI-Ww. Hmtcm {]tZ-i-Øn-\-\p-
k-cn®v CØcw AI-e-Øn¬ hyXnbm-\-ap-≠v. Cßs\ ASp-°m≥
]mSn-√mØ PmXn-Iƒ ASp-°p-∂-Xns\ Xo≠m-SpI F∂m-Wp-]-d-
bp-∂-Xv. sXmSm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-h¿ sXm´m¬ AXnse ta¬Pm-Xn-
°m-c≥ Aip-≤-am-Ipw. CØcw Aip-≤sØ sXmSo¬ F∂p-]-d-
bp-∂p. F{X-Zq-c-Øm-bmepw ZrjvSn-bn¬t]mepw s]Sm≥]m-Sn-√mØ
PmXn-°m-cp-≠v. Aßs\ ZrjvSn-bn¬s]-´m-epw Aip-≤-ap-≠m-Ip-
∂p. D≈m-S\pw {_m“-W\pw XΩn¬ ImW-cp-sX-∂mWp hyh-
ÿ. CØ-c-Øn¬ Aip-≤-ap-≠m-bm¬ Ipfn®p ip≤-am-Ipw. Aip-
≤-amb Hcmƒ kzPm-Xn-°-mcs\ sXm´m¬ Ah\pw Aip-≤-am-Ipw.
CXns\ "Iq´n-sXm-So¬' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Xo≠-s∏-´-bmƒ Ipfn®p-
ip-≤-amImsX ho´n¬h-∂m¬ hoSpw Aip-≤-am-Ipw.'
(hm-Kv`-Sm-\-μ\pw kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw, ]pdw 3)
Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ henbam‰-sam∂pw s]mSp-∂s\ D≠m-bn-√.
^yqU-en-k-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ {_n´ojv B[n-
]Xyw kmaqly-km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp-am-‰-Øn\pw ap≥ssI FSp-Øn-
cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. A°m-esØ PmXn-ssh-Pm-Xy-߃
\ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv {_n´o-jv, \mSp-hmgn `c-W-߃°v Bh-iy-hp-am-
bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nepw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-
]-Ip-Xn-bnepw `qX-Im-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ henb am‰-Øn\v
tIcfw km£n-bm-bn-√. kmaq-lnI kzmX{¥yw ASn-bm-f-hn-`m-K-
Øn\v A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p. \oXn kh¿W-\nepw `q{]-`p-°-∑mcnepw
am{X-am-bn. \oXn-\n-tj-[-Øns‚ Cc-I-fmbn Ah¿W≥ Ign-™p-
t]m-tc-≠n-h-∂p. CXn\v cq£-X-tb-dp-I-am-{Xta sNbvXp-≈q.
20 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

A°m-eØv ae-_m-dns‚ `cWw GXm≠v ]q¿W-ambpw {_o´o-

jp-Im-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. sIm®n-bnepw Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw cmP-`-cWw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xn-\m¬ kh¿W-cpsS
B[n-]-Xy-Øn\v H´pw Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {_o´ojv CuÃn-¥ym-
I-º-\n-bp-sS Iogn-emb ae-_m-dnepw ÿnXn H´pw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-Øn\v DXIpw hn[w Cw•ojv hnZym-
`ymkw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw AsXmcp kmaq-ln-
I-hn-πh- Ø
- n\v DX-Ip-∂c- o-Xn-bn-te°v hf¿∂n-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw, BZy-
Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-hcpsS at\m-`mhw
]q¿W-ambpw {_o´ojv A[o-i-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p.
]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nepw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-
Xn-bnepw tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaq-lym-h-ÿsb {io[-c-
tat\m≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"kmaq-ln-I-amb kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚tbm ka-Xz-Øn-s‚tbm

XXz-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ A∂sØ tIc-fob kap-
Zm-bw. AXn-cq-£-amb PmXn-hy-Xym-k-am-bn-cp∂p kap-Zm-b-
L-S-\-bpsS apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X. Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿°pw XmW
PmXn- ° m¿°p- a n- S bv ° v Bg- t a- d nb Hcp InSßv Ahsc
th¿Xncn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-
bn-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ssII-fn¬ A[n-Imcw tI{μo-I-
cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n ae-_m-dn¬
`cWw t\cn-t´-s‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶nepw {_m“-
W¿, £{Xn-b¿, \mb-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS
hnti-jm-h-Im-i-߃°pw B\p-Iq-ey-߃°pw Ipd-thXpw
kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p `qhp-S-a-Iƒ. {][m-\-ambpw
am∏n-f-am¿, Cug-h¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zm-b-°m-cpƒs∏´ IpSn-
bm≥ h¿KsØ Ah¿ Cjv S w t]mse a¿±n- ® p- t ]m- ∂ p.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ {_n´ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn¬ {]`p-
°-∑mcpw P∑n-amcpw ]q¿Δm-[nIw i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-I-bm-Wp-
≠m-b-Xv. {_n´o-jp-Im¿°v kz¥w A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm≥
Ah-cpsS kPo-h-amb ]n¥p-Wbpw kl-I-c-Whpw Bh-iy-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 21

A∂sØ \nbaw ka-hym-]-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Db¿∂ PmXn-

°m¿ `q\n-Ip-Xn-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. h[-in£
{_m“-W¿°p _m[-Ita Bbn-cp-∂n-√. Kuc-hm-l-amb hyh-
lm-c-ß-fn¬ hn[n Iev]n-°pI sshZn-I-∑m-cpsS hnti-jm-[n-
Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
Atß- b ‰w ITn- \ - a m- b n- c p∂p in£m- \ n- b - a w. tamj- W w,
tKmh[w XpS-ßnb km[m-cW Ip‰-߃°p-t]mepw h[-in-
£-bm-bn-cp∂p hn[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B\-sb-s°m≠p sIm√n-°p-
I-, ]oc¶n hmbn¬sI´n \nd-sbm-gn-°p-I, aq∂p Znhkw
sIm≠p acn-°-Ø°-hn[w Nn{X-h[w sNøp-I apX-em-bh
in£-bpsS km[m-cW cq]-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-Io-tbm-tZym-
K-ÿ-∑m¿ G‰hpw a\p-jyXz lo\-hpw \oN-hp-am-bn-´mWv
]nt∂m° kap-Zm-b-°m-tcmSv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv.'
˛tIcf Ncn{Xw, ]pdw 370-˛371

amdp∂ ioe-߃
F∂m¬, 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw]Ip-Xn-bnepw 20˛mw \q‰m-
≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnepw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-{Iaw
DS-se-Sp-Øp. CXn-\p≈ Imc-Wß - ƒ \nc-h[
- n-bm-Wv. kmº-Øn-Im[n-
Im-c-߃ ]pXnb Xe-ß-fn-te°v tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. kmwkvIm-cn-
I-L-S-\-bn¬ am‰w h∂p. kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿Z-߃ Gdn-Øp-S-ßn. 19˛mw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬Xs∂ ]gb k{ºZm-b-ß-fpsS inYn-eo-
I- c Ww sNdnb tXmXn¬ Bcw- ` n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. F∂m¬, AXn\v
th≠{X i‡n-kw-`-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. GsXm-cp-km-aq-ly-
hyh-ÿ-bv°pw kw`-hn-°m-hp∂ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-sa-∂-Xn-
ep-]-cn-bmbn kwL-Sn-Xhpw Bkq-{Xn-X-hp-amb Hcp _mly-k-Ω¿Zw
Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃°v ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂mWv hy‡-am-
Ip-∂-Xv. F¶nepw hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Hcp henb am‰-Øn\v CS-sbm-cp-
°p∂ Ne\--߃ A°m-eØv H‰-s∏´ \ne-bn-se-¶nepap≠m-bn-
cp∂p. \mSp-hmgn `q{]-`p-Xz-Øn\pw kh¿W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn\pw CSnhv
X´p-∂-XmWv ]n∂oSv tIcfw I≠-Xv. \mSp-hm-gnØ BNm-c-k-{º-
Zm-b-ß-fn¬ s]mfn-s®-gp-Øn\p≈ {]mY-anI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Nne-Sn-b-
ß-fn-se-¶nepw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.
22 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ssakq- c ns‚ B{I- a Ww ae- _ m- d nse kmaq- l y- { I- a sØ

XI¿Øpsh∂v thWw ]d-bm≥. sIm®n-bnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw
am¿Øm--fi-h¿a-bp-sSbpw i‡≥X-ºp-cm-s‚bpw `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-
ßfpw tI{μo-IrX \bßfpw sX°≥tI-c-f-Ønepw Ne-\-߃
krjvSn-®p. ]e -B-Nm-c-{I-a-ßfpw \nt»jw C√m-Xm-bn. \mSp-hm-gn-
Ø-Xn\pw `q{]-`p-Xz-Øn\pw kh¿W-hn-`m-K-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn¬
apºp-≠mb kzm[o\w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-hpI ISpØ sh√p-
hn-fn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. hnZy-`ymkw htc-Wy-h¿K-Øn¬am{Xw HXp-
ßn-\n∂ ]gb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w h∂p-Xp-S-ßn. hnZym-k-º-∂-
cmb ]pXnb Xe-apd am‰-Øn\v th≠n {]b-Xv\n-®p. temI-
Øns‚bpw C¥y-bpsS CX-c` - m-Kß
- f
- n-epw \S-°p∂ am‰-ßfpw kw`-
h- hn-Im-k-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønepw Aev]m-e-ambn tI´p-Xp-S-ßn.
AXns‚ A\p-c-W-\-߃ kmaq-ly-afi-e-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en-®p.
\ho-\t- I-cf- Ø
- ns‚ krjvSn°v `{Z-amb ASn-Ød - s
- bm-cp-°p-∂X
- mbn
Cu BZy-Ime apt∂-‰-߃. Aßs\ \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øn-
te°pw AXp-hgn ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-ly-{I-a-Øn-te°pw tIcfw
\S-∂-Sp-Øp.

v\thm-∞m\w \msº-Sp-°p∂p
kmaq-ln-Im-‘X hI-™p-am-‰m-\p≈ auen-Ia - mb CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ
19, 20 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse tIc-fØn¬ krjvSn-®Xv henb {]I-º\w
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠v coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p CSs]-S-ep-Iƒ. H∂v,
hym]-I-amb t_m[-h-XvI-c-Ww. c≠v, i‡-amb {]t£m-`w. temI-
Øns‚bpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \S∂ \-thm-∞m\
apt∂‰Øn¬ Bth-iw- Dƒs°m-≈m≥ A∂v tIc-f-Øntebpw
t\Xm-°ƒ°v km[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah-cpsS FÆw hfsc Npcp-
°-ta-bp-≠m-bp-≈q-sh-¶nepw kaq-l-Øn¬ ImX-emb am‰-߃°v
Xncn-sIm-fp-Øm≥ km[n-®X - m-bn-cp∂p CS-s]-Se
- p-Iƒ. {_n´ojv hnZym-
`ym-k-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w, {InkvXy≥ an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\w,
XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿ kwL-Sn-X-ambn {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v \S-Ønb
]c-nh¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-Øns‚ BZy-[m-
c-I-fn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\w hln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {_o´ojv `cWw
Gsd-°psd C¥y-sbm-´p-°p-am-b-t∏mƒ \S-∏m-°nb `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-
c- ß fpw Hc- f - t hmfw am‰- Ø ns‚ ASn- Ø - d - b n- S p- ∂ - X m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 23

F∂m¬, A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb coXn-bn¬am{Xw

kmaq-ln-I-L-S\ am‰p∂Xn-em-bn-cp∂p {_n´ojv A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS
Xmev]-cyw. CsXm-cp-Xcw kzm¿Y-Xm-ev]cyw Xs∂-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F¶nepw {_n´o-jp-Im-cs‚ kzm¿Y ho£-W-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v Imcy-
߃ ImWm≥ C¥y-bnsebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-
jvI¿Øm-°ƒ°v Ign-™p.
CXc \m´p-cm-Py-߃ am‰-Øns‚ hgn-bneqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Zo¿L-Imew ]nt∂m-´p-\S- °- m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw
sIm®n-bn-sebpw cmP-`-c-W-Iq-S-߃°pw t_m[y-s∏-´Xv A°m-e-
Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ae_m-dnepw sIm®n-bnepw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw ASn-
aØ k{º-Zmbw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Iev]-\-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu
]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS {]Xy-£-Øn-ep≈ XpS-°w. ]pXn-sbmcp kmaq-
ly-{Iaw Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-Ø-dbpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v
]d-bmw. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-
am-cpsS ]¶v Cu L´-Øn¬ {it≤-b-amb H∂m-Wv. lnμp-a-X-Øn¬
A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw tZmj-ß-sfbpw Db¿Øn-
°m-´p-Ibpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIm-c-߃°v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p∂
{]Nm-cWw \S-Øp-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p anj-W-dn-am¿. lnμp- a-X-hn-izm-
kn-I-fmbn XpS-cp-∂n-S-tØmfw kmaq-ln-Im-h-i-X-Iƒ hn´p-am-dn-s√∂v
a\- n-em-°nb XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿, ]pXnb tamN-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ tXSn
{InkvXp-a-XØn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bXv
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv.
\oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\ß- ƒ
- ]m›m-Xy-am-Xr-Ib
- n-te°v amdp-Ibpw
\oXn-bpsS B\q-Iqeyw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°pIqSn e`n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ kml-Ncyw {ItaW cq]-s∏-´p. Iogm-fs‚ ta¬ ASn-t®-
ev]n-®n-cp∂ ]e \nIp-Xn-Ifpw ]n≥h-en-°m≥ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xøm-
dm-bn. P∑n-Ip-Sn-bm≥ _‘-ß-fn¬ h∂ t\cnb am‰-߃ kmº-
Øn-Im-k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hcp-∂-Xns‚ kqN-I-ß-fm-bn.
B`-c-W-ßfpw hkv{X-ßfpw [cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Imiwt]mepw
\ntj-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bnse am‰-
ß-fn-eqsS Nne t\cnb Ah-Im-i-߃ ssIh-∂pXp-S-ßn. hkv{Xw
[cn-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-IqSn A\p-h-Zn-®p-In-
´nbXv CØ-c-Øn¬ henb Ne\w krjvSn® kw`-h-ß-fn-sem-∂m-
bn-cp-∂p. i‡-amb {]t£m-`-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn-te-s°√mw \bn-
24 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

®-Xv. AtX-ka- bw Cu {]t£m-`ß

- ƒ hen-bt- Xm-Xn-ep≈ kwL¿j-
ß-ƒ°pw CS-\-evIn. kh¿W¿ A[n-Im-c]-Zhn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-t\sc hym]-I-amb a¿-±\-ap-d-Iƒ kzoI-cn®p.
CØcw {]t£m-`-ß-fn¬ {][m\s∏´Xpw BZyK-W-Øn¬h-cp-
∂Xpw 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse
Nm∂m¿ kap-Zm-bw \S-Ønb "ta¬ap≠v ka-cw' B-bn-cp-∂p.
kh¿W-ln-μp-°sft∏mse ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
A∂v a‰v PmXn-I-fnse kv{XoIƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ap´n\v Xmsg
ap≠p-Sp-Ømepw ta¬ap-≠p-[-cn-®mepw IogvPm-Xn-°m-cmb kv{XoIƒ
t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ A[n-t£]w hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

"ap≠pw dhp-°bpw tXm¿Øpw Hcp-Im-eØv Cug-Øn-Iƒ°p

]mSn- √ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ap´n- \ p- I osg- Ø mØ apt≠ DSp- ° m≥
]mSp≠mbn-cp-∂p-≈q. ap´n\pIogv \nevIp∂ DSp-ap-≠n\v A®n-
∏p-Sh F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]cv. A®n-∏p-Sh A®n-Iƒ°p (\m-
b¿kv{Xo-Iƒ) am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ta¬ap≠v a‰p-
kv{Xo-Iƒ°v ]mSn-√. amdp-a-d-bmsX Xs∂ InS-°-Ww. Hcp
CugØn ap´n-\p-Io-gv\n-evIp∂ ap≠p-ap-SØ - p-t]m-Ip-∂Xp I≠v
Acn-iw-]q≠ \mb-∑m¿ Ah-sf-s°m≠v ap≠-gn-∏n-®-Xn¬
Bdm-´p-]pg them-bp-[-∏-Wn-°¿ Hcp henb elf Xs∂
\S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.'
˛Po-hnXka-cw, kn tIi-h≥, ]pdw 71
Cßs\ ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xn-
s\-Xnsc \mSns‚ ]e-`m-KØpw FXn¿∏v Db¿∂p-h-∂p. {ItaW
AXv ka-c-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. ioe-h-g-°v, ape-am-dm-∏p-h-g-°v,
Nm∂m¿ elf F∂n-ßs\ ]e-t]-cp-I-fnepambn \S∂ ka-c-߃
hnPbw ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Nm∂m¿
kv{XoI-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kwL-Sn-X-amb {]t£m`w
\S-∂-Xv. AXns‚ ^e-ambn Ip∏mbw [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°p-IqSn \evIn-s°m≠v A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-
Iq¿ Kh¨sa‚ v Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p-sh-¶nepw Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ
{]t£m-`-Øns‚ i‡n Ipd-®n-cp-∂n-√. kh¿W-kv{Xo-Isf t]mse
ta¬ap≠v [ncn-®p-sIm≠v s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´mbn-
cp∂p Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ {]t£m-`-Øns‚ coXn am‰n-b-Xv. CXv
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 25

kh¿W-cp-am-bp≈ {]Xy-£-G-‰-ap-´epw Iem-]-hp-ambn Xocp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Nm∂m¿ el-f-sb∂ t]cn¬ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ CSw-t\-Snb
Cu BZy-Im-e- I-em-]sØ F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:
"{InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂ \mSm¿kv{XoIƒ°p Ip∏mbw [cn-
°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp-Ø-c-hv, tIW¬
a¨tdm Znhm-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¨sa‚ v
]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. \mSm¿ kv{XoIƒ CXp-sIm-≠p-
Xr-]vXn-s∏-SmsX \ºq-Xncn kv{XoI-sf-t∏mse DØ-co-bh-p-a-
Wn™v s]mXp-cw-K-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn. Db¿∂
PmXn-°m-cmb lnμp-°ƒ°v AXn-jvS-s∏-´n-√. Ah¿ Nm∂m¿
kv { XoIsf B{I- a n- ® p. B{I- W a- h pw {]Xym- { I- a - W hpw
sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ KpcpX-X-c-amb \nb-a-k-am-[m-\-`-
RvP-\-Øn\n-S-bm-°n. Kh¨sa‚n\v ]´m-f-sØbpw t]men-
kn- s \bpw Abt°- ≠ n- h - ∂ p. el- f - b psS ^e- a mbn
Nm∂m¿kv{Xo-Iƒ°pw amdp-ad - b
- v°p-∂X
- n-\p-≠mb \nb-{¥Ww
\o°n-s°m≠v 1859 Pqsse 26˛mw XobXn Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp
cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. amdp-a-d-bv°p∂ Imcy-
Øn¬ Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°p- kzmX¥yw e`n-s®-¶nepw Ah¿
thj-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cmb lnμp-kv{Xo-Isf
A\p-I-cn-°-cp-sX∂v hnfw-_-c-Øn¬ hne-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv
{_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \n¿tZ-i-Øn¬ Cu hne°pw ]n≥h-
en-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.'
BZy-L-´-Ønse CØcw sNdnb kw`-h-߃ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
Bcw-`-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw kmaq-lnI]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p≈ henb
{]ÿm-\-ß-fmbn hf¿∂p-h-∂p. {_m“-Wcpw £{Xn-bcpw Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ kh¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ t\Xr-Xzw-sIm-SpØ kwL-S-\-Iƒ Xs∂
]e-bn-SØpw CXn¬ ap∂n¬ \n∂p. kzk-ap-Zm-b-sØ ]cn-jvI-
cn°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CØcw kwL-S-\-Isf√mw e£y-an-´-Xv.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw lnμp-°-fnse Db¿∂-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ Xs∂ DS-se-
SpØ ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-߃ IogvPm-Xn-I-fnepw A\y-a-X-ÿ-
cnepw ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\v henb {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. A°m-
esØ C¥y-bpsS s]mXp-ÿnXn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ]te-SØpw aX-
]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-߃ i‡n-bm¿Pn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. cma-
26 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Ir-jvW-an-j≥, {_“-hn-Zym-kw-Lw, Bcy-k-amPw, k-a-Xz-k-am-Pw,

Bfl-hn-Zym-kw-Lw XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Iƒ aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬
kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn. PmXn-k-{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ Zqjy-
ß-fn-√m-Xm-°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v AXv {ItaW hf¿∂p-h-∂p. tZio-
b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw A‘-hn-izm-
k-߃°pw A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw FXnsc \S-Ønb t]mcm-´-ßfpw
kmaq-ln-tIm∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn \S-Ønb t_m[-hvX-I-c-Whpw ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-Øn\v C‘-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn\pw lcn-
P-t\m-≤m-c-W-Øn\pw {i≤-bq-∂nb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ A°m-eØv
kPo-h-am-bn-cp∂p.
I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bnse kzman-tXm-∏n¬ P\n® sshIp-WvT-kzm-
an(1809-˛1851), Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bmkv A®≥ (1805-˛1871),
Bdm-´p-]pg them-bp-[-∏-Wn-°¿ (1825-˛1874), Be-Øq¿ {_“m-
\μinh-tbm-Kn(1852-˛1929), N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ(1855-˛1924), {io\m-cm-b-
W-Kpcp (1856--˛1928), tUm. Aø-Øm≥ tKm]m-e≥(1861-˛1948), Aø-
¶mfn (1866-˛1941), h°w A_vZpƒJm-Z¿ auehn (1873-˛1932), hmKv`-
Sm-\-μ-Kp-cp (1885-˛1939), ImeSn {iocm-a-Ir-jvam-ssZ-Xzm-{i-a-Ønse
BK-am-\-μ-kzm-an-Iƒ(1896-˛1961), tUm. Sn ]¬∏p(1863-˛1950), Ipam-c-
\m-im≥(1873˛1924) XpS-ßnb-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂
]cn-jvIc - W {]ÿm-\ß - f- mbncp∂p tIc-fØ- nse kmap-lnI \thm-
∞m-\Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ine. a∂-Øp-]fl - \- m-`≥ (1877--˛1970), tZim-
`n-am\n Sn sI am[-h≥ (1884-˛1930), sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m≥(1886-
˛1978), sI tIf-∏≥(1889˛1971), kn tIi-h≥ (1891-˛1969), tUm. hn
hn thep-°p´n Ac-b≥ (1894-˛1969), hn Sn `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv (1896-˛1982),
F sI tKm]m-e≥ (1904˛1977), ]n IrjvW-∏n-≈(1906-˛1948), CFw-
Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv (1909-˛1998) XpS-ßn-b-h-cn-eqsS Cu {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ \thm-∞m-\{]-ÿm-\-ßsf apt∂m-´p-\-bn-®p.
Ah¿W-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw cmP-`-c-W-Ønse \oXn \ntj-[-
Øn-\p-sa-Xnsc t]mcm-Snb, IogvPm-Xn-bn¬ ]nd∂ apØp-°p´n kzman-
Iƒ F∂ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-I-fmWv tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ kmaq-
ln-I-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-sh∂v ]d-bmw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ kzmXnXncp-
\m-fns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv 1836¬ At±lw ÿm]n® "k-a-Xz-k-am-P-
'amWv tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ kmaq-lnIkwL-S-\. sX°≥ Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \S∂ ta¬ap≠v ka-c-Øns‚ {][m-\-{]-tNm-Z-\hpw
sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdpXpw H‰-s∏-´-Xp-ambn
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 27

CØcw kwL-S-\-Ifpw ka-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-

fp-sSbpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠
]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-
Øn¬ G‰hpw henb kzm[o-\-i-‡n-Ifmbn amdn-b-Xv.
{_m“-W¿°m-[n-]-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ \mb-∑m¿°pw
Cug-h¿°pw \ymb-am-b-ÿm\w e`n-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p N´-ºn-
kzm-an-I-ƒ apt∂m-´p-h® hmZw. AtX-k-abw "Cug-h-in-hs\' {]Xn-
jv T n- ® - X n- e qsS \ne- h n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ hnizm- k - { ]- a m- W - ß sf
Iogvta¬a-dn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp. lnμp-a-X-Ønse
]utcm-ln-Xy-[m-c-W-Isf sh√-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]pXp-Xmbn {]XnjvT
\S-Ønb t£{X-ß-fn¬ Cughsc Xs∂ ]qPm-I¿a-߃°mbn
\mcm-b-W-Kpcp \n›-bn-®p. Cug-h-c-√mØ PmXn-°m¿°pw (Cu-
gh-tc-°mƒ XmW-h¿°pw) t£{X-ß-fn¬ {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-
®p. PmXn-ssh-Pm-Xy-ß-fn-√mØ temI-am-bn-cp∂p \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-
hns‚ kz]v\w. aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bpsS D∂-X-aq-ey-ß-fn-te°v a\p-
jys\ ssI]n-Sn-®p-\-S-Øn-°m-\p≈ bXv\w At±lw kzb-ta-s‰-Sp-
Øp. a\p-jy-s\∂ GI-Pm-Xn-bn-te°pw GI-aX - Ø
- n-te°pw kaqlw
H∂mbn-\o-ßm-\p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Blzm-\w. Cug-
h¿°n-S-bnse Xmen-sI-´p-I-eym-Ww, Xnc-≠p-Ipfn XpS-ßnb A\m-
Nm-c-ßfn√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {]Nm-c-W-߃°pw \mcm-b-W-Kpcp XpS-
°-an-´p.
PmXn-t`-ZsØbpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\sbbpw Ah-bvs°√mw \nZm-
\-amb imkv{X-ß-sfbpw FXn¿Øp-sIm-≠mWv {_“m-\-μ-in-h-
tbmKn ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. acp-a-°-Ømb Zmb-{Ia
]cn-jvIm-cw, hn[-hm-hn-hm-lw, kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymkw F∂nhsbbpw
At±lw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. hS-t°-a-e-_m-dn¬ {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚
`mK-ambpw ]n∂oSv Xs‚-Xs∂ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Bfl-hn-Zym-kwLw
ÿm]n®pw PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°pw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bv°p-sa-Xn-cmbn
i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-Ibpw P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv hmKv`-Sm-
\-μ≥ sNbvX-Xv.
Abn-tØm-®m--S\- {]t£m-`-Øn¬ A{K-Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ Aø-¶m-
fn ]pe-b-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-tIm-∂-a-\-am-bn-cp∂p e£y-an-´-
Xv. ]pe-b¿s°m∏w lcn-P-\-ß-sf-°qSn kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-I-fn¬ k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sn-sb-
28 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Sp-°m-\p≈ sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb ka-c-߃°v Aø-¶mfn t\XrXzw

hln-®p. Cu ka-cßsf hnP-b-]-Y-Øn-se-Øn-°m\pw k©m-c-kzm-
X{¥yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®p.
kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIc - W {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ lnμp-aØ- n¬ am{Xw HXp-
ßn-\n-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. apkveow kap-Zm-b-Ønse kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-
c-W-Øns‚ s\Sp-\m-b-IXzw h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ aue-hn-°m-bn-
cp-∂p. Ckvem-an\v \nc-°mØ BNm-cß - ƒ Dt]-£n-°m\pw Cw•ojv
hnZym- ` ymkw t\Sn- s b- S p- ° m\pw apkv e ow P\- h n- ` m- K - ß - t fmSv
At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. AXn-\m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n-te¿s∏-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. apkveow kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-
]-¶p-h-ln® "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ apkveow alm-k`' bpw "Nnd-b≥Iogv
Xmeq°v apkveow kam-P' hpw h°w A_vZpƒJm-Z¿ aue-hn-bpsS
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en° P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw k`-bp-sSbpw
B[p-\n-I-hXv-I-cWw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-
bmk®≥ sNbvX-Xv. CXn-s\m∏w A\y-a-X-ß-fnse IogvPm-Xn-
°m¿°p-IqSn hnZym-`ymkw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-
ep-ta¿s∏-´p. Cw•o-jpw ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-Xhpw km[m-c-W-°m-
c\v {]m]y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ hne-s∏´ tkh-\-߃ A®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ \S-∂p. kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS hnImcn P\-dmƒ
F∂ \ne-bn¬ Db¿Ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ hnZym-`ymk cwKØv ka-{K-]p-
tcm-K-Xn-°p-X-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ At±-
l-Øn-\m-bn. "km[m-cW - h
- n-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \evInb Cu hnZym-`ymk
kuIcyw A°m-eØv a‰p ]e hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw AbnØw aqew
{]th-i-\-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Zfn-X¿°p-t]mepw e`n-°m≥ hnImcn P\-
d¬ {]tXyIw {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]th-i-
\-Øn\v ]pdsa hkv{Xw, `£-Ww, ]pkvXIw apX-em-bh kuP-\y-
ambn Ign-bm-hp-∂{X hnX-cWw sNøm\pw {i≤n-®n-cp∂p' F∂v
Nmhd A®s\ Ipdn®v ]n tKmhn-μ-∏n≈ (tI-c-f-\-thm-∞m\w: bpK-
k-¥-Xn-Iƒ bpK-in-ev]n-Iƒ) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
\thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p kmap-Zm-bnI
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw i‡n-{]m-]n-°-epw. {io\m-cm-b-W-
Kp-cp-hns‚ Bi-b-ß-tf-s‰-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v {io\m-cm-bW [¿a-]-cn-
]m-e\ tbmKhpw N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 29

bmbn \mb¿k¿hokv skmssk-‰nbpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. \mcm-b-

W-Kp-cp-hns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p 1903 sabv 15\v Fkv-
F≥Un]n tbmK-Øns‚ Bcw-`w. tUm. ]¬∏p, Ipam-c-\m-im≥
XpS-ßn-b-h¿ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-߃ {]mh¿Øn-
I-am-°m-\p≈ I¿a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. a∂-Øp-]-fl-\m-`s‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ H-cp-kwLw \mb¿ bphm-°ƒ kwL-Sn-®mWv 1914
HIvtSm-_-¿ 31\v F≥-F-kv-F- n\v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ipdq¿ \oe-I-
WvT≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ "\ºq-Xncn
tbmK-t£-a-k`' \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°n-Sn-bnse ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃°v Znim-t_m[w \evIpI-bp-≠mbn.
ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ \S∂
apt∂-‰hpw CtX Ime-L´- Ø- n¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-hy-Xymkw
C√m-Xm-°m\pw an{i-t`m-P\w {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn 1917¬ sI Aø-
∏≥ ÿm]n® {]ÿm-\-amWv "ktlm-Z-ck -- w-Lw.' Cug-h¿, Ac-
b¿, ]pe-b¿ XpS-ßnb Ah¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°v kh¿W-cpsS k{º-
Zm-b-ßsf sh√p-hn-fn-°m\pw Ah¿s°m-∏-an-cp∂v `£Ww Ign-
°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-t_m[w ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-Øn-eqsS Aø-∏≥
]I¿∂p-\-evIn.
Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]t£m-`-Øn\v hy‡-amb cq]hpw kwL-
SnX kz`mhpw \¬Im≥ Cu BZy-Ime kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°-
fpsS t\Xr-Xzhpw kwLmS\ anIhpw {]Nm-c-W-ti-jnbpw sIm≠v
km[n-®p. tZio-b-kzm-X{¥y ka-c-Øn-s\m∏w Abn-tØm-®m-S-\hpw
tIm¨{Kkv apJy-hn-j-b-am-°n-sb-Sp-ØXv 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-
]m-Z-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ A\p-c-W-\-߃ tIc-f-Øn¬ \√ -
\n-e-bn¬X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Ønse tIm¨{K-kn¬ CS-Xp-]-
£m-i-b-K-Xn-°m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ta¬ss° \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-
‰sØ Gs‰-Sp-Øp-\-S-Øp-∂-Xn\v hen-sbm-c-fhv klm-b-I-c-am-bn-
cp-∂p. ssh°w kXym-{Klw (1924-˛25), Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw
(1931-˛32), ]menbw kXym-{Klw (1947-˛48) F∂nh Abn-tØm-®m-
S\ {]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ al-ZvN-cn{Xw Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. ssh°w kXym-
{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Ønte°v \bn® BZysØ DPze
ka-cw. ssh°w t£{X-Øn-te-°p≈ \nc-Øp-I-fn¬ Ah¿W-ln-
μp-°ƒ°p-IqSn k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
{]t£m-`-Øns‚ Bhiyw. CXp-]Xv amkw XpS¿∂ kacw 1925-¬
hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. t£{X-Øn-te-
30 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

°p≈ F√m \nc-Øp-I-fnepw PmXn-hy-Xym-k-an-√msX F√m lnμp-

°ƒ°pw k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p AXv.
F∂m¬ Xncp- h n- X mw- I q- d nse F√m t£{X- ß - f nepw Cu
kzmX{¥yw e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂o-Sv Aº-e∏
- p-g, Xncp-hm¿∏v, ipNo{μw
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw k-am-\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ka-c-߃ \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-
bn. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ^e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse F√m t£{X-
\nc-Øp-Ifpw PmXn-]-cn-K-W-\-Iq-SmsX F√m hn`mKw P\-߃°p-
ambn Xpd-∂p-sIm-SpØp.
sI tIf-∏-s‚bpw FsIPnbp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw tZio-b{- i-≤b- mI¿jn® H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. {]t£m-
`-Im-cn-Iƒ°p-t\sc AXn-i-‡-amb B{I-a-W-amWv kh¿W¿ Agn-
®p-hn-´-Xv. HSp-hn¬ alm-flm-Km‘n°v t]mepw ka-c-Øn¬ CS-s]-
tS-≠n-h-∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn\pw t£{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn\pw
th≠n \S∂ {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS BZy-hn-Pbambn-cp∂p t£{X-{]-
th-i\ hnfw-_-cw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv {ioNn-Øn-c-Xn-cp-
\mƒ _me-cm-a-h¿a 1936 \hw-_¿ 12-\mWv kp{]-kn-≤n-amb t£{X-
{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw {]Jym-]n-®-Xv. Ah¿W-hn-`m-K-߃°v t£{X-
{]-th-i\w km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v \S∂ {]t£m-`-Øns‚ kºq¿W-
hn-P-b-ambn Cu hnfw-_-csØ ImWm≥ km[n-°pw.
kzmX{¥y e_vZn-tbmsS ]pXp-bp-K-Øn\v XpS-°-am-sb-¶nepw
kmaq-ln-Im-\m-Nm-c-ßsf ]q¿W-ambpw XpS-®p-\o-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-
∂n-√. ^yqU-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw kh¿W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Xe-
°p-Spa am‰m-\p≈ {]Nm-c-W-ßfpw {]t£m-`-ßfpw ]n∂oSpw XpS-
tc-≠n-h-∂p. AØ-c-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]menbw kXym-{K-lw.
tNμ-aw-K-eØv ]men-b-Ø-®s‚ ho´n\p apºnse s]mXp-\n-c-Øn¬
\S-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah¿Wcpw Aln-
μp-°-fpw tN¿∂v \S-Ønb ka-c-amWv ]menbw kXym-{K-lw. 1948¬
sIm®n t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv ]menbw
tdmUn- e qsS k©- c n- ° m≥ Ah¿W¿°pw Aln- μ p- ° ƒ°pw
kzmX{¥yw e`n-®Xv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, PmXncln-X-amb kwL-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬\n∂pw
PmXo-b-amb D®-\o-NXzw Ac-ßp-hmW Bcym-[n-]-XyØnte°pw
]n∂oSv - \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]pXn-sbm-cp-bp-K-Øn-te-°p-am-Wv
tIc-fØ
- ns‚ kmaq-ly-Nc- n{Xw hnI-kn-®s
- X∂v ImWm≥ km[n°pw.
 A[ymbw c≠v

\thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰hpw
BZy-Ime ]{X-ßfpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ hnIrX kmaq-lnI LS-\-bpsS A-ÿnhmcw Cf-
°n-sb-dn-bp∂ apt∂-‰a - m-bn-cp∂p \thm-∞m\ Ime-L´- Ø - nep≠mb-
Xv. ]{X-˛-am-[y-a-ßfpw a‰p {]Nm-c-tWm-]-m[n-Ifpw H´pw hnI-kn-
°mØ A°m-eØv ]-cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hym]vXn P\-
ß-fn--se-Øn-°pI t¢i-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn-˛-aX ]cn-jvI-cW
{]ÿm-\-ß-fn-epsSbmbn-cp∂p tIc-f-Ønse kmaqlnI \thm-∞m-
\-Øn-s‚bpw hnIm-kw. Hmtcm aX-ß-fnepw Hmtcm- Pm-Xn-bnepw
Db¿∂p-h∂ ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ s]mXp-km-aq-lym-h-
ÿsb ]pXnb Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿ØpIbm-bn-cp∂p. lnμp-a-X-
Øn¬ {_m“- W - c nepw Ahm- ¥ - c - h n- ` m- K - ß - f nepsa∂- t ]mse
ss{IkvX-h˛-apkveow hn`mK-ß-fnepw ]cn-jvI-cWw DS-se-Sp-Øp.
\ºq-Xn-cn-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb Xe-apd am‰-ß-fpsS Im‰pƒs°m-
≈m-\mbn a\-I-fpsS Infn-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ Xpd-
∂n-´p. Iogm-f-hn`mK-ßfn¬ Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-Øns‚ hnØv apf-®p.
PohnXcoXn, BNm-c-{I-a߃, hnizm-k-[m-c-Iƒ, hnZym`ym-kw
F∂nßs\ k¿h-X-e-kv]¿in-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. hnizm-k-ßfpw
A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw aX-߃°-IØv HXpßn\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v
amdn s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ N¿®-I-fn¬ CSw Is≠-Øn.
aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hpambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fn¬ AXm-Xp-a-X-hn-
`m-Kß
- fpsS CS-bn¬am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p N¿®-Is - f-¶nepw a‰pIm-cy-ßn¬
PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-a-t\y-bp≈ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CØcw CS-
s]-S-ep-Iƒ hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ G‰ap´ep-Iƒ°pw CS-\¬In.
Hmtcm ]pXnb Imcy-߃ Db¿∂ph∂-t∏mgpw AXv hyXykvX
[mc-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p.
B\p- I m- e n- I - ß fpw ]{X- a m- [ y- a - ß fpw i‡- a - √ mØ Hcp
Imeambn-cp∂p \thm-∞m\ Ime-L-´w. kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-
Øns‚ Bcw-`hpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]nd-hnbpw XΩn-
32 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ep≈ Ime-t`-Z-Øn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ CXv hy‡-amIpw. ktμ-i-߃

{]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw temI-Øns‚ am‰w P\-ß-fn-te-s°-Øn-°m\pw
{]kw-K-ßfpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw t\cn-´p≈ kμ¿i-\-ßfpw
am{Xam-bn-cp∂p A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ am¿Kw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ am[y-
a-ß-fpsS Nnd-In-te-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS
hf¿®-. am{X-a√, BZyIme B\pImen-I-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw CØcw
]cn-jvI-c-W-ß-tfmSv apJw Xncn™p \n¬°p-bpw A-hsb \nin-
X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw {ItaW CXn¬ am‰w
h∂pXpSßn. ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃°v t\XrXzw sImSpØ
Nne¿ AXns‚ {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\pam-{X-ambn {]tXyI B\p-Im-en-I-
߃ Bcw`n®p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Icpw ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-Icpw
XΩn-ep≈ G‰pap´ens‚ sNdp-cq]w BZy-Ime B\pImen-I-ß-
fn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw.
ae-bmf ]{X-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-am-cw-`n°p∂Xv Kp≠¿´ns‚ "cmPy-
k- a m- N m- c w' F∂ {]Xn- a mk ]{Xn- I - b n- e q- s S- b m- W v . P¿a≥
ss{IkvXh anj-W-dn- {]ÿm-\-amb _mk¬ anjs‚ Iogn¬ aX-
{]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn \nc-
h[n {]kn-≤o-I-c-߃ A°m-eØv Bcw`n°p-Ibp≠mbn. Ch-sbm-
∂pw-Xs∂ C∂pImWp∂ cq]Ønep≈ ]{Xw F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬
F√m hnj-b-ß-sfbpw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. aX-
t_m-[-\-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v HcpImgvN-∏mSv Ah-s°m∂pw C√m-bn-
cp-∂p. AXn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Ah ssIImcyw sNbvXXv
kmln-Xy-cN - \
- I
- fmWv. CXn¬Øs∂ ]Zy-cq-]Ø - n-ep-≈h Gsdbpw
`K-hXv kvXpXn-Ifpam-bn-cp∂p. "cmPy-k-am-Nmcw' XpS-ßn-b-Xn\v
tij-ap≈ aq∂v Zi-I-߃ GXm≠v CtX coXn-bn¬X-s∂-bmWv
ae-bmf B\p-Im-en-I-߃ hnImkw {]m]n-®-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ hyh-
ÿ-bvs°m∏w Hgp-In-\S- ° - p-∂X
- n¬ am{X-sam-Xpßn Ah-bpsS kmaq-
lnI ho£-Ww. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-Im-e-Øp-
\-S∂ kmaq-lnI apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS `mK-am-Im≥ Cu B\pImen-I-
߃ Xøm-dm-bn-√. ka-{K-amb Hcp kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cWw Ch-
bpsS apJye-£y-ta-bm-bncp-∂n-s√∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚ Imc-
Ww.
Kp≠¿´v 1847¬ "cmPy-k-am-Nmcw' XpSßp∂Xn\pw Hcp ZiIw
aptº 1836emWv XncphnXmwIqdns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂ I\ymIpamcn
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 33

Pn√-bnse kzman-tXm-∏n¬ "ka-Xz-k-amPw' F∂ kwL-S\ cq]o-I-

cn®v sshIpWvT kzman-Iƒ Ah¿W-sc ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-
cmb t]mcm´w Bcw-`n-®Xv. CXv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ Cf-°n-a-dn-®p.
cmPmhv Akz-ÿ-\m-bn. 1837¬ kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ `c-W-Im-
eØv sshIpWvT kzman-Isf Pbn-en-e-S-®p. sshIpWvT kzman-I-
fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ henb Ne-\-߃ krjvSn®p.
Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb ta¬ap≠v ka-c-Ønte°v P\-ßsf {]tNm-Zn-
∏n-®-Xn¬ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ \S-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ henb
^ew sNbvXp. AhnsS \n∂pw AXn-th-K-Øn-embncp-∂n√ \thm-
∞m\ apt∂-‰w. ]cn-jvI-cW hmZ-߃°v i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ
Xs∂ t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p. AXns\ AXnPo-hn-°m≥ \o≠ ]cn-{i-a-
߃ Bh-iy-ambncp∂p. sshIpWvT kzman-I-fn¬ XpS-ßnb ]cn-
jvI-cW {]ÿm\w N´ºnkzman-Ifpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcphpw
t\XrXzw \¬Inb kwL-SnX apt∂-‰-ambn hf-cp-∂-Xv ]ns∂bpw
Zi-I-߃°v tij-am-bn-cp-∂p. CtXmsS am{X-amWv ]{X-ßfpw
CØcw hnj-b-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw XpS-
ßn-b-Xv.
]nevIm-eØv ]e ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v ImcWw
Xs∂ ]e kmaqlnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fpam-bncp-∂p. Xß-
fpsS Bi-b-߃ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂Xn\pw t_m[h-XvI-cn-
°p∂Xn\pap≈ D]m[n-sb∂ \ne-bn-em-bncp∂p kmaq-lnI ]cn-
j-I-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h¿ ]{X-ßsf I≠n-cp-∂-
Xv. ssh°w kXym-{K-l-tØmsS CXv Iptd-°qSn hn]p-eo-IrX cq]-
Øn-em-bn. amkn-Im-cq-]-Ønepw hmcnIm cq]Ønepw Cd-ßnb BZy-
Ime B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn GXm≠v Zn\-]-{X-
sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w Xs∂ hnI-kn-®Xv
ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Ime-Øm-bncp∂p. tIm´-bØp\n∂pw {]kn-
≤o-I-cn® "{]Xn-Zn\w' Bbncp∂p ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ Zn\-
]{Xw.
XpS-°-Øn¬ A[n-Im-cn-Isf {]nXn-s∏-Sp-ØpI am{Xw sNbvXn-
cp∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v A[n-Im-cn-Isf hna¿in-°p-I-sb∂ kml-kn-
I-X-bn-te°v ]{X-߃ s]mXpsh {]th-in-®Xv 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
A¥y- L - ´ - Ø nem- W v . AXpw sNdpcq]Øn¬am- { Xw. F¶nepw
A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, Hcp thdn´ bm{Xm-]Yw Xnc-s™-Sp-
°m≥ Nne ]{X-ßsf¶nepw Xøm-dmbn F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p G‰hpw
34 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

henb khn-ti-j-X. F∂m¬, Ahbpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃°v

Du∂¬ sImSpØXmbncp-∂n-√. kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-nXnsb s]mfn-
®-S-°p-I-b√ cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ah-
cpsS B{in-X-hr-μ-ßfpw \SØp∂ kzP-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw ]pd-Øp-
sIm-≠p-h-cnI F∂Xnem-bncp∂p AhbpsS {i≤. F¶nepw anj-
\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂v amdn- kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚
]pXnb hgn-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ hen-sbmcp k©m-c-Øns‚ XpS-°-am-bn-
cp∂p AXv.
aX-t_m-[\
- Ø
- n¬\n∂v kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
Cu t{iWn-bn¬ GXm≠v BZy-tØ-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv
sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v 1864¬ C´q∏v ssd‰-dp-sSbpw ]n sP ss]en-bp-
sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ XpS-ßp-Ibpw GXm\pw amk-߃°p tijw
DΩ≥ ^nen-t∏mkv ]{Xm-[n-]- ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX
"]›n-a-Xm--cI'bmWv. 1867¬ tIm´-bØv \n∂v XpS-ßnb "kμn-jvS-
hm-Zn', 1881¬ sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v XpS-ßnb "tIcf an{Xw' , 1884¬
tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂v XpS-ßnb "tIcf ]{XnI' , 1886¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cØp\n∂pw XpS-ßnb "ae-bmfn' , tImgn-t°mSv \n∂pw Bcw-`n®
"tIcf k©mcn' XpS-ßn-bh Cu coXn-bn-ep≈ BZy-Ime {ia-ß-
fm-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚sb√mw XpS¿®-bmbn 1887¬ am∂m-\-Øp-\n∂v
"\{kmWn Zo]nI' bpw 1890¬ tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂v "ae-bmf at\m-c-
abpw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Øp. BZyw ]d™ ]{X-߃°pw B\p-Im-en-I-
߃°pw Aev]m-bp pam{X-ta-bp-≠m-bp-≈q-sh-¶n¬ Zo]n-Ibpw ae-
bmf at\m-c-abpw ae-bmf ]{X-ß-fpsS XpS¿ hnIm-k-Øn¬
\n¿WmbI kw`m-h\ \¬In hf¿∂p. XpS°w apX¬ {_n´ojv
ta¬tIm-bvasb AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ kao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p Zo]n-Ibpw
at\m-ca - bpw kzoI-cn-®Xv. `cWm-[n-Im-cn-IfpsS Xm¬]-cy-Øn\v hncp-
≤-ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv cmPy-t{Zm-l-am-sW∂ \ne-]mSv hsc
Cu c≠v ]{X-ßfpw kzoI-cn®p. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-ß-fpsS BZyZi-
bntem Ah i‡n- { ]m- ] n® L´- Ø ntem AXn- s \m∏w
k©cn°m\p≈ Xmev]cyw Ch ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, Ah-
i- X - b - \ p- ` - h n- ° p∂ Iogv P m- X n- ° m- c psS D∂- a - \ - Ø n\v Du∂¬
\¬Im≥ XpS°w apX¬ Cu c≠p-]{- X-ßfpw Xøm-dm-sb∂v ImWmw.
"cmP-a-μn-c-ß-fnepw a{¥n-k-Ø-a-cpsS k`Ifnepw \ym\-I¿Øm-
°-∑mcpsS k∂n-[m-\-Ønepw \m´n¬ \S-°p∂ A{I-aw, A\o-Xn,
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 35

]c-]o-U, km[p°ƒ°p≈ Bh-iy-ß-fm-Zn-bm-b-h-sb°pdn®v \nhr-

Øn-am¿Kw hcpØm≥' th≠n-bmWv ]{Xw F∂v \{kmWn Zo]nI
BZy-e-°-Øn¬Xs∂ {]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂p. AØ-c-samcp Xe-Øn-
te°v hnπ-hm-fl-I-th-K-Øn¬ Db-cm≥ ]{Xw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
at\m-cabmIs´ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-tØm-Sp≈ `‡n Iptd-°qSn ]c-
ky-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-®mWv ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. 1890¬ tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂v
{]Xn-hmc ]{X-am-bmWv "ae-bmf at\m-c-abpsS XpS-°w. "hniz-am-
Xm-hmb hnIvtSm-dnb N{I-h¿Øn\n Xncp-a-\- nse hninjvS cmPy-
`m-c-am-Ip∂ Iev]-hr-£-Øn¬ hnf-bp∂ hnhn[ ^e-ßsf A∏-g-
t∏mƒ Xs‚ {]P-Isf Akm-[m-cW-am[pcytØmSp IqSn Bkz-Zn-
∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-∏m≥ Xs∂, aqeamIp∂ Xncp\mfn¬ Ah-X-cn-
®cpfp∂ \ΩpsS henb Xºpcm≥ Xncpa\- n-sebpw Ahn-SsØ
B⁄m\phmln-bmb {]Pm-t£-ssaI X¬]-c-\mbncn-°p∂ cma-
cm-b¿ Znhm≥Pn Ah¿I-sfbpw' BZy-e-°-Øn¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca
{]Io¿Øn°p∂p.
CØ-c-samcp ÿnXn-bn¬-\n∂v {ItaW am‰w h∂pXpS-ßnbXv
20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn-em-Wv. At∏m-tg°pw s]mXpkaq-l-
Øn¬ cmjv{Sob hna¿i-\-߃ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-{]m-]n®p. tZiob
{]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw I¿jI {]ÿm-\-ßfp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
\mSn-f-°n-bp≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-t∂-‰-߃ i‡-am-bn. CsX-√m-am-b-
t∏mƒ ]{X- ß - f n¬ ]eXpw AXns‚ `mK- a m- b n- X p- S - ß p- I bpw
sNbvXp. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-tØm-Sp≈ Cu Xm¬]-cy-Øn-s\m∏w
Xs∂ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW taJ-e-bn-te°pw Nne ]{X-߃
kPoh Xm¬]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ ÿnXnbpw DS-se-Sp-Øp.
Xriq-cn¬\n∂v 1906¬ Bcw`n® "tIcf Nn¥m-aWn' , Xe-t»-cn-
bn¬\n∂v 1907¬ aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥ Bcw`n®Xpw ]n∂oSv 1913¬
kn. IrjvW≥ ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw Gs‰-Sp-ØXpamb "anX-hmZn', 1904¬
alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-em-cw`n® "hnth-tIm-
Zbw', 1911¬ aø-\m-´p-\n∂v kn hn Ip™p-cm-a≥ XpS-ßnb "tIcf
IuapZn', 1915¬ Sn sI am[-h≥ sIm√-Øp-\n-∂m-cw`n® "tZim-`n-
am\n', 1917¬ sI Aø-∏≥ XpS-ßnb "ktlm-Z-c≥', tbmK-t£-a-
k`m {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS "tbmK-t£aw', "DÆn\-ºq-Xncn' sIm√-Øp-
\n∂v {]kn-≤-s∏SpØnbn-cp∂ "{iohm-gpw-tImSv', \mb¿ k¿hokv
skmssk-‰n-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ 1920¬ Bcw`n® "k¿hokv',
36 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

1920¬ Xr»q-cn¬\n∂v Ipdq¿ \oe-I-WvT≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Bcw`n®

"temI-am-\y≥', sIm√-Øp-\n∂v F sI ]n≈ Bcw`n® "kzcmSv',
1923¬ tImgn-t°m´p\n∂v sI ]n tIihtat\ms‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-
Øn-em-cw`n® "amXr-`qan', aplΩZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ tImgn-t°m-´p-
\n∂v Xs∂ 1924¬ Bcw`n® "A¬-˛-A-ao≥', ]me-°m´p\n∂v Sn
B¿ IrjvW-kzman Aø¿ XpS-ßnb "bph`mcXw', bp tKm]me
tat\m\pw sI hn Ip™pÆn tat\m\pw IqSn a{Zm-kn¬\n∂v
Bcw`n® "\ho\ tIcfw', sIm√-Øp-\n∂v sI Pn i¶¿ Bcw`n®
"ae-bmf cmPyw' , hS-I-c-bn¬\n-∂m-cw`n® samøm-cØv i¶-cs‚
"tIcf tIkcn', IÆq-cn¬\n∂v XpSßnb F sI Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥
\ºym-cpsS "kzm`nam\n', C°≠ hmcn-bcpsS "tIc-f≥', Ipf-°p-
∂Øv cma≥ tat\m≥ 1918¬ XpS-ßn-bXpw ]n∂oSv F _meIrjvW
]n≈ ]{Xm-[n-]-ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX "ka-Z¿in', F
_me-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈-bpsS Xs∂ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv XpS-ßnb
tIk-cn, sjm¿Wq-cn¬\n∂v tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-fpsS
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ CFw-Fkv ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn XpS-ßnb "{]`mXw',
sI Pn \mbcpsSbpw Sn sI them- b p- [ ≥ ]n≈- b p- s Sbpw
t\XrXzØn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp\n∂v {]kn-≤oI-cn® "\h-i‡n',
"hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n', "kXy\mZw' XpS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ Htc-
k-abw tZiob {]ÿm-\-ß-sf-bpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW apt∂-
‰-ß-tfbpw ]n¥p-W-®-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
-hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ {]Nm-cWw km[y-am-bn-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw Cu
]{X-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n® A`n-{]m-b-߃ A∂v s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬
hen- b - t Xm- X n¬ Ne- \ - ß ƒ krjv S n- ® ncp∂psh- ∂ mWv hy‡-
amIp∂Xv. B A¿∞-Øn¬ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Zw ae-
bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ KpWm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcp
henb XpS°w Ipdn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Bcw-`n® ]{X-ß-fn¬
_lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw Aev]m-bp- p-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw \ne-]m-Sp-
I-fnse sXfn-abpw [oc-Xbpw e£y-t_m-[hpw sIm≠v thdn´
]mŸmhv krjvSn-s®-Sp-Ø-h-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bmw. kzmX-{¥y-
k-a-c-Øns‚ Ne-\-߃ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-I-sb∂ kml-kn-I-
X-tb-s‰-sS-Ø-Xn-s\m∏w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]{X-ß-sf√mw A∂v
kmaq-lnI LS-\-bnse sshIr-X-ßsf A\m-h-cWw sNøm\pw
\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-te°v s]mXp-k-aq-lsØ ssI]n-Sn®p
\S-Øm-\p-ap≈ Xo{h-{i-a-߃ \S-Øn-bXv. kmaq-lnI D®-\o-N-Xz-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 37

Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN\w sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-

\-sØ-t]m-se--Xs∂ {]m[m-\y-ta-dn-b-Xm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv ]cn-jvI-
cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿ {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm-
≠p-am-{X-amWv cmPysØ CXc taJ-e-bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb
]cn-h¿Ø\w tIc-f-Øn¬ km[y-am-b-sX∂v \n w-ibw ]dbmw.

t£{X-{]-th-i-\m-h-Imiw
kmaq-lnI D®-\o-N-Xzw, PmXn kv]¿[, A‘-hn-izm-kw, ANm-
c-\p-jvTm\ sshIr-X-߃, _lp-`m-cym-Xzw, hn[-hmXzw, hnZym-`ymk
\ntj-[w F∂n-ßs\ sI´p-]n-W-™p-In-S∂ k¶o¿W kml-N-
cysØ Hmtcm-∂n-s\bpw khn-ti-j-ambn ssIImcyw sNbvXmWv
]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-I¿ D®m-S\ {]{In-b-bn-te¿s∏-´-Xv. ssh°w,
Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXy-{K-l-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ G‰hpw \n¿Wm-bI
L´w. tZiob kzm-X{¥y {]t£m-`-Øn-s\m∏w Xs∂ apt∂m´psIm-
≠p-t]mb CØcw ka-c-߃ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ henb A\p-c-
W-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n. CXn¬ {][m\w ssh°w kXym-{K-l-am-bn-cp-
∂p. AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klhpw \S-∂t- XmsS
t£{X-]-cn-k-c-ß-fn-eqsS IogvPm-Xn-°m-c\v k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw
\¬tI-≠n-h-cp-sa∂ bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te°v kh¿Wcpw cmP-Ip-Spw-
_-ßfpw FØn-t®¿∂p. Cu c≠v {][m\ t£{X-߃°v ]pdsa
a‰p-t£-{X-ß-fnepw CtX coXn-bn-ep≈ am‰Øn-\mbn If-sam-cp-
ßp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p At∏mƒ.
ssh°Øpw kao]Øpap≈ t£{X]cn-k-c-ß-fn-eq-sS Iogm-
f¿°v hgn- \S-°m\pw t£{X-{]th-i-\m-h-Imiw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw
\S-Ønb {]t£m`w ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø cwKØpw hgn-Øn-cn-
hm-bn. AXphsc BgvN-bn¬ Ht∂m ct≠m XhW {]kn-≤o--I-cn-
°p- I - s b∂ coXn- b n¬\n∂v amdn Zn\- ∏ {Xw ]nd- h n- s b- S p- Ø Xv
ssh°w kXym-{K-l-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. t]cv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse,
ssh°-Øp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßnb "{]Xn-Zn\'amWv BZy
Zn\-∏-{Xw. ka-Z¿in, tIk-cn, tIcf Iuap-Zn, Sn sI am[-hs‚
tZim-`n-am\n XpS-ßnb ]{X-߃ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-s‚
Np°m≥ Gs‰-Sp°p∂ \ne-bn-te-°p-b¿∂p.
tZiob {]ÿm-\-sØbpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW apt∂-‰-ß-
38 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

sfbpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ e£y-tØmsS tImgn-t°m-´p-\n∂v sI

]n tIi-h-ta-t\m-s‚bpw sI am[-h-ta-t\m-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
"amXr-`q-an' IqSn {]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS 20˛mw-
\q-‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ZiIw apX¬ \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øn¬ ]{X-
ß-fpsS kPoh km∂n-[y-am-bn. ssh°w kXym-{K-Øn-\p-t\sc
IÆ-S-bv°m≥ A∂v ]{X-߃°v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kXym-{K-lw
XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v aptº Xs∂ AXn-te°v \bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬
\nc-h[n kw`-h-߃ A°m-eØv Ac-tß-dn-bn-cp-∂p. kh¿WcpsS
Abn-Øm-N-c-Whpw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿ AXns\Xnsc \S-Øp∂ {]Nm-
c-Wß- fpw ]e-bn-SØpw kwL´\-ßf - p-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°m-
cy-ß-sf√mw Cu ]{X-ßfn¬ i‡-amb `mjm ssien-bn-eqsS
hm¿Ø-bmbn hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´p. t£{X-{]-th-i\-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-
ambn P\-k-Ω¿Zw i‡amb L´-Øn¬ at\m-c-abpw hm¿Ø-I-fn-
eqsS CXn\v ]n¥p-W-tb-In.

hgn-\-S-∏n-te°v \bn®v
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v 1918¬ Ipf-°p-∂Øp cma≥ta-t\m≥
Bcw-`n® "ka-Z¿in' \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øn¬ \nkvXpe kw`m-
h\ \¬Inb ]{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. "ka-Z¿in' ssh°w kXym-{K-lsØ
]q¿W-ambpw Gs‰-SpØp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmjv{Sob {]t£m-`-
ß-sfbpw kmaq-lnI am‰-ß-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp∂ "ka-
Z¿in'-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn 1922¬ F _me-IrjvW ]n≈ Npa-X-
e-tb-‰-tXmsS IqSp-X¬ hy‡-Xbpw Bg-ta-dnb-Xp-amb ImgvN-∏mSv
kzoI-cn-°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v ]{Xw amdn. ssh°w kXym-{K-lsØ
hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂X
- n¬ "ka-Z¿in'bpw _me-Ir-jvW]- n-≈bpw ImWn®
D’mlhpw Bflm¿∞-Xbpw ae-bmf \thm-∞m\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-
\-Øn\v amXr-I-bmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BgvN-bn¬ aq∂v F∂
IW-°n¬ sNmΔ, hymgw, i\n Znh-k-ßfnem-bn-cp∂p ka-Z¿in-
bpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww. kXym-{Klw XpS-ßn-b-ti-j-ap≈ F√m
]Xn-∏p-Ifpw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xp-Xs∂ "ssh°w kXym-{Kl hm¿Ø-
Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ hni-Z-hn-h-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-Wv. ka-
cw hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iyamb {]Xy£ \ne-]mSv FSpØp≈-
Xm-bn-cp∂p "ka-Z¿in'-bpsS hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-kw. BNm-c-ssh-Ir-X-
߃s°-Xn-sc P\-ßsf t_m[-h-XvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sshIr-X-߃°v
Iq´p-\n¬°p∂ kh¿W-scbpw A[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw cq£-ambn
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 39

hna¿in-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p "ka¿Z-in'-bpsS coXn. ]e-t∏mgpw A[n-

Imcn-Isf IW-°‰v ]cn-l-kn-°m\pw "ka-Z¿in' ss[cyw Im´n.
1924 Pqsse-bn¬ sNß-∂q-cn¬ tN¿∂ kh¿W lnμp-a-lm-
tbmKw, ssh°w kXym-{K-l e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ \n¿WmbI
tbmK-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿Wsc AI-‰n-\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂ kh¿W-cpsS
at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ ImX-emb am‰w-h-∂-Xns‚ {]Jym-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p
sNß-∂q¿ tbmKw. ka-c-Øn-s‚bpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \S∂
kΩ¿Zhpw Zp»m-Ty-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]n≥hm-ßm≥ kh¿Wsc \n¿_-
‘nXcm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kh¿Wcn-ep-≠mb Cu a\w-am‰w {]I-S-
amb sNß-∂q¿ tbmK-Øns‚ {]Jym-]-\-ßfpw a‰v hm¿Ø-Ifpw
1924 Pqsse F´n\v ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ka¿Z¿in-bn¬ hni-Z-ambn
Dƒs°m-≈n-®p. A∂sØ H∂mw t]Pp-ap-gp-h≥ Cu hm¿Ø-bv°p-
am-{X-am-bmWv ]{Xw \o°n-sh-®-Xv. t£{X-]-cn-k-c-ß-fn¬IqSn
Ah¿W¿°pw k©-cn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬I-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v
B‰p-Im¬ \oe-IW - vT∏
- n≈ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n® {]ta-bhpw At±-lØ
- ns‚
{]kw-Khpw GXm≠v ]q¿W cq]-Øn¬Xs∂ ka¿Zin {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-®p. "kh¿W lnμp-a-lm-tbm-Kw, GI-I-WvT-amb P\m-`n-{]m-bw,
A`q-X-]q¿h-amb hnPbw' F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p hm¿Ø.
ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]mkm-°nb {]ta-bw ]{Xw sImSp-ØXv Cßs\:

{]tabw:˛""ssh-°Øpw a‰p ÿe-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ alm-t£-{X-

ß-fpsS aXn-en\p ]pd-sa-°qSn Aln-μp-°ƒ-t]mepw k©n-
cn-°m-\p≈ F√m hgn-Ifpw Ah¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°pw k©-
cn°m≥ kzmX{¥yw \evtI-≠-Xm-sW∂v Cu tbmKw A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw C{]-Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xmb Hcp hnfw-
_cw DSs\ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v Kh¿ta‚n-t\mSv At]-
£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p''
˛ka-Z¿in, 1924 Pqsse 8
kXym-{K-lsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m\pw kh¿W-ln-μp-°f - psS BNm-
c-\n-jvT-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®p-In-´m\pw kh¿Wcpw kam-¥-c-ambn Xo{h-{iaw
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ssh°w t£{X-Øns‚ ]Sn-™msd \S-bn¬ "[¿Ω
kacw' F∂v t]cn-´m-bn-cp∂p kh¿W-cpsS ka-cw. "[¿Ω-ka - c
- 'sØ
\nin-X-ambn hna¿in°m\pw ]cn-l-kn-°m\pw "ka¿Z¿in' ISpØ
`mj Xs∂ {]tbm-Kn-®p. ssh°w kXym-{K-lw e£y-tØmSv
40 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ASp-°p∂ L´-Øn¬ k¿°m¿Xs∂ CS-s]´v "[¿a-ka-c'-°msc

]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p∂ \ne-bp≠m-bn. HSp-hn¬ KXy-¥-c-an-√msX ]n≥h-
en-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1924 Pqsse 12\v Cd-ßnb ka¿Z¿in- Cu
kw`hw "kh¿W-ln-μp-{]-t£m-`-Øns‚ A¥¿≤m\w, Znhm≥
t]jvIm-cpsS `oa-l¿Pn hnNm-cW' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ Cßs\
hm¿Ø-bm-°n-:

C∂p-cm-hnse ]Xn-hn≥{]-Imcw ]Sn-™msd \S-bn¬ kXy-

{Kl hf-≠n-b¿ kwLw sN∂-t∏mƒ ""[¿Ω kac'' °mcpsS
Bfp-Isf s]mSn-®-s]mSn IqSnbpw I≠n-cp-∂n-√. [¿Ω-k-
acw B∏o-kn\p ap∂n¬- Hcp hn⁄m-]\w ]ckyw sNbvXp
I≠p. "a‰p \ymb- a mb am¿Kw C\n F¥m- t Wmthm?
tIm¨{Kkv kXy-{K-ln-I-fpsS {]th-i-\sØ XS-bm-\p≈
[¿Ω-k-a-ctØ \ndp-Ø-W-sa∂v Kh¿ta‚ v-A-[n-Ir-X∑m¿
B⁄m-]n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v C∂p-ap-X¬ \ndp-Øp-∂p. CXp-\n-
anØw kh¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°v hyk-\tam Ak-am-[m-\tam
D¤-hn-°c - p-sX∂pw a‰p \ymb-amb am¿K-ßf
- n¬°qSn \ΩpsS
BNm-c-sØbpw Ah-Im-i-sØbpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-hm≥th≠
]cn- { i- a - ß ƒ sNøp- ∂ - X m- s W∂pw am\y- ∑ m- c mb F√m
kh¿W-ln-μp-°-sfbpw Adn-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.
- ˛ka¿Z¿in-, 1924 Pqsse 12
CØcw Xnc- n ®- S n- I ƒ t\cn´psh- ¶ nepw kh¿W- l n- μ p- ° ƒ
]q¿W-ambpw ]n≥hm-ßm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xcm-Xcw t]mse
ssh°w kXy-{K-lk-a-c e£y-ßsf XI¿°m\pw ]g-b- am-aq-e-
Iƒ Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øm\pap≈ {ia-߃ Xs∂-bmWv bmYm-ÿn-XnI
kh¿W¿ XpS¿∂pw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂X - v. CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw
tbmK߃ tNcp-Ibpw Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-߃ \ne-
\n¿Øn-°n-´p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-ambn k¿°m-dn¬ kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øp-
∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AtX-ka - bw \thm-∞m\
{]t£m-`ß- fpw t_m[-hX - vIc
- W
- hpw s]mXp-ka - q-lØ - nepw kh¿W-
cnse Hcp-hn-`m-K-Ønepw Imcyamb Ne-\-߃ krjvSn-®-Xn-\m¬
CØcw \o°sØ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°m≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂X - mWv {]tXy-
I-X. Cu L´-Ønepw kPo-h-amb CS-s]-sS-ep-Iƒ ]{X-߃ \S-
Øn. "[¿Ω-k-a-c'-°m¿ ho≠pw Xe-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-sh∂ ap∂-dn-bn-
∏p-\¬In-bm-bn-cp∂p \thm-∞m-\-]-£sØ ]{X-߃ CXn-s\-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 41

Xnsc {]Nm-cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv.

\thm∞m\ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnse sshcp-≤y-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ ]c-
kv]cw G‰p-ap-´m\pw ]{X-߃ Xøm-dm-bn. AXn-s\mcp DZm-l-
cWw "ka-Z¿in'bpw "ae-bmfn'bpw XΩn-ep≈Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ssh°w
t£{X-\-S-bn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ "[¿Ω kacw' ]n≥h-en-®p-sh-¶nepw
GXm\pw Znh-k-Øn\v tijw kh¿W lnμp-°ƒ sNß∂qcn¬
{]tXyIw tbmKw tN¿∂v `mhn ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Btem-Nn-®n-cp-∂p.
AXn\v apºv sNß-∂q-cn¬ tN¿∂ kh¿W lnμp-a-lm-tbmKw
hgn--\-S∏n-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬Im-sa∂ {]tabw ]mkn-°n-b-Xn\v
]n∂m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu tbmKw. Cu {]tabw Ah-X-cn-∏n® B‰p-
Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n-≈bpw kvt\ln-X≥ I√q¿ \mcm-b-W-∏n-≈bpw
]n∂oSv sNß-∂q¿ Xmgva¨ X{¥n-bpsS C√Øv tN¿∂ kh¿W
lnμp tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xmbn "ae-bmfn' hm¿Ø {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-®p. CXv hmkvXh hncp-≤-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p B‰p-Im¬ \oe-
IvW-T-∏n-≈-bpsS hmZw. "ae-bmfn' °v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb sX‰p-]-‰n-
sb∂v ImWn®v A‰p-Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈ hni-Z-amb IsØ-gp-Xn-
sb-¶nepw AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ]{Xw Xøm-dm-bn-√. CtX
XpS¿∂v kh¿W-ln-μp-k-am-Phpw "ae-bm-fn'bpw F∂ t]cn¬ ka-
Z¿in-bn¬ 1924 HmKÃv c≠n\v B‰p-Im¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n-≈-bpsS
teJ\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS Cu kao-]-\Øn¬ {]Xn-
tj-[n®p≈ B teJ-\-Øn¬ At±lw Cßs\ FgpXn:

"Nne Ak-Xy-{]-kvXm-h\ - I
- ƒ D≠m-bX - ns\ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®pw
B kam-P-Øns‚ D≈p-I-≈n-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn®pw Rm≥
B amkw ae-bm-fn°v Hcp {]Xym-Jym\w Ab-®n-cp-∂p. ]{X-
a-cym-Zb
- \p-kc - n-°p∂ ]{Xm-[n-]c
- p-s≠-¶n¬ B {]Xym-Jym\w
{]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂p≈ ]q¿W t_m[-tØmsS IqSn-bmWp
Rm≥ Fgp-Xnbb®-Xv. F∂m¬, C{Xbpw \mƒ ae-bmfn
Fs‚ teJ\w {]kn≤w sNøm-sXbpw teJ\w Xncn-®p-In-
´n-bm¬a-Xn-sb∂v Rm≥ Fgp-Xn-b-b-®-Xn\v adp-]-Sn-t]mepw
Xcm-sXbpw ]{Xm-[n-]¿ au\w Zo£n-®-Xp-sIm-≠pw....CsX-
gp-Xp∂p' F∂p-]-d-™mWv teJ\w XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. kh¿W
lnμp-°fpsS ta¬t°mbvam at\m-`m-hsØ FÆn-sb-Æn-∏-
d-™p≈ teJ\w, "B amXn-cn-bp≈ kh¿W(?)NnØ-hr-
42 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Øn- b m- b n- c n°pw Ct∏mƒ "ae- b m- f n'°pw ÿmbn- b mbn

D≈Xv' F∂v tNmZn-®mWv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
XpS¿∂p-≈ Znh-k-ß-fnepw A\m-Nm-c-ßsf hna¿in®pw t_m[-
h-XvI-cWw \S-Øn-bp-ap≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ kaZ¿in \nc-¥cw sImSp-
Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1925 P\p-hcn 31 Abn-Øm-N-c-WsØ t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ k¿°m-dns\ cq£-ambn hna¿in®v "Abn-
Ø- Ø ns‚ D®m- S - \ m- h m- l \- ß ƒ' F∂ Xe- s °- ´ n¬ apJ- { ]-
kwKhpsa-gp-Xn. AXn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:
"Z£n-W-`m-c-X-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ Htc-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ Abn-Ø-
Øns‚ D®m-S-\w, kwc-£-Ww, Bhm-l\w F∂o ap∂p kw-
lm-c-ÿn-Xn-krjvSn {]ÿm-\-߃ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. ...Abn-
Øm-hm-l\ {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ tZhkzw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS
Zpjvt{]-c-W-Iƒ\n-anØw Kh¿tΩ‚ v G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv hfsc
kq£n-®p-thWsa∂p-IqSn ChnsS R߃ ]d-™p-sIm-
≈p∂p.'
ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn¬ Km‘nPn \S-Ønb CS-s]-S¬ kw_-
‘n-®p-\¬Inb hm¿Ø-bpsS `mjbpw k¿°m-dn-s\ hna¿in-°p-
∂Xpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. "alm-fl-Pnbpw ssh°w kXy-
{K-lhpw' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ kaZ¿in Km‘n-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S-ens\
Cßs\ hm¿Ø-bm-°n:
"ssh°-tØ°v kXy-{KmlI¿°p alm-flPn Ab-®n-´p≈
Hcp ktμiw R߃ A\y{X tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX
ssht°tØ Kh¿sa‚ns\bpw kh¿Æ-cp-sSbpw ss]im-
Nn-I-amb A{I-a-߃ I≠p- ssh°w kXy-{K-Øn\v Hcp
k¿tΔ-¥ym-°m-cy-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw \¬In h¿°nMv IΩn‰n
]mkm-°nb \n›-bhpw Cu \m´nse ]ucm-h-en-°p ]c-a-{]-
[m-\-amb hm¿Ø-bm-Wv. ip≤ {]mtZ-inI Imcy-ambn alm-
flPn ]cn-K-Wn-® ssh°w kXy-{K-lsØ Hcp k¿tΔ-¥ym-
°m-cy-am-°p-hm≥ At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n® Kh¿sa‚n-t\mSpw
kh¿W-tcmSpw kXy-{Km-l-I¿ IrX-⁄-X-bp-≈-h-cm-b-cn-°p-
sa-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√.'
˛ka-Z¿in, 1924 Pqsse 5
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 43

kaZ¿in-bn¬\n∂v amdn F _me-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ "tIkcn' Bcw-

`n-®-tXmsS \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øn-epsS am[ya CS-s]-Sep-Iƒ°v
IqSp-X¬ i‡n e`n-®p. kaZ¿in-bn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-®Xn-t\-°mƒ i‡-
amb `mjbpw ka-{K-Xbpw CØcw hnj-bß - ƒ ssIImcyw sNbvX-
t∏mƒ tIkcn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ssh°w kXym-{K-l-
Ønepw ]n∂oSv Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Ønepw tIk-cn-bpsS CS-
s]-S-ep-Iƒ Cu \ne-bn¬ {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-
{K-l-Øn¬ "amXr-`qan' {]I-Sn-∏n® CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒs°m-∏tam Hcp-
]t£ AXn-te-dtbm {]Xn-jv-Tn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv tIk-cn- kzoI-cn®
\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS ^ew e`n®m¬, {]t£m-`-Im-cn-
Iƒ Ae-k-X-bn-te°v \oß-cp-sX∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Ifpw tIkcn
]e-t∏mgpw \¬Ins°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-\m-fsØ ssh°w kXym-
{K- Ø ns‚ ^e- a mbn t£{Xm- N m- c - ß ƒ ]cn- j v I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
kh¿W-cn¬\n∂v A\p-Iqe at\m-`m-h-ap-≠m-Ip∂p F∂ hnhcw
e`ns®¶nepw {]t£m-`-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp-X-c-Ønepw ]n¥n-cn-bcp-
sX∂ Blzm-\-am-bn-cp∂p tIkcn hm¿Ø-I-fn-eq-sSbpw apJ-{]-
kw-K-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \¬In-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.
ssh°w kXym-{K-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 1930 HIvtSm-_¿ F´n\v
"t£{X-{]-th-i\w F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬' tIk-cn-bn¬ \¬Inb Hcp
hm¿Ø CXm Cßs\:
sXmÆqdp Znh-k-Øn-\Iw Ah¿Æ-ln-μp-°ƒ°p k¿°m¿
t£{X߃ Xpdp-∂p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v Hcp \n›bw tN¿Ø-
e-h®p {ioam≥ cma-kzm-an-\mbn°-cpsS A[y-£X
- b
- n¬ IqSnb
Bfl-]-cn-jvI-cW kwL-°m¿ Kh¿sΩ‚n\v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-I≠v R߃ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. Cu \ymb-
amb Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ Kh¿sΩ‚pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-sa∂v
tXm∂p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Kh¿sΩ‚ns‚ adp-]-Sn°v ImØn-
cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ {]kvXpX AhImiw A{I-a-c-ln-X-amb
kXym-{Klw aqew ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ
sNøp-hm≥ Ah¿ DZy-an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Ønepw hn]p-e-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-
fmWv tIkcn \SØn-b-Xv. \nc-¥c hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v
]pdsa apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn-epsS ]{Xw \ne-]mSv A¿Y-i-¶-bn-√msX
44 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

{]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ

ka-c-°msc t\cn´ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cp-sSbpw A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw
kao-]-\sØ cq£-ambn hna¿in-°m\pw tIkcn Xøm-dm-bn. Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ kXym-{Kl-Øns‚ hf-≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰\ - m-bn-cp∂ FsIPn°p-
t\-sc-bp-≠mb A{I-asØ "Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw' F∂ Xe-
s°-´n¬ tIkcn Cßs\ hm¿Ø-bm-°n-:
Unkw-_¿ 28\v thmf-≠n-b¿ Iym]vS-\mb an. F sI tKm]m-
es\ H´-[nIw {_m“-Wcpw \mb-∑mcpw IqSn-tN¿∂p ASn®p
hogvØn \ne-Øn´p Nhn-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ITn-\-amb ]cp-°p-Iƒ
G‰n-´p-≠v. t]meokv F√mw I≠p \n∂-X-√msX H∂pw
sNbvXn-√. ASpØ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ kXym-{Klw apdbv°p \S-
∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Unkw_¿ 30\v kXym-{K-ln-I-f-√mØ
\m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-kvX-cmb A\-h[n Bfp-Iƒ tN¿∂p ap≈p-
th-en-Iƒ F√mw s]mfn®p \o°w sNbvXp. Xev^-e-ambn
B¿°pw PmXn-aX - t- `-Za
- s\y tKm]pcw hsc bmsXmcp {]Xn_-
‘hpw IqSmsX sN√mw.
˛tIkcn, 1932 P\p-hcn 13
"Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ 1932 sk]vXw-_¿
28\v tIkcn apJ-{]-kwKw {]kn-Zv[o-I-cn®p. ka-c-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈
tIf-∏s‚ Poh≥ A]-I-S-Øn-em-Im-Xn-cn-°W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v ka-
csØ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h¿ kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns\ Is≠-¶nepw adp-
]Sn tami-am-bn-cp-∂p. am{X-a-√, ka-c t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ sI. tIf-
∏s\ A[n-t£-]n-°m\pw cmPmhv Xp\n-™p. CXns\ cq£-ambn
hna¿in-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tIk-cn-bpsS apJ-{]-kwKw:
"XymKn-h-cy-\mb {ioam≥ tIf-∏s‚ Pohs\ c£n-t°≠
tIc-fo-b-cpsS {][m-\-I¿Ø-hy-sØ-]‰n R߃ Ign™
e°-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cp-∂-t√m. AXp \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈ Hcp am¿K-ambn kmaq-Xn-cn-tbm-Sp≈ \nth-Z\w Ah¿
sNøpIbpw AXv \njv{]-tbm-P-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cn-°p-∂p. C∂sØ kmaq-Xn-cn-sb-t∏mse lrZ-b-sa∂ Ah-
b-an-√m-Ø-hcpw Xß-fpsS Ipe-Øn\pw ÿm\-Øn\pw aX-
Øn\pw X߃°p D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw \evInb k¿h-I-em-
im-ebv°pw X߃ P\n® \mSn\pw `mc-X-`q-an°p Bk-I-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 45

ehpw a\p-jy-h¿§-Øn\pw IqSn Xocm-°-f-¶-ap-≠m-°n -h-bvI-

∂-h-cp-ambn apd´p bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ C\vUy-bnse hmbp-hs\
aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-S-tØm-fw-Imew alm-fl-Pn-sb-t∏m-sebpw
{ioam≥ tIf-∏-s\-t∏m-sebpw D≈ lnμp-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿°p
]´n-Wn-In-S∂p Nmth-≠-Xm-bn-Øs∂ hcp-sa∂p kmaq-Xn-
cnsb kao-]n® \nth-Z-I-kw-L-tØmSp B a\p-jy≥ ]d™
e÷m-I-c-amb, arKo-b-amb ad-]pSn kphy-‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. \nμy-amb `ocp-Xz-am-Wv, Hcp `ocp-hns‚ Hgn-hp-I-gn-hmWv
AXn¬ s]m¥n-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse lnμp-ssN-X-
\y-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-amb {io tIf-∏s‚ Poh\p A]mbw
hcp-s∂-¶n¬ CXn-\p≈ DØ-c-hmZnXzw {]Y-a-ambn hln-
t°≠ X∂n¬\n∂pw AXp Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-
bn-sebpw alm-cm-Pm-°∑m-cpsS Xe-bn¬ tI‰p-hm-\mWv
kmaqXn Xp\n-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t£{X-߃ A[x-Ir-X¿°p
Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Cu cmPm-
°-∑m¿°pw Cs√-∂√ R߃ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Kpcp-hm-bqsc
t£{XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {]Y-anI DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw
kmaq-Xncn-°p-am-{X-am-sW-t∂ R߃ ]d-bp-∂p-≈q.'
1932 HIvtSm-_¿ 12\v t£{X-{]-th-i\w F∂ t]cn¬ ho≠pw
apJ-{]-kwKw Fgp-Xn. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw tIf-∏≥
Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®-Xn-\v tij-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
kXym-{Klw hgn tIc-fØ - n¬ t£{X-{]-th-i\w kw_-‘n®v i‡n-
tb-dnb {]Nm-c-the \S-∂-Xmbn AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ]cn-jvI-c-Wm-
`n-apJyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂ a‰p-]-{X-ßfpw Cu {]iv\-߃ kPo-h-
ambn A∂v Gs‰-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v F Aø-∏s‚
t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ ]pd- Ø n- d - ° nb "ktlmZc≥', tImgn- t °mSv
Xfnt£{X tdmUn¬IqSn IogvPm-Xn-°m¿ k©-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂
kmaqXncn cmPm-hns‚ Iev]-\tbmSv th≠{X FXn¿∏v Db-cm-Ø-
Xnse Aa¿jhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®mWv Hcp e°w ]pd-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv. ]cn-
jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw
{]iv\-Øn¬ CS-s]-Smt\m cmPm-hns\ ImWmt\m ss[cyw ImWn-
°m™ ka-bØv kn IrjvW≥ ImWn® {]hr-Ønsb «mLn-®v
ktlm-Z-c≥ Cßs\ FgpXn:
"tImgn-t°mSp Xfn-tdm-Un¬ IqSn Xob¿ apX-emb Xo≠-ep≈
46 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

PmXn-°m¿ \S-∂p-Iq-sS∂p kmap-Xncn FsÉp Ie-IvS¿ Hcp

t\m´okv {]kn≤w sNbvXn-´p-≠-t√m. anÿ, kn IrjvW\pw
a‰pw CXns\ kw_-‘n®v DSs\ H∂pw {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cp-
∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n R߃°p henb A¤pXw tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂p.
CXm Ct∏mƒ [oc-\mb B kap-Zm-b-kvt\ln IevI-S-dpsS
Cu hnthI iq\y-amb Iev]-\sb XrW-h¬I-cn®p \ntcm-
[n-®n-´p≈ tdmUn¬IqSn \S∂p sN∂v t\cns´sN∂v Ie-
IvSsd hnhcw Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.'
a‰p-hn-`m-K-߃°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn® tijhpw AI-
‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏´ hn`m-K-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p N°m-e \mb-∑m¿.
Ch¿°p-IqSn t£{X-{]-th-i-\m-\p-hmZw \¬In Xncp-hnXmwIq¿
cmPmhv DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-t∏mƒ A°mcyw P\-ßsf "ktlm-
Z-c≥' Adn-bn-®Xv hyXykvX coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. N°m-e\
- m-b∑
- m¿°v
{]th-i\w \¬Im≥ sshIn-b-Xn¬ k¿°m-dns\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-I
IqSn sNbvXm-bn-cp∂p "t£{X-{]-th-i\w' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬
\¬Inb hm¿Ø:
"N°me\mb-∑m¿°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xmbn
Hcp Iev]\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¿tΩ‚p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cn-
°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ kap-Zm-b-Kp-cphpw A[ym-fl-Kp-cphpw
kmln-Xym-Nm-cy\pw Bb Znhy-]p-cp-j-\mb Fgp-Ø-›s‚
PmXn-°m¿°p Ct∏mƒ am{Xta t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-
°m≥ km[n-®p≈q F∂p kΩ-Xn-t°≠n-h-∂-Xn¬ Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¿ta‚p e÷n-°p-∂n-√t√m!'
˛-- -ktlm-Z-c≥, e°w c≠v

tIcf Iuap-Zn-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\ Ncn-{X-Ønse kph¿Wm-[ym-b-amWv
"tIcf IuapZn' bptS-Xv. {io\m-cm-b-W≥ apt∂m-´p-h® Z¿i-\-ßsf
ae-bmfn a\- p-I-fn¬ IpSn-tb‰p-∂-Xn¬ tIcf Iuap-Znbpw ÿm]-
I≥ kn hn Ip™p-cm-a\pw {]I-Sn-∏n® Xmev]cyw kmaq-lnI -hn-π-
h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-I-fn-sem-∂mbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-hq¿
tIi-h-\m-ims‚ t\Xr-Xz-Ønep≠m-bn-cp∂ "kpP-\m-\-μn\n' ]c-
hq-cn¬ \S∂ Hcp \mb-co-gh el-fsb XpS¿∂v C√m-Xm-b-Xn\v
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 47

tijamWv "tIcf IuapZn' bpsS ]nd-hn. Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn\v

Hcp-]{Xw C√m-Ø-Xns‚ t]mcmbva a\- n-em-°nb knhn Ip™p-
cm-a-\mWv Iuap-Zn-bpsS ]nd-hn-bpsS bYm¿Y i‡n.
tIcf IuapZn AXns‚ k¿h-i-‡nbpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-
Kn-®Xv ssh°w kXym-{KlØn-em-bn-cp-∂p. \thm-∞m-\-N-cn-{X-
Øn¬ kp{]-[m\ kw`-h-amb ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ apJy-
kq-{X-[m-c≥ Sn.sI am[-h-\mbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, AXv P\-ß-fn-te°v
FØp-∂X - n¬ ka-Z¿inbpw tIk-cnbpw amXr-`q-an-bp-sa√mw ImWn®
Xmev]-cy-Øn-s\m-∏tam AXn-te-sdtbm Bbn-cp∂p tIcf IuapZn
hln® ]¶v. Sn sI am[-h≥ "tZim-`n-am\n' bneqsS kXym-{K-l-
Øn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-ß-sf√mw Gsd aptº Xs∂ Hcp-°n-s°m-
≠n-cp-∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S\- Ø
- n\pw t£{X-{]-th-i\ - Ø
- n\pw Xmgv∂-
Pm-Xn-°m-cns‚ hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-sa√mw "tZim-`n-am\n'
bneqsS SnsI am[-h≥ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, tIcf Iuap-Zn-
bpsS IqSn klm-b-tØmsS IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
{ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ SnsI am[-h≥ t£{X-߃
Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ F√m s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw PmXn-hn-th-N-\-an-√msX
F√m-h¿°pw {]th-i\w thW-sa∂ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®mWv \thm-
∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. t£{X-{]-th-i\w
P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv F∂ \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp∂p {]Pm-k-`-bnepw SnsI
am[-h≥ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. PmXo-b-amb hnth-N\w s]m´n-sØ-dn-bpsS
Xe-Ønte°v Dbcpw hn[w k¶o¿Wamb L´-Øn-emWv {io\m-
cm-bWKpcp ssh°w t£{X-]-cn-k-c-Øp-IqSn dn£m-h-≠n-bn¬ \S-
Ønb bm{Xsb kh¿W≥ FXn¿Ø-Xv. Cukw-`-h-Øns‚ XpS¿®-
bm-bmWv SnsI am[-h≥ ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn-\p≈ aps∂m-cp-
°-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
1924 am¿®v 30 apX¬ 1925 \hw-_¿ 25 hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p tIc-
fsØ Cf-°n-ad - n® ssh°w kXym-{K-lw. tIcf Iuap-Zn-bpsS F√m
e°-ßfpw ]n∂oSv ]pd-Øn-ßn-bXv ssh°w kXym-{K-l- hm¿Ø-
I-fp-am-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ka-c-Øns‚ Du¿Pw tNmcmsX \n¬°pI am{X-
a-√, IqSp-X¬ Bthiw P\-ß-fn-se-Øp-°p-∂-Xn\v IqSn klm-b-
I-c-am-bn-cp∂p Iuap-Zn-bpsS hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-kw. H∂mw t]Pn¬
apJy-hm¿Ømbmbn Xs∂-bmWv kXym-{Kl hm¿Ø-Iƒ CSw ]nSn-
®-Xv. CXn\v ]pdsa \nc-h[n XhW apJ-te-J-\-ß-fmbpw kXym-
48 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

{Klw kw_-‘n® Imcy-߃ tIc-fI - u-ap-Zn-bn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p. kXym-

{Klw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-ep-≠mb kw`-h-߃ hni-Z-am-°n-
s°m≠v A°m-eØv tIcf IuapZn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Nne hm¿Ø-
Iƒ Cß-s\-bmbncp∂p:

"Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bw amdn-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. C∂p-cm-hnse

]Xn-hp-{]-Imcw t]mb kXym-{K-ln-Isf (Nm-Øp-°p´n \mb¿,
IrjvW≥, ]m®≥ \mcm-b-W≥) F∂n-hsc Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-
Itbm \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ÿetØ°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-Itbm
sNømsX XS-™p-\n-dp-ØpIbm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. -Kh¨sa‚ v
Xßsf IS-∂p-t]m-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬
AdÃp sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Itbm sNømsX X߃ Ahn-
sS-\n∂pw amdn-t∏m-Ip-∂-X-s√∂pw bmsXmcp Blm-chpw Ign-
°p-∂-X-s√∂v i]Yw sNbvXp hmf‚n-b¿am¿ tdmUn¬ Ccn-
°p-∂p. Ch-cpsS Cu XymKw hntcm-[n-I-fpsS a\- m-£nsb
h√msX {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Blmcw Dt]-£n®pw Xo{h-
am-b-sh-bn¬sIm-≠p-an-cn-°p∂ Cu hmf-≠n-b¿am-cpsS `mhn
F¥m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v F√m-hcpw D¬°-WvT-tbmsS {]Xo-£n-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-߃ kwLw-kw-L-ambn Nne-bn-S-
ß-fn¬\n∂v h∂psIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hmf-≠n-b¿am¿ [mcm-
f-ambn tN¿∂p-h-cp-∂p.'
kac t\Xm-°-fpsS AdÃpw kacw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ coXnbpw
hni-Zo-I-cn®v as‰mcp Znhkw \¬Inb hm¿Ø Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

"kXym-{Klw i‡n-bmbn \S-°p-∂p. AdÃv sNø-s∏´

sat gvkv tPm¿Pv tPmk^v sk_m-Ãy≥˛ sI.-Pn. \mb¿
Chsc Bdp-amksØ shdpw XS-hn\p in£n®v tIm´bw
hgn Imdn¬ sIm≠p- t ]m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Hm^okv Nm¿Pv
{_lva{io IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xn-cnsb kwLw ssItb-dn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. C∂p c≠p kwLw hmf-≠n-b¿am¿ hSs° \S-bnepw
sN∂p kacw Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂p-Zn-h-k-ambn \ncm-lm-
c-{hXw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ NmØp-°p´n \mbcpw Iq´cpw aptºm-
´p-t]m-Ip-∂Xn\v {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. s]meo-kp-Im¿
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 49

Ahsc XS-bp-∂p-≠v. sat gvkv NmØp-°p-´n-\m-b¿, \mcm-

b-W≥ XpSßn F´p-t]¿ tamlm-e-ky-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ Ahsc
s]meo-kp-Im¿ ]I¬ c≠p-a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Bip-]-{Xn°p
sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
C∂se [¿a-bp-≤-Øn¬ FÆ-s∏´ Hcp hnPbw D≠m-bn.
AbnØ-t°m´ hmXn-ep-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-dp-hi - hpw sX°p-hi - hpw
am{X-amWv CXp-hsc \ntcm-[n-°s
- ∏-´n-cp-∂X- v. {ioam≥ tPm¿Pv
tPmk^v Ah¿I-fpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw tIm´-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ
\mepw C∂p-sIm≠v \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Xn-hp-t]m-
se-bp≈ aq∂p-kwLw hmf-≠n-b¿am¿ tLmj-bm-{X-bmbn
]pd-s∏´v hSs° \S-bnepw Ingt° \S-bnepw ÿm]n-X-am-
bn. Cu ÿe-ß-fn¬ Nne Bfp-Iƒ {]Xn_-‘-ß-fp-≠m-
°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√.'

kXym-{K-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ssZ\w-Zn\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ am{X-

a√ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS tIcf kμ¿i-\hpw inh-Kncn kμ¿in®v {io\m-
cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hp-ambn \S-Ønb N¿®-I-fp-sa√mw tIcf IuapZn hniZ-
ambnØs∂ hm¿Ø-bmbn \¬In. tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s\m∏w
\thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn {]h¿Øn-®-h¿°v hnh-c-
߃ ]q¿W-tXm-Xn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw Bth-i-`-cn-X-am-°p-∂-Xp-am-
bn-cp∂p B hm¿Ø-I-sf-√mw.
ssh°w kXym-{K-lØ - ns\Xnsc kh¿W¿ kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ \ne-
]m-Sp-I-fn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øm\pw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i≤-Iq-Sp-
X¬ ]Xn-bm\pw D]-I-cn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`s‚ t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ \S-Ønb kh¿W-Pm-Y. PmY-bpsS aps∂m-cp-°ß - fpw PmY
IS-∂p-t]mb tijw AXp-kw-_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Ifpw \¬In P\-
ßsf Ne-\m-fl-I-am°n tIcf Iuap-Zn. ssh°-Øp-\n∂v XpSßn
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv kam-]n® PmY-bpsS Hmtcm Znh-k-sØbpw
dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ tIcf IuapZn hni-Z-ambnXs∂ \¬In. tUm. \mbn-
Up-hn-s‚bpw inh-Xm-Wp-]n-≈-bp-sSbpw t\XrXz-Øn¬ \mK¿tIm-
hn-en¬\n∂v Xncp-h\- ¥-]p-ct- Ø°v ]pd-s∏´ kh¿W-PmYbpw tIc-
f-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS Xmfp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®p. PmY ]q¿Øn-bm-b-Xn\v
tijw Hcp apJ-{]-kwKw Xs∂ FgpXn tIcf Iuap-Zn. AXn¬]-
d-bp∂p:
50 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

"PmXm AXns‚ I¿Ø-hysØ `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-®p. AXp

F¥m-bn-cp∂p? ssh°w tdmUnepw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ a‰p-
tdm-Up-I-fnepw Ah¿W-ln-μp-°ƒ°v k©mc kzmX{¥yw
\¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ kh¿W-lnμp `qcn-]£w {]Xn-Iq-e-amsW∂v
Hcp hmZw Kh¨sa‚ v ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv anYy-bm-
sW∂v ImWn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p PmXm-bpsS Dt±-iyw. CXn-
t\-°mƒ hy‡-ambpw i‡n-bmbpw kh¿W-lnμp `qcn-]£w
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw CXn-t\-°mƒ kwi-
b-c-ln-X-amw-hÆw B kwKXn Kh¨sa‚ns\ t_m[y-s∏-
Sp-Øm\pw km[n-°p∂ Hcp "tIm¨Ãn-‰yq-j-W¬ satXUpw'
a\p-jy-_p-≤n°v Duln-°p-hm≥ Xs∂ Ign-bp-∂n-√. PmXm
sNtø-≠Xv sNbvXp. kXy-{Kl {]ÿm\w kml-k-am-bn-
cp∂p F¶n¬ AXn\v Ah¿ kln-t°-≠-sX√mw kln-®p.
C\n C°m-cy-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚ v F¥psN-øm-\mWp `mh-sa-
∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n R߃°v kwi-bta C√. alm-dmWn Xncp-a-\-
n-sebpw Znhm≥Pn-bp-sSbpw adp-]Sn ""Bh-iy-°m-cs‚ HuNn-
Xy-_p-≤n°v'' Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn tXm∂p--I-bn-s√∂v R߃°-
dn-bm-sa-¶nepw Cu adp-]-Sn-Iƒ R-ßsf Xosc \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´n-√.'
k©m-c-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bp≈ IogvPmXn-°m-cpsS t]mcm-´-
߃°v henb ]n¥p-Wbpw k¿°m-cn\v apJw Xncn-°m≥ ]‰mØ
kml-N-cyhpw hcp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ k©m-c-kzm-X{¥y {]tabw {]Pm-
k-`-bn¬ t]´-bn¬ ]c-ta-iz-c≥ F∂ Cughs‚ thm´v FXn-cm-b-
Xn-\m¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ kw`-h-ap-≠m-bn. Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS Ah-
Im-i-t∏m-cm-´-Øn¬ Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-c≥Xs∂ CSw-tIm-en´ H∂m-
bn-cp∂p Bkw-`-hw. \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \n∂-
h-cnepw IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS CS-bnepw henb Aa¿jhpw \ncm-i-
bp-amWv AXv krjvSn-®-Xv. {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ F≥ Ipam-c≥ Ah-X-cn-
∏n® k©m-c-kzm-X{¥y {]tabw ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ sImSpØv tIcf
IuapZn A\q-Iqe hnImcw s]mXp-P-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ krjvSn-°p-
∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv ]c-ta-iz-c≥ {]ta-b-Øn\v FXn-cmb \ne-]m-sS-
Sp-Ø-Xv.
Ah¿W\v k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw t\Sm-\p≈ {iasØ Ah¿W≥
Xs∂ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bt√m F∂m-bn-cp∂p XpS¿∂v k©m-c-
kzm-X-¥y-\n-tj-[-Øn-\mbn \ne-sIm≠ kh¿W-]£w hmZn-®-Xv.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 51

ASpØ \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ Cugh-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]c-ta-iz-cs\

ho≠pw t\man-t\‰v sNøm-\p≈ \o°-Øn-s\-Xnsc tIcf IuapZn
i‡-ambn cwK-Øp-h-∂p. apJ-{]-kw-K-sa-gp-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p IuapZn
CXn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. "Cugh kap-Zm-bsØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿
Kh¨sa‚n\v H‰p-sIm-SpØ PqUmkv CkvIm-cn-b-´mWv F∂-Xn-
t\-°mƒ IqSnb Hcp tbmKy-Xbpw R߃ {ioam≥ ]c-ta-iz-c-
\n¬ ImWp-∂n√' F∂m-bn-cp∂p 1925 sabv 19 {]kn-≤o-I-cn® apJ-
{]-kw-K-Ønse tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS hna¿i-\w.

amXr-`q-an-bpsS CS-s]-S¬
1923 am¿®v 17\v ss{Xhm-cn-I-bm-bmWv tImgn-t°m-´p-\n∂v "amXr-
`qan' {]kn-≤o-I-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. tZiob {]t£-m`-Øn\v ]{X-
ß-fpsS th≠{X ]n¥p-W-In-´p-∂n-s√∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]t£m-
`-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-h¿Xs∂ IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®m-bn-cp∂p
"amXr-`q-an-'bpsS ]nd-hn. tZio-b-kzm-X-{¥yhpw AXn-s\m∏w kmaq-
lnI]cn-jvI-c-Whpw {]Jym-]nX e£y-am-°n-bmWv amXr-`qan ]pd-
Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. BZy e°-Øn¬Xs∂ ]{X-Øns‚ Dt±-iye-£y-
߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-bpw amXr-`qan \¬In:
"a\p-jy-Po-hnXw al-Øm-sbmcp _m[y-X-bm-Wv. B _m[yX
\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]q¿W-kzm-X{¥yw F√m a\p-jy¿°pw
D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah-cpsS _p≤n°pw {]m]vXn°pw A[zm-
\-Øn\pw bmsXmcp XS- hpw IqSmsX B¿°pw A\p-`-hn-
°m≥ km[n-°-Ww. AXns\ Ipd-bv°p-hmt\m C√m-Xm-°p-
hm-t\m, a\p-jys‚ kzm`n-am-\sØ £bn-∏n-°p-∂X - nt\m \in-
∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m D≈ BNmc k{º-Zm-b-ßtfm \n_-‘-\-
Itfm a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤n°v ]‰m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v
Ahsb Xosc AI-‰-Ww. F∂m¬, am{Xta temI-Øns‚
kuJyhpw kzX-{¥yhpw kam-[m-\hpw ]q¿W-ambn D≠m-
Im≥ Xc-ap≈q F∂ \bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n R߃
as‰√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw'
amXr-`qan XpSßn Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ssh°w
kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ Bcw-`w. BZy-e-°-Ønse {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ ]d-
52 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

™-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ kzm`n-am\w £bn-∏n-°p∂ BNmc k{º-Zm-

b-ßsf C√m-Xm-°m≥ IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°pth≠n \S-Ønb ssh°w
ka-cØns‚ -hn-P-b-Øn\v "amXr-`qan' AXns‚ k¿h Ign-hp-Ifpw
{]tbm-Kn-®p. ssh°w kXym-{KlØn\v aptº Xs∂ \mSns‚ ]e
`mK-ß-fnepw XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Xocq-am-\-߃ FSp-∏n-°m≥ kh¿Wsc \n¿_-‘n-
°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v \thm-∞m-\-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS {iaw hf¿∂n-cp-
∂p. sNdnb t£{X-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬t]mepw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse
am‰-ß-tfmSv A\q-I-qe-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb t£{Xm-[n-
Im-cn-Ifpw, AØcw kw`-h-߃ hm¿Ø-I-fm°n s]mXp-k-aq-
lsØ Adn-bn® ]{X-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øns‚ KXn-
thKØn\v IqSp-X¬ Bthiw ]I¿∂p. AsX√mw "amXr-`qan'bpw
hm¿Ø-bm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ae-_m-dnepw a[y-tI-c-f-Ønepw c≠v t£{X-
ß-fn¬ PmXn-hy-Xymkw IqSmsX {]th-i\w \¬Im≥ Xocp-am-\n-
®Xv kw_-‘n®v "amXr-`qan' \¬Inb hm¿Ø Cß-s\-bmWv:

"Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ XnøcpsS hIbmbp≈ {ioP-K-∂mY t£{X-

Øn¬ ]peb¿ XpS-ßnb XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc IS-°p-hm≥ A\p-
h-Zn-t°-≠X- m-sW∂v t£{X-Øns‚ Ducm-f∑
- m¿ Hcp k`IqSn
Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.'
˛amXr`qan 1923 am¿®v 27
"Be-∏p-gbv°v kao-]-ap≈ ]Xn-b-Ip-f-ßc t£{X-Øn¬ h®v
Cs°m√w \S-Øn-b-Xmb D’-h-Øn\v \mb-∑m¿ Cug-hsc
£Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Ahsc t£{X-Øn¬ {]th-
in-∏n-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p-hs{X'
˛amXr`qan 1923 am¿®v 31
Abn- t Øm- ® m- S \ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ tIm¨{Kkv kPo- h - a m-
°nbt∏mƒ AXn-\p≈ ]q¿W ]n¥pW "amXr--`qan' bn¬\n-∂p-ap-
≠m- b n. 1924 P\p- h - c n- b n¬ Fd- W m- I p- f Øv tN¿∂ {]tZiv
tIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰n tbmKw Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
t\XrXzw \evIm-\mbn {]tXyI kanXn°v cq]w\evIn. Sn sI
am[-h≥, sI tIf-∏≥ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p
kan-Xn. tIm¨{Kkv sU]yq-t´-j≥ F∂v t]cn´ Cu kanXn Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse-ºmSpw {]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. Cu {]Nm-c-W-ß-fpsS
hni-Z-amb hnh-c-W-߃ A∂sØ "amXr-`qan' bnse {][m\
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 53

hm¿Ø-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
_mcn-ÿ F sI ]n≈bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-c∂p "kzcm´v'
]{Xhpw Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]´
H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1924- s^{_p-hcn 24\v Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc
kp{]-[m\ -Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØ kwÿm\ tIm¨{Kkv tbmKw
tN¿∂-Xp-Xs∂ "kzcm´v' ]{X-Øns‚ sIm√w Hm^o-kn-em-bn-cp-
∂p. Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]{X-ß-fpsS kl-I-
cWw IqSp-X¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX tbmKw.
"ae-bmfn' ]{Xm-[n-]¿ Fw B¿ am[-h hmcn-b¿, "{iohm-gpw-tImSv
]{Xm-[n-]¿ i¶c hmcn-b¿, "ae-bmf cmPyw' ]{Xm-[n-]¿ sI Pn
i¶¿ F∂n-h¿ IqSn B tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Cu tbmK
Xocp-am-\-ßsf A`n-\-μn-®p-sIm≠v "amXr-`qan' apJ-{]-kwKw Xs∂
Fgp-Xn. AXn{]Im-c-amWv:
"tIcf kwÿm\ tIm¨{Kkv IΩn‰nbpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬
G¿s∏- S p- Ø o- ´ p≈ Abn- t Øm- ® m- S \°- Ω n- ‰ n- AXns‚
{]hrØn Pm{K-X-bmbn Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ign™ Aev]
Znh-k߃°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ Ah¿°v, Ah-cpsS D’m-l-
Øm¬ s]mXp-P\ßfpsS {i≤-sb Cu hnj-b-Øn-te°v
BI¿jn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v'
ssh°w kXym-{KlØn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-I-sb-∂-Xn-ep-]cn
t\cn-´p≈ CS-s]-S-em-bn-cp∂p amXr-`qan \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]{Xm-[n-]¿
sI ]n tIi-ht- a-t\m\pw amt\-Pcpw AdÃp hcn®v Pbn-en¬ t]mIp-
∂- ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. "t\Xm-°sf in£n®p' F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-sS-
bm-bn-cp∂p 1924 G{]n¬ F´ns‚ amXr-`qan Cu hm¿Ø \evIn-b-
Xv. hm¿Ø \¬IpI am{X-a-√, Ad-Ãv hcn-°-s∏´ ]{Xm-[n-]¿ sI
]n tIi-h-ta-t\m≥ t]cp-sh®v {]tXyI apJ-{]-kwKw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]{X-Øn-s‚ e£yhpw {]hr-Ønbpw Fs¥∂v Hcn-°¬
IqSn Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p sI ]n tIihtat\m≥ apJ-{]-
kwKØn¬:
"GsXmcp Imcy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmtWm Ign™ Hcp sIm√-
Øn-e-[n-I-ambn amXr-`qan ]cn-{i-an-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv, B Imcy-
Øn-\p-th-≠n-X-s∂-bmWv Ct∏mƒ F\n°v AXns\ ]ncn-
54 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

™n-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≈-Xpw. Xo≠epw Abn-Øhpw tIc-f-

Øn¬\n∂p \o°p-∂-Xn\p amXr-`qan B∏o-kn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-
Xn-t\-°mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse XS-hp-ap-dn-bn-en-cn-°p-∂-XmWv
A[nIw {]tbm-P\Ic-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ B hmk-Øn¬-
F∂n¬ H´pwIpd- b mØ kt¥mjw {]nb- s ∏´ hmb- \ -
°m¿°pw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-sW-∂p-≈-Xn\p kwi-b-an√.'
ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn-s‚bpw Abn-tØm-®m-S\ ka-c-Øn-
s‚bpw ASpØ L´-am-bn-cp∂p kh¿W-Pm-Y. 1924 \hw-_¿ BZyw
a∂-Øp-]-fl-\m-`s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \qdp kh¿W lnμp-°ƒ AS-
ßnb PmY ssh°-Øp-\n∂pw Im¬\-S-bmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-
dmWn tkXp-e-£van-`m-bn°v l¿Pn \¬Im-\mbn ]pd-s∏-´p. F√m
s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-Ifpw s]mXp ÿm]-\-ßfpw PmXn-aX t`Z-at\y
F√m-h¿°pw Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°s - a∂m-hi
- y-s∏´v alm-dm-Wn-°v \nth-
Z\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p PmY. AXn-s\m∏w Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-
Øn¬ P\-ßsf t_m[-h-XvI-cn-°p-I IqSn Dt±-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah¿Ws‚ hgn-\-S-∏-h-Im-i-Øn-\mbn kh¿W¿ \S-Ønb PmY,
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ henb {][m\yw t\Sn. Abn-tØm-®m-S\ {]Nm-
c-W-Øn¬ ap≥\n-c-bn-em-bn-cp∂ F√m ]{X-ßfpw henb {]m[m-
\y-tØmsS CXp-kw-_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evIn.

Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lhpw am[y-a-ßfpw

ssh°w kXym{Klw \S∂v Ggp h¿j-Øn\v tij-amWv Kpcp-
hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw. tIm¨{K-kv ap≥ssI FSp-ØmWv Kpcp-hm-
bq¿ kXym-{Klw \S-Øn-bXv. kXym-{K-lØns‚ aps∂m-cp-°-
߃ amk-߃°p-aptº Xs∂ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1931 sabn¬ hS-
I-c-bn¬ \S∂ tIm¨{Kkv cmjv{Sob ktΩ-f-\-Øn-emWv Kpcp-hm-
bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ N¿®-I-fpsS XpS°w. t£{X {]th-i-\-
sa∂ Bhiyw kh¿W lnμp-°-fpsS hnIm-csØ {hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-
sa∂pw AXv Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-sa∂
i‡nbmb hmZ-Øn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-
Øns‚ Btem-N-\-Iƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]e coXn-bn¬ kXym-{Kl
\o°sØ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ {iaw \S-∂p-sh-¶nepw ka-c-hp-ambn
apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im-\m-bn-cp∂p tIm¨{Kkv t\Xm-°-fp-sS Xocp-am-\w.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 55

AXn\v apºv hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ {]Nm-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-

Øm\pw tIm¨{Kkv Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu {]Nm-c-W-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw
ap∂n¬ amXr-`q-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kXym-{K-l-Øn\v Hcp-ßm-\mbn
Blzm\w sNbvXv sI. tIf-∏≥ Im™ßmSv ]pXnb tIm´-bn¬
\-S-Ønb {]kw-KsØ XpS¿∂v amXr-`qan Hcp apJ-{]-kwKw Fgp-
Xn. "k∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-°pI' F∂v Blzm\w sNbvXp≈ apJ{]kwKw
Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p:
"tIm¨{K-kn¬ AwK-ß-fmbn tN¿∂n-´p-≈-hcpw A√m-Ø-
hcpamb kI-e tIc-fo-b-cp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-amb {i≤ ]Xn-
tb≠ Hcp {]kw-K-am-W-Xv. tIm¨{K-kns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ
\nebpw `mhnbpw C{X hni-Z-am-°n-s°m-≠ps≈mcp {]kvXm-
h\ tIc-fo-b¿°v tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠m-hn-√. A\m-
Nm-c-ßfpw Zpcm-Nm-c-ßfpw sIm≠v Ip{]-kn-≤n-s]‰v tIc-f-
Øn¬ CØ-c-samcp {]kw-K-Øn\pw k¿h{X kzmKXw e`n-
°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬, [oc-amb B {]kvXm-h\
BZ¿i-im-en-I-fpsS A\yq--\-amb A`n-\-μ\-- -sØ A¿ln-°p-
∂p. Bcpw XpW-bn-√mØ ]mh-s∏´-h-cpsS lrZbw Ipfn¿∏n-
°p-∂p.'
CXn-eqsS Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ {]Nm-cWw amXr-`qan
Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂-tßm´v \nc¥c hm¿Ø-Ifpw \nc-
h[n apJ-{]-kw-K-ß-fp-amWv amXr-`qan Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. CsX-√mw, H∂p-
In¬ ka-cm-thiw Pzen-∏n-°p-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ bmYm-ÿn-XnI
kh¿W-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf cq£-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂-tXm Bbn-
cp-∂p. kXym-{Kl-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-Øn-\mbn hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬
\S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hni-Z-ambn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Xs∂,
kXym-{KlsØ t\cn-Sm-\mbn Kpcp-hm-bq-cn¬ kh¿W¿ \S-Øn-
h∂ {ia-߃ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m\pw amXr-`qan Xøm-dm-bn. kXym-
{K-ln-I-fpsS ZrV-Nn-Ø-X, kac apJsØ t\Xm-°-fpsS CS-s]-S-
ep-Iƒ, ka-c-]p-tcm-K-Xn-s°m∏w P\-ß-fn-e-Xp-≠m-°p∂ Bth-i-
s∏-cp-°w, kXym{K hntcm-[n-I-fmb t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw
kh¿W-ln-μp-°-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-tema {]h¿Ø-\-߃, kacw
XI¿°m≥ sNøp∂ KqV-\o-°-߃ F∂n-h-b√mw amXr-`q-an-bn¬
hni-Z-ambn Xs∂ h∂p. tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈, {]Xn-I-c-
ßfpw t\Xm-°-fpsS {]kw-K-ßfpw {]tXyIw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. {]Xn-
56 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Zn\ hm¿Ø- I ƒ°pw apJ- { ]- k w- K Øn\pw ]pdsa "temIhpw

temIcpw', "]ecpw ]eXpw' XpS-ßnb ]w‡n-Ifpw kXym-{K-lhp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ°mbn \o°n-sh®p.
kw`-h-߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw kXym-{KlsØ XS-
bm-\mbn t£{X-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ aps∂m-cp-°-ƒ XI¿°m≥
P\-ßsf Blzm\w sNøp-∂- hm¿Ø-Iƒ AXn\v aptº Xs∂
amXr-`qan \evIn-bn-cp-∂p. 1931 HIvtSm-_¿ 29se amXr-`qan FgpXn:

"kXym- { K- l n- I sf XS- b p- h m≥th≠ F√m Hcp- ° - ß fpw

t£{X-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ sNbvXp XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mep \S-
bnepw hÆ-ap≈ sXßp-XSn \m´n ap≈p-then sI´n-Øp-S-
ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tdmUn\v a[y-Øn-embn Hcp Imdn\v t]mIp-
hm≥ am{Xw hgnbpw, AXn\v hmXnepw D≠v. Ingt° \S-bn-
ep≈ Ben\p kao]w hsc Xoø¿ t]mhpI ]Xn-hm-Wv.
F∂m¬, Ct∏mƒ then sI´o-´p-≈-Xv Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Npcp-
ßn-bXv 20 hmc Ing-°p-am-dn-bm-Wv. CXp tZhkzw A[n-Ir-
X¿°v sNøp-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. s]mXp-P-\-߃°v KXm-KXw
sNøp-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ s]mXp-tdm-Un¬ sI´p∂ then
s]mfn-®p-\o-°phm≥ s]mXp-P-\-߃°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.
kzm`n-am-\-ap≈ s]mXp-P-\-߃ Ah-cpsS A[n-Imcw hn´p-
sIm-SpØp au\w Zo£n-°n-s√∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p.'
t£{X-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒs°-Xnsc am{X-a-√, kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns\
Xs∂ i‡-ambn FXn¿°p-∂-Xn\v amXr-`qan k∂-≤-am-bn. t£{X
\S Xpdp-∂p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ kmaq-Xn-cnsb AXn cq£-
am-b-amb `mj-bn-em-bn-cp∂p amXr-`qan t\cn-´-Xv. NneXv D]-tZi
cq]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p-Nn-eXv ap∂-dn-∏p-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-epw. t£{X-
hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´p≈ sI tIf-∏ns‚ IØn\v
\ntj[ cq]-Øn¬ kmaq-Xncn adp-]Sn \evIn-b-t∏mƒ amXr-`qan
FgpXnb "kXy-i-‡n-bpsS KoXw' F∂ Ipdn∏v Hcp ap∂-dn-bn-
∏mbn-cp-∂p. AXn-XmWv:
"Kpcp-hm-bqcº-e-tØbpw Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏-t\bpw Np‰n-∏n-W-™n-
cn-°p∂ ap≈p-then am{X-a-√, tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v ]e-ÿ-
eØpw hf¿∂p ImSp sI´n Ccp-´p-d™p InS-°p∂ A{I-a-
amb bmYm-ÿn-XnI ap≈p-]-S-e-ßsfsb√mw Zln-∏n-°m≥
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 57

t]mcp∂ kXym-{Kl h”n-bmWv Kpcq-hm-bq¿ t£{X-k-∂n-

[n-bn¬ \hw-º¿ 1˛mw XoøXn sImfp-Øp-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-
sX∂v Ch-c-dn-bp-∂n-√. Cu aml-h-”n, Cu bmKm-·n, ]pe-
b-s‚bpw {_m“-W-s‚bpw lrt±-i-Øn¬ t`Z-sas\y IpSn-
sIm-≈p∂ kXy-i-‡n-X-s∂-bm-sW∂pw Ch-tcm¿°p-∂n-√.'
Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw XpS-ßnb 1931 \whw-_¿ H∂n\v "hmXn-
ep-Iƒ Xpd-°ptam?' F∂v tNmZn-®p≈ apJ-{]-kw-K-tØm-sS-bmWv
amXr-`qan ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. B apJ-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ kmaq-Xn-cn-tbmSv
]d-™Xv t\m°pI:
"CtX-hsc B t£{XØn¬ Bcm-[m-\m-kzm-X{¥yw \ntj-
[n- ° - s ∏´ lnμp- ° ƒ°p taen- s e- ¶ nepw AhnsS B
kzmX{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ Aßbv°v
`mhn Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ hnime lrZ-b\pw A\p-I-ºm-]q¿Æ\p-
amb kmaq-Xn-cn-∏m-sS∂ aml-\o-b-amb A`n-[m\w \¬In,
Aß-sb _lp-am-\n-bv°pw. A√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ C∂sØ Cu
ZpjvIr-X-Øn-\p≈ ^ew, Hcp ]s£, A\p-`-hn-°m-\n-S-h-t∂-
°m-hp∂ Aß-bpsS A¥-c-Km-an-Iƒ Aß-bpsS ih-°-√-d-
I-fn-temfw h∂v Aßsb ]gn-°p-hm-\nS hcpw.'
kXym-{Klw XpS-ßnb hm¿Ø amXr-`qan \evIn-bXv Cß-s\-
bmWv:
"kXym-{K-lhn-tcm-[n-I-fpsS \bw Iem-]-Øn\v hfsc A\p-
Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬°qSn, C∂sØ kXym-{Klw im¥-
ambn \S-∂p. Ingt° \S-bv°¬ {ioam-∑m¿ a∂Øp ]fl-
\m`]n≈, tIf-∏≥, {ioa-Xn-am¿ cp‹nWn AΩ, Im¿Øym-
b\n AΩ apX-em-b-h-cpsS t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hºn®
tLmj-bm-{X-bpsS AI-ºSn-tbmSp IqSn H∂m-asØ hf-≠n-
b¿ kwLw t£{X-{]-th-i-\-Øn-\mbn h∂p\n∂-t∏m-gsØ
ImgvN hfsc a¿Ω-kv]r-°m-bn-cp-∂p. B¿Ø-{Xm-W-]-cm-b-
Wm, Zo\-_-t‘m, ssIS-`m-tc, a[p-kq-Z-\m, Icp-Wm-aq¿tØ
apX-emb `K-h-∂m-a-ß-f-S-ßnb Io¿Ø-\-߃ sNm√n, apIp-
fo-Ir-X-l-kvX-∑m-cmbn h∂ `K-h-±¿i-t\-—p-°-fmb `-‡-k-
Xym-{K-ln-Isf "t]m, t]m, CXp Rß-fp-tS-XmWv' F∂p
58 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

XpS-ßnb A]-i-_vZ-ß-sf-s°m-≠mWv `K-hms‚ t]cpw

]d™v DZcw `cn-°p∂ t£{X-]-cn-Nm-c-I-∑m¿ kzmKXw ]d-
™-Xv.'
ka-c-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmb kh¿W¿°p-t\sc amXr-`q-an-bpsS `mjm-
Im¿°iyw shfn-hm-Ip∂Xmbn-cp∂p as‰mcp apJ-{]-kw-Kw. Unkw-
_¿ c≠n\v kXym-{K-l-a-\p-jvSn® 12 hb- p≈ DÆn-Ir-jvW-s\∂
BZn-tI-cf hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ Ip´nsb Xriq-cnse aptØ-SØv am[-
h-ta-t\m≥ F∂ h°o-ens‚ ss{Uh¿ It≠mØv IrjvW≥
\ºym¿ sNIn-S-Ø-Sn® kw`-h-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p B apJ-{]-kw-Kw.
Unkw-_¿ Bdn\v "Kpcp-hm-bq-cn¬\n∂v' F∂ t]cn-se-gp-Xnb apJ-
{]-kw-K-Øn-eqsS amXr-`qan ]d-™p:

"Kp-cp-hm-bq-cn¬ kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw kXym-

{K-ln-Isf iIm-cn-°p-Ibpw ]nSn®p X≈p-Ibpa-√m-sX, ASn-
°p-I-sb-∂-Xp-≠m-bXv CZw-{]-Y-a-am-Wv. Ahn-SsØ bmYm-
ÿn-I-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ \b-Øns‚ Hcp kqN-
\-bmtWm CXv F∂p R߃ Adn-bp-∂n-√. Aßns\ Adn-
bp-∂-Xp-hsc CXv Hcp-hI {`m¥ns‚ Zpt›-jvTn-X-sat∂
R߃ IW-°m-°p-∂p-≈q. ASn sIm≠Xv ]{¥≠v hb- p-
am{Xw {]mb-ap≈ Hcp BZn-{Zm-hn-U-_m-e-\m-Wv. Icn-¶-√p-
t]mse IdpØ Hcp lrZ-bsØ s]mXn-™p-≈n¬ sh® Hcp
kh¿Æs‚ Iøm¬ thZ\ ]q≠n´pw B Ip´n ""]p©n-cn-\pc
]q≠ Np≠ev]w ]nf¿ØpI''tb sNbvXp-≈q-sh∂p ImWp-
∂p. CXmWv Cu kw`-h-Ønse tim`-\-amb `mKw. Xs∂
ASn® A{I-an-bpsS ta¬t]mepw kt¥m-jm-arXw s]mgn-bp-
hm≥ am{Xw hb- p ]{¥-≠m-Ip-tº-tg°pw kwkvImcw kºm-
Zn® B "IdpØ Ip´n'sbhnsS? Cu A{I-a-Øn¬ A`n-am\w
]q≠ kh¿Æ-s\-hnsS? ]{¥≠p hb- p-am{Xw sN∂ Hcp
Iq´n-sb-˛-AXpw Alnw-km-\n-jvT-\m-sbmcp kXym-{K-ln-sb-
˛-X-√n-bXv Hcp BW-Ø-ambn B \ºym¿ Icp-Xp∂p-s≠-
¶n¬, AXn¬∏cw Hcp sauVyw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠-m-hm-\n√.'
kXym-{Klw ]ptcm-Ka
- n-°p-∂X
- n-\n-Sb
- n¬ {iotIm-hn-en\v ap∂nse
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 59

aWn-b-Sn® ]n IrjvW-∏n-≈-sbbpw c≠p Znhkw Ign™v, hmf-

≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰-\mb F. sI tKm]m-e-s\bpw kXym-{Kl hntcm-
[n-I-fmb kh¿W¿ a¿Zn® kw`-h-Ønepw ka-c-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´v Km‘nPnbpsS CS-s]-S-ens\ Ipdn®pw hni-Z-amb hm¿Ø-
Ifpw apJ-{]-kw-K-ßfpw Fgp-Xn. tIc-f-Øn¬ kzmX{¥y ka-c-
Øns‚bpw Abn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øns‚bpw ap≥\n-c-bn¬ Htc t\Xm-
°-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS
kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øns‚ XojvW-Xbv°v Aev]w tIm´w kw`-hn-®n-
cp-∂p. cmPy-sa-ºmSpw kzmX-{¥y-k-acw sImSp-ºn-cn-s°m-≈p-tºmƒ
tIc- f - Ø n¬ A\m- N m- c - ß ƒ C√m- X m- ° m- \ p≈ ka- c - Ø n\v
Du∂¬sIm-Sp-ØXv kac t\Xm-°-fn¬Xs∂ Bfl-kw-L¿j-Øn-
\n-S-bm-°n. GXn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-sa-∂-Xmbn-cp∂p Bi-b-°p-
g-∏w. HSp-hn¬, tZiob t\Xm-°-fpsS D]-tZ-i-tØm-sS, kmap-Zm-
bn-Im-k-a-Xz-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v
A¿Y-an-s√∂v {]Jym-]n®v sI tIf-∏≥ Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-l-hp-
ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn. kXym-{Kl t\Xm-°-fpsS Cu Xocp-am-\-w
henb {]m[m\yw \¬In-bmWv amXr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv
sI tIf-∏≥ \ncm-lm-c-{hXw Bcw-`n-®-t∏mgpw AXv XpS-cp-∂-Xn-
\n-S-bn¬ kacw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p≈ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS \nc-¥c
kΩ¿±ßƒ tIf-∏≥ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-tºm-gp-sa√mw AXns‚ \ymb-
߃ hni-Za - m-°n-bp-≈X
- m-bn-cp∂p amXr-`q-an-bpsS hm¿Ø-Ifpw apJ-
{]-kw-K-ß-fpw. ka-c-`-S-∑m-cn¬am-{X-a-√, \msS-ßp-ap≈ Ah¿W-
cn¬ Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬]ns‚ C‘\w ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xn-s\m∏w
kh¿W-cpsS at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm-\p-X-Ip-∂Xp IqSn-bm-
bn-cp∂p amXr-`q-an-bpsS CS-s]-S¬.

at\m-cabpsS kq£va-Np-h-Sp-Iƒ
tZiob{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v henb ]n¥p-W-
sbm∂pw \¬Im-Xn-cp∂ ae-bmf at\m-cabv°pw kmaq-lnI ]cn-
jvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfmSv apJw-Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pam-bn-cp-∂n-
√. "PmXn-aX
- m-Zn-]£w IqSm-sX-bp≈ Hcp h¿Ø-am-\]
- {Xw' BbmWv
ae-bmf at\m-ca {]h¿Øn-°p-I-sb∂ {]Jym-]-\w icn-sh-®p-
sIm≠v A∂v Ah-iX - b
- \
- p-`h
- n-°p∂ Ah¿W kap-Zm-bß
- f- p-sSbpw
Aln-μp-°-fp-sSbpw {]iv\-ß-fn-te°v XpS°w apX¬ {i≤-bq-∂m≥
60 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ae-bmf at\m-ca Xøm-dm-bn. ap∂m-°-hn-`mKw Xo≠m-∏m-SI-eØv

am{Xw \n¿Øn-bn-cp∂ ]pe-b-cp-sSbpw a‰v A[-ÿn-X-cp-sSbpw kmaq-
lnI kml-Nc - y-߃ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂X- m-bn-cp∂p ae-bmf at\m-
c-a-bn¬ h∂ teJ-\-߃. F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-I-
sb∂ anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w hnZym-`ymk cwKØv
IqSp-X¬ {i≤-bq-∂p-∂Xn\v at\m-c-a-sbbpw t{]cn-∏n-®-Xmbn
ImWmw. ]pe-b¿ Dƒs∏-sS A[-ÿn-X-cmbn IW-°m-°n-b- hn-`m-
K-Øn\v hnZym-`ymkw \¬tI-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-eq∂n "]pe-
bcpsS hnZym-`ymkw' F∂ t]cn¬ teJ\w \¬In XpS-°-Øn¬
at\m-c-a. ]n∂o-Sv, PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bnse hnth-N-\-߃ Nq≠n-°m´n
"tIc-f-Ønse IogvPm-Xn-°m¿' , "PmXn-h-g°v' XpS-ßnb teJ-\-
ßfpw at\m-ca {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.
XpS¿∂v kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw kaq-l-Øn¬ AXns‚ Ne-\-߃ hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep-≠m-hp-
IbpwsN-bvX-t∏mƒ at\m-ca AXn-s\m∏w \ne-bp-dn-∏n-®p. sI.-kn.
ama≥ am∏n-f-bn-te°v At∏m-tg°pw ]{X-Øns‚ t\XrXzw FØn-
bn-cp-∂p. ssh°w kXym-{KlØn\v P\-]n-¥p-WI - q-´p∂ Imcy-Øn¬
ae-bmf at\m-ca \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. ]{Xm-
[n-]¿ Xs∂ hy‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \thm-∞m-\-ap-
t∂-‰-Øns‚ `mK-ambn F∂-XmWv Cu L´-Øn¬ ae-bmf at\m-
c-ab
- psS hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-kØ
- n¬\n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - v. kw`-hß
- ƒ
dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿ D∂-bn-°p∂ kmap-
lnI ka-Xz-hm-Z-Øn¬ \ymb-ap-s≠∂ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°m\pw AXn-
\mbn ]{X-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]pdØpw {]h¿Øn-°m\pw sI.kn. ama≥am-
∏nf Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.
1924 am¿®v 29\v "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Abn-tØm-®m-S\w' F∂
Xe-s°-´n¬ ae-b-f-a-t\mca Hcp apJ-{]-kw-Kw Xs∂-sb-gp-Xn. kmaq-
lnI A\m-Nm-c-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \ne-bnepw
ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn\v Km‘n-Pn-bpƒ∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿ \¬Ip∂
]n¥p-W-bpsS {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°n-bp-≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p at\m-c-a-
bpsS apJ-{]-kw-Kw. AXv XpS-ßp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ Cß-s\-bm-Wv:

"C¥y-sbm-´p°v A[-IrX h¿§-°m-sc∂v KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿

kh¿W-ln-μp-°sf sXm´m¬ Aip-≤n-bmbn-t∏m-Ip-sa-s∂mcp
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 61

[mcW -Zq-co-I-cn-°emWv al-flm-Km‘n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈

bYm¿Y tZim-`n-am-\n-I-fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ k¿h-{]-[m-\-amb
{]b-Xv\w. F∂m¬, C¥y-bnse Hcp `mK-amb tIc-f-cm-Py-
Øn¬ sXmSo¬sIm≠pam{X-a-√, kmao-]yw-sIm-≠pw, Z¿i-
\w-sIm-≠p-t]mepw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿°v Aip-≤n-bp-≠m-bn-
t∏m-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n B¿°pw bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√.
hnth-Im-\-μ-kzman tIc-f-Øn¬ kμ¿in-®-t∏m-gmWv Cß-
s\- b p≈ kwKXn temIsØhn- s S- s b- ¶ nepw Ds≠∂
kwKXn At±lw [cn-°m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿
XmW-Pm-Xn-°msc B´nZq-sc-am-‰p-∂Xpw XmW-Pm-Xn-°m¿
AI-e-Øn-tem-Sn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw I≠n´v ae-bm-f-cm-Py-Øp-
≈-h-sc√mw Hcp-hI {`m¥-∑m-cm-sW∂mWv At±lw A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv. a{Zmkv apX-emb cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]d-b¿ apX-em-
b-h-cp-am-bn-t∏mepw sXmSo¬ Hgn®v a‰v s]cp-am-‰-ß-sf√mw
bmsXm-cp-Xcw Aip-≤n-tZm-jhpw IqSmsX \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Xan-
gv{_m-“W - ¿, sh≈m-f¿ apX-em-bh - cpw ae-bm-fØ - p-hc- p-tºmƒ
]pe-b¿, ]d-b¿ apX-e-bm-hsc am{X-a√ kmaq-ln-I ÿnXn-
bnepw _p≤n-i-‡n-bnepw a‰pw hfsc Db¿∂ Hcp ÿm\-
Øn-\¿l-X-bp≈ Cug-h-sc-t∏mepw B´n-tbm-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-I-
≠m¬ t\cw-t]mt°m tIm]tam k¶-Stam GXp-hn-Im-c-amWv
IqSp-X-embn i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v Xo¿®-]-d-bm-\m-hp-∂-X√'
˛a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a, 1924 am¿®v 29
PmXn hnth-N-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øv as‰mcp apJ-{]-
kwKw 1924 Pq¨ 5\v "at\m-ca' \¬In:
"Hcp PmXn as‰mcp PmXn-tb-°mƒ XmW-Xm-sW∂pw AXp-
sIm≠v Ah¿°p ]ucm-h-Imi kaXzw A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-Sp-
°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw imTyw ]nSn-°p-∂Xpaq-e-am-Ip∂p C¥y-
bnse ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw t£m`-ßfpw Ie-l-ßfpw D≠m-
bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v. C\n-bp-sa-¶nepw Cu Ak-aX
- I
- ƒ C√m-
Xm- ° p- ∂ - X n\p Kh¨sa‚pw P\- ß fpw GtIm- ] n- ∏ n®p
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]£w cmPyØp kam-[m-\hpw sFIyhpw
sFiz-cyhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.'
{ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ sI kn ama≥am-∏nf
62 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

B thZnbpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-Ww km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

H∂m°n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ahi P\-hn-`m-K-߃°v
\oXn-e`- n-t°-≠X
- ns\ Ipdn-®pw, ssh°w t£{X-Øn\p Np‰pw a‰pPm-
Xn-°m¿°pw k©m-c-kzm-X{¥yw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-]-‰nbpw PmXn-hn-
th-N-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw {ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ {it≤-b-amb {]kw-
K-߃ sIkn ama≥am-∏nf sNbvXn-cp-∂p. {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ kzoI-
cn® Cu \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS XpS¿®, AXn-t\-°mƒ i‡-ambpw hn]p-
e-ambpw ]{X-Øn-eqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv at\m-ca sNbvX-Xv.
PmXnhn-th-N\ - Ø
- n-s\-Xnsc CØcw \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ at\m-ca kzoI-
cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw kh¿Wsc {]oWn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw IogvPm-Xn-
°msc Ah-cpsS "I¿Ø-hy-t_m[w' Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pap≈ {ia-
߃ at\m-c-a-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn hmZn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bnepw
Ahsc kap-Zm-b-tPm-en-bn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xn\v t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ teJ-\-
ßfpw a‰v Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw at\m-c-a-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn
ImWmw. "kap-Zm-b-tPmen hfsc t{ijvTamb Hcp tPmen-bm-Ip-
∂p. kzm¿∞-X-b‰ Cu tPmen-\n-anØw a\p-jy≥ a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-
I-fm-bn-Øo-cp∂p' F∂ \ne-]mSv sI kn ama≥am-∏nf kzoI-cn-®n-cp-
∂-XmbmWv At±-lØns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Fw sI km\p Nq≠n-
°m-´p-∂-Xv. "\ΩpsS \m´n-ep≈ ]d-b¿, ]pe-b¿, D≈m-S-∑m¿, hme-
∑m¿ apX-emb h¿§-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ \ΩpsS bphm-°ƒ kap-Zm-
b-the sNøp-∂-]£w Ah¿ ANn-tcW DW¿∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-
dn\v Hcp B`-c-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-XmWv' F∂v 1919¬ sIkn ama≥am-
∏nf Fgp-Xn-bXmbn FwsI km\p Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. PmXn-hn-th-N-
\-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Ø-t∏mgpw kap-Zm-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb
sXmgn-en-Sw-hn´v A∂v Iogv-Pm-Xn-°m-cnse ]pXp-X-e-apd \oßp-∂-
Xn¬ kh¿W-ho-£-W-tIm-Wn-ep≈ Hcp Bi-¶-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-
bmf at\m-c-abpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-sX∂v CXn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw.
\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m-`-am-bn-cp∂p ]n∂m-°-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Ah-
Im-i-t∏m-cm-´-Ønse kp{]-[m-\-amb as‰m-c-[ym-bw. P\-kw-Jym-\p-
]m-Xn-Ia- mbn lnμp-]n-∂m-°h
- n-`m-Kß
- ƒ°pw a‰v aX-ÿ¿°pw A¿l-
amb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ cmjv{So-b-t]m-cm-´-
am-bn-cp∂p \nh¿Ø\ {]t£m-`-Øn-eqsS Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ A∂v
Ac-tß-dn-b-Xv. CXnepw at\m-ca ap≥\n-c-bn¬\n-∂p≈ {]h¿Ø-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 63

\-߃ \S-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-bn. Xncp-h-√-bn¬\n-∂p≈ "tIcf tkh-

I≥' F∂ ]{X-Øn¬ "\nh¿Ø\ NcnXw' F∂ Hcp teJ\w
hcm-\n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Adn-bn∏v {]ko-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ ]{X-Øn-s\-
Xnsc k¿°m¿ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. teJ\w {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-°-cp-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p k¿°m-cns‚ Xn´q-cw. Cu kw`-h-Øn¬
k¿°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc i‡-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Xs∂ at\m-ca kzoI-cn-®p.
apJ-te-J-\-Øn-eqsSbmWv at\m-ca CXns\ hna¿in-®-Xv.

"`c-W-X{¥ hnZy-bn¬ A`q-X-]q¿Δ-hpw AXn-hn-Nn-{X-hp-amb

Hcp {]iv \ amWv Kh¨sa‚ v Bhn- j v I - c n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v .
GsXmcp teJ-\hpw AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xn-\p-ti-jw, AXp
Ip‰-I-c-am-sW-∂p-I-≠m¬, AXns\ XS-bp-Ibpw {]km-[-I-
cpsS t]cn¬ \nb-am-\p-k-c-W-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-
amWv \mK- c n- I - X z- Ø ns‚ tei- s a- ¶ n- e p- a p≈ GsXmcp
Kh¨sa‚pw sNøm-dp-≈-Xv. A√m-sX, C∂ ]{X-Øn¬ C∂
teJ\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂p F∂p- tI-´m-ep-S≥
B teJ-\-Øns‚ BIr-Xn, {]Ir-Xn, PmXIw F∂nh
ap≥Iq´n KWn®v B teJ-\-in-ip-hns‚ P\\wXs∂ \ntcm-
[n-°p-∂Xv C∂sØ Hcp ]cn-jvIrX Kh¨sa‚n\pw tbmPn-
®-X-s√∂v R߃ \n¿hn-i¶w A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Zpc-[n-
Imc Zp¿`-cW k{am-´m-bn-cp∂ Iwks\ h[n-°p-hm≥ At±-
l-Øns‚ ktlm-Zc - n°v Hcp ]p{X≥ P\n-°p-sa∂v tI´v kw{`m-
¥-\mbn At±lw IrjvW-`-K-hms‚ Ah-Xm-csØ XS-bp-∂-
Xn\v K¿`n-Wn-bmb ktlm-Z-cn-tbbpw `¿Øm-hn-s\bpw Imte-
°q´n Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-e-S®v A]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DZy-an®
IY-bmWv Rß-fpsS kvarXn-]-Y-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv.' F∂m-bn-
cp∂p Cu kw`-h-Øn-ep≈ at\m-c-a-bpsS hna¿i-\-i-cw.
{]mNm-c-Øn¬ C∂p≈ hnImkw at\m-ca A∂v ssIh-cn-®n-´n-
s√-¶nepw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ i‡-amb A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-c-Ww
km[y-amIpw hn[w a‰v ]{X-߃ kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sn-s\m∏w \thm-
∞m-\-apt∂-‰sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ at\m-c-a-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw
klm-bn-®p-sh-∂Xv FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
 A[ymbw aq∂v

kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-cWØns\m∏w
PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-߃ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p≈ {ia-
߃ A°m-eØv F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw
Imcy-߃ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]{X-ßfpw B\p-Im-en-I-
ßfpw Xøm-dm-bn. \ºq-Xncnam¿°n-S-bnse ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-
\-߃"DÆn \ºq-Xncn' , "tbmK-t£aw' t]msebp≈ {]kn-≤o-I-
c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \mb-∑m¿°n-S-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ "k¿hokv'
t]mep≈- h - b n- e q- s Sbpw Cug- h ¿°n- S - b n¬ \- S ∂ {]h¿Ø- \ -
߃"hnthtIm-Zbw "tIcf IuapZn' "anX-hmZn' XpS-ßn-b-bn-eq-
sSbpsa√mw hm¿Ø-I-fmbpw teJ-\-ß-fmbpw ]pd-sØ-Øn-s°m-
≠n-cp-∂p. "\hi‡n' , "ktlm-Z-c≥' XpS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-ßfpw
Cu cwKØv henb tXmXn-ep≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-h-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. \nehn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI LS-\-bn¬ kaqe-]-cn-h¿Ø\w
Xs∂ e£y-an´ t\Xm-°-fpsS {ia-^ew Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p CØcw
{]kn-≤o-Ic - W
- ß
- s - fbpw apt∂m´p \bn-®X - v. Ime-Øn-s\m∏w amdm≥
Xøm-dm-hmsX amaq-ep-I-fn¬ A≈n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ kap-Zmbhcy-
∑m-scbpw ]pdw temIØv F¥p-\-S-°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bmsX HXp-ßn-
°-gn-bp∂ a‰v kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-sfbpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw t_m[-h-
XvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnse D≈-
S-°w.
{_-“{io Ipdq¿ DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSns‚ kvamc-I-ambn \ºq-Xncn
bph-P\ kwLw {]kn≤oI-cn® "DÆn \ºq-Xncn' \ºq-Xn-cn-amcpsS
IÆp-Xp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff i‡-amb {iaw \S-Ønb {]kn-≤o-I-c-
W-am-bn-cp-∂p. "DÆn \ºq-Xn-cn-amsc DW-cp-hn≥' F∂ t]cn¬ DÆn
\ºq-Xcn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp teJ\Øn¬ Cßs\bmWv ]d-bp-
∂Xv:

"amaq-e\
- p-kc
- n-®p≈ ]te G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw Ime-KX
- nbv°p tbmPn-
°msX Bbn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≠v. Bsc-¶nepw kss[cyw ap-∂n-
´n-dßn {]h¿Øn-®m¬ams{X Cu \yq\-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 65

hq. bph-P-\-߃°p B ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xn\v

kwi-b-an-√. ]s£ kap-Zmbw AhcpsS {]hr-Øn-am¿§sØ
A[n-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-\n¬°p-Ibpw
sNbvtX-°mw.'
˛DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn, hmeyw 6 e°w 1
BNmc \ho-I-cWw F∂ t]cn¬ DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-bn¬ tImgn-
t°mSv kmaq-Xncn tImtfPv {]n≥kn-∏mƒ Fw cma-h¿Ω Xºm≥
_nF F¬ Sn Fgp-Xnb teJ-\hpw {it≤-b-am-bn-cp∂p:
"Imin-bn¬ KwKm-kv\m-\-Øn\p t]mbnhcp∂ F{X Bfp-I-
fmWv X߃ B Zn°p-I-fnepw hgn°pw Ic-fm-Nm-c-߃°p
ISp-InS \o°p-t]m°p IqSmsX A\p-jvTn®p F∂p Ifhp
]d™v "BNmcn' IfpsS A⁄-Xsb kam-[m-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-
Xv. Xoh-≠n-bnepw Xot_m-´n-epw-sh®p `£-W-]m-\o-b-߃
Ign-°p∂ F{X t]cmWv Hcp I≈w sIm≠v BNm-c-Z-mk-
∑m-cm-sW∂p a‰p-≈-hsc t_m[n-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv.
kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImsf-Pp-I-fnepw ]Tn-°p∂ F{X hnZym¿∞n-
I-fmWv CØcw Ifhp ]d-bm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. hnPm-
Xnb kw_-‘-ap-≈-hsc Zph-km¿≤-Øn-e-[nIw `mcy-Kr-l-
Øn¬ Ign-®p-Iq-´p-∂-h-cp-amb F{X-sb-{Xm-b-fp-I-fmWv kz—m-
\p-kc- Ww BNm-ch - n-≤zw-k\w sNbvXp I≈w sIm≠p sh≈
]qip-∂-Xv.
C{]Imcw If-hp-sIm≠p Pohn-°p-∂Xv £¥-hy-am-sW∂p
h∂m¬ P\- ß - f psS am\- k n- I - i p- ≤ n°pw kz`m- h - ÿ n- c -
Xbv°pw F{X-am{Xw lm\n-X-´p-sa∂p ]d-tb-≠n-√-t√m. tIc-
f-hm-kn-I-fmb lnμp-°-fpsS Zb-\obtam \nμytam Bb
`ocpXzØn\pw kzm{i-b`
- m-hØ
- n\pw ]cvk] - c
- h
- n-izm-kØ
- n\pw
ImcWw Imem-Xo-X-amb BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-{]-kvI-Xntbm
AYhm Im]-Sytam At√ F∂v Gh\pw Btem-Nn-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv.
kzev]-amb `qkz-Øp-°-fp-s≠-∂pw A[n-Im-cep-]vX-cmb Nne
cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS c£-bps≠∂pw IcpXn BNmc-]-cn-jvIm-c-
66 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Øn\v A[n-Im-chpw i‡n-bp-ap≈ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ C\nbpw

bmYm-ÿn--Xn-IX Zo£n-®m¬ Bfl-\m-i-Øn\pw hgn shbvIp-
I-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa D¬Ir-jvS-ÿm-\-Øn-cp-∂p-sIm≠p
X¬]-Z-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb [¿Ωw sNøm-Xn-cp∂ alm-]m-X-I-
Øn\pw \ºq-Xncn--am¿ ]m{X-hm-∑m-cm-I-bnt√ F∂p `b-s∏-
Sp-∂-h¿ Fs∂t∏mse ]e-cp-ap-≠v.'
kap-Zm-bmw-K-ßsf Cßs\ KpW-tZm-jn-°p∂ teJ\w Ah-
km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv hy‡-amb Znim-t_m[w \¬In-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-
bmWvv:
"ChnsS Xs‚ PmXn-bp--ambn am{Xw FS-s]-Sp-∂-h¿°p CX-c-
Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ kvt\ltam A\p-I-ºtbm hym]n-°p-∂n-√.
F∂m¬ ]e PmXn-°m-cp-ambn ktlm-Z-c-`m-h-Øn¬ s]cp-am-
dp-∂-h-cpsS lrZ-bhpw a\ pw hnkvXr-X-ambn hcp-∂p.'
˛ DÆn \ºq-Xn-cn, thmfyw 6 e°w 1, 1100 I∂n
kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw Abn-tØm-®m-S-\hpw \ºq-Xn-cn-˛-\m-
b¿ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ A∂p-≠m-°nb {]Xn-^-e-\-Øns‚ Nn{Xw
hy‡-am-Ip∂ Hcp Ipdn∏v "\ºq-Xn-cnbpw \mbcpw' F∂ Xe-s°-
´n¬ 1932 P\p-hcn 13 DÆn \ºq-Xn-cn-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-
≠m-bn. AbnØm-N-c-W-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn kwkm-cn® Hcp
\mb¿kv{Xosb ]cn-l-kn®pw Abn-Øm-Nm-c-Ww Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-
\mbn \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bsØ t{]cn-∏n® Hcp A¥¿P-\-Øn-
s‚bpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. \mb¿ kv{XobpsS
{]hrØn Nq≠n-°m´n C°mcy-Øn¬ \mb¿ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-
]m-Sp-Isf A]-l-kn-°p-Ibpw A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ {]kvXm-h\ FSp-
Øp-Im´n \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ime-Øn-s\mØ am‰w {]I-S-
am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ e£yw. AXn-
ß-s\-bmWv:

"anI® D¬]-Xn-jvWX - z-Øn\v tIƒhn-tI´ \mb¿ h¿K-Ønse

Hcp am\y alnf ]c-ky-ambn A≤y£ ]oT-Øn¬ h®v Abn-
ØsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw Xm≥ B≤y-£w-
h-ln® Hcp tbmK-sØ-s°m≠v bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn\p
{]kn-≤n-t\-Sn-bn-cp∂ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse Hcp am\y-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 67

bmb A¥¿÷\w Abn-Ø-°m¿°v t£{X-{]-th-i\w t\Sn-

s°m-Sp-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ {]ÿm-\sØ klm-bn-°-
W-sa-∂p- \n-›bw kzoI-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXp \mb¿ kap-
Zm-bw-K-ßsf Xe-Xm-gvØn-∏n-°p-Ibpw C∂sØ \ºq-Xncn
kap-Zm-b-tØmSv tIc-fo-b¿°p tXm∂o-´p≈ _lp-am-\sØ
Bbncw aSßp h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂Xn\p bmsXmcp
kwi-b-hp-an-√. Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-h®p IqSnb sIm®n \mb¿
ktΩ-f\ - Ø
- nse Hcp tbmK-Øn\p B≤y£w hln® {ioaXn
e£van-°p´n t\Xym-c-Ω-sbbpw Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬h-®p-Iq-Snb \ºq-
Xncn bph-P\-k-am-P-Øns‚ A≤y-£-bmb {ioaXn ]m¿hXn
s\t∑-\n-aw-K-e-Øn-t\bpw ]‰n-bmWv R߃ apI-fn¬ ]d-
™-Xp-{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.'
tImgn-t°m-´p-\n∂v kn IrjvW≥ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb
"anX-hmZn' Xoø-cpsS hI Hcp ae-bmf amknI F∂p-Xs∂ {]kvXm-
hn-®mWv ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xoø-cpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn \ne-
sIm-≈p-tºmgpw {_n´ojv `c-W-Iq-SsØbpw kmaq-Xncnsbbpw \nin-
X-ambn FXn¿°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ "anX-hmZn' bpsS coXn. t]cp
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ cmPm-hns‚ A{]o-Xn°v CS-\-evIm-
sX-bp-≈Xm-bn-cp∂p ]{X-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
]e-t∏mgpw, Xoø-cpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-
Øn¬t]mepw, Hcp Zzμ-kz-`mhw "anX-hmZn' {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
\n¿Wm-bI kμ¿`-ßf - n-sem∂pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf FXn¿°m\pw
]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ]n¥p-W-tb-Im\pw "anX-hmZn' bpw
]{Xm-[n-]¿ kn IrjvW≥ h°oepw Xøm-dm-bn-√. tImgn-t°mSv
Xfn t£{X ]cn-k-c-Øp-IqSn Abn-Ø-Pm-Xn-°m¿°v k©m-c-kzm-
X{¥yw e`n-°m\pw ssh°w kXym-{Kl ka-bØpw anX-hm-Zn-bpsS
Cu cmP-`-‡nbpw hnt[-bXzhpw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xfn t£{X-]-
cn-k-cØv k©mc kzmX{¥yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v \S-Ønb {]Nm-c-W-
ß-fnepw {]t£m-`-ß-fnepw hfsc sshIn am{X-amWv "anX-hmZn'
bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-≠m-b-Xv. sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m-\pw at©cn cma-
øcpw sI am[-h≥ \mbcpw tN¿∂v IrjvW≥ h°o-ens\ t£{X-
]-cn-k-c-Øp-IqSn \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xfn t£{X-
]-cn-k-cØq-IqSn \S-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ "anX-
hmZn' ImWn® Aam-¥sØ hna¿in®pw ]n∂oSv IrjvW≥ \S-
68 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Ønb {]hr-Ønsb «mLn®pw A∂v sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øn-d-

ßnb "ktlm-Z-c≥' Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn:

"tImgn-t°mSp Xfn-tdm-Un¬IqSn Xob¿ apX-emb Xo≠-ep≈

PmXn-°m¿ \S-∂p-Iq-sS∂p kmaq-Xncn FsÉp Ie-IvS¿ Hcp
t\m´okv {]kn≤w sNbvXn-´p-≠-t√m. anÿ, kn IrjvW\pw
a‰pw CXns\ kw_-‘n®v DSs\ H∂pw {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cp-
∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n R߃°p henb A¤pXw tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂p.
CXm Ct∏mƒ [oc-\mb B kap-Zm-b-kvt\ln Ie-IvS-dpsS
Cu hnthI iq\y-amb Iev]-\sb XrW-h¬I-cn®p \ntcm-
[n-®n-´p≈ tdmUn¬IqSn \S∂p sN∂v t\cn-´p-sN∂v IeIv-
Ssd hnhcw Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p'
ssh°w kXym-{Kl ka-bØpw anX-hm-Zn-bpsS \ne-]mSv Ah-
i-hn-`m-K-߃s°m-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. "{_n´ojp Kh¨sa‚p-am-bp≈
ka-c-Ønte°v IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Isf I_-fn-∏n®p hio-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ tIm¨{K-kns‚ Hcp X{¥w' F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ssh°w
kXym-{KsØ "anX-hmZn' hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kmaq-Xncn cmPm-
hns‚ hntZz-j-ta-‰p-hm-ßmsX kap-Zm-b-Øn\v ]cn-K-W\ In´p-∂-
Xn-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p "anX-hm-Zn-'bpsS coXn. Nne-
L-´-ß-fn¬ AanX cmP-`‡n {]I-Sn-∏n®v ]cn-jvI-c-W-tØmSv ]pdw-
Xn-c-n™p-\n-evIp∂p-sh∂ tXm∂epw anX-hmZn {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
AXv {]I-S-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p kmaq-Xn-cnsb Ipdn®p h∂ Hcp
hm¿Ø:

"kmaq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Xºp-cm≥ Xncp-a-\s tImgn-t°m-s´-°p≈

Fgp-∂≈Øv F√mw sIm≠pw tIa-am-bn. Xncp-a-\- n¬ \n∂
\n m-c-amb PmXn-a-’-c-ß-fn¬ H´p hne-sh-°mØ Iq´-Øn-
em-sW∂v ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ÿm\w-
In-´p-∂-Xn\p apºpw AXn\v tijhpw Xncp-a-\- nse HuZm-
cysØ I≠-dn-hm≥ R߃°p kwKXn h∂n-cp-∂p. GI-
tZiw 20 sIm√w apºv Xncp-a-\- nse amXm-hns‚ Xncp-amk
ASn-b-¥-c-Øn\p Hcp Znhkw Xnø-cn¬ {]am-Wn-I-fmb
Nnesc £Wn-®p-h-cpØn {]tXyIw tIa-amb Hcp kZy-I-gn-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 69

®Xv Cs∏mgpw R߃ Hm¿°p-∂p. B Ime-ß-fn¬ Aßs\

sNøm- \ mbn Akm- [ m- c W ss[cyw Xs∂ thW- s a∂v
{]tXyIw ]d-sb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. CXp-IqSmsX {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
apX-emb A\y-a-X-°m-tcmSpw Xncp-a-\- n-te°pw hfsc
hm’y-eyam-Wv.'
˛anXhmZn 1914 Pq¨ ]pkvXIw 1 e°w 6
CØcw ]e kw`-h-ßfpw "amXr-`qan' bpw "anX-hmZn' bpw XΩn-
ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-en-te°v FØn-t®-¿∂ncp-∂p. CsXm-s°-bm-sW-
¶nepw kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ Xpd-∂p-Im-´m\pw a‰p-
\m-Sp-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ahsc apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v
Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm\pw anX-hmZn \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Ah-
K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Xob-k-aql ]cn-jvImcw F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬
"shÃv tImÃv kvs]IvS-bn-‰¿' F∂ Cw•ojv ]{X-Øn¬ h∂ Hcp
teJ-\sØ Ipdn®v anX-hmZn Cßs\ ]d-™p:

"sXt° ae-bmf-Ønse an°-hmdpw Xob-kv{Xo-Iƒ tZlw

apgp-h\pw ad-bv°m-dn-s√∂pw X∂n-an-Ø-ap≈ \yq\-Xsb ]cn-
l-cn-∏m≥ th≠p∂ {iaw sNtø-W-sa-∂p-amWv ta¬{]-kvXm-
hn® teJ-\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw.
Cu \S]Sn sXt°-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ am{X-a√ hS-s°-a-e-bm-f-
Øn-ep≈ Nne Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw \S-∏p-≠v. ae-_m¿ hn´p
A\y-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-∏m≥ CSh-cmØ Nne¿°p CXp
A{X B`m-k-ambn tXm∂p-I-bn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ A\y-
cm-Py-ß-fn¬ bm{X sNbvhm≥ kwK-Xn-h∂ Gh¿°pw Cu
Imcyw hfsc \nμy-am-bn´mWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv. ImcWw Cu
Zp -l-amb \S-]Sn ae-_m-dn¬ A√msX thsdßpw ImWm-
\n-√.
ae-_m-dn¬ t]mbn-h∂ ]c-tZ-in-I-fn¬ At\Iw t]¿ ]c-
tZ-iß
- f
- n¬ DtZym-Kw-aqew Xman-kn-®p-hc
- p∂ Rß-tfmSp CXn-
s\-∏‰n ]e-t∏mgpw ]cn-lm-k-ambn {]kvXm-hn-®n´p-≠v. cmcn-
®≥ap-∏≥ Ah¿Iƒ ]dbpw {]Imcw ZmcnZyw CXn\v X°-
70 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Xmb Imc-Ws
- a∂p Bcpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂X
- √
- . Cu Imcy-Øn¬
th≠p∂ ]cn-jvImcw sNbvhm≥ kabw A[n-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p∂p.'
˛anX-hmZn 1914 sabv
\ºq-Xncnam¿°n-S-bnse sI´p-]n-W-™-p In-S-°p∂ BNm-c -co-
Xn-Isf Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p∂ teJ-\-ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw A∂v "anX-
hm-Zn'-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´ncp∂p. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse bphm-
°ƒ \S-Ønb hnπ-h-I-c-amb apt∂-‰-Øn-sem∂v ]qWq¬ _ln-
jvIc - W
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. CtX Ipdn®v "anX-hm-Zn'-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw hm¿Ø-
Iƒ h∂p. 1930 ¬ _ln-jvI-c-Wm-lzm\w \SØn anX-hmZn teJ\w
Xs∂ sImSp-Øp. tIm´-bv°¬ IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn Fgp-Xnb Cu
teJ\w FSpØp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ "ae-bmf at\m-ca'-bpw Xøm-
dm-bn. 1930 s^{_p-hcn 17˛\v Cd-ßnb "ae-bmf at\m-c-a-'bpsS
kap-Zmb ]w‡n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p ]qWq¬ _ln-jvI-cWw F∂
Cu teJ-\w. teJ-\-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ "anX-hmZn' Fs∂-gp-Xn IS-
∏mSv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw "at\mca' aSn-Im-Wn-®n-√. kmaq-lnI ]cn-
jvIc - W {]h¿Ø-\ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {]Jym-]n-Xa - s
- √-¶nepw kZp-
t±-iy-]-c-amb Hcp kl-I-cWw Nne L´-ß-fn¬ ]{X-߃ ImWn-
®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv CXp-hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. "anX-hmZn'bpw ]n∂oSv
"at\m-c-a'bpw {]nkn-≤o-I-cn® B teJ-\w Cßs\bmWv:

"\ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS A-[-∏-X-\-Øn\v A\¿∞-I-c-amb AZr-

jvT-hn-izm-k-amWv B¥-c-amb Imc-W-sa∂v Ah-cn¬ Nn¥-
I-∑m-cmb Nne¿ Ct∏mƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.
.....\ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS A[-]-X-\-Øn\v Imc-W-amb amaq¬tIm-
´-I-sf√mw ASn-®p-S-®p-I-f-b-Ww. Ah-cpsS _mlyhpw A¥-
c-hp-amb A`n-hr-≤nsb XS-bp∂ C∂sØ Ah-km-\-an-√mØ
aX- t Km- j v T n- I ƒ \nt»jw Nhn´p Dc- ® p- I - f - b - W w. a\p-
jymZ¿iw am{X-am-bn-cn-°Ww Htcm \ºq-Xn-cn-bp-sSbpw ]c-
a-e-£yw. ...-ln-μp-a-X-Øns‚ Hc‰w apX¬ at‰ A‰w hsc
]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®n-´p≈ BNm-c-hn-j-h-√n-Isf hnπ-h-m-”n-bm¬
Zln-∏n-°m-sa-¶n¬ am{Xta \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v A`n-hr≤n ssIh-
cn-I-bp-≈q. Cu hnπhw C¥ybnse {_m“-W-h¿Kw apgp≥
Cf-In-ad- n-bp∂ H∂m-bn-cn-°W- w. PmXn, t£{Xw, aXw F∂nh
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 71

CSn-™p-s]m-fn™p hog-Ø° Hcp hnπ-h-amWv \ºq-Xn-cn-

am¿ cq]-h¬°-cn-t°-≠-Xv.'
˛a-e-bmf at\m-c-a, 1930 s^{_p-hcn 17
t£{X-{]-th-i\ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, s]mXp kaq-l-Ønse
a‰n-S-ß-fnepw IogvPm-Xn-°m¿°p-t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ Ak-a-XzsØ
Ipdn®pw \thm-∞m-\m-`n-ap-Jy-ap≈ ]{X-߃ hm¿Ø-Ifpw apJ-{]-
kw-K-ßfpw Fgp-Xn. k¿°m-dns\ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-tºmgpw
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞ms‚ `mK-ambn k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn-°p∂ \S-]-
Sn-Isf ]n¥p-W-°m≥ Xøm-dmbn "tIkcn' \¬Inb hm¿Ø-Iƒ,
A°m- e sØ ]{X- ß ƒ hnj- b m[n- j v T n- X - a mbn Imcy- ß ƒ
ssIImcyw sNbvXp-sh-∂X - ns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. kvIqfp-If
- n¬ A[xIr-
X¿°v {]th-i\w \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ {Km‚ v \ntj-[n-°p-sa∂ Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-dns‚ {]Jym-]-\sØ A`n-\-μn®p \¬Inb
hm¿Ø CXn\v Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{X-am-Wv. ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p-X-
Ip∂ ]pXnb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ k¿°m-cns\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-s\m∏w, ]n¥n-cn--∏-∑m¿s°-Xnsc kaql a\- m-£nsb DW¿Øn
\n¿Øm\pw CØcw hm¿Ø-I-fn-eqsS km[n-®p.
A\m-Nm-c-߃, kapZmb ]cn-jvI-c-W-߃ F∂nßs\-bp≈
Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw hy‡-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p tIkcn
hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evIn-b-Xv. AXv lnμp-°-fn¬ am{X-a-√, apkveow kap-
Zm-b-Ønse {]iv\-ß-fn-te°pw IS-∂p-sN-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. "kap-
Zmb ]cn-jvI-cWw' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ 1930 \hw-_¿ 12\v tIk-cn-
bn¬ \¬Inb hm¿Ø- t\m°mw:
"ae-_m-dnse \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS CS-bn-ep≈ A[n-th-Z\w \ndp-
ج sNøp-hm≥ Dt±-in®v ae-_m-dnse \nb-a-k`m saw_¿
an sI ]n cma≥ tat\m≥ a{Zm-knse \nb-a-k-`bn-te°v Hcp
{]tabw Ab®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-I≠v R߃ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p.
\ºq-Xncn bph-P-\-ß-fpsS Cu {]iw-k-\ob-amb kap-Zmb
]cn-jvI-cW {ia-ßsf CXp kmc-ambn klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv. an. cma≥ tat\m≥ \in® acp-a-°-Ømb k{º-Zmbw
\mb-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬\n∂p D∑q-e\w sNøp-hm≥IqSn {ian-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {]IrXn hncp-≤-amb Cu k{º-Zmbw sIm®n-
bnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw \in-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ae-
72 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

_m-dn¬ am{Xw AXns\ \ne-\n-dp-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-tI≠

Bh-iy-sa-¥m-sW∂p R߃°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. CXp-
t]-£n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ am{Xta ae-_m-dnse \mb-∑m¿°p
KpWw ]nSn-°p-I-bp≈q F∂mWv R߃ hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.'
lnμp-a-X-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßtfm
Ahsc kzm[o-\n-°p∂ a‰v LS-I-ßtfm am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√"tIkcn'
bpsS hm¿Øm-tem-Iw. apkveow kap-Zm-b-Ønse {]iv\-ßfpw
Ahsc kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xns\
Ipdn®pw \nc-h[n hm¿Ø-Iƒ tIkcn \¬In. 1930 Unkw-_¿ 10\v
Jmkn _n√ns\ Ipdn®v tIkcn Cßs\ FgpXn:
"ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ta¬K-Xn°p XS- -am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]e
Agn-a-Xn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS aX-I¿Ω߃ \S-Øp∂ hnj-b-
Øn¬ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. CXn\p ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-´mWv an. al-
ΩZv dmhp-Ø¿ ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ aX-]-c-amb NS-ßp-
Isf ]cn-]m-en-®p-t]m-cp∂ Jmkn-amsc Nne hyh-ÿnX
am¿K-ßfn-eqsS \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cn-°p∂ Jmkn _n¬
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \nb-ak
- `
- b
- n¬ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-hm≥ A\p-hmZw
tNmZn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Cu _n√v AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂mWp R߃
hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\p `qcn-]£w ap…oapßfpw A\p-Iq-
en-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw Ah-cpsS ]e s]mXp-tbm-K-ßfpw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.'
1926¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v BgvN-bn-sem-s∂∂ IW-°n¬
{]kn-≤o-I-cn®Xmbn-cp∂p "\h-i‡n'. sIPn \mb-cpw, SnsI them-
bp-[-≥]n≈bpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ \h-i-‡n-, A∂sØ kmaq-
lnI LS-\ s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp∂Xn-\p≈ \nc-¥c - m-lzm-\ß
- ƒ \¬Inb
H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. hni-Z-amb teJ-\-ßfpw kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-°p∂
hnhn[ \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ hniZ dnt∏m¿´p-
Ifpw \h-i‡n \evIn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-a-lm-k`
{]h¿Ø-t\m-Zya ktΩ-f\w F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ \¬Inb hni-Z-
amb Hcp hm¿Ø-bpsS XpS°w Cß-s\-:
"PmXn-aX a’-c-߃, A\m-Nm-c-߃, A‘-hn-izm-k-߃
F∂nh aqew a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]e Ah-i-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 73

I-X-I-sfbpw ]cn-l-cn®v cmPy-t£-ahpw P\m-`n-hr-≤nbpw

hf¿Øp-∂X - n\v th≠n a\p-jy-ka- X
- z-{]-ÿm-\a
- \
- p-kc
- n®v cq]-
h-XvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-a-lm-k`-bpsS {]h¿Ø-t\m-
Zya ktΩ-f\w C∂p ]I¬ c≠p-a-Wn°v sNß-∂q¿ Cw•o-
jvan-Un¬ kvIqƒ lmfn¬h®v {ioam≥ sI \mcm-b-W-°p-cp-
°ƒ Ah¿Iƒ _nF-bpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ hfsc `wKn-
bmbn \S-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.'
Abn-Øm-N-c-W-sØ ]cn-l-k-cn-®p-sIm≠pw CØcw Imcy-
߃shSn™v ]cn-jvI-c-W-]m-X-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥ Blzm\w
sNøp-∂-Xn¬ "hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n' hln® ]¶pw hfsc hep-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p. \nc-h[n teJ-\-߃ CX-\p-k-cn®v hnZym-hn-t\mZn\n \¬Ip-
I-bp-≠m-bn. "PmXn{`jvSv' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\nbn¬
SnsI \mcm-b-W≥ tat\m≥ Fgp-Xnb Hcp teJ\w CXn\v DZm-l-
c-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m´mw:

"sIm®n-bn¬ NØ-hs‚ ]pe tImgn-t°m-s´-°v, F∂p th≠,

lna-Kn-cn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-te-°pw, \njv{]-bm-tk\ FØpw.
CXp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-Ip∂p s]‰-]p-e-bp-sSbpw io{L-K-Xn.
Hcp-Ø≥ P\n-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw acn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw D≠m-Ip∂
Aip-≤n, Aßns\ Ds≠-¶n¬Xs∂, X¬°mew kw-_‘w
bmsXm∂pw C√mØ A\ys\ _m[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw
bp‡n°p hfsc A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. F¥p-
sIm-s≠-∂m¬, tcmKw tlXp-hm-bn´p hym]n® Zp¿Δm-bp-°-
fpsS kv]¿iw acn-°m≥ InS-°p∂ BfpsS ASp-°-ep-≈-h-
sc-b-√msX a‰p-≈-hsc _m[n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Aip-
≤-amb hvkXp-hn-t\mSv kº¿°-Øn-\n-S-h-∂m¬ icocw ipNn-
bm-t°-≠Xv AXym-hiyw Xs∂. ]s£ aen-\X X´n-b-h¿
am{Xw ip≤-am-bm¬ t]msc F∂mWv kwi-bw. AXp-Iq-SmsX
acn-®h
- s‚ kw_-‘n-If - mbn A©p-e£w Bfp-If - p-s≠-¶n¬,
Ah-sc√mw ]Øpw-]-Xn-\©pw Znhkw hoXw Aip≤w BN-
cn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Dt±iw F¥m-Ip∂p? CXnepw
hnti-jn®v h√ Imc-W-Ømepw X¬°mew Adn-bm≥ Ign-
74 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

bmØ Hcp-Ø≥ ]pebpw ]Xn-\mdpw Ign-™-Xn\v tij-amWv

]pe Adn-™-sX-¶n¬, Adn™ \nanjw apX¬ Ch≥ GI-
≥ am{Xw Ah-[n-{]-Imcw ]pe BN-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬ {`jvS-\m-Ip-
∂-Xm-W-s{X. ]pe-bpsS kmcw hyk\w `mhn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-
sW- ∂ m- I n¬, AXp- ≈ - h ¿ am{Xw t]msc? AX- s √- ¶ n¬
kmbv]n∑mcpsS amXncn h√ AS-bmfw sI´n-bm¬ t]msc?
AXp-Xs∂ hyk-\-ap-≈-h¿ t]msc? AXpw h√-Xp-am-I-s´.
hfsc \mƒ Zo£n-®v, ]m´pw IqØpw t\¿∂v inip P\n-°p-
∂-Xn-\m¬ BN-cn-°p∂ ]pebpw hyk-\-sØ-bmtWm kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂Xv? AXv kt¥m-j-kq-N-I-am-sW-¶n¬ Aip≤n Aaw-
K-f-at√?'
˛hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n, ]pkvXIw 20
an{i-t`m-P-\w, an{i-hn-hm-lw, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw
kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-Ww, Abn-tØm-®m-S\w t]mse-bp≈ ]cn-
jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tN¿Øp-sh-t°-≠-h-bmWv an{i-t`m-P-
\w, an{i-hn-h-m-lw XpS-ßnb kw`-h-߃. BNmc ]cn-jvI-c-W-
߃s°m∏w PmXn-ssh-Pm-Xy-߃ C√m-Xm-°m≥ \S-Ønb hnπ-
h-I-c-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch-c-≠pw. kwL-Sn-X-ambpw H‰-Xn-
cn™pw \S∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v henb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-
Ibpw AXv apJy-[m-c-bn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn¬ A∂v ]{X-
߃ henb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn. hnth-tIm-Zbw ]{Xm-[n-]cpw
Fkv F≥ Un ]n tbmKw kwL-S\m sk{I-´-dn-bp-ambncp∂ sI
F≥ Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥ {_m“W bph-Xnsb hnhmlw sNbvX
hm¿Ø 1930 \hw-_¿ 19¬ tIkcn \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hcp an{i-
hn-hmlw F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-Sp-IqSn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p B hm¿Ø
{]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.
"hnth-tIm-Zbw ]{Xm-[n-]cpw Fkv F≥ Un ]n tbmKw kwL-
S\m sk{I-´-dn-bp-ambn an. sI F≥ Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥ _n F
At±- l - Ø ns‚ hI Im¿Øn- I - ∏ ≈n ap≠- ∏ ≈n Krl-
Øn¬sh®p kztZ-in-bmb Hcp sIm¶W{_m“-W-bp-h-Xn-
sb- hnhmlw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.'
-˛tIkcn 1930 \hw-_¿ 19
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 75

sIm®-nbn¬\n∂v "ktlm-Z-c≥' amknI BZy-e-°w ]pd-Øn-d-

ßn-b-Xp-Xs∂ \thm-∞m\ e£yw {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
BZy-t]-Pn¬Xs∂ amkn-I-bpsS Dt±-i-e-£y-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v hni-Z-
am-b hnh-c-W-ß-fmWv \¬In-b-Xv. B {]kvXm-h-\ Cßs\bmWv:

"alm-flmhv kzman-]m-Z-ß-fnse sKuch-ta-dnb ktμ-isØ

hln-®p-sIm≠v ChnsS "ktlm-Z-c-kwLw' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb
ÿm]\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. PmXn-hy-Xymkw C√m-Xm-
°p-hm≥ Xß-sf-s°m≠p Ign-bp-∂-sXms° a\-]q¿hw
{]h¿Øn-°m-sa∂pw {]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂-h-sc-bmWv kwL-
Øn¬ AwK-ambn tN¿°p-∂X - v. ......-{i-ak
- m-≤y-amb Rß-fpsS
Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ alm-P-\-ß-fpsS DZm-c-amb A\p-Iºsb
A`y¿∞n- ® p- s Im≠v ktlm- Z - c s\ Ah- c psS apºmsI
ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.'
BZy e°-Øn¬Xs∂ AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw teJ-\-
ßfpw "ktlm-Z-c-\n¬' {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. an{i-t`m-P-\w \S-Øn-b-Xn-
eqsS kaq-lsØ Cf-°n-a-dn® kwL-Øn-s‚bpw Aø-∏-s‚bpw
{]h¿Ø-\-ßtfmSv A\p-Iq-en®pw {]Xn-Iq-en®pw A∂v \S-∂n-cp∂
kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS IqSn {]Xn-^-e-\w amkn-I-bnepw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.
an{i-t`m-P\w F∂ t]cn¬ ktlm-Z-c-\n¬ h∂ Hcp teJ\w
Cßs\bmWv:

"an{i-t`m-P\
- w-sIm≠v Hcp {]tbm-P\
- h
- pw Cs√∂p Nne¿ hmZn-
°p-∂p. ]pe-b\pw \ºq-Xn-cnbpw IqSn-bn-cp∂p ]¥n-t`m-P\w
sNbvXm¬ ]pe-b¿ Db-cp-I-bn-s√-∂p-am-{X-a√ \ºq-Xncn Xmgp-
I-IqSn sNøp-sa-∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. \ºq-Xn-cn-
sb-XmgvØn ]pe-bs‚ \ne-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cmsX ]pe-bs\
Db¿Øn \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS \ne-bn-em-°-W-a-s{X. an{i-t`m-P-\-
sa∂v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ s\‰n Npfn-°p∂ Cu KqVm-tem-N-\-
°m¿ AXns‚ Dt±-ihpw D]-tbm-Khpw Xosc a\- n-em-°o-
´n-√. an{i-t`m-P\w sNøp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw GsX-
¶nepw h¿K-°m¿°v hnZym-`ym-khpw [\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-®p-I-f-
bm-sa-∂p-h-®n-´-√. Db¿∂-hsc XmgvØn XmW-h-cpsS ÿnXn-
bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm\pw an{i-t`m-P-\-°m¿°p-t±-i-an-√. s]mXp-
76 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

hn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ t£a-Øn-\p-th-≠n, B¿°pw D]-{Zhw

D≠m-Im-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ PmXn-hy-Xymkw C√m-Xm-°-W-sa-∂p-
am-{Xta Ah¿°v B{K-l-ap-≈q.'
AXpambn _‘-s∏´v Db¿∂ kwhmZw kaq-l-Øn¬ s]s´m-
s∂m∂pw Ah-km-\n-®n-´n-√. ktlm-Zc- s‚ XpS¿∂p≈ e°-ßf - nepw
a‰v {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw an{i-t`m-P-\-sØbpw an{i-hn-hm-l-
sØbpw kv{XoI-fpsS \ne-hmcw Db¿tØ≠-Xn-s\-bpw Ipdn®v
hm¿Ø-Ifpw teJ-\-ßfpw \nc-¥cw h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ktlm-
Z-c≥ c≠mw e°Ønepw CXp-Im-Wmw. AtXm-sSm∏w IogvPm-Xn-
°m-tcmSv Xß-fpsS Ahÿ kzbw Xncn-®d - n™v DW¿∂p-{]-h¿Øn-
°m-\p≈ Blzm-\hpw ktlm-Z-c≥ \¬In. "DW-cp-h≥' F∂
as‰mcp apJ-te-J\w IqSn \¬In:
"XmW-Pm-Xn-°m-sc∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-cp∂ Rß-fpsS
ktlm-Z-c-ßsf; \ΩpsS ÿnXn-sb-∏‰n H∂v Btem-Nn-®p-
t\m-°qI. \mw a\p-jy-cmbn P\n®p F∂-√msX \ap°p a\p-
jy-k-l-P-amb h√ kzmX-{¥yhpw Dt≠m? F{X-Xs∂ hnZzm-
∑mcpw ]W-°mcpw KpW-hm-∑mcpw Bbmepw \Ωƒ XmW-
h-cs{X! \ap°v tdmUn¬ k©cn-®p-Iq-Sm, Db¿∂-h-sc∂v
]d-bp∂ \sΩ-t∏mse Xs∂-bp≈ a\p-jy-cpsS ASpØp \S-
∂p-Iq-Sm. \mw sXmSp-Itbm ASp-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ F√mw
Aip-≤-ambn! \ap-°p-≈{X Akzm-X-{¥yhpw Ah-i-Xbpw
temI-Øn¬ a‰p bmsXmcp a\p-jy-h¿K-Øn-\p-an-√.'
ktlm-Zc kwLw \S-Ønb an{i-t`m-P-\sØ FXn¿Ø i‡n-
Iƒ {]Xn-Imc \S-]S- n-Ifpw i‡-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-sem∂v
an{i-t`m-P-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØhsc Ducp hn-e-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-
∂p. AtX-k-abw CØcw Imcy-߃ hm¿Ø-bm-°p-∂-Xnepw
ktlm-Z-c\pw a‰p-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw henb {]m[m\yw \¬In.
ktlm-Z-cs‚ c≠mw e°-Øn¬ Xs∂ "an{i-t`m-P-\-h-g°v' F∂
t]cn¬ hni-Z-amb teJ\w CXp-kw-_-‘n®v \¬In:

"ChnsS "ktlm-Zc-kwL' Øns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S∂

an{i-t`m-P-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ GXm\pw Nnesc ÿesØ
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 77

"hn⁄m-\-h¿[n\n' k`-bn¬\n∂v XevIm-e-tØ°v am‰-nbn-

cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Hcp hn⁄m-]\w k`m IΩ-‰n-°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k`bv°pw Bt£-]-I-chpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚
Dt±-i-߃°v Xosc hn]-co-Xhpw Bb Cu amXncn hn⁄m-
]\w R߃ G‰hpw _lp-am-\n-°p∂ B ]cn-jvIr-X-amb
hn⁄m-\h - ¿≤n-\n-bn¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´p F∂p ImWp-∂X
- n¬
AXn-i-bn-°p-∂p. IY-bn-√m-Ø-hm-inbpw hg°pw ]nSn®p Xe-
a-d∂v FÆ-sX-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv \∂v.'
ktlm-Z-c-s\m∏w C°m-cy-Øn¬ i‡-ambn \ne-bp-d-∏n-®-h-cm-
bn-cp∂p "anX-hmZn. an{i-t`m-P-\-sØ-∏‰n anX-hmZn Cßs\ tcJ-
s∏-SpØn:

"....ln¥p-aXw hnth-Im-\-μ-kzman ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Fs∂

sXmSs√ Fs‚ ASp-°¬ hcs√ F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-
∂p. B ÿnXn amdn-bm-e-√msX \ap°v Hcp-abpw Db¿®bpw
D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂p ]e alm-∑mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
]pe-bc - p-ambn `£Ww Ign-°p-∂X - n¬ bmsXmcp sX‰pw Cs√-
∂mWv Rß-fpsS ]q¿W hnizm-kw. tbmKy-∑m¿°p Xoh≠n
B^o-kp-I-fn¬ sh®p ]d-b-cpsS tNmdv DÆm-sa-¶n¬ a‰p-≈-
h¿°p ]pe-b-cpsS tNmdv DÆm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬
bmsXmcp \ymbhpw bp‡nbpw C√...'
AtX-ka
- bw "kXy-\mZw' Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNbvXv Zo¿L-
amb kck teJ\w Xs∂ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. AXn-ßs\bmWv:
"lnμp-aX kn≤m-¥-߃ PmXn-kv]¿≤bpw ka-kr-jvSn-kvt\-
l-an-√m-bvabpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p Btcbpw \n¿_-‘n-
°p-∂n-√. Cu Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ km[p-°-fmb ]pe-b-
cpsS KpW-Imw-£n-Isf ]p—n-°p-∂-h-cpsS temI-]-cn-N-b-an-
√m-bvasb]‰n hyk-\n-∏m-Xn-cn-∏m≥ \nh¿Øn-bn-√. cmPy-\-
∑-sb Dt±-in®v ]pe-bsc ka-\n-e-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-
°p∂ ktlm-ZckwLw k¿thm-ev°¿tjW h¿Øn-°-s´.'
78 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

aXw-am‰hpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw
PmXn- h n- t h- N \w cq£- a mb kml- N - c y- Ø n¬ AXn¬\n∂v
tamN\w t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Iogv-Pm-Xn-°m¿ A°m-eØv kzoI-cn®
coXn Iq´-tØmsS aXw amdp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sX°≥ tIc-f-
Øn¬ Cßs\ \nc-h[n t]¿ {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w
sNbvXp. hnthN\w Ah-km-\n-®p-In-´m\pw s]mXp-[m-cb - n¬ Db¿∂p-
\n¬°m\pap≈ am¿Kw F∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-
ß-sf-√mw. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ H‰-s∏´ coXn-bnepw a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ Iq´-
tØm-sSbpw \S∂ CØcw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw A∂v ]{X-߃
{]m[m-\y-tØmsS \¬In. aX-Øn¬\n∂v aX-Øn-te-°p≈ IqSp-
am-‰-Øn-\-∏pdw A[-Ir-X-s\∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v amdn-\n¬°m-\p≈
IogvPm-Xn-°m-cs‚ B{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ {]I-S-am-b-Xv. "ktlm-
Z-c'-\n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® CØcw Hcp kw`hw Cßs\:

"apf-hp-Im´v ]pe-b-k-amPw sk{Is´dn anÿ IrjvtWXn

Dt±iw \qdn¬]cw ]pe- b - t cm- S p- I qSn {Inkv X p- a - X - Ø n¬
tN¿∂-Xmbn tIƒ°p-∂p. B km[p-°ƒ Xßsf arK-ß-
sf-°mƒ \nIr-jvSc - mbn Icp-Xp∂ kz¥-aX - Ø
- n¬\n∂pw HmSn
Xßsf ktlm-Zc - `- m-hØ
- n¬ kzoI-cn-°p∂ thsdmcp aX-Øn¬
A`bw {]m]n-®X - n¬ AXn-ib - n-°m-\n-√. Cugh kamPw {]kn-
U‚ v {ioam≥ t_m[m-\μ - k
- zm-an-Iƒ anÿ IrjvtW-Xn-tbmSp
Cu Imcy-sØ-∏‰n kwkm-cn-®t- ∏mƒ Ccp-]X - p-sIm-√t- Ømfw
Cug-h¿ ]Sn-®] - Wn ]Xn-s\´p Ign-®n´pw hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ HcSn
apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-´n-√m-Ø-ÿn-Xn°p ln¥p-a-X-
Øn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠p Db-cp-∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ ]pe-b¿ Xosc
\ncm-ic- m-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p B ]pe-b{- ]-amWn ]d-™p-hs - {X.
A[x-]-Xn®v \njvTp-c-amb ln¥p-asX! \n∂n¬ hniz-kn®p
""tdm´n¬ \S- ° p- h m≥ A\p- h - Z n- ° - s W'' F∂v bmNn-
°p∂htcmSp adp-]Sn ]d-bm\pw IqSn \o {i≤n-°p-∂n-√t- √m.'

apkveow kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw am[y-a-ßfpw

lnμpa-X-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ A∂sØ ]cn-
jvIc
- W {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ. apl-ΩZv A_vZp-dl- vam-s\bpw h°w aue-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 79

hn-sbbpw t]mep-≈-h¿ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ apkveow kapZm-

b-Øn¬ henb am‰w krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
{]iv\-ß-sfbpw A∂v ]{X-ßfpw a‰p {]kn-≤o-I-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS
apJy-hn-j-b-ambn Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNbvXp. F¶nepw apkveow
kap-Zm-b-Øn\p-≈n¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS
CXns\ ap∂n¬\n∂v \bn-®Xv "A¬-˛-A-an≥', "A¬-˛-Ckvemw' XpS-
ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ hcp∂ teJ-\-߃
]p\x-{]-kn-≤o-I-cn®v a‰p ]{X-ßfpw CXc kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse \thm-
∞m\ {ia-ß-sf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. apkveow aX ]cn-
jvI-c-W-Øn-\mbn "Ckvemw aX kw{Klw' F∂ t]cn¬ teJ-
\-߃ \evIpIbmWv ktlm-Z-c≥ sNbvX-Xv. A¬˛Ckvem-an¬
h∂ kz`mh kwkvI-cWw F∂ teJ\w "ktlm-Z-c≥' ]p\x{]kn-
≤o-Icn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv:
"Ckvemw aX-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±-i-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kz`mh
kwkvI-c-Ww. F∂-√, "k¬Kp-W-ßsf ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-
Xn-\m-bn-´s{X Rm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv.'' F∂p \_n
(- k ) Acp- f n- s N- b v X n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xp t\m°n- b m¬ Zo\ns‚
(Ckvemw aX-Øn-s‚) s]mXp-hmb Dt±iyw Xs∂ kz`mh
kwkvI-c-W-am-sW∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.'

A‘hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw
kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A‘-
hn-izm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S∂ {]Nm-c-W-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-߃
\n¿Ø-em-°m≥ \S-Ønb t_m[-h-XvI-cW {ia-ßfpw. CXn¬
G‰hpw {it≤-b-am-bXv Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ cmPmhv A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂
apd-P-]sØ Ipdn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-I-fm-Wv. cmPy-߃ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ bp≤-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ sIme-]m-X-I-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰v
lnwk-I-fp-sSbpw tZmjw Xo¿°m-\mbn am¿Øm-WvV-h¿a-bpsS
Imew apX¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-°m-∑m¿ A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂ BNm-
c-amWv apd-P-]w. ]e- `m-K-ß-fn¬\n-∂mbn {]tXyIw £Wn-s®-
Øp∂ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ Igp-؉w sh≈-Øn-en-dßn \S-Øn-h∂
{]tXyI NS-ßm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Bdp h¿jw IqSp-tºm-gm-bn-cp∂p
Cu ]m]]cn-lmc{Inb. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v 56
Znhkw hnin-jvSy-t`m-Py-߃ \¬In Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X- m-bn-cp∂p
80 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

CXnse sNe-th-dnb NS-ßp-I-fn-sem-∂v. \nIpXn∏Ww D]-tbm-

Kn®v \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°p-am-{X-ambn cmPmhv \S-Øp∂ Cu NS-ßn-s\-
Xnsc Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ henb tXmXn-ep≈ Aa¿jw Db¿∂p-h-
∂p. CXv \n¿Ø-em-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-P-ß-fn¬ A∂p-
≠mb i‡-amb hnIm-cw. A°mcyw Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
apd-P-]-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb P\-Iob hnImcw Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂-
Xn\pw ]{X-߃ henb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ka-Z¿in, tIcf
IuapZn, tIk-cn, ktlm-Z-c≥, amXr-`qan XpS-ßnb ]{X-ß-sf√mw
Xs∂ apd-P-]-Øn\pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ [q¿Øn-s\-Xn-
scbpw i‡-am-b \ne-]m-Sp-I-fm-sW-Sp-Ø-Xv.
apd-P-]m-N-cW ka-bØv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcsØ hen-b-tIm-bn-°¬,
iwJp-ap-Jw, ss\Xm-t»-cn-aT
- w, an{Xm-\μ
- ]
- p-cw, {ioI-WvtT-iz-cw F∂n-
h-S-ß-fn¬ 16 henb ]pc-I-fmWv \ºq-Xn-c-am¿°v Xma-kn-°m≥
am{X-ambn sI´n-s∏m-°n-b-Xv. Hmtcm s\Sp-ºp-c-bnepw 150-˛160 t]¿°v
InS-°m-\p≈ I´nepw A\p-_‘ kma-{Kn-Ifpw k÷-am-°pw. 100
]d Acn-sIm-≠p≈ tNmdpw sIt¶-a-amb kZybpw Ch¿°mbn
Hcp-°pw. CØcw Imcy-߃°p ]pdsa \ºq-Xn-cn-amsc £Wn-®p-
sIm-≠p-h-cm-\mbn \S-Øp∂ NSßpw sNe-th-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
CØcw sNe-hp-Iƒ t\cn´v I≠p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ km[m-cW°mcn-
te°v ]{X-ß-fpsS CS-s]S¬ {]Xn-tj[w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈
henb klm-b-ambn amdn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ]{X-߃ am{X-a√
Cu \nIr-jvSm-Nm-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \ne-sIm-≠Xv F∂-XmWv amXr-
`qanbpsS CS-s]-SeneqsS hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. F¶nepw \nc-h[n h¿j-
ß-sf-Sp-Øp-am-{Xta apd-P]w \n¿Øm-\p≈ t]mcm´w hnP-b-Øn-
se-Øn-°m-\m-bp-≈q.
ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øn\v apºv apd-P-]-Øns‚ Nn´-h-´-߃
hfsc I¿i-\-am-bmWv ]men-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xm-Iq¿ cmPm-
hns‚ A[n-Im-chpw cmP-Ip-Spw-_h- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-In-S°
- p-∂h
- ¿°v
e`n-®n-cp∂ khn-ti-jm-[n-Im-chpw apd-P-]ImeØv IogvPm-Xn-°msc
a‰p tPmen-I-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v t]mepw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn. Hcn-°¬ apd-
P] \S-Øn-∏ns‚ {]tXyI DtZym-K-ÿ≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂ Pn√m
aPn-kvt{S‰v kn tKmhn-μ-∏n≈, tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cmb IogvPm-Xn-
°m-c-\mb h°o-¬ ]n F≥ am[-hs\ Abn-Ø-Øns‚ t]cn¬
tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-°p∂ kμ¿`w hsc-bp-≠m-bn. tImS-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 81

Xn-bn¬ lmP-cmb h°o-ens\ aPn-kvt{S‰v AbnØw I¬∏n®v ]pd-

Øm-°nb Cu kw`hw henb {i≤-bm-I¿jn-®p. Sn sI am[-h-
s‚bpw sI Pn Ip™p-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bp-sSbpw Fw Pn tIi-h-]n-≈-
bp-sSbpw kn tIi-h-s‚-bp-sa√mw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ henb {]t£m-
`-߃ Ac-tß-dn.
Cu kw`hw kn. tIi-h≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:
"99-˛mam≠m-Wv. A∂v ]nF≥ am[-h≥ h°o-emWv. _n F¬
]mkmb Cugh h°o-e-∑m¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv A∂p thsd
C√. As°m√w Xpem-Øn¬ apd-P-]-am-bn, ]fl-\m-`-kzman
t£{X-Øn¬. ]≠v, 925¬ am¿Ø-WvU-h¿Ω Xncp-hn-Xmw-
Iq¿ kwÿm\w ]fl-\m-`s‚ Xr∏-Sn-bn¬ Zm\w sNøp-tºmƒ
Bdp sIm√w IqSq-tºmƒ Hcp-X-hW hoXw 25 apd-P-]-Øn\v
hyhÿ sNbvXn-cp-∂p-h-s{X. 150 sIm√w-sIm≠v Ah-km-
\n-°p∂ Hcp b⁄-Øn\v. 25 Xh-W-bpw, 150 sIm√hpw Ign-
™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw B b⁄w 90epw Ah-km-\n-®n-√. Cu
1129-˛epw Ah-km-\n-®n´n√. hS-°p-In-S-°p∂ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-sc-
sb√mw £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øn, Hcp aWvU-e-°mew Ipim-embn
kZybpw k¿Δm-Wnbpw sImSp-°p∂ Hcp IY-bn-√m-bva-. Cu
A\m-Nm-c-Øn¬ henb {]Xn-tj[w s]m¥n-h∂ Ime-am-bn-
cp∂p AXv. Cug-h-cpsS t£{X-{]-th-i\ {]t£m-`-W-Øn\v
B\p-jw-Kn-I-ambn CØcw ]e "]m¿iz--hmZ'ßfpw D¤-hn-
®n-cp-∂p. apd-P-]-°m-esØ tIm´-bv°Iw H∂p ImtW-≠-Xp-
X-s∂. ae-bm-f-{_m-“-W-cp-sSbpw ]c-tZ-i-{_m-“-W-cp-sSbpw,
\mb-cp-sSbpw ]Xm-I-Iƒ tIm´-bv°-IØp ]mdn-°-fn-°p∂
Hcp A]q¿hm-h-k-cw. apd-P-]-°-´nepw apd-P-]-°p-´n-Ifpw ]g-
sam-gn-I-fm-Wv. apd-P-]-°m-eØv Cug-h¿°pw a‰pw tIm´-bv°-
IØv {]th-i\w hne-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. ]t£, AØ-hW
Cuh-scbpw a‰pw tIm´-bv°-IØp Imep-Ip-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn-
°-cp-sX-sb∂p ]´m-f-Øn\v hcpXn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn
Hcp tIm´ shSn, A∂p Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v ]pd-s∏-´p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-Z¿in apg-°n. tIcf Iuap-Znbpw Acn-
iw-sIm-≠v, apd-P-]-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw Ncn-{Xhpw IY-bn-√m-
82 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

bvab - p-sams° Nq≠n-°mWn-®v, A©p-e£w cq]-bpsS ]mgvs®-

e-hns\ sh√p-hn-fn-®p. apd-P-]-Øn\v F{X Bbncw "tImWI'
ßfmWv th≠n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂v k¿°m¿ IW°pIƒ
IuapZn D≤-cn-®p. ]´m-f-Øn\v hcp-Xn-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-s≠t∂m
Cs√t∂m k¿°m¿ ]d-™n-√. Cu ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-fn¬ `mKyw
sI´ Hcog-h≥ `mKyw sI´ Hcp Cug-h-h-°o-ens\ AXym-h-
iy-ambn tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂X - n\v Hcp tIkp-ambn kao-
]n-®p. tIkv t]jvIm-cpsS apºn-em-Wv. t]jvIm¿ kn. tKmhn-
μ-∏n-≈-bmWv-˛No^v sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ Pn F≥ Xºn-bpsS
AΩm-h≥. kn tKmhn-μ∏ - n≈ PmXn-°d t]mbn-´n-√mØ DtZym-
K-ÿ-\p-am-Wv. tIm´-bv°Iw D’h aT-Øn-emWv B alm≥,
apd-P]w BI-bm¬, It®cn sNøp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚
apºn¬ lmP-cm-tI≠ \n¿`mKyw {Kkn® Cug-h-h-°o¬
Fs‚ kvt\ln-X≥ ]nF≥ am[-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t≠ Hcp
a[m-h-hn-tZz-jn-bm-bn-cp∂p tKmhn-μ-∏n≈ t]jvIm¿. hS°p
t]jvIm-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ thsdmcp Cugh am[-hs\ ]pd-
Øp-Nm-Sn® Ncn{Xw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠v. IuapZn ]d-™p, cmh-
Ws‚ `Im-c-`bw t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p tKmhn-μ-∏n-≈-bpsS aIm-
c- ` bw F∂v . ]n F≥ am[- h - s \bpw At±lw It®- c n-
bn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-Nm-Sn-®p. I£n°p tIkpw h°o-en\v
^okpw \jvSs - ∏-´p. am[-h≥ Cu Ah-tl-f\w Hcp t£m`hpw
IqSmsX hmßn t]m°-‰n-en´p sIm≠p-t]m-∂p.
]s£, thsdmcp am[-h\v Fß-s\tbm Cu kw`-h-Øns‚
K‘w In´n. At±lw "]pI-bp-a-·n-_mWw t]m¬' Rß-
fpsS temUvPn¬ ]ms™-Øn. AXv Sn sI am[-h-\m-bn-cp-
∂p. Hcp sskzcyhpw B¿°pw sImSp-°m≥ At±lw k∂-
≤-\m-bn-√. Iºn-bm-bn, a{Zmkv ]{X-߃°v. tImem-l-e-am-
bn. \msSm-´p°v Hcp henb {]t£m-`Ww Xs∂ At±lw
Agn-®p-hn-´p. ]ucm-h-Im-i-`-RvP\w [n°m-c-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-
ambn At±lw FÆn. Rm\pw At±-l-Øn\v kao]w \n∂p
Pzen-®p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F¬ Fw Fkv lmfn¬ Nß-\m-
t»-cn-bpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb Hcp alm-tbmKw
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 83

IqSn. sI Pn Ip™p-Ir-jvW]
- n-≈b- pw, Fw Pn tIi-h]
- n-≈bpw
A∂p Xos∏mcn ]d-°p∂ {]kw-K-߃ sNbvXmbn Rm≥
Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p. t_mws_-bnepw sImfw-_nepw Hs° {]Xn-
tj-[-߃ \S-∂p. ]e alm-tbm-K-ßfpw IqSn. ]{X-ß-sf√mw
Cu A\o-Xnsb FXn¿Øp apJ-{]-kw-K-߃ FgpXn'
˛ kn tIi-h≥, Pohn-X-k-a-cw
"apd-P] ASn-b-¥-c-Øns‚ amlmflyw!' F∂ Xe-s°t´msS-
bm-bn-cp∂p amXr-`qan Cu kw`hw hm¿Ø-bm°nbXv. "tImS-Xn-
bn¬\n∂v ]pd-Ømb Hcp Abn-Ø-°m-c≥ h°o-ens‚ A\p-`hw'
F∂phn-i-Zo-I-cn®v, ]pd-Øm-°-s∏´ h°o¬ ]nF≥ am[-h≥ Fgp-
Xnb Ipdn∏v amXr-`q-an \¬In. AXv Cßs\:

"apd-P] ASn-b-¥-c-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤-Xsb \ne-\n¿Øphm≥

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tIm´-bv°-I-Øp≈ tImS-Xn-\n∂p ]pd-Øm-
°-s∏´ h°o¬ ]n F≥ am[-h≥ Ah¿Iƒ _n F _F¬
]{Xß-fn-te°v C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p:˛
"C∂se 22-˛mw XoøXn D®-Xn-cn™p aq∂p-aWn°v Ime-l-
c-W-s∏-´p-t]m-Im≥ ASp-Øncp∂ Hcp A∏o¬ ^b-em-°p-
hm≥ Rm≥ Unhn-j≥ It®-cn-bn¬ t]mbn....' F∂p-Xp-S-
ßn-bmWv ]n F≥ am[-h≥ Ipdn-s∏-gp-Xn-b-Xv. tImS-Xn-bn¬
\S∂ Imcy-߃ ]n∂oSv khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
Cu kw`hw tZiob {i≤ t\Sn-sb-¶nepw apd-P]w \n¿Øp-∂-
Xn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-√. ]ns∂bpw
]e-X-hW apd-P]w Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-´p. ]{X-߃ \nc-¥cw CXn-
s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]{X-߃ Iptd-°qSn kPo-h-am-hp-
Ibpw A[n- I m- c nIsf apJw- t \m- ° msX hna¿in- ° m- \ p≈
ss[cyam¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-™n-cp∂p At∏mƒ. sIm®n-
bn¬\n-∂p≈ "ktlm-Z-c≥' aq∂mw e°w ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bXv apd-P-
]sØ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-®p-sIm-≠mWv:
"Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ apd-P]w Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw
IqSnbp≈ kzØv Nnehp sNbvXv {]tXyIw Nnesc £Wn-
84 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

®p-h-cpØn c≠p-am-k-°mew \m\m-t`m-K-ßsf-sIm-≠m-cm-[n®v

aS°n Ab-°p∂ Cu \oXn-bn-√mØ G¿∏mSns\ icn-bmb
]ucm-h-Imit_m[-ap≈ Nne¿ A[n-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXn-
i-bn-°m-s\m-∂p-an-√.'
˛ktlm-Z-c≥ aq∂mw e°w
1940-I-fn¬ ho≠pw apd-P-]-Øn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-Ip-Spw_w
tIm∏p-Iq-´n-b-t∏mƒ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ henb tXmXn¬
Db¿∂p-h-∂p. ]{X-߃ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-tbmsS B™-Sn-®p. apd-P-
]-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°n-Sn-bnepw FXn¿∏v At∏m-tg°pw
Db¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. "-ap-d-P]w \n¿ØpI Xs∂ thWw' F∂mh-
iy-s∏´v hS-°n-√Øv DÆn-\º - q-Xn-cn-∏mSns‚ teJ\w amXr-`qan {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-®p. apd-P-]-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw At∏mƒ \S-°m\n-cn-°p∂
apd-P] NS-ßns‚ [q¿Øpw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p teJ-\w.
{]t£m-`-߃s°m∂pw hg-ßm≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-Ip-Spw_w
Xøm-dm-bn-s√-¶nepw kzmX-{¥y-{]m-]vXn-°p-tijw apd-P]w \S-Øm≥
cmP-Ip-Spw_w Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√.
A\m-Nm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq´-s∏-cp-°¬
H∂pam-{X-am-bn-cp∂p apd-P] - w. CXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Nm-cW - ß
- ƒt]mse
Xs∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ Htcm `mKØpw A\m-Nm-c-߃s°-Xn-cmb
{]Nm-c-W-߃ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \thm-∞m\ \mb-I¿°v km[n-
®n-cp-∂p. `K-hXn t£{X-߃ tI{μo-I-cn-®p≈ arK-_-en-bm-bn-cp∂p
CXn¬ {]mIr-X-amb NS-ßp-I-fn-sem-∂v. arK-_en \ndp-Ø-em-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Xo{h-{i-a-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-∂-Xns‚ {]Xn-^-e\w
A∂sØ ]{X-ßfn¬ ImWm≥ km[n-°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q. ]ptcm-K-a-
\m- i - b - ° m- c mb sNdp- ∏ - ° m- c psS ]cn- { i- a - ^ - e - a mbn arK- _ en
\n¿Ønb kw`-h-ßfpw Ht´-sd-bp-≠m-bn. AsX√mw hm¿Ø-bmbn
\¬In A\m-Nm-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb t]mcm´w ]{X-ßfpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-
Øn. tIk-cn-bn¬ "arK-_en \ndp-ج' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ h∂
Hcp hm¿Ø \m´n¬ \S-°p∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-
^-e-\-am-bn-cp∂p:

"tImX-°p-dp»n-bnse "A\w-K\ - S- n-bp-hP

- \ kwL' Øns‚ ]cn-
{i-a^
- e
- a
- mbn ]cn-kc
- {- ]-tZ-iß-fn-ep≈ an° `K-hX - n-t£-{X-
ß-fnepw arK-_en Xosc \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - mbn Adn-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 85

bp-∂p. arK-_en hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ taen¬ Bcpw t\c-cp-sX∂pw,

t\¿∂p-In-S∏- p-≈h _en-{In-bI
- q-SmsX a‰p h√ hgn-]m-Sp-If
- p-
ambn Ign-∏m\pw A`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠p am\y-∑m-cmb ]ecpw
tN¿∂p Hcp hn⁄m-]\hpw {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v'.
A\m- N m- c - ß ƒs°- X n- c mb {]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒs°m∏w Xs∂
A‘-hn-izm-k-߃ C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw \thm-∞m-\-]m-
Xbn¬ A\p-{I-a-ambn \S-∂p-h-cp∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A‘-hn-izm-k-
ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \thm-∞m\ e£yw ssIh-cn-°m≥
Ign-bn-s√∂ bmYm¿Yy-a-dn-bp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v
Cu cnXn-bn-ep≈ t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw \S-∂-Xv. \thm-∞m\ hgn-
bn-eqsS kaq-lsØ \bn® ]{X-ßf - n¬ ]eXpw A‘-hn-izm-ksØ
C√m-Xm-°m≥ ap≥ssI FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, hnizm-khpw A‘-
hn-izm-khpw th¿Xn-cn-®d
- n-bm-\m-ImØ kμ¿`-߃ hcp-tºmƒ ]{X-
߃ ]e-t∏mgpw ]n¥n-cn-™p.
lcn-∏m-Sp-\n∂v hymgmgvN tXmdpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® "`mcX XmcI'
1927 \hw-_¿ 24\v ]pd-Øn-d-ßnbXv (]p-kvXIw 10, e°w 13) ck-
I-c-amb Hcp hm¿ØtbmsS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Ip´n-®m-Øs‚ Iøv' F∂
Xe-s°-´n¬ H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ \¬Inb hm¿Ø CXm-bn-cp∂p:

"`h-\-ß-fn¬ XosIm-fp-Øp-I, Bfp-Isf ASn-°p-I, hkv{X-

߃ Iodp-I, kmam-\-ßsf -H-fn-®p-I-f-bp-I, `£-W-km-[-\-
ß-fn¬ Ata-≤ym-Zn-Iƒ hnX-dpI apX-emb A{I-a-߃
{]h¿Øn®pw A]q¿hw Nne-t∏mƒ IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xnbpw
i_vZ-߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®pw, Acq-]n-bm-sW-¶nepw kzcq]w
Im´nbpw P\-ßsf D]-{Z-hn-®p-t]m-cp∂ Hcp tZh-\m-Wt√m
Ip´n-®m-Ø≥. Ip´n-®m-Ø-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ IY-Iƒ \ΩpsS-bn-S-
bn¬ GXp-\m-´nepw ""h≠n''-°-W-°n\p ]fin-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿
Hcp-t]mse ]d-™p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. ]uckvXy-∑m¿ A‘-hn-izm-
kn-I-fm-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ ]d-bp∂ `qX-t{]-X-]n-im-
Nm-Zn-Iƒ shdpw sI´p-I-Y-I-fm-sW∂pw a‰pw ]d™p ]cn-l-
kn-°pI ]m›m-Xy-∑m¿°p ]Xn-hm-Wv. ""kv]ncn-Nz-en-k''hpw
a‰pw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Zn°p-I-fn¬ thcq-∂p-Ibpw AXn-\\p-cq-]-
ß-fmb {]mtbm-KnI Zr„m-¥-߃ A\p`-h-cq-t]W {]Xy-
86 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-Sp-IqSn AXo-{μn-b-i-‡n-I-fpsS

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ahcpw Gsd-°ptd hnizmkw ImWn-®p-Xp-S-
ßn-bn-´p-≠v. CXns\ H∂p-IqSn _e-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \ΩpsS Ip´n-
®m-Ø≥ ]Xps° Ata-cn-°-bn-te°v {]bmWw sNbvXn-cn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS HmSp-I, NmSp-I, BSp-I, ]mSp-I apX-
emb ]eIrXn-Ifpw Im´n. HSp-hn¬ hkv{X-Øn¬ Xo sImfp-
Øn-Øp-S-ßn. ho´p-Im¿ thsdm-cn-S-tØ°v amdn. NmØ\pw
IqsS-Ø-s∂, hoSn-s\-b√ Bfn-s\-bmWv NmØ≥ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-
b-sX∂p At∏mƒ {Kln-®p. NmØs‚ i_vZw Fen- I-c-bp-
∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-sW∂v ]ecpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. kw`hw
CXmWv: Hcp- ho-´n¬ Xq°n-bn-´n-cn-°p∂ Hcp aWn- hnSmsX
ASn-°p-∂Xv tI´v ho´p-Im¿ sN∂p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ aWn-bn¬
Hcp ssI Xqßn-°n-S-°p-∂-Xp-I-≠p. IdpØ B ssIbn\p
a\p-jy-∑m-cpsS ssIbn¬\n∂v A©n-cn´n hen-∏-ap-≠v. C{X-
bp-am-b-t∏mƒ ho´p-Im¿ hnhcw t]meo-kn¬ Adn-hp-sIm-Sp-
Øp. Ct∏mƒ t]meo- k p- I m¿ NmØs\ ]nSn- ° m≥
]pcbv°pNp‰pw Imh¬ \nevIp-I-bm-W-s{X.'

]{X-am-cW \nb-a-߃
19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ HSp-hnepw 20˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-
fnepw ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ henb Xm¬]cyw ImWn-
°m-Xn-cp∂ ÿm\-ØmWv ]{X-{]h¿Ø-\Øns‚ KXn-am‰w km[y-
am-°n-s°m≠v ta¬∏-d™ ]{X-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw hf¿®-bpw.
20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ ae-bmf ]{X-߃
{]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw Npcp°w Nne-Xp-am-{Xta tZiob
{]ÿm-\-Øn\pw ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw Du∂¬\¬In-
bp≈q F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. F¶nepw A[n-Im-cn-Isf {]oWn-∏n®
a‰p-]-{X-ß-tf-°mƒ P\m-`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ tZio-b-˛-\-thm-
∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ßsf ]n¥p-W® ]{X-߃°m-bn. kaq-l-Ønse
Cu am‰w AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v BZy-Im-eØv hnap-JX ImWn-®n-
cp∂ ]{X-߃°v ]n∂oSv CXns\m∏w \n¬t°-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 87

hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-ep-]cn hkvXp-X-Isf DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-

t_m-[-tØmSp IqSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXv ]{X-Øns‚ \ne-
]m-Sp-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v
\thm-∞m\ ]mX-bn¬ k©-cn® ]{X-߃ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂X - v. AXp-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒXs∂ {]kvXpX hnj-
b-Øn¬ ]{X-Øns‚ kao-]\w Fs¥∂v t_m[y-s∏Spam-bn-cp-∂p.
kaqlw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°-W-sa∂ kqN\ \¬Ip∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
CØcw hm¿Ø-I-sf-√mw.
F∂m¬, kaq-lsØ ap∂n¬\n∂v \bn® Cu ]{Xß-fn¬
_lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw Gsd-\mƒ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ km[n-®n-√.
{_n´ojv `c-WIqS-Øn-s‚bpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPmhns‚bpw
I¿°i \S-]-Sn-Ifpw tZiob {]ÿm-\Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ
]{X-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\pw hf¿®bv°pw henb hnLm-X-am-bn.
k¿°m-dns\ A\p-Iq-en® ]{X-߃°p-am-{X-amWv ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-
\m-b-Xv. A]-hm-Z-am-bXv henb t\Xm-°-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬\-S-
Øn-h∂ Npcp°w ]{X-߃°p-am-{Xw. amXr-`q-an, A¬ Aao≥,
tIkcn, tIcf IuapZn, kn tIi-hs‚ Iuap-Zn, ae-bm-fn, \hi-
‡n, \h-tI-c-fw, tIc-f-Zm-k≥, bph-`m-c-Xn, tIcf ktμiw XpSßn
\nc-h[n ]{X-߃°pw B\p-Im-en-I-߃°pw `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚
sImSnb ASn-®-a¿Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-Isf A°m-eØv t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.
tZiob Xe-Øn¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ knhn¬ \nb-
a-ew-L\ {]ÿm\w XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS, {]t£m-`-Øn\v A\-pIqe
\ne-]m-sS-SpØ ae-bmf {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw AXns\ i‡n-s∏-
SpØp∂ \ne-]msSSp-Øp. CtXmsSbmWv ]{X-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-
∂-Xn\v {_n´ojv `c-W-Iq-Sw Hcp-sº-´n-d-ßn-b-Xv. tZiob Xe-Øn¬
]{X-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn 1910¬ sIm≠p-h∂ \nb-asØ Hcp
Hm¿Un-\≥kn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ I¿°-i-am-°n-bmbn-cp∂p {_n´ojv
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IfpsS ]{X-th-´. AXns‚ Nph-Sp-]nSn®v sIm®n
cmPyØpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw ]{X-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn. 1934¬ ]{X-kzm-X{¥yw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈
_n¬ sIm®n-cm-PyØpw 1935¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnepw sIm≠p-h-∂p.
k¿°m-dn\v henb Xe-th-Z-\-bm-bn-cp∂ "tIkcn'bpsS {]kn-
≤o-I-cWw \n¬Øp-I-sb-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿
]{X-\n-ba t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS {][m\ e£yw. AXn-\p-ap-tº-Xs∂
88 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈bvs°Xnsc cmPy-t{Zml°p‰w NpaØn

k¿°m¿\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ka-Z¿in-bn¬\n∂v amdn
"{]t_m-[I'\neq-sSbpw AXv I≠p-sI-´n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v "tIkcn'
bneq-sSbpw k¿°m¿ hna¿i\w XpS¿∂n-cp∂ _me-Ir-jvW-∏n-
≈sb \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ]{X-\n-ba t`Z-K-Xn-bneqsS km[n-°p-sa∂v
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv Icp-Xn. Aß-s\-bmWv ]{X-sse-
k≥kp-Iƒ ssIam‰w sNøp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v \nb-a-t`-Z-
KXn sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. kz¥w t]cn¬ ssek≥kn-√msX ]{Xw \S-
Øp-∂-h¿ {]tXyIw ssek≥kv FSp-°-W-sa∂v \nb-a-Øn¬
hyhÿ sNbvXp. 1,000 cq]-bmWv tIk-cn-tbmSv ssek≥kv
^okmbn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv. CXv \¬In-bmepw ]{Xw I≠p-sI-´m-
\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-s√-∂-Xn-\m¬ _me-Ir-jvW-
∏n≈ "tIkcn' sb Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v hn´p. {]Nmc hep-∏-tØ-
°mƒ F{Xtbm hep-Xmbn kaq-lsØ Cf-°-a-dn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p
"tIkcn' bpsS ZuXyw. tIk-cn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w \ne®-tXmsS
ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ssien-bpsS KXn-am-‰nb Hcp ]{X-amWv
C√m-Xm-bXv.

hn[hm hnhm-l-Øn-te°v
F∂m¬, \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-߃ AhnSwsIm≠v Ah-km-\n-
®n-cp-∂n-√. tIk-cnsb t]mep-≈-h¿ XosIm-fp-Øn-hn´ Nn¥m-[m-
csb Gs‰-S-°m≥ ]n∂oSv ]ecpw apt∂m-´p-h-∂p. F¶nepw Bbn-
Sbv°vXs∂ ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ
BZy-Ime {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-te-sdbpw \ne-®-a-´m-bn-cp-∂p. "tIcf
Iuap-Zn'bpw "amXr-`q-an'bpamWv \thm-∞m\ hgn-bnse FXn¿∏p-
I-fn¬ XfcmsX ]nSn-®p-\n¬°pIbpw AXns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-
°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. At∏m-tg°pw tIc-f-Ønse tIm¨{K- n¬
tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-K-Xn-°m¿ kzm[o\w Dd-∏n-®-tXmsS cmjv{Sob
cwKw s]mXpsh bmYm-ÿn-XnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf s]m´n-s®-dn-bm-\p≈
tijn ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
AXn-¬ henb Nph-Sp-sh-∏m-bn-cp∂p \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse
hn[-hm-hn-hm-lw. tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-
bn¬ hnπ-hm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v XpS-°-an-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p hn[hm
hnhm-lw. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ aXn¬s°-´p-Iƒ s]mfn-®v, a\-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 89

I-fnse Ccp-´d- I
- ƒ t`Zn®v Hcp hn[h ]pd-tØ-°p-hc - p-∂Xpw Ahsc
kzoI-cn-°m≥ kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬Xs∂ Hcp ]pcp-j≥ Xøm-dm-hp-
∂Xpw Hcp-t]mse {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 1934 sk]vXw-_¿ 13-
\mWv \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse BZysØ hn[-hm-hn-hmlw tag-
tØmƒ {Kma-Øn¬ hn.Sn `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ hk-Xn-bn¬ \S-∂-Xv.
h[p C´y-º-d-ºØv hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xncn-bpsS aIfpw hn.Sn-bpsS
`mcym-k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-amb Dam-tZhn A¥¿P-\w. hc≥ "Fw.-B¿._n'
F∂ ht∂cn ap√-aw-K-eØv cma≥ `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv. c≠mw hnhm-l-
Øn\v Hcp-ßp-tºmƒ Ccp-]X - p-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p Dam-tZ-hn-bpsS {]mbw.
c≠c hb- p≈ Ip´n-bpsS AΩ-bpw. h[p-hn-s\-°mƒ c≠p-h-b-
p-am-{X-amWv Fw.-B¿.-_n°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Cu hn[hm hnhmlw \S-°p-∂-Xn\v hfsc apºp-Xs∂ hn.Sn
`´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ A∂sØ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-
Ønse bph-P\ hn`mKw CtX-°p-dn-®p≈ kPoh N¿®-Iƒ \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. B N¿®-I-fmWv hn.Sn bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬Xs∂
CØ-cs - amcp hnhm-lØ
- n\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bX
- v. "tbmK-t£aw' , "DÆn
\ºq-Xncn' F∂o {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-se√mw hn[hm hnhml-
Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Inb teJ-\-߃ A°m-
eØv hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ BZy hn[hm hnhm-
l-Øn\v henb {]m[m\yw \¬Im≥ "tbmK-t£a' hpw "DÆn-\-
ºq-Xncn' bpw Xøm-dm-bn. ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ]n¥pW
\¬In h∂ "amXr-`qan' bpw henb {][m-\y-tØm-sS-bmWv BZy
hn[hm hnhmlw dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX-Xv. "Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb kw`hw'
F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®mWv "amXr-`qan' CXv hni-Za - mbn dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX-
Xv:

"tIc-f-°-c-bpsS \m\m-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw FØn-t®¿∂ncp∂

kp{]-kn≤ \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_mw-Kß- ƒ°p-]p-ds- a, t]sc-SpØ
kap-Zmb t\Xm-°≥amcpw kzX-{¥-Nn-¥-I≥am-cp-ambn \m\m-
PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Xnßn-°q-Sn-bn-cp∂ alm-
k-Z- n¬ πm‰vt^m-dØ - n¬ {ioaXn Dam A¥¿P-\hpw {ioam≥
Fw.-B¿. `´-Xn-cnbpw ]cn-jvIr-X-co-Xn-bn¬ hkv{Xw [cn®v
h∂n-cp-∂p. ip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ hc≥ h[p-hns‚ Igp-Øn¬
Xmen-sI-´n. h[p Hcp ]pjv]-lmcw hcs\ AWn-bn-°p-Ibpw
90 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

sNbvXp. X¬k-abw Hcp sNdnb a{¥w D®-cn-°-s∏-´p. hnhm-

l-Øns‚ NSßpw CtXmsS Ah-km-\n®p'
XpS¿∂v hnhm-l-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ {][m-\n-I-fpsS t]cpw A\-
¥cw \S∂ NSß-fp-Ifpw amXr-`qan hm¿Ø-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p.
hm¿Ø \¬IpI am{X-a√ - , CtX-°p-dn®v apJ-{]-kwKw Xs∂ FgpXn
"amXr-`qan.' ]n∂oSpw CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw teJ-\-
ßfpw ]{X-ß-fn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Hcp hnhm-l-Øn\v ]{X-Xm-
fp-I-fn¬ C{X-tbsd ÿew \o°n-sh® kw`hw AXn\v apºpw
]nºpw D≠m-bn-°m-Wn-√. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ - n-ep-≠mb Cu apt∂-
‰-Øns‚ Ae-Iƒ CXc kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-te°pw {]h-ln-®p. AXv
kaq-l-Øn¬ krjvSn® Ne\w A{X-h-ep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-lnI
]cn-jvI-cW ]£-Øp-\n-e-bp-d-∏n® {]k-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf√mw Xs∂
CsX√mw henb {]m[m-\y-tØmsS \¬In-s°m-≠ncp∂p.
CØcw Ne-\-߃ \m´n¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv 1935¬
sjm¿Wq-cn¬\n∂v tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-fpsS hI-bmbn
"{]`mXw' hmcnI ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. CFw-Fkv ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂
"{]`m-Xw', tZiob {]t£m-`-sØ-sb∂t]mse \thm-∞m\ apt∂-
‰-ß-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n® {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-bncp-∂p. kmaq-lnI
]cn-jvI-cWhambn _‘-s∏´v ]{X-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\sØ Ipdn®v
CFw-Fkv Xs∂ hnh-cn-°p∂Xvv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"\nh¿Ø\ {]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, sslμ-th-

Xc aX hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ sslμh
kap-Zmb Bh-iy-߃, {]ÿm-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬
s]mXp-hnepw a‰v "tZio-b-hmZn' Ifn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXamb Hcp
\ne-]m-SmWv R߃ FSp-Ø-Xv. kh¿W-ln-μp-°-fpsS cmjv{So-
b-ta-[m-hnØhpw P∑n-h¿K-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ta[m-hn-Øhpw
kln®v AS-ßn-sbm-Xpßn Ign-™p-Iq-Sm≥ Xømdn√mØ km[m-
c-W-°m¿ Xß-fpsS FXn¿∏v {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v kwL-SnX sXmgn-
emfn {]ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚bpw I¿j- I - { ]- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- s ‚bpw cq]-
Øn¬am-{X-a-√, Ah-i-Pm-Xn-°mcpw aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßfpw F∂
\nebv°v X߃°p≈ Bh-iy-ß-fp-ambn apt∂m-´p-h-cp-∂Xpw Ah-
cpsS FXn¿∏ns‚ Hcp cq]-am-Wv, AXp-sIm≠v Ahbv°v t{]m’m-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 91

l-\hpw t{]c-Wbpw \¬In Ahsb cmjv{Sobambn t\¿h-gn°v

\bn-°m≥{i-an-°p-∂Xv ]ptcm-K-\-a-hm-Zn-I-fpsS IS-a-bmWv-˛C-Xm-
bn-cp∂p Rß-fpsS \ne-]mSv'
˛Bfl-IY, C-Fw-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv
i‡-amb CS-Xp-]£ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw `c-W-Iq-SsØ
\nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ "{]`mX'
Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ H´pw kpJ-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A[n-Im-cn-I-
fnƒ\n-∂p≈ \nc-¥c ]oU-\-߃ hmcn-Ibv°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.
tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-]m¿´n-bpsS apJ-]-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv
"{]`m-X'- Øns‚ {]kn-≤o-Ic
- W
- w. `KXv knMns\ Xq°n-te-‰n-bt- ∏mƒ
\ninX hna¿i-\-hp-am-bmWv "{]`mXw' ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. CtX
XpS¿∂v aZn-cmin Kh¨sa‚ v ]{X-tØmSv Pmayw sI´n-sh-°m≥
\n¿tZ- i n- ® p. CXn\v Xøm- d m- h m- ™ - X n\m¬ {]kn- ≤ o- I - c W
ssek≥kp-Xs∂ d±vsNbvXv \S-]Sn I¿i-\-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
aZn-cmin Kh¨sa‚ v sNbvX-Xv.
]n∂oSv 1938¬ tImgn-t°m-Sp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw ]p\-cm-cw-`n-
®p-sh-¶nepw Zo¿L-Imew apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\m-bn-√. A[nIw
Xma-kn-bmsX Xs∂ tIc-f-Ønse tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-Iƒ
Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n LSIw cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw tZiob{]ÿm-\-
Øn¬\n∂v amdn kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønepw ^yqU¬ P∑n-Xz-Øn-\p-
sa-Xn-cmb t]mcm-´-Øns‚ X\Xp ]mX Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cp-∂p. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 1944¬ tImgn-t°mSv \n∂v Iayq-WnÃv
]m¿´n-bpsS apJ-]-{X-ambn "tZim-`n-am\n' Bcw-`n-®p. hmcnIm cq]-
Øn-embncp∂p "tZim-`n-am\n' bpsS XpS-°w. kzmX{¥y t]mcm-´-
Øn-s\m∏w kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw
AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]Nm-cWw \S-Øm\pw "tZim-`n-am\n' Xøm-dmbn.
Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ kzmX{¥ye_v[n- h-sc-bp≈ tIcf Ncn-{X-
Øn¬ \thm-∞m\ ]mX-bn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\w hln-°m≥
A∂sØ \nc-h[n ]{X-ßfpw hmcn-I-Ifpw apt∂m-´p-h-∂n-cp-∂p-
sh-∂Xv X¿°-a‰ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI
\thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-߃°v hnhn[ {]ÿm-\-߃ hln® ]¶n-
s\m∏w tN¿Øp-hm-bn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv ]{XßfpsS Cu CS-s]-S-ep-
I-fpw.
 A[ymbw 4

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c ]n≥\-SØw
kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\Øns‚ k©m-cw
]pXphgnbneq-sSbm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-hs - c-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]Ya e£yw
km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xn-s‚bpw AXn\v t\Xr-]-c-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®-
Xn-s‚bpw Nmcn-Xm¿Yy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn-s\m∏w
\ne- b p- d - ∏ n- ® n- c p∂ ]{X- ß ƒ. e`y- a mb kzmX{¥yw kwc- £ n-
°pIbpw P\-ß-fn¬ ]uc-t_m-[-ap-W¿ØpI-bp-amWv Xß-fpsS
]pXnb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-sa∂v Ah I≠p. AXn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-
∂-Xmbncp∂p Cu L´-Ønse BZy-\m-fp-Ifnse hm¿Ømhn\ym-
khpw apJ-{]-kw-K-ß-fpw teJ-\-ß-fpw.
F√m A¿∞-Ønepw \ho-\-am-b Hcp tIc-f-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-
\-¥cw D≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. sshtZin-Im-[n-]-Xy-
Øn¬\n- ∂ p≈ tamN\w km[y- a m- s b- ¶ nepw P∑n- ˛ - \ m- S p- h m-
gnØØm¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS thc-dp-°m≥
At∏mgpw km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. F¶nepw CXv s]m´n-s®-dn-bm-\p≈ am\-
kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°v Iogmf P\-hn-`m-K-߃ Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw am‰-
Øn\p≈ s]mXp- t _m[w krjn- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw sNbv X n- c p- ∂ p.
{_n´ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂n√, ]Icw ^yqU¬
kmaq-lnI LS-\-bmWv Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn-
s‚bpw tI{μ-_n-μp-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv kmam-t\y\ Iogm-f-cn¬
hf¿∂p-h-∂p. AXv XqØp-am-‰m\p≈ kwL-Sn-X-ap-t∂-‰-am-bn-cp∂p
]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xv.
hy‡-amb tNcn-Xn-cp-hp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´Xmbn-cp∂p At∏mgp≈
s]mXp-cm-jv{Sob afi-ew. kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øns‚ Ah-km\ Zi-
I-Øn¬ tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬\n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn Nn¥n® tIc-f-
Ønse tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-en-Ãp-Iƒ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bmbn
amdn-b-t∏mƒXs∂ Cu tNcn-Xn-cnhv {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. Izn‰v C¥ym-
k-a-csØ sNm√nbpw c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Ønse \ne-]m-Sp-
Isf sNm√nbpw C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkpw Iayq-WnÃv
]m¿´n-bpw XΩn-ep-≠mb ]cky kwhm-Z-߃ Hcp G‰-ap-´¬ kz`m-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 93

hØn\p-a-∏p-d-tØ°v Xs∂ amdp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-chpw

Cu G‰pap-´¬ XpS¿∂p.
kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[nsb shfpØ kmbn-∏n¬\n∂v tZiob kmbn-
∏n-te-°p≈ A[n-Imcss°am‰w am{X-ambn hymJym-\n® Iayq-Wn-
Ãp-]m¿´n tZio-b-_q¿jzm-kn-s°-Xn-cmb P\-Iob apt∂‰w XpS-
tc-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-eq-∂n-bm-bn-cp∂p XpS¿∂pw {]h¿Øn-
®-Xv. Cu Blzm-\Ø - n¬, tIc-fØ - n¬ hen-sbm-cf-thmfw P\-ßsf
AWn- \ n- c - Ø m≥ Iayq- W n- Ã p- ] m¿´n- ° m- b n. Imc- W w, tZiob
kzmX{¥yw e`n-s®-¶nepw cmPysØ ]pXnb A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-Øn-
s\m-∏a - m-bn-cp∂ ^yqU¬ kwhn-[m-\Øn\v Iogn¬ kaq-ea - mb kmaq-
lnI am‰w km[m-c-W-°m-c\v {]m]y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXns‚ ^ew,
P∑n-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gnØ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-se Zpc-h-ÿ-bmb PmXob D®-
\o-N-Xz-Øn\v Cc-I-fmb km[m-c-W-°m¿, AXn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm´w
\S-Ønb Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿s°m∏w tN¿∂p F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
\thm∞m\ {]ÿm-\-߃ Dgp-Xpa-dn® aÆn¬ hf¿∂p ]¥-
en-°m-\p≈ hnØn-dn-°nb Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n°v B DZyaw ^e-{]-
Z-am-°m\pw km[n-®p. CØcw Bi-b-kw-L¿j-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-
cp∂p tIc-fØ
- nse s]mXp-afi - e
- Ø
- ns‚ XpS¿hn-Im-kw. kzmX{¥y
e_v[n°pw tIc-f-∏n-d-hn°pw tijw kmaq-lnI D∂-a-\-Ønse
kp{]-[m\ \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p `q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-aw. AXv {]m_-
ey-Øn-em-b-tXmsS ASn-ÿm\ P\-hn-`m-K-߃°v Xe- D-b¿Øn-
∏n-Sn-°m\p≈ ss[cyw e`n-°pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-lnI]›m-
Ø-e-Ønse Cu ASn-ÿm\ am‰-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e\w ae-bmf
]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bn-ep-ap-≠m-bn.
kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚bpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw
`mK-am-bn \ne-sIm-≠n-cp∂ H´p-an° ]{X-߃°pw kzmX-{¥y-∏p-
ecn BkzZn°m≥ km[n-®n-cp∂n-√. A]q¿hw ]{X-߃°p-am-{X-
am-bn-cp-∂p kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-esØ ]oU-\-ß-sfbpw a‰v {]Xn-
_-‘-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv. "amXr-`qan' , "ae-bmf
at\m-ca' , "Zo]nI-' , "tIcf IuapZn' , "tZim-`n-am\n' Xriq-cn¬\n∂v
1944¬ sI IrjvW≥ Bcw-`n® "FIvkv{]kv' F∂n-ßs\ hnc-en-
se-Æm-hp∂h am{X-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-chpw {]kn-≤o-I-cWw
XpS-cm\pw ae-bmfn a\- p-If - n¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm\pap≈ i‡n
94 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

kºm-Zn-®-Xv. \mcm-bW Kpcp Db¿Øn-hn´ Bi-b-hn-kvt^m-S-\sØ

k¿h-i-‡n-tbmsS {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw AXv kaq-l-Øn¬ henb Ne-
\-߃ krjvSn-°m\pw "tIcf IuapZn' \S-Ønb CS-s]S-ep-Iƒ
hfsc hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Iayq-WnÃv Bi-b{- ]-Nm-cW
- Ø
- n-\mbn Bcw-
`n-®- "tZim-`n-am\n' °v kmaq-lnI am‰-Øn-\mbn Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n
\S-Øn-h∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf henb {]m[m-\y-tØmsS \¬Im-
\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬, cmjv{Sob˛kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS
`mK-am-hp-∂Xnepw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb C‘\w ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-∂-
Xnepw kzmX{¥ye_v[n-°p-ti-jw {]apJ ]{X-߬ ]eXpw
hnapJX ImWn-®p. tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \ne-bp-
d∏n®n-cp∂ ]{X-߃°v kzmX{¥ysa∂ e£yw t\Sn-b-tijw
\nb-X-amb as‰mcpe£yw \n›-bn®v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX
t]mbXv Hcp \yq\X Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu t]mcmbva ]n¬Ime
ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ cwKØv ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ henb
hSp-°ƒXs∂ Xo¿Øp. CXn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w \thm-∞m\
aqey-ß-fpsS XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂- ImcyØn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1980-I-fm-
b-t∏mtg°pw ]{X-hy-h-km-bw a’-cm-[n-jvTn-X-am-hp-Ibpw hm¿Øm-
aqeyw \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv AX-\p-k-cn®v amdp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-
sS- kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\apt∂-‰-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Cu ]n≥\-S-
ØØn\v thKw IqSn. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºp≈ \thm-∞m\ ]{X-
{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw hln-®-h-cn¬ tIkcn _me-IrjvW∏n-
≈, sI ]n tIi-h-ta-t\m≥, sI. tIf-∏≥, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥,
apl-ΩZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ kzmX-{¥ym-
\-¥cw AØcw CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øn-bXv tIcf Iuap-Zn-bn-eq-sSbpw
a‰pw ]n. sI _me-Ir-jvWs\t]mse H‰-s∏´ Nne¿ am{X-am-Wv.
kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºv kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fnse sX‰p-Isf Xncp-
Øm\pw icn-bmb am¿K-Øn-eqsS \bn-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p ]{X-߃
{i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv, kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fn¬ s]mfn-
s®-gptØm ]cn-jvIm-ctam A√, kaqlw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p
F∂v t\m°n AX-\p-kc - n®v {]h¿Øn-°p-Is
- b-∂\
- n-eb
- n-te°v am[y-
a-߃ amdn Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn-°p-ti-jw Npcp-
ßnb \mfp-I-fn¬Xs∂ tIcfw kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn¬ ]n≥\-SØw
XpS-ßn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. kzk-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 95

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw am‰n-sb-gp-Xm\pw AXn-eqsS kap-Zmb D∂-a-

\hpw e£y-an´v {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ PmXn, kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-Iƒ
B coXnbn¬\n∂v PmXncmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v {]h¿Ø\ ssien
am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXv Xp-Sß
- nb-tXm-sS-bmWv C-Xp-≠m-bX
- v. 1957¬ A[n-
Im-c-Øn¬h∂ CFw-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈
k¿°m-dns\ A´n-a-dn-°m≥ Bcw-`n® hntam-N\ kacw Cu ]n≥\-
S-Ø-Øns‚ IqSn DXv]-∂-am-bn-cp-∂p.
PmXob- X bpw h¿Ko- b - X bpw s]mXp- [ m- c - b n- t e°v ho≠pw
Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ hntam-N\ kacw sNdp-X-√mØ ]¶p-
X-s∂-bmWv hln-®-Xv. ss{IkvXh k`-Ifpw F≥.-F-kv.-F- ns‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \mb¿ hn`m-K-ßfpw k¿°m-cn-s\-Xnsc Xncn-®p-hn´
{]t£m`w cmjv{So-b-Øn-ep]cn kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb
tNcn-Xn-cn--hp-Iƒ°pw Imc-Wa
- m-bn. CsX√mw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\Ø - nepw
{]I- S - a m- b n. aebmf ]{X- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - Ø ns‚ BZy \qdp-
h¿jØn¬\n∂v XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-cp∂p ]n∂o-Sp≈ Ime-L-´w.
]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w hyh-km-b-Øns‚ `mK-am-hp-Ibpw {]^-j-W-en-
k-Øn\v ta¬ssI e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS e£y-t_m-[hpw
[m¿an-I-aq-eyhpw c≠mw \nc-bn-te°v X≈-s∏-´p. P\-ß-fpsS A`n-
cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v th≠ hn`-h-߃ \evIp-I-sb∂ \ne-bn-te°v
]{X-߃ AXns‚ hm¿Øm hn\ym-ksØ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn
Ah-ew-_n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. `qcn-]£w P\-ßfpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-
sXt¥m AXv \¬Ip-I-sb-∂-Xmbn ]n∂o-Sp≈ am‰w. P\m-`n-emjw
\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
kzmX-{¥ym-¥c tIc-f-Ønse 50 h¿jw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-
\-cw-K-Øp-≠mb Cu am‰-ßsf Ipdn®v C.-Fw.-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSpw
"ae-bmf at\m-ca' ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ sI Fw amXyphpw A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-´-Xn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ CXv hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

"kzmX{¥y e_v[n°p tij-ap≈ C¥y-bnepw kwÿm\

cq]o-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n\v tij-ap≈ tIc-fØ
- nepw ]pXnb C¥y-bn¬
]pXnb tIcfw sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-Wambn ae-
bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w amdp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. F∂m¬, \S-∂Xv Aß-s\-b-√. apX-em-fnØ am¿K-Øn-
eqsS C¥y-tbbpw tIc-f-tØbpw ]ptcm-K-an-∏n-°m-\p≈
96 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ `mK-ambn kzImcy em`-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ am[y-

a-ambn C¥y-bn-em-sIbpw tIc-fØ
- n-ep-ap≈ ]{X-ap-Sa
- I
- ƒ ]{X-
{]-h¿Ø-\sØ am‰n-Øo¿Øp. a‰p "_nkn-\ p' Isf t]mse
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw Hcp "_nkn-\ m' °nØo¿Øp. Cu
"_nkn-\kv' hXvI-c-W-amWv kzmX{¥y e_v[n-°p-ti-j-ap≈
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z'
˛C.-Fw-.Fkv, ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ AºXv h¿jw

"]{X-ß-fn¬ {]^-j-W-enkw h∂-tXm-sS, Ah kap-l-Øn¬

hln-®n-cp∂ ]¶nepw hyXymkw hcn-Ibpw ]{X-߃ kaq-
lm-`n-em-j-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂mWv
kzmX-{¥ym-\¥- c ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ ImX¬ F∂v Rm≥
Icp-Xp-∂p. kzmX{¥y ka-cI- m-esØ ]{Xm-[n-]∑- m-cn¬ _lp-
`q-cn-]-£hpw AXn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-°pI IqSn sNbvX-h-cm-Wv.
]{X-߃ kac Pnlz-I-fm-bn. tIm¨{K-kns‚ ]Xm-I-hm-l-
I-cm-bn. tIm¨{Kkv ]nf¿∂-t∏mƒ, ]{X-߃ AXp-hsc
hln-®n-cp∂ ]¶n\v am‰-ap-≠m-bn. Ah hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn
Imcy-߃ ImWm≥ XpS-ßn. apJ-{]-kw-Kß - f
- n¬ GsX-¶nepw
]m¿´n-bpsS ]£w ]nSn-®mepw hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ AXp-≠m-hn-
s√∂v h∂p. at\m-ca BZyImew sXm´v tIm¨{Kkv Nmbvhv
{]I-Sn-∏n® ]{X-am-Wv. ]s£, {]^-j-W-en-k-Øn¬ A[n-
jvTn-X-amb hm¿Øm-ho-£Ww h∂t∏mƒ hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb
hm¿Øm-dn-t∏m¿´nw-Knepw Ah-X-c-W-Øn-ep-amWv R߃
{i≤n-®-Xv.
˛sI. Fw. amXyp, ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ AºXv
h¿jw
CFw-Fkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn® _nkn-\kv hXvI-c-W-hpw sIFw
amXyp kΩ-Xn® "kaq-lm-`n-em-j-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p∂' coXn-
bpw-X-s∂-bmWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c tIc-f-Øn¬ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-
h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ KXn \n›-bn-®-Xv. CFw-Fkv Imcy-߃ EPp-hmbn
]d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sI Fw amXyp kΩ-Xn® "kmaq-ln-Im-`n-emjw'
ae-bmf at\m-ca Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ apJy-[mcm ]{X-߃ kzoI-cn®
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 97

coXn-bpw. kmaq-ln-Im-`n-emjw GXp coXn-bn-ep-≈X

- m-sW-¶nepw AXv
{]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-I-sb∂ s]mXp-k-ao-]\amWv ]n∂oSv ]{X-߃
kzoI-cn-®p-h-∂-Xv. icn-b-s√∂v ]q¿W-t_m-[y-ap≈ Imcy-߃
t]mepw Cu kmaq-ln-Im-`n-em-j-Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬s∏-SpØn
icn-bpsS ]£-tØ-°pw, hm¿Øm aqeyw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw
FØn-t®¿∂p. CXv ]e-t∏mgpw t\ctØ kzoI-cn® \thm-∞m\
e£y-߃°v XnI®pw ISI-hn-cp-≤-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

sFIy-tI-c-f-Ønse PmXn cmjv{Sobw

kzmX-{¥y-]n-d-hn-°p-apºpw tij-hp-ap≈ tIc-f-Ønse PmXn
cmjv{So-bsØ {]tXyIw A]-{K-Y\w \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. kmaq-lnI
kml-Nc - y-ßfpw cmjv{Sob am‰-ßfpw PmXn kwL-S\
- I
- f
- psS h¿Ø-
am-\-Ime {]k-‡n-bnepw {]h¿Ø\ coXn-bnepw am‰w hcp-tØ-
≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂ncn°m-sa-¶nepw kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c tIc-
f-Ønse PmXn kwL-S-\-IfpsS kao-]\w \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-ß-
fpsS XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ F{X-tØmfw klm-bn-®p-sh-∂Xv
henb tNmZy-ambn Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°pw.
19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ HSp-hnepw 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-ß-
fnepw \S∂ ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw Cugh satΩm-dn-bepw
\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m-`hpw kmaq-lnI hnIm-k-Øns‚ KXn-thKw
Iq´nb P\-ap-t∂-‰-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿ `cW kwhn-[m-
\-Øn\v Iognse \n¿WmbI ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Xangv {_mlva-W-a-
cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-∂- ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬
]pXnb kmaq-ln-Im-h-t_m-[-amWv krjvSn-®Xv. CXns‚ XpS®bm-
bn-cp∂p Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬. hnZym-kº-∂-cmb Hcp-hn-`mKw
A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse D∂-X-]-Z-hn-I-fnse Xan-gv{_m-lva-
Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Bcw-`n® ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬ ]pXnb
cmjv{So-bm-h-t_m-[-amWv krjvSn-®-Xv. hnhn[ PmXn-I-fn¬s]´ \nc-
h[n t]¿ H∏n´ \nth-Z\w 1981¬ ae-bmfn satΩmdn-b-embn Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v ka¿∏n-®p. A©p-h¿j-Øn\v tijw
tUm. ]ev]p-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Cug-h-cpsS Ah-Imi \ntj-[-
Øn-s\-Xn-cmb kwL-SnX apt∂‰w Cug-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b-embn k¿°m-
dn\v ka¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. 13,176 Cug-hcpsS Ht∏m-Sp-IqSn 1896 sk]vXw-
_¿ aq∂n-\mWv Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v ka¿∏n-®-Xv.
98 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Cug-h¿°pw a‰v ]n∂m-°-hn-`m-K-°m¿°pw k¿°m¿ tPmen \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬. alm-
cm-Pm-hn¬\n∂v CXn-\p≈ adp-]Sn \ncm-im-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. e£yw
t\Sm≥ At∏mƒ km[n-®n-s√-¶nepw Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ah-
Im-i-t_m[w Db¿Øm≥ klm-bn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p B {]t£m-`w.
kzmX{¥y kacw i‡n- b m¿Pn- ® - t ijw 1930- I - f n- e mWv
\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m-`-Øn-eqsS tIcfw IS-∂p-t]m-b-Xv. 1932se `c-
W-L-S\m ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-tj-[-ambmWv \nh¿Ø\
{]t£m`w cq]-s∏-´-Xv. ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \nb-a-k-`-bn¬
P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-Ia- mbn Cug-h¿°pw apkveo-߃°pw {InkvXym-
\n-Iƒ°pw Ipd™ {]mXn-\n[yw am{Xw e`n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw
krjvSn-°-s∏-´-t∏m-gm-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-tj[w Ae-b-Sn-®-Xv. P\-kw-
Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb {]mXn-\n[yw Bh-iy-s∏´v kn tIi-h-s‚bpw
F≥ hn tPmk-^n-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kwbp-‡c - m-jv{Sob kanXn
cq]o- I - c n®v ]n∂m° hn`m- K - ß ƒ {]t£m- ` - Ø n- t e°v \oßn.
\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w tIc-f-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp Xnc-bn-f°w Xs∂-
bmWv Xo¿Ø-Xv. cmPy-t{Zm-l-Ip‰w NpaØn kn. tIi-hs\ Pbn-en-
eS® kp{]-kn-≤-amb "tImg-t©cn {]kwKw' Cu {]t£m-`-Øn-
\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.
\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w henb hnP-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p. Cug-h, apkveow,
{InkvXy≥ hn`m-Kß- ƒ°v k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬ kwh-cWw G¿s∏-
Sp- Ø n. ]n∂m° hn`m- K - ß ƒ°v k¿°m¿ DtZym- K - ß - f n¬
kwhcWw e`y-am-°m-\mbn ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-js\ \ntbm-
Kn-®p. `qkz-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Cfhv hcpØn kΩ-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw
]n∂m-°-°m-cn¬IqSn e`y-am-Ip∂ am‰w h∂p. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬
ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw Cugh satΩm-dn-bepw Db¿Øn-hn´
cmjv{Sob˛km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m-[w aq∂p-\m-ep-]-Xn-‰m≠n\v tijw
e£yw t\Sp∂ Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bmWv sNbvX-X-sX-
∂p-]-d-bmw.
kmap-Zm-bnI˛PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ ssIh-cn® Cu cmjv{So-b-mh-
t_m[w kzmX-{¥yØn\pw sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn°pw tijw kwÿm-
\sØ ssZ\wZn\ cmjv{So-b-Ønse \n¿Wm-bI CS-]-sS-ep-Iƒ
\S-Øp∂ LS-I-ambn ]n∂oSv amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬, sFIy-
tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn°v tijw Cu PmXn-˛-km-ap-Zm-bnI i‡n-I-fpsS
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß 99

{]h¿Ø\w kΩ¿Z-cm-jv{So-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXo-b-ambn kwL-Sn-

°p-Ibpw kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øm-\p≈ tijn ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNøp-
∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta P\m-[n-]X
- y-Ønse hne-t]-i¬ cmjv{So-bØ
- n¬
{]mapJyw t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂ \ne-bn-te°v PmXn-˛-km-ap-Zm-bnI
kwL-_-esØ am‰n-sb-Sp-°pIbmWv ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. kmaq-lnI
\thm-∞m\ ImeØv PmXn hnth-N\w C√m-Xm-°m≥ {iaw \S-
Ønb PmXn-˛-km-ap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ, ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-
Xy-Øn¬ PmXo-b-ambn kwL-Sn®v kΩ¿Z i‡n-bmbn amdp-I-sb∂
\ne-bn-te°v Xß-fpsS \b-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw am‰n-sb-Sp-Øp.
\thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]nevIme [m¿an-I-Xsb Ipdn-®v
]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\w A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ tXm∂-emWv PmXn-˛-a-X-cm-
jv{Sob i‡n-IfpsS Cu kΩ¿Zw krjvSn-®Xv.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ PmXob-X-bpsS ]p\-ÿm-]-\-amWv sFIy-tI-c-
f-∏n-d-hn°v tij-ap-≠mb kmaq-lnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-sa-∂p-]-d-bmw.
hntam-N-\ ka-c-Im-eØv cq]-s∏´ ]pXnb {[qho-I-cWw ]n∂o-S-
tßm´v i‡-ambnØs∂ tIcfØns‚ s]mXp-afi - e
- Ø
- n¬ hym]-
cn-®p. {io\m-cm-b-Wo-b¿ Fkv-F≥Un]n cq]o-I-cn®v XpSßnb kap-
Zmb kwL-Sm\ kwhn-[m\w ]n∂oSv ]pe-b¿°pw \mb¿°pw \ºq-
Xn-cn-am¿°psa√mw kz¥w kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {]tNm-Z-\-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwL-S-\-I-sf√mw Xs∂ cq]o-I-cW L´-Øn¬
kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-tIm-∂-a-\-am-bn-cp∂p e£y-an-´-Xv. C∂v
F√m PmXn-Iƒ°pw, Ah ]n∂m-°tam ap∂m-°tam BI-s´, kwL-
S-\-sb∂ \ne-bn-te°v tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ln-Im-hÿ amdn-°-gn-
™p. PmXn tNmZn-°-cp-sX∂pw ]d-b-cp-sX-∂p-a√ PmXn-]-d-™p-am-
{Xta Ah-Imiw t\Sm≥ Ignbq F∂v Fkv-F≥Un]n \ne-]-mSv
]c-ky-ambn Xs∂ am‰n-∏-d-™p. F≥-F-kv-Fkpw FkvF≥Un-
]nbpw sFIy-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w AI-ep-Ibpw AtX-k-abw
Xs∂ h¿Ko-b-{[q-ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ km[y-X -Im-Wp-tºmƒ hnim-e-
ln-μp-sF-Iy-sa∂ t]cn¬ Ipdp-ap-∂Wn kΩ¿Zw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
XpS-ßn. cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xzw PmXobbpsS NXp-cØn-te°v th¿Xn-
cn-°-s∏-´p. Cu kml-N-cysØ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ tUm. sI.-F≥ ]Wn-
°¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"tIc-f-Øn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS cq]o-I-

cW Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvXa
- mb Hcp ZuXy-
100 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

amWv C∂v Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw PmXn-

kw-L-S-\-Ifpw PmXn-˛-a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W-kw-L-S-\-I-fm-bmWv
\ne-hn¬h-∂-Xv. BNm-c-ß-sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw ]cn-
jvI-cn°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS ZuXyw. AXn¬\n∂v
amdn C∂v PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ Hcp sNdnb hn`m-K-Øns‚
Xmev]-cy-ßsf kwc-£n-°m-\p-≈ kwL-S-\m-cq-]-ß-fmbn
amdn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.'
˛sI.F≥. ]Wn-°¿, ^mjn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ

am[ya Xmfp-I-fnse PmXo-bX

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ PmXn {[pho-I-c-WsØ XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-
ß-f√ sFIy-tI-cf ]nd-hn°v tijw am[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn® coXn.
AXv i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-XIpw hn[w am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW
\n¿t√m-]-am-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn Nn¥ tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v am‰p-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ e£yw, ]Icw PmXn Nn¥ Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p∂ \S-
]-Sn-I-fmWv am[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-b-sX∂v ImWmw.
kh¿Wcpw ap∂m° PmXn-°mcpw t]cn-s\m∏w PmXn-t∏¿ tN¿Øv
kap-Zm-b-Ønse Xß-fpsS A[o-iXzw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂ `qX-Im-e-
Øn\v Gd-°psd am‰w hs∂-¶nepw C∂pw PmXn-t∏cv A`n-am\
Nn”-ambn kq£n-°p∂ kh¿W-˛-ap-∂m° kap-Zm-bmwK-߃ tIc-
f-Øn¬ [mcm-f-am-Wv. Rmb-dmgvN ]{X-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ sshhm-lnI
]c-ky-ß-fnse hmIy-߃ am{Xw {i≤n-®m¬ PmXn-Nn¥ Ct∏mgpw
F{X-tØmfw \ΩpsS s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ cqV-aq-e-ambn \ne-\n-
evIp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-Ipw.
PmXnt∏cv kh¿W˛ap∂m° hn`m- K - ß ƒ°v am{X- a mWv
Ct∏mgpw `qj-Ww. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse Cu hnizm-k-[m-csb
XI¿°p-Ib - √
- , adn®v {]Xn-tem-aI
- c
- a
- mb Cu {]h-WX
- sb t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-߃.
Poh-\-°m-cpw teJ-Icpw PmXn-t∏-cn-eqsS Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv A`nam-
\am-bn sIm≠p-\-S-°p-∂-hcmWv ae-bmf at\m-c-a. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-
I-\-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ PmXn-t∏cv tN¿°mØ dnt∏m¿´¿amcn¬ ]ecpw
]n∂oSv PmXn-t∏cv tN¿Øv ]{X-Xm-fp-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´Xv PmXo-
b-X-bpsS ]p\-ÿm-]-\-Ønse sNdnb Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{Xta
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws101
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

BIp-∂p-≈q. Aßs\ tN¿°-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ DS-a-Iƒ

sNøp-∂Xpw PmXo-b-XbpsS ]p\-ÿm-]\w Xs∂.
Gsd ]cn-jvIr-Xs - a∂v Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-tºmgpw PmXn-hn-th-N\
- hpw
Ducp-hn-e-°p-apƒ∏-sS-bp≈ kmaq-lnI sshIr-X-߃ Ct∏mgpw
H‰-s∏-´ -tXm-Xn-se-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fn-embn \ne-
\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. teJ-I¿ hy‡n-]-c-amb Xmev]-cy-ß-sf-SpØv
hcp∂ H‰-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Itfm ]c-º-c-Itfm A√msX, Ah Zqco-I-
cn-°m-\≈ i‡-amb CS-s]-S-en\v t{]cn-∏n°pw hn[w hnj-bsØ
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ am[y-a-߃ Xøm-dm-Ip∂n-√. Hmtcm Znh-khpw
]{X-ß-fn¬ A®-Sn-®p-h-cp∂ At\Iw hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬
H∂mbn CØcw hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]cy-h-km-\n-°p∂XmWv ]Xn-hv.
kmaq-lnI H‰-s∏-S¬ hm¿Ø-bm-bm¬ t]mepw AXns‚ ]nevIm-
em-hÿ Fs¥∂ At\z-jW -- -Øn-\pw Bcpw apXn-cm-dn-√.

^Ww hnS¿Ønb h¿Ko-bX

Zo¿L-C-S-th-f°v tijw tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ h¿Ko-bX AXns‚
cu{Z-`m-hØ
- n¬ Ah-Xc - n-®Xv 1990-If
- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. 1989¬ tI{μ-Øn¬
A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ hn]n knwKv k¿°m¿, k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-
I-fn¬ Zen-Xv-˛-]n-∂m° hn`m-K-Øn\v sXmgn¬ kwh-cWw G¿s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn afi¬I-Ωn-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xmbn
{]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS kh¿W sslμ-hX AXns‚ XmgvXn-sh®ncp∂
^Ww Db¿Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. afi¬ {]Jym-]\w cmPy-sa-ßp-ap≈
ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ ZenXv˛Io-gmf hn`m-K-Øn\v ]pXnb DW¿hmWv
\¬In-b-Xv. kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Zqjn-X-h-ebw XI¿sØ-
dn-bm\pw ]uc-∑m-cpsS KW-Øn¬t]mepw s]Sm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvX henb P\-hn-`m-KØ - n\v Xe Db¿Øm-\p≈ Bfl-hn-izmkw
AXv \¬In. CXns\ sNdp-°m-\mbn kh¿W-˛-apt-∂m° hn`m-K-
߃ \S-Ønb {ia-߃ cmPy-saßpw henb Iem-]-Øn-\mWv
\mμn-Ip-dn-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v Atbm-[y-bn¬ _m_-dn akvPnZv XI¿°-
s∏-Sp-II
- qSn sNbvXt- XmsS hn`-P\ - m-\¥-ca - p-≠mb Iem-]t- Ø-°mƒ
arKo-b-amb hwi-lXy cmPy-sa-ßp-ap-≠m-bn.
hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ D≠m-bn-s√-¶nepw tIc-f-
Øns‚ s]mXp-km-aq-ln-IL-S\- b
- psS ASn-Ø´- n¬ Akz-ÿX
- b
- psS
]pI-®p-cpƒ Db¿Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu kw`-h-߃. hm¿Ø-Isf
102 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Gsd-°ptd ]Iz-X-tbmsS kao-]n®v Iem]w ]S-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈

Pm{K-X-bm¿∂ kao-]\w A°m-eØv tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-߃
kzoI-cn°pI-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬, kaq-l-a-\-km£nbn¬ PmXn-˛-km-
ap-Zm-bnI {[pho-I-c-W-Øns‚ hym]vXn Iq´n-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu kw`-
h-ß-sf-√mw. Iem]w XS-bp-Itbm D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ Pm{KX
]pe¿Øp-Itbm sNøp∂p F∂-sXm-gn-®m¬, kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-
Ø-´n¬ CØcw tNcn-Xn-cn-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ a‰v {]h¿Ø-\-
߃s°√mw {]Nmcw \¬Ip-I-bmWv am[y-a-߃ sNøp-∂-Xv.
h¿Kob kwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-X-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw, ]pXnb
ImeØv AXn-Po-h\w km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ PmXob-amtbm kmap-
Zm-bn-I-amtbm kwL-Sn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂p F∂ tXm∂¬ krjvSn°pw
hn[w hm¿Ø-Iƒ hn\y-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, t_m[-]q¿htam A√m-sX-
tbm.
kaq-l-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bn¬ h-cp∂ am‰-Øns‚ {]Xn-
^-e\w IqSn CØcw hm¿Øm-hn-\ym-k-Øn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Hgp-°n-s\-Xnsc \o¥p-∂Xn\v ]Icw AXn-s\m∏w \o¥p-I-bmWv
am[y-a-߃ sNøp-∂-Xpw. kap-Zm-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬
ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb am‰-߃ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv
Hcp -bm-Ym¿Yy-am-Wv. a‰p-k-ap-Zm-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Xß-
fpsS Ah-ÿsb hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ coXn CXn-\mbn Ah-ew-
_n-°p-∂p. sI.-F≥ ]Wn-°¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI:
"Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tami-amb Ah-ÿbv°v ImcWw CX-
c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse ]ptcm-K-Xn-bm-sW∂v Ah¿ sX‰mbn hniz-
kn-°p-∂p. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv apkveo-ß-
fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ImgvN-∏m-Sv, Ah-Im-i-߃
\ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv lnμp-°ƒ ]e-ta-J-e-bnepw ]ptcm-K-
an-®p-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬
]e kap-Zm-b-ßfpw Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ a‰v kap-Zm-b-
߃ Iø-S-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v hmZn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ, aXm-Sn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-°≠ Bh-iy-I-Xsb Ipdn®v Nn¥n-
°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.'

˛-^m-jn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ, sI.-F≥ ]Wn-°¿

 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws103
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Xpe\w sNø¬ Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-

°m-\p≈ kΩ¿Z-i-‡n-bmbn amdm≥ kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-Isf
{]m]vXc
- m-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. F∂m¬, kaq-lØ
- ns‚ ASn-Ø´- n¬ AXv
krjvSn-°p∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

aqe-[\ Xmev]-cy-ßfpw hnizm-k-ß-fpsS ]p\-ÿm-]-\hpw

ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ]q¿W-ambpw hymh-km-bnI apJw
kzoI-cn-®Xv 1980-I-fn-em-sW∂v ]d-bmw. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw AXn-
Po-hn® ]{X-߃ {]Nmcw h¿[n-∏n-°m\pw _nkn-\kv Xmev]-
cym¿Yhpw IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-∏p-I-sf∂ e£yw h®v apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥
XpS-ßn. hm¿Ø-Iƒ AXn-th-K-sa-Øn-°p-∂Xn\pw {]mtZ-in-I-
hm¿Ø- I - f psS km[y- X - I ƒ D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X n\pw
C{XtØmfw klm-b-I-c-amb as‰m∂pw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ cwK-Øp-
≠m-bn-´n-s√∂v ]d-bmw. taJe Xncn-®p≈ FUn-j-\p-Iƒ°v ]Icw
hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb F√m ]{X-߃°pw Pn√m tI{μ-ß-fn¬
{]tXyIw FUn-j-\p-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn-te°v Ct∏mƒ amdn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.
hrØm¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬\n∂v aqe-[\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-
Øn-te-°p-≈ Cu am‰-tØmsS F¥v h - m¿Ø-bmImw F∂Xn¬\n∂v
amdn F¥pw hm¿Øbm-Ip-sa∂v h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. B¿°pw
aqSn-sh-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-hn[w hm¿Øm-temIw kzX-{¥-am-°-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp-]{Xw Xa-kvI-cn-®mepw at‰-sX-¶nepw ]{Xw AXv
\evIp-∂{X kzX-{¥amWv Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-cw-Kw.
hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ dnt∏m¿´¿am-cpsS FÆw IqSn-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]{X-߃°pw {]mtZ-inI {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-≠m-bn-
°-gn-™p. ]{X-hn-X-c-W-°m-cmb GP‚p-am¿Xs∂ hm¿Ø-I-f-dn-bn-
°p∂ \ne-bn-te°v hf¿∂p-Ig - n-™p. CXn-se-√m-ap-]cn hmb-\°
- m¿
t\cn´v hm¿Ø-Iƒ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p-{]n-b-s∏´ ]{X-Øn¬
B hm¿Ø h∂n-cn-°-W-sa∂ Xmev]-cy-Øn-\\p-kcn®v {]h¿Øn-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Ønse P\-Iob
hnkvt^m-S-\-Im-e-Øneq-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ae-bmf am[ya cwKw
k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-s\m∏w kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw {]^-jW-en-
khpw anI-hns‚ ]pXnb Db-c-߃ tXSp-∂p. am[ya taJ-e-bnse
aqe-[\hXvI-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-amWv CsX-√mw. aqe-[-\-Xm-ev]cyw
104 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

hm¿Ø-I-fpsS kz`m-h-sØbpw hm¿ØIƒ \evIp∂ coXn-sbbpw

Xs∂ Nne-t∏mƒ kzm[o-\n-t®-°m-dp-s≠-¶nepw temIw apgp-h≥
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ ]pXnb hnkvt^m-S-\-˛-hn-Im-
k-Øn¬\n∂v amdn-\n-¬°m≥ ae-bmf ]{X-߃°v Ign-bn-√.
Aßs\ amdn \n¬°p-∂-h¿ Adp-]-g-©-\m-hp-Itbm Ime-l-c-W-
s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøpw.
aqe-[\ Xmev]-cyw ]{X-ßfpsSkmaq-lnI ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifnepw
{]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. kzX{¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, \njv]-£-X,
[m¿an-IX F∂nßs\ am[y-a-cwKw \nc-¥cw N¿®-Iƒ°pw hna¿i-
\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ \nc-h[n hnj-b-ß-fp-≠v. CsX√mw
]m{X-Ønse Pew t]mse-bm-Wv. GXp-]m-{XØn¬ Pew tiJ-cn-
°p∂p F∂-X-\p-k-cn-®p-am{Xta AXn\v cq]-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-≈q.
Hcmƒ°v kzX-{¥hpw \njv]-£hpw [m¿an-I-hp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂Xv
A]-c-\p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. F√m-h-scbpw Hcp-t]mse Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ H∂pw Hcp-Im-eØpw km[y-am-hp-I-bp-an-√.
Cu aqe-[\ Xm¬]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn PmXn˛aX˛-hn-izm-k-tI-{μo-
Ir-X-amb kw`-h-ßsf kao-]n-°pI F∂-Xn-te°v B[p-\nI am[y-
a-cwKw FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≠v. {]Nm-c-Øn\v tIm´-ap-≠mIpw hn[w
hnizm-k-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb H∂n¬ hm¿Ø-Itfm A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-
ßtfm \S-Øm≥ C∂v ]{X-߃ apXn-cm-dn-√. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬
\thm∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ap∂n¬\n∂v \bn® ]{X-
߃t]mepw Ct∏mƒ {]Nm-c˛]-c-ky-tI-{μo-IrXamb hymP-an-X-
Xz-Øn-te°v ]e-t∏mgpw t]mIp∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. hnizm-
ksØ Fßs\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]Nm-c-h¿[-\bv°v D]-tbm-Kn°mw
F∂-XmWv B[-p\nI am[y-a-{]-^-j-Wen-kw. Cu X{¥w hnP-b-
I-c-ambn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw ap∂n¬ ae-bmf at\m-cabpw amXr-`q-
anbpw Xs∂. awK-fhpw Cu a’-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. tIcf Iuap-
Zn-bm-Is´ Cu t{iWn-bn¬ HmSn-Ø-f¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C{X-
tØm-f-an-s√-¶nepw a‰p]-{X-߃s°m∂pw aX-hn-izm-kkw-_-‘n-
bmb hm¿Ø- I - f n¬\n∂v Hgn™p \n¬°m≥ Ign- ™ n- ´ n- √ ,
Aßs\ Ign-tb-≠-Xp-an√.
F∂m¬, hnizm-k-ßsfbpw BNm-c-ß-sfbpw AXns‚ kzm`m-
hn-I-X-bn¬ Ihn™v s]cp-∏n®v ImWn-°p-∂Xpw hnizm-kn-Isf
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws105
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

{hW-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ A\m-Nm-c-߃°p-t\sc IÆ-

S-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\Øn\v \n¿Wm-
bI kw`m-h\ \¬Inb ]{X-߃°v Hcp-X-c-Ønepw `qj-W-a-√.
1990-Iƒ°v tijw hnizm-k-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-
ßfnte°v s]mXp-k-aq-lsØ t_m[-]q¿hw \bn-°p-tºm-gmWv
]{X-߃ AXv Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ Ip‰-I-c-amb
\n w-KX ]pe¿Øp-Itbm sNbvX-sX∂v ImWmw.
tZio-b-]-{X-Øns‚ s]cp-a-bp≈ amXr-`qan sslμh Xmev]-cy-
߃°v ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p-s≠∂ hna¿i\w amXr-`q-an-bpsS
{]mcw-`-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xm-Wv. "\mb-∑m-cpsS
]{Xw' F∂ Bt£]ambn-cp∂p XpS°w apX¬. kn. IrjvW≥
]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn Xoø-cpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn XpS-ßnb "anX-hmZn'
bpw apl-ΩZv A_vZp-d-lvam≥ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn XpS-ßnb "A¬-˛-A-
-ao\pw' XpS°w apX¬ amXr-`q-an-bpsS Cu Xm¬]-cy-ßsf hna¿in-
®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Znh-k-߃ \o≠ kwhm-
Z-߃Xs∂ Cu ]{X-߃°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. alm-flm-Km-
‘n-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ lcn-em¬ Km‘n Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn®v
ssiJv A_vZp-√m-Km-‘n-bmbt∏mgm-bn-cp∂p A¬ Aao-≥ hna¿i\w
D∂-bn-®-Xv. Cu kw`hw amXr-`qan Xs∂ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Cß-
s\-bmWv:

"alm-flm-K-‘n-bpsS aqØ aI≥ lcn-em¬ Km‘n C…mw

aXw kzoI-cn®v ssiJv A_vZp-√m-Km-‘n-bm-bXv C°m-e-Øm-
Wv, 1936 sabn¬. C¥ybn-se-∂-√, temI-sØm-´msI A∂v
hen-sbmcp N¿®m-hn-j-b-ambnØo¿∂p, Cu aXw am‰w.
F∂m¬, amXr-`qan A°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp DZm-ko\ \b-amWv
kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ae-_m-dnse apk¬am-∑m-dn¬ Hcp-hn-`mKw Cu
DZm-ko\ \b-Øn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. A_vZp-≈m-
K-‘n-bpsS C…mw aX-kzo-I-cWw icn-bm-sbmcp hnizm-k-]-
cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ^e-am-sW∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ Ah¿, aX-
an-s√∂p ]d-bp∂ amXr-`qan Cu aXw-am-‰sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-
I-Xs∂ thW-sa∂pw hniz-kn-®n-cn-°-Ww. 1936 sk]vXw-_-
dn¬ ssiJv A_vZp≈ Km‘n°v s]m∂m-\n-bn¬ Hcp {]apJ
106 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

apkveow aX kwL-S-\-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hcp kzoI-cWw

\¬I-s∏-´p. {]kvXpX kzoI-c-W-tbm-K-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-
s∏´ {]ta-b-ß-fn¬ H∂v amXr-`q-an-bpsS DZm-ko\ \b-Øn¬
{]Xn- t j- [ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw amXr- ` qan _ln- j v I - c n- ° m≥
ap…oßsf Blzm\w sNøp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.'
˛am-Xr-`q-an-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, c≠mw hmeyw
lcn-em-ens‚ aXw-am-‰sØ Ipdn®v Km‘nPn \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-
c-W-Øns‚ NphSp ]nSn-®m-bn-cp∂p A∂v amXr-`qan CXn¬ Xß-
fpsS `mKw \ymbo-I-cn-®-Xv. Km‘nPn CXn\v \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-
cWw Cß-s\-bmWv:
"Cu aXw am‰w lrZ-b-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ sFln-I-hn-Nm-c-߃
H∂pw-Xs∂ IqSm-ØXpw Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, F\n°v Bt£-
]-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Fs‚ aX-sØ-
t∏m-se-Xs∂ kXy-am-b-XmWv C…mw aXhpw F∂p Rm≥
hniz-kn-°p-∂p'. F∂m¬, lcn-em-ens‚ aXw am‰-Øn¬
X\n°v kwi-bp-ap-s≠∂v hy‡-am-°n-bmWv Km‘nPn hni-
Zo-I-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. amXr-`q-an-bm-Is´ apJ-{]-kw-
K-Øn-eqsS C°m-cy-Øn¬ \bw hy‡-am-°n: "aXw hy‡n-I-
fpsS kz¥w Imcy-am-Wv. Hcm-fpsS aXw-am-‰-Øn¬, Bbmƒ°-
√msX a‰m¿°pw kt¥m-j-Ønt\m k¥m-]-Ønt\m Ah-
Im-i-an-√. aXw-am-‰w-sIm≠v X\n°v B[ym-flnIc£ e`n®p
F∂p IcpXn Hcmƒ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬,
Abm-fpsS kt¥m-j-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°pw BÀm-Zn-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, {]kvXm-h-\-bnep≈ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
Aß-s\-bp≈ BÀm-Z-Øn\pw hI-bn-√. hnizm-kw-sIm-≠-
√, `uXn-I-amb Nne kuI-cy-߃ Dt±-in-®mWv X߃ aXw
amdp-∂-sX∂v Aßs\ aXw amdp-∂-h¿Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-
≠v.'
˛am-Xr-`q-an-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, c≠mw hmeyw
X߃°v aXhpw PmXn-bp-an-s√∂v {]Jym-]n®v \nc-h[n apJ-{]-
kw-K-߃ Xs∂ amXr-`q-an°v hni-Zo-I-c-W-ambn \¬tI-≠n-h-∂n-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws107
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

cp-∂p. F∂n´pw apt∂m-°-˛-k-h¿W sslμh Xm¬]cyØns\m∏w

\n¬°p∂ ]{X-sa∂ ]gn-bmWv amXr-`qan Ct∏mgpw tIƒt°-≠n-
h-cp- ∂-Xv. CXv adn-IS- °
- m-\mbn CXc aX-ßf
- p-sbSpw ]n∂m° PmXn-
Ifp-sSbpw hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v \√ ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw apg-
®p-\n¬°p∂ sslμ-hm-`n-ap-JysØ ad-®p-sh-°m≥ amXr-`q-an°v Ign-
bm-dn-√. hcn-°mcpw hmb-\-°m-cp-amb henb hn`mKw lnμp-a-X-
ÿ-cm-sW-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ i‡-amb kz¥w ASn-Ødbv°v
Cf°w X´mXn-cn-°m≥ CØcw hnj-b-ßsf ssIImcyw sNøp∂-
Xn¬ amXr-`qan _≤-{i-≤-\¬Ip∂p. lnμp-hn-izm-kn-Isf Xr]vXn-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn tZho-˛-tZ-h-∑m-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂ hntij
Znh-k-ß-fn¬ H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ Xs∂ Ah-cpsS Nn{Xw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-
°p∂ coXn amXr-`qan CS-°m-eØv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p, {]tXyI NS-
ß-fpsS hm¿Ø F∂ cq]-Øn-e-√msX Xs∂!

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse `‡n
`‡n Hcp hyh-km-bambn -amdn F∂-XmWv B[p-\nI tIc-f-
Øns‚ as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. at‰Xv hyh-km-b-tØ-°mfpw Ffp-∏-
Øn¬ hn]-Wn-bpsS ioe-ßsf kzmwio-I-cn-°m\pw D]-t`m-‡m-
hns‚ a\- n-te°v Bgv∂n-d-ßm\pw `‡n°v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
`‡n- h n- I m- k - Ø ns‚ tNcp- h - I ƒ kaq- l - Ø n¬ GXp Xe- ß -
fn¬\n∂pw Db¿∂p-h-cmw. Cu tNcp-h-Isf ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw `‡n-hn-]-Wn-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ A\¥-am-sW∂v
a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv am[y-a-ß-fm-Wv. Itºm-f-Øn¬ GXp
hym]m-c-Øn\pw hyh-km-b-Ønepw \jvS-km-[y-X-Iƒ Gsd-bm-Wv.
`‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ adn-®pw. \jvSw kw`-hn-°m≥ GsX-¶nepw
km[y-X-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv hnizm-kn-sb∂ D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v am{X-
am-bn-cn-°pw. hnizm-k-Øns‚ Iºn-fn-∏p-X-∏n-\p-≈n¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ \jvSw hcpØp∂ ac-hn-∏n-s\bpw hn[n-sb∂m-iz-kn®v Ign-
tb-≠n-h-cn-I-bmWv hnizm-kn.
`‡nbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw sI´p-]n-W-
™p-In-S-t°≠ H∂-√. hn]-Wn- km[y-X-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂X - n¬ ]{X- D-Sa
- I
- ƒ ssIh-cn® anSp-°ns‚ ^e-ambn C∂v
AX-ßs\ InS-°p-∂p. Cu kml-Ncyw Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ k°-
dn-b \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv :
108 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

"tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv `‡n, ]{X-

{]- h ¿Ø\w F∂ c≠v hyh- k m- b - ß ƒ H∂v t N¿∂v
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp {]tXyI Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬
as‰mcp kwkvIm-c-Ønepw as‰mcp `mj-bnepw Cß-s\-sbmcp
hn]Wn {]Xn-`mkw Zriy-a-√. `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ hn]-
Wn-Xm-ev]-cy-߃ hm¿Ø-I-fn-te°v \nKq-V-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿hm-Wn-Py-]-c-ambn kzm[o-\n-°-
s∏-Sp-tºmgpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿Xs∂ `‡-cmbn amdp-tºmgpw
CXv kw`hn-°mw. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ hm¿Øsb Xs‚ `‡n-
bn-eq-sS, As√-¶n¬ , `‡n-hm-Wn-Py-Xm-ev]-cy-ß-fpsS {]Nm-
c-tWm-]m-[n-bmbn Zpcp-]t- bm-Ks
- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hm¿Ø Ifhmbn
amdp-∂p'

˛ `--- ‡nbpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw, Iem-Iu-apZn, am¿®v 2003

aXw, PmXn, `‡n XpS-ßnbhsb kao-]n-°p-tºmƒ `‡n-bpsS
hn]-Wn-km-[y-X-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS
ho£n-°m≥ am[ya߃ {ian-°p-∂Xv Cu Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬Iq-
Sn- b m- W v . AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ \n¿Wm- b - I - a mb F¥p- ] - c n-
jvImc\n¿tZ-i-ßfpw `‡n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ taJ-e-bn¬ Db¿∂p-
h-cp-tºmƒ hn]Wn e£yw-h-®p≈ kao-]\w am{Xw aXn-sb∂
\ne-bn-te°v B[p-\nI am[y-a-߃ ˛th¿Xn-cn-th-Xp-an-√msX˛
FØn-t®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp≠m-°p∂ {]Xym-LmXw hep-Xm-Wv.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-ßsf XI¿Øp-I-f-
bp∂ coXn-bn¬, BNmc \njvT-Ifpw hnizmk {]am-W-ßfpw ]p\-
ÿm-]n-°m≥ \SØp∂ t_m[-]q¿h {ia-ßsf Xpd-∂p-Im-´m≥
B[p-\nIImeØv ]{X-߃ hnap-JX ImWn-°p-∂ \ne-bn-te°v
AXv FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ kzX-{¥hpw \n¿`-
b-hp-amb A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w X߃°v Xs∂ BXy-¥n-I-amb
Xncn-®SnbmIp-sa∂ `b-amWv Cu Dƒh-en-b-en\v {][m\ Imc-Ww.
1990- I ƒ°p- t ijw t£{X- ß - f psS ]p\- c p- ≤ m- c - W - Ø nepw
apkveow˛ss{I-kvXh tZhm-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xnepw t\c-sØ-
bn-√mØ Xmev]cyw AXXp kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂n-´p-≠v.-
F√m Bcm-[m-\m-e-b-ß-fnepw FØn-t®-cp∂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws109
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

FÆhpw Hmtcm h¿jhpw IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, CtX-

k-μ¿`-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fnse Nn´-h-´-߃ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p∂
Imcy-Øn¬ amaq-ep-Iƒ ssIsh-Sn-bm≥ Hcp-°-a-s√∂ ISpw-]n-Sp-
Ø-Øn-emWv hnizmkn kaq-lw. KpW-]-c-ambn amtd≠ CØcw
N¿®-I-fn¬t]mepw ss[cy-k-taXw CS-s]-Smt\m A`n-{]mbw tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ømt\m ]{X-߃ Xøm-d-√.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw henb Nph-
Sp-sh-∏m-bn-cp∂p Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{K-lw. AtX Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Aº-
e-Øn¬ tIm¨{Kkv t\Xmhv hb-em¿ chn-bpsS sIm®-pa-I\v
\evInb tNmdqWv krjvSn® tImem-lew \thm-∞m\ tIc-f-
Øns‚ apJ-tØ°p≈ sNfn-hm-cn-tb-dm-bn-cp-∂p. hb-em¿ chn-bpsS
`mcy tagvkn-c-hn-bm-bn-cp∂p hnhm-Z-Øns‚ Cc. ss{IkvXh hnizm-
kn-bmbn-cp∂ tagvkn-bpsS aI\pw sIm®p-a-I\pw sslμ-h-t£-{X-
Øn¬ {]th-i\w km[y-am-b-Xp-Xs∂ Kpcp-X-c-amb BNm-c-\n-tj-
[-ambpw t£{X-ip-≤nsb If-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-
´p. ]cn-lm-c-{In-b-bn-eqsS ip≤n Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®mWv Kpcp-hm-bq¿
t£{X-\-S-Øn-∏p-Im¿ tZhs‚ AlnXw am‰n-bXv! t£{X-Øn¬
{]th-in® hb-em¿ chn-bpsS aI-s‚bpw sIm®p-a-I-s‚bpw hnizm-
k-߃°m-bn-cp-∂n-√, ]Icw t£{X-Øn¬ {]th-in-°mØ tagvkn-
bpsS hnizm-k-am-bn-cp∂p Kpcp-hm-bq¿ Aip-≤n-bm-Im≥ Imc-W-ambn
t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-´n-b-Xv.
Cu {]iv\-Øn¬ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ hyXykvX
A`n-{]m-b-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\∏pdw hy‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-
Sp-°m≥ apJy-[mc ]{X-ß-sfm∂pw Xøm-dm-bn-√. X߃ CXn¬
A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp-∂Xv hnizm-kn-If
- mb _lp-`q-cn-]£w P\-XbpsS
FXn¿∏v kºm-Zn-°m-\n-Sb
- m-°p-sa∂ tXm∂-em-bn-cp∂p {]apJ ]{X-
߃°p-≠m-b-Xv. CXpƒs∏sS t£{X-ß-fnse BNmc coXn-Iƒ
]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v Db¿∂ \n¿tZ-i-ß-tfm-sS√mw Hcp-
Xcw \n wK \ne-]m-SpXs∂ XpS¿∂p. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-Øn¬
kv{XoI-ƒ°v Nqcn-Zm¿ [cn®v {]th-in-°m-sa∂ \n¿tZiw Db¿∂-
t∏mƒ BNmc ]cn-jvImcw hnizm-k-Øn\v tIm´w X´p-sa∂ hmZ-
߃°v {]mapJyw \¬Im≥ ]{X-߃ aSn-Im-´n-bn-√. t£{X-ß-
fnse shSn hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ A]-I-S-߃°v CS-bm-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬
shSn-i_vZw sdt°m¿Uv sNbvXv tIƒ∏n-®m¬ t]mtc-sb∂v tIcf
110 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

sslt°m-SXn Bcm-™t- ∏mƒ s]mXp-kaql-Øn¬ AsXmcp N¿®-

bmbn Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm\pw am[y-a-߃ hnap-JX ImWn-®p.
ImcWw hnizm-k-Øn\v £X-ta¬°p∂ N¿®-Iƒ Xß-fpsS {]Nm-
c-km-[y-Isf XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂-Xp-X-s∂.
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp- Acp-hn-∏pdw {]Xn-jvT- \-S-Øn-bXv 1888-em-Wv.
t£{X{]-th-i-\Ønepw t£{Xm-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ A{_m-“-W-
cpsS Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-°-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xy-
Øns‚ Zpjn® ioe-ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ kwL-i-‡n-°p≈
ASn-Ø-d-bn-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p Acp-hn-∏pdw {]Xn-jvT. AXns‚ XpS¿®-
bmbn Fkv-F≥Un-]nbpw \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-ßfpw i‡n-s∏-
´-t∏mƒ ]qP sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw IogvPm-Xn-°m-c-\p-s≠∂v
{io\m-c-mb-Wo-b¿ ÿm]n-®p. ]qPm-hn-[n-Iƒ ]Tn® GsXm-cp-hn-
izm-kn°pw ]qP-sN-øm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂ Cu {]Jym-]-\sØ
sNdnb tXmXn¬t]mepw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ tIc-f-Ønse hnime
lnμp-hn-izmkn kaqlw Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp apt∂m-´p-
sh® \thm-∞m-\m-i-bsØ Cug-h-t£-{X-ßfpw Cugh∏qPm-cn-
amcpw Cugh ssZh-ßfpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ hn]-coX Zni-bn¬ hmbn-
°p-I-bmWv B[p-\n-I-tI-c-fob s]mXp-k-aqlw sNbvXXv. ]qPm-Zn-
I¿Ω-ß-fnse kh¿Wm-[n-]-XysØ C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {ia-߃°v
]n¥pW \¬Im≥ FkvF - ≥Un-]n°v ]pdØv as‰mcp kwL-S\ - tbm
\thm-∞m-\ aqey-߃ ]n≥]‰n \n¬°p∂ ]{X-ß-tfm k∂-≤-am-
bn-´n-s√∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw.
i_-cn-a-e-bpambn _‘-s∏´v Db¿∂ hnhm-Z-ß-fnepw `qcn-]£w
hcp∂ hnizmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIm-c-ßsf {hW-s∏-Sp-Øm-\n-
s√∂ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn®v, hymP-\n¿an-Xnsb Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p∂-
Xn¬\n∂v amdn-\n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-߃. i_cnae-bnse
kv{Xo km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p Hcp hnhmZ hnj-bw. hn{K-l-Øn\v
kao]w kv{Xo IS-∂p-sN-∂-Xmbn t£{X-Øn¬ \S-Ønb tZh-{]-
iv\-Øn¬ sXfn-™-Xmbn tPymXnjn ]c-∏-\-ßmSn DÆn-°r-jvW-
]-Wn-°¿ \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿iw hnizmkn kaq-lsØ H∂-S¶w
Cf-°n-a-dn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. t£{Xm-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \ntj-[-amb {iotIm-
hn-ense kv{Xo km∂n[yw Fß-s\-bp-≠m-sb-∂Xv kw_-‘n®
X¿°-߃ Gsd \S-∂p. tZh-{]-iv\-Ønse Is≠-ج icn-bm-
sW∂v hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v I∂S Ne-®n-{X-Xmcw Pb-ame, t£{X-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws111
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

k-μ¿i\w \S-Øn-bXv Xm\m-sW∂v ]d-bpI IqSn sNbvX-tXmsS

tZh-{]-iv\-Ønse ]cm-a¿i-Øn\v km[q-I-c-W-hp-am-bn. F∂m¬,
Pb-am-e-bpsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-tem DÆn-Ir-jvW-∏-Wn-°-cpsS {]iv\-
\n-co-£-Wtam icn-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°m≥ ]n∂oSv B¿°pw km[n-
®n-√.
e£-°-W-°n\v hcp∂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS hnIm-csØ {hW-s∏-
Sp-Ønb Cu ]cm-a¿i-ß-fnte°v \bn® ]n∂m-ºpd bmYm¿∞y-
߃ Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-®n-√. am{X-a-√, i_-cn-ae t£{X-Ønse
kv{Xo{]-th-i\ \ntj[w ]p\-∏-cn-tim-[n-t°≠ H∂m-sW∂ A`n-
{]m-bß- ƒ°pw am[y-aß
- ƒ henb {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-√. ImcWw
CØcw N¿®-I-sf√mw Xs∂ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS FXn¿∏n-te-°mWv
\bn-°p-I-sb∂ `bw ]{X-ßsf h√msX ]nSn-Iq-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
BNm-c-߃ ]cn-jvIcn°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-te°v IS-°msX, tPymXn-j-
Øns‚ t]cn¬ krjvSn-°p∂ CØcw A]-I-S-ßsf Xpd-∂p-Im-
´m\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw GsX-¶nepw ]{Xw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p. tPymXn-j-Øn\v imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-Ø-d-bp-s≠∂v A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ
hmZn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Xs∂ {]m[m\yw AXns‚ t]cn¬ \S-°p∂
Nqj-W-ßsf P\-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \¬Im≥ am[y-a-
߃ k∂-≤-am-I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. DÆn-IrjvW ]Wn-°-cpsS tZh-
{]-iv\-Ønse Is≠-ج, henb hnizmkn kaq-lsØ {hW-s∏-
Sp-Øp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂-Xn\v A∏pdw {]iv\-
hn[n ]cm-am¿i-ß-fn¬ Cßs\ ÿncw IS-∂p-Iq-Sp-∂ s]m≈-Ø-
c-ßsf hnNm-cW sNøm≥ s]mXp-k-aq-ltam am[y-a-ßtfm Xøm-
dm-bn-√.
aI-c-tPymXn kw_-‘n® hnhm-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ]{X-ß-fpsS Ip‰-
I-c-amb DZm-ko-\X shfn-hm-b-Xv. tPymXn ImWm-s\-Ønb \qdn-
te-d-t∏cpsS Poh≥ ]p¬taSv Zpc-¥-Øn-eqsS \jvS-am-b-t∏m-gmWv
aI-c-tPym-Xn-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃ Adn-b-W-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse
s]mXp-k-aqlw B{K-ln-®-Xv. s]m∂-ºeta´n¬ aI-c-tPymXn sXfn-
bp-∂X√ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v tZhkzw A[n-Ir-X¿°pw HSp-
hn¬ kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-∂p.
F{Xtbm h¿j-ß-fmbn tIc-f-Øn-epw kwÿm-\-Øn\v ]pd-
Øp-ap≈ hnizm-kn-Isf tZh-kz-Øns‚ Adn-thmsS \S-Ønb Cu
I_-fn-∏n-°¬, AXns‚ Kuc-h-tØm-sS-b√ am[y-a-߃ kao-]n-®-
112 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Xv. Ahn-sSbpw hnizmkw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-_-‘w. aIc

tPymXn sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv, i_-cn-a-e-bnse as‰√m NS-ßp-I-sfbpw
t]mse a\p-jy≥ sNøp-∂-Xm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-®m¬ AXns‚ ]hn-
{X-X \jvS-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn\v ]Icw, aIc tPymXn sXfn-
bp-∂-Xn\v Hcp KqV-]-cn-thjw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-bn-cp∂p tZhkzw
t_m¿Upw t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw {ian-®-Xv. AXn-eqsS IqSp-X¬
ssZhn-IX krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ tZhkzw {ian-®p. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
[mc-W-Iƒ°p-tase \S-Ønb Cu I_-fn-∏n-°¬ AXns‚ Kuc-
h-tØmsS ]pd-sØ-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw H∂pw sNømsX amdn-
\n¬°p-I-bmWv ]p¬taSv Zpc-¥-Øn\v tijhpw am[y-a-߃
sNbvXXv.
ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw amXr-`q-an-bp-sa√mw AXoh kq£va-X-tbm-
sS-bmWv {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNbvX-Xv. tPymXn sXfn-bp-∂tXm
sXfn- b n- ° p- ∂ tXm F∂Xv Is≠- t Ø≠ Hcp Bh- i yhpw
X߃°n-s√∂ a´n-em-bn-cp∂p ]{X-߃. GXm\pw Znh-k-߃
CXp- k w- _ - ‘ n® hm¿Ø- I ƒ hs∂- ¶ nepw kz¥w \ne- b n¬
tPymXn°v ]n∂nse cl-ky-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ Hcp am[y-ahpw Xp\n-
™n-cp-∂n-√. \ne-]mSv hni-Zo-I-cn®v apJ-{]-kw-K-߃ Fgp-Xn-sb-
¶nepw AsXm∂pw aI-c-tPym-Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ \S-Øn-h∂ Cu
HutZym-KnI I_-fn-∏n-°-ens\ Xpd-s∂-Xn¿°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. CXp-
hsc XpS¿∂ "BNm-c-߃' AtX-]Sn \S-°p-∂-Xt√ DNn-X-
sa∂mbn-cp∂p s]mXpam[ya kao-]-\w.
e£-°-W-°n\v hcp∂ Bcm-[-I¿°v Ct∏mgpw \n›-b-an-√m-
Ø-XmWv Cu I_-fn-∏n-°¬. ]p√p-taSv Zpc-¥Øn\v GXm\pw
h¿jwapºv ssIcfn Nm\en¬ at\mPv ]pXn-bh - nf \S-Ønb hkvXp-
Xm-A-t\z-j-W-amWv aI-c-tPymXn kw_-‘n® bmYm¿Yyw ]pd-Øp-
sIm≠ph∂ anI® dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn-sem-∂v. ]p√p-taSv Zpc-¥-Øn\v
tijhpw tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ßsf√mw tPymXn°v ]n∂nse cl-
ky-߃ shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ aSn-®p-\n-∂-t∏mƒ Xan-gv\m-´n-
sebpw B{‘-bn-sebpw am[y-a-߃, ssIcfn \¬Inb ]gb
dnt∏m¿´p-Isfbpw Zriy-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn®psIm≠v, Cu I_-fn-
∏n-°-ens\ Ipdn®v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb dnt∏m¿´v \S-Øm≥ Xøm-dm-
sb-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws113
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

hnizm-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \S°p∂ X´n-∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc P\-ap-

t∂-‰-ap-≠mb kwÿm-\-ØmWv i_-cn-a-e-bn¬ hnizm-kn-Isf
NqjWw sNbvXp≈ BNm-c- \m-SIw Ac-tß-dp-∂-sX∂-XmWv
bmYm¿Yyw. am[y-a-ß-fm-Is´ Ip‰-I-c-amb \n w-K-X-bn-epw. sshcp-
≤y-sa∂v ]d-b-s´, at\mPv ]pXnb hnf-bpsS hkvXp-Xm-t\z-jWw
BZy F∏n- t kmUv kwt{]- j Ww sNbv X - t ∏mƒ Xs∂ A∂v
ssIcfn Nm\¬ Xe-∏-Øp-≠m-b-h-cn¬\n∂v hna¿i-\-߃ Db¿∂p-
sh-∂Xpw XpS¿∂v "ka-Im-enIw' F∂ Id‚ v A^-tbgvkv ]cn-]m-
Sn-bnse D≈-S°w \nco-£n-°m≥ Hcp kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°n-sb-∂Xpw
bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv.
i_-cn-a-e-bnse Xnc°v Hgn-hm-°m≥ F√m Znh-khpw Bcm-[-
\-sb∂ coXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂X - ns\ Ipdn®v sslt°m-SXn A`n-{]mbw
Bcm-™-t∏mgpw AXv Kuc-h-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bv°v sh°m≥ tZh-
kztam am[y-a-ßtfm Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√. as‰¥pw henb N¿®-bm°n
am‰p∂ am[y-a-߃ sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂p≠mb Cu
A`n{]m- b - { ]- I - S - \ sØ Kuc- h - a mb N¿®- b m°n am‰m- \ p≈
Xm¬]cyw H´pw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xp-an-√. KXm-KX kuI-cy-ß-fn-√m-Ø,
hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ hnizmkn-Iƒ FØm-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv aI-c-˛-a-fie
D’hw \S-∂-Xp-t]m-se-b√ C∂v hnizm-kn-Iƒ Iq´-tØmsS Hgp-
Ip∂ ImesØ ÿnXn. t£{X-ßfpw AXnse BNm-c-A-\p-jvTm-
\-ßfpw a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-am-sW-∂-XpsIm≠pX-s∂-bmWv ]pXnb
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn t£{Xw Xpd-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km[y-X-
Iƒ F{X-tØm-f-ap-s≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw
\n¿tZ- i - ß - t fmSv am[y- a - ß ƒ ImWn® Cu \n w- K - X bv ° pw
ImcWw ]{X-ßfpsS {]Nm-c-Øn\v tIm´w X´m-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ aqe-
[\ Xm¬]cyw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnizmk tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Imcy-
ß-fn¬ am‰-Øn-\mbn \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ am[y-a-
ß-fpsS Ign™ Iptd-Zi - I
- ß
- f - m-bp≈ kao-]\
- w. hnizmkn kaqlw
Fß-s\-bmtWm \oßp-∂Xv AX-\p-k-cn®v \oßp-I-sb-∂-Xn-\-∏p-
dØv {Iobm-flI CS-s]-Sen\v Hcp-am-[y-ahpw Xp\n-bp-∂-Xmbn
ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]fl-\m-`-kzman t£{X-Ønse \ne-h-d-bv°p-
≈n¬ kq£n® kzØp-hn-h-c-ßfpsS Imcy-Ønepw hnizm-kn-I-tf-
°mƒ henb hnizm-k-Øn-eq-∂nbmbncp∂p am[y-a-߃ k©-cn-
114 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

®-Xv. t£{X-hp-ambn \nc-¥c _‘-Øn-eq≈ Hcp hnizmkn \¬Inb

tIkn-emWv \ne-h-d-Iƒ Xpd∂v kzØns‚ aqeyw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-
∂-Xn\v tImSXn DØ-c-hn-Sp-∂-sX∂ hkvXpX t]mepw am[y-a-
߃°v {]k-‡-ambn tXm∂n-bn-√. ]Icw \ne-hd Xpd-∂m-ep-≠m-
Ip∂ `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ, kzØns‚ DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw t£{X-Øn\v
Xs∂-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ Xo{h-{i-a-߃ Cßs\ hnizm-
k-tI-{μo-Ir-X-ambn hm¿Ø-Isf \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv ae-bmf
am[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
Pbn-®-h-sc kvXpXn®pw cmP-`-‡n {]I-Sn-∏n®pw Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø
Ncn-{X-sØbpw tI´p-tIƒhn-I-fmbn {]N-cn-®-Xp-amb Imcy-ßsf
Iptd-°qSn s]mSn-∏pw-sXm-ßepw tN¿Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv
]fl-\m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-Ønse kzØns‚ aqey-\n¿W-b-Ønse
am[ya kao-]-\w. 1750¬ cmPyw apgp-h≥ {io]fl-\m-`\v k¿Δ-kz-Zm-
\-ambn \¬Inb hnim-e-a-\-kvI-\m-bmWv am¿Øm-fi-h¿asb
A∂pw C∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ F√m-h¿°pw Xmev]-cyw. am¿Øm-
fi-h¿abpsS Xr∏-Sn-Zm-\sØ ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØpI cmP-`-c-W-ImeØv
At±-l-Øns‚ B{in-X-hr-μ-ß-fpsS ZuXy-am-bn-cp-∂p. 18˛mw \q‰m-
≠n¬ Zp¿_-e-ambn InS-∂n-cp∂ thWm-Sns\ CX-c-{]-tZ-i-߃
sh´n-∏n-Sn®pw cmPy-Øn-\-IØv Xs∂ ]n≈-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
Db¿∂ hna-X-\o-°-ß-sf AXn-Po-hn-®p-amWv am¿Øm-fi-h¿a
thWm-Sns‚ B[n-]Xyw Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-®-Xv.
BZyw cmP-`-c-W-Øn\p≠mb Akz-ÿ-Isf ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-
Xm-bn-cp∂p \bw. a°-Øm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Xr∏m-∏q¿ knwlm-k-\-Øn-
t∑¬ Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn® ]fl-\m-`≥ Xºn-sbbpw cma≥ Xºn-
sbbpw Ah¿°v ]n¥pW \¬Inb ]n≈-am-scbpw tbmK-°m-sc-
bp-amWv am¿Øm-fih - ¿a ASn-®a
- ¿Øn-bX- v. XpS¿∂m-bn-cp∂p cmPy-
߃ sh´n-∏n-Sn-°¬. B‰n-ß-ep-am-bp≈ eb-\w, sIm√w, Imbw-
Ip-fw, sIm´m-c-°c Ff-b-SØp kzcq-]w, Aº-e-∏pg F∂n-h-bp-am-
bp≈ bp≤--߃, U®p-Imsc Xpc-Ønb Ipf-®¬ bp≤w F∂nh
am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsS hnP-b-Km-Y-I-fn¬s]-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬,
Cßs\ sh´n-∏n-Sn-®-t∏mgpw cmPy-Øns‚ Ingt° AXn¿Øn-
bn¬\n∂v am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbv°v henb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-tS-
≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂p. B¿t°m´v \hm-_ns‚ _‘p-°-fmb Nμm-km-
ln_pw _Um-kmln_pw \S-Ønb B{I-a-W-߃, Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws115
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

bnse Kh¿Æ-cm-bn-cp∂ atU-anb Xncp-s\¬th-en-bn¬ \S-Ønb

B{I-a-W-߃, CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS I¿Æm-
SnIv \hm-_mb apl-Ω-Zmen \S-Ønb B{I-a-W-߃ F∂n-ßs\
am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbv°v Xncn-®-Sn-tb-In-bXpw \nc-¥cw Akz-ÿX
krjvSn-®-Xp-amb kw`-h-߃ thsd-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
CXn-s‚-sb√mw ^e-ambn knwlm-k\w kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-s\m-
∏w a‰v bp≤-ß-fn-eqsS sh´n-∏n-Sn® kzØp-°ƒ ssIhn-´p-t]m-Im-
Xn-cn-°m-\pw AXn-\mbn cmPysØ hnizm-kn-I-fmb _lp-`q-cn-]-
£-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-bm¿Pn-°m-\p-sa√mw \S-Ønb {ia-ß-fpsS `mK-
amWv Xr∏-Sn-Zm-\-sa∂ \nco-£-W-ßsf Kuc-h-tØmsS ]cn-tim-
[n-°m\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw am[y-a-߃ Xp\n-™n-´n-√. ]Icw
hnizm-kn-Iƒt°m, s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønt\m Hcp-{]-tbm-P-\-hp-an-√msX
t£{X \ne-h-d-bn¬ kq£n® hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ kzØp-°ƒ,
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS {]Pm-Xm-ev]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈
Xocp-am-\-sa∂ JymXn-]-I¿∂p-\¬Im-\m-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ß-fpsS
hy{K-X. am¿Øm-fih - ¿Ω Xr∏Sn Zm\w \S-Øp∂ L´-Øn¬ cmPyw
P\m-bØ `c-W-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-sa∂pw cmP-`-cWw C√m-
Xm-Ip-sa∂pw IW-°q-Iq-´m≥ hgn-bn-√. AXn\v ]Icw cmP-`-cWw
Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn \ne-\n-evIm-\mhiy-amb Icp-X¬ [\w Is≠-
Øp-Is - b-∂X
- n¬ Ihn™ {]Pm-Xm-ev]cyw Xr∏-Sn-Zm-\Øn\v \¬Ip-
∂-Xp-Xs∂ HuNn-Xy-an-√m-bva-bmWv.
am¿Øm-fi-h¿a-bp-sSbpw a‰pw ImeØv cmPyØv D≠mbn-cp∂
kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-Øns‚ `mK-ßsf hnkva-cn®v cmP-`-c-W-tØmSv
tN¿∂p-\n∂ \ma-am-{X-amb Imcy-ÿk - a- q-lØ
- n\pw ta¬PmXn hn`m-
K-߃°pw ssIh∂ t\´-Øn-eqsS t£{X-\n-e-h-d-bn¬ Icp-Xn-
sh® kzØns\ A]q¿h "\n[n' sb∂v hymJym-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
cmP-`‡n \jvS-s∏-SmØ, t£{XsØ Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp-Iq´w
hnizm-kn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. Cu IW-s°-Sp∏pw {]Nm-c-Whpw hnizm-
k-Øn-\p-t\-sc-bp≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn t]mepw hymJym-\-ap-b¿∂p.
CØcw kμ¿`- ß - f n- s e√mw bmYm¿Yy- t ØmSv ASp- ° msX
hnizmknIsfam{Xw IW-°n-se-SpØv hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂X - n-emWv
am[y-a-߃ {i≤-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. cmP-`-c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ kzØp-k-ºm-
Z-\-Øn\pw km[m-c-W-°msc ]ngn-bp∂ \S-]-SnIƒ°pw FXn-sc
am{X-a-√, kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Zpc-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw \nc-
116 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

¥-c-hm¿Ø-I-fn-eqsS ae-bm-fnsb {]_p-≤-cm-°p-Ibpw ka-tcm-’p-

I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX BZy-Ime hrØm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ime-
Øp-\n-∂mWv B[p-\nI aqe-[\am[ya Xmev]-cyw Cu hnizm-k-
tI-{μo-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \oßn-b-sX∂v ImWmw.
Im‰pw shfn-®hpw IS-°m-Ø-X√ t£{Xm-Nm-c-ßfpw hnizm-k-
ß-fpw. AXn-{]m-No-\hpw {]mIr-X-hp-amb BNmc coXn-I-ƒ ]eXpw
B[p-\nI bpK-Øn¬ C√m-Xm-hp-Itbm henb ]cnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v
CS-bm-hp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠v. CØcw am‰w km[y-am-bXv ssZhnI
CS-s]-S-en-eq-sSb√. a\p-jy-krjvSn-bmb BNmc coXn-Ifn¬ a\p-
jy¿Xs∂ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßsf hnizmkn kaqlw Dƒs°m-≠-
Xns‚ ^e-amWv BNm-c-ß-fnepw hnizm-k-ß-fnepw CXn-\Iw h∂n-
´p≈ am‰-߃. am‰-߃°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn Nn¥n-°m-Ø cmPm-[n-
Imc Ime- Ø p- t ]mepw ]cn- j v I m- c - ß ƒ bmYm¿Yy--a m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
F∂m¬, P\m-bØ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°v `c-W-{I-ahpw kmaq-lnI
LS-\bpw amdnb L´-Øn¬, kam-\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ am‰w BNmc
hnizmk coXn-bn¬ hcpØm\p≈ DZyaw t]mepw Fhn-sS-bp-sa-
Øp-∂n-√. Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ \n¿tZ-i-ß-fm-Is´ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-
Øns‚ s]cp-t¶m-´-IƒsI´n {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hymP
\njv]-£-X-bpsS Iq´p-tN¿Øv Cu s]cp-t¶m-´-Iƒ°v ZrV-X-tb-
IpIbmWv am[y-a-߃.
Xncp-ج i‡n-bmbn \ne-sIm-t≈≠ CØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn¬
am[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn® ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ \ne-]mSv H‰-s∏-´-X-√. `‡n-hy-
h-km-b-Øns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmb am[y-a-߃, s]mXpsh Bcm-
[-\m-e-bBtLm-j-߃°v \¬Ip∂ Aan-X-`-‡ym-Z-c-ß-fpsS
XpS¿® am{X-amWv ta¬ kw`-h-ß-tfmSv kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-hpw.
Ahn-sS-bmWv k°-dnb \nco-£n® "hm¿Ø If-hm-Ip∂' kml-N-
cy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. sslμh t£{X-ßsf am{Xw tI{μo-I-cn-®p-≈-
X√ CXv. ]s£ `qcn-]£ kap-Zm-b-sa-∂-\n-e-bnepw sslμ-h-t£-
{X-ß-fnse Bcm-[m-\-Iƒ°v e`n-°p∂ sshhn-[yX Imc-Whpw
CXv Gdn-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v am{Xw.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶me am[y-a- hm¿Ø-bpsS
"BtLm-j'-Øns‚ B[p-\nI DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. s]m¶m-e hm¿Ø
\¬Ip-∂-Xn¬, AXns‚ `mjm {]tbm-K-Øn¬ am[y-a-߃ kzoI-
cn°p-∂Xv `‡n-a-’c coXn-bm-Wv. `‡n-bpsSbpw hnizm-k-Øn-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws117
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

s‚bpw A¥-k-Ø-Xs∂ tNmZyw sNbvXn-cp∂ Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-

\-Øns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb "tZim-`n-am\n' °pt]mepw B‰p-Im¬s]m-
¶me Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ t£{X-ß-fpsS BtLm-j-s∏cp-°-Øn¬\n∂v
amdn-\-S-°m≥ km[n-®n-´n-√.
2012se B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶mebpsS hm¿Ø tZim-`n-am\n \¬In-
bXv t\m°n-bm¬ CXv hy‡-am-Ipw. s]m¶me Znh-k-amb am¿®v
Ggn\v tZim-`n-am-\n-bpsS Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]Xn-∏v BtLm-jsØ
Gs‰-SpØ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw t]Pn¬ C∂v s]m¶m-e-sb∂
hm¿Øbpw ]Shpw Dƒt]Pn¬ Ac-t∏Pv \nd-b-Ø-°-hn[w aq∂p-
hm¿Øbpw aq∂p-]-S-hpw. AI-t∏-Pnse {][m\ hm¿Ø "Zo]w ]I-
cp-∂Xv cmhnse 10-\v F∂ Xe-s°-t´m-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Dd-ßmsX
\K-cw' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ \¬Inb as‰mcp hm¿ØbnemWv tZim-
`n-am-\nbpw hm¿Ø \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂v amdn `‡n-bn-em-dm-Sp-∂-Xv.
s]m¶m-esb Fßs\ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-chpw `‡-P-\-ßfpw
hc-th¬°p-∂p-sh-∂m-bn-cp∂p hm¿Ø-bpsS kw{K-lw. AXn-ßs\
XpS-cp∂p:

"s]m¶m-e-bpsS Xte∂v \Kcw Dd-ßn-bn-√. A`q-X-]q¿h-amb

Xnc-°mWv sNmΔmgvN cmhnse apX¬ A\p-`h - s
- ∏-´X
- v. s]m¶m-
e-bv°p-th≠ km[-\-ß-fp-ambn kpc-£nX ÿm\-߃ tXSn-
bp≈ `‡-cpsS Hm´w. cmhnse apX¬ t£{X-Z¿i-\-Øn\pw
h≥ Xnc-°m-bn-cp-∂p. t£{X-Øn\v kao]w s]m¶m-e-b-Sp-∏p-
Iƒ \nc-Øn-b-h¿ cm{Xn sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ hoSp-I-fnepw t£{X-
ß-fn-ep-ambn Ign-®p-Iq-´n. PmXn-aX t`Z-an-√msX `‡¿°v F√m-
hn[ klm-bhpw \¬Im≥ \K-ch - m-kn-If- pw. Xan-g\
v m-S,v B{‘,
I¿Wm-SI XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≈-hcpw s]m¶m-
e-bvs°-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.'
dnt∏m¿´v sNbv X sX√mw hkv X p- X - I ƒX- s ∂. a‰v hm¿Ø-
Iƒs°m∏w \¬Im- h p∂ hnh- c - ß tf AXn- e p- ≈ q. F∂m¬,
AXnse `mj `‡n-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ coXn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-bn.
hnizm-kn-I-tfmSpw BNm-c-ß-tfmSpw tZim-`n-am\n apJw-Xn-cn-™p-
\n¬°p-∂n-s√∂v ImWn-°pI IqSn-bmhmw hm¿Ø-Iƒ Cu coXn-
bn¬ hn\y-kn-®-Xns‚ e£yw. H∏w s]m¶m-e-bn-Sm-s\-Øp∂
`‡¿°v A[n-I-ku-I-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-ØXv F¬Un^v
118 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

k¿°m-cm-sW∂ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-جIqSn \S-Øp∂p AtX hm¿Ø-

bn¬ tZim-`n-am-\n. F¬Un-F^v k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv B‰p-Im¬
]mew DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-tXmsS In≈n-∏m-e-Øp-\n∂v Xnc-°n-
√msX `‡¿°v t£{X-Øn-se-Øm-\p-≈ kuIcyw h¿[n-s®∂pw
hm¿Ø-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p tZim-`n-am-\n. hnizm-kn-Isf ]{X-tØmSpw
]m¿´n-tbmSpw tN¿°p-I-sb∂ Xmev]cyw Xs∂-bmWv C{Xbpw
hn]p-e-amb Hcp- hm¿Øm hn\ym-k-Øn\v tZim-`n-am-\nsb t{]cn-
∏n-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I. s]m¶me Ign™Xns‚ ]nt‰-∂n-dß- nb ]Xn-∏nepw
CXns‚ XpS¿® Xs∂-bm-Wv. tI{μ- d-bn¬sh _P‰v apJy-hm¿Ø-
bmbXn-\m¬ A∂v s]m¶m-e-bpsS Nn{Xw -am-{Xta H∂mw-t]-Pn¬
CSw In´n-bp-≈q. F¶nepw hm¿Ø ]pdw-t]-Pn¬ hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂
\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]m¶me hm¿Ø hcp∂ Zn\-ß-fn¬ s]m¶m-
ebv°v Biw-k-b¿∏n®v Nne ÿm]-\-߃ \evInb ]c-kyhpw
tZim-`n-am\n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. s]m¶mesb tZim-`n-am-\nbpw `‡n-
hy-h-km-b-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂-XmWv {]tXy-IX.
t£{X˛tZhm-eb BtLm-j-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw
^o®-dp-I-fp-ambn CSw ]nSn-°p-∂Xv \thm-∞m\ aqey-ß-sf C√m-
Xm-°p∂ H∂mWv F∂√ CXns‚ hnh-£. BtLm-jß - ƒ hm¿Ø-
sb∂ Xe-Øn¬ ]{X-Xm-fp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂-bm-hpw.
AXn-ep-]cn am[y-a-߃ AXns‚ `mK-ambn\n∂v hm¿Ø-Iƒ
ssIImcyw sNøp-tºm-gmWv hyXykvX hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Xs∂
CS-\¬Ip-∂-Xv. BtLm-j-ß-ƒ°v s]men-a-tb-‰p∂ am[y-a-߃,
Ct∏mgpw \S-am-Sp∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw BtLm-j-Øns‚
ad ]‰n \S-°p∂ `‡n-\m-S-I-ß-sfbpw I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-°p-∂-XmWv
A]-I-S-I-cw.

BtLm-j-am-Ip∂ _en-X¿∏Ww
sslμh BNm-c-ß-fnepw hnizm-k-ß-fnepw henb am‰-߃
hs∂-¶nepw h¿[n-X -ho-cy-tØmsS Xncn-sI-sb-Øp∂ H∂mWv
a¨a-d-™p-t]mb ]nXr-°ƒ°p≈ _en-X¿∏-Ww. Bflm-°fpw
]tc-Xm-flm-°fpw kaq-l-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ C∂pw kPo-h-amb N¿®
\ne-\n¬°p∂ H∂m-Wv. bp‡n-hm-Zn-Ifpw `uXn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw ]tc-
Xm-flm-°-fpsS kmwK-XysØ tNmZyw-sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶nepw hnizm-
k-_-‘n-X-amb Hcp- k-aq-l-Øn¬\n∂v CXns\ C√m-Xm-°m≥
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws119
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

km[n-®n-´n-√. am[y-a-ß-fm-Is´, XnI®pw hy‡n-]-chpw IpSpw-_-

߃°p-≈n¬ BN-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb CØ-cw- N-S-ß-fp-Isf kaqlw
GI-a\ - t- msS Htc Znhkw BN-cn-°p∂ H∂mbn hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m-
\p≈ {ia-ß-fmWv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap≥\nc am[y-a-߃
t{]m’m-ln-∏n® Cu ]mXbv°v ]n∂m-se-bm-Wv, Bƒ°q´w tNcp-
sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]n∂mse t]mIp-∂-Xn\mWv sNdp-InS am[y-a-ßfpw
hnizm-k-[m-cbv°v ]pd-Øp-\n-ev°p∂ cmjv{So-b-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øn-
∏n-Sn-°p∂ ]{X-ßfpw sNøp-∂Xv.
]nXr- X ¿∏W \mƒ Bep- h m- X o- c Øpw h¿°e ]m]- \ m- i -
ØnepwXs∂ {im≤-aq-´-W-sa∂ \ne-bn-te°v HØp-tN-c-ens‚
kmaq-ln-I-a-\x-imkv{Xw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv am[y-a-߃
sNøp-∂-Xv. hen-sbmcp Bƒ°q´w CXm-Nm-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXv
hm¿Ø-b-√m-Xm-Ip-∂sX-ß-s\-b∂mWv am[y-a-߃ Db¿Øp∂
tNmZyw. "Bbn-c-߃ ]tc-Xm-flm-°ƒ°v {im≤-aq-´n' F-∂-Xn¬I-
hn™v Hcp-hm¿Ø-bp-an-√mØ B kw`hw dnt∏m¿´p sNøm\pw
am[y-a-߃ \o°n-sh-°p∂ ÿehpw AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
`mjbpw CØcw BNm-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ap≥\n-c- am-[y-a-ß-fpsS kao-
]\w Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. A∂p-\-S-°p∂ bYm¿Y hm¿Ø-
tb-°mƒ {]m[m\yw ]e-t∏mgpw ]{X-ß-fpsS H∂mw-t]-Pp-I-fn¬
]nXr-X¿∏Ww \S-Øp∂ hm¿Øbv°pw Nn{X-Øn-\p-am-Ip-∂Xv kaq-
l-a-\- ns\ CXn-s\m∏w \n¿Øp-I-sb-∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p≈
t\´w kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-e£yw sIm≠p-am-{X-am-Wv.
{im≤-aq´n "kmbq-Py-a-S-bmØ' Hcp-]-{Xhpw _en-X¿∏-W-∏n-t‰∂v
tIc-f-Øn-en-d-ßn-s√-∂-XmWv h¿Ø-am-\-bm-Ym¿∞yw.

BƒssZ-h-ßfpsS Pnlz
2006se \nb-ak
- `m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Pbn-®p-Ib
- d
- nb Dtajv N≈n-
bn¬ io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvXXv
Hcp {]tXyI hm¿Ø-sb∂Xn-\-∏pdw Kuc-h-amb H∂mbn am[y-a-
߃ IW-°p-Iq-´n-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvX coXn-
s°-Xnsc \¬Inb l¿Pn-bn¬ 2012¬ kp{]nw tImSXn Nne kp{]-
[m\ ]cm-a¿i-߃ \S-Øn. BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ kXy-{]-
Xn⁄ ]mSn-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p kp{]nw tImS-Xn-bpsS \nco-£-Ww.
AXm-bXv ssZh-\m-a-Øn¬ kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNøm-sa-∂-√msX
120 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ssZh-Øns‚ t]cp-hn-fn-®p≈ kXy-{]-Xn-⁄ ]mSn-s√∂v kp{]nw

tImSXn hy‡-am-°n. t]cp-hn-fn-®p≈ tZh-∑m¿ IqSp-Xe- p-≈Xv lnμp-
hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. hnjvWp, inh≥, {_“mhv F∂n-ßs\
\ofp∂p B \nc. Aß-s\-bp≈ t]cp-hnfn t]mepw ]mSn-s√-∂mWv
kp{]nw tImSXn {]mY-an-I-ambn Xs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. hnjvWp-
\m-a-Øn¬ kXy-{]-Xn⁄ sNbvXp F∂v ]d-b-cpXv, ssZh-\m-a-
Øn¬ F∂pam-{Xta BImhq F∂¿∞w. am{X-a√, {io\m-cm-bW
Kpcp AØ-c-Øn-semcp ssZh-\m-aw BtWm F∂pw tImSXn Bcm-
™p. BƒssZ-h-ßsf ssZh-ambn Iev]n-°m-\m-hn-s√∂ i‡-
amb {]kvXm-h-am-bn-cp∂p kp{]nw tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-Xv.
BcmWv ssZh-sa∂v \n›-bn-°m≥ tImS-Xn°pw km[n-°mØ
kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-SX
- n-bpsS Cu ]cm-a¿iw F°m-eØpw
kwhm-Z-߃°v CS-\¬Ip∂ H∂m-bn-am-dntb-°mw.
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ BƒssZ-h-ambn tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-߃
IW-°m-°n-bn-´n-√. "Kpcp' hns\ "tZh'-\m-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-
{i-a-߃ ]nevIm-e-Øp-≠m-sb-¶nepw {io\m-cm-b-Wo-bsc√mw -
Xs∂ \mcm-b-WKpcp-hns\ \thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I-s\-∂ \ne-bn¬
X-s∂-bmWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, `‡n-hyh-km-b-Øns‚
km[y-X-Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb BƒssZ-h-߃
B[p-\n-I- Im-e-ØmWv IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂-sX-∂-XmWv {it≤-
bw. t\csØ, kmaq-lnI Nn¥-I-fn-te°v Im‰pw shfn-®hpw IS-
°mØ Ime-Øv, km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS A⁄X apX-se-SpØv a{¥-
hm-Zn-Ifpw BƒssZ-h-ßfpw tPymXn-jn-Ifpw H‰-s∏´ \ne-bn¬
kz¥w "{]`m-h-ebw' Xo¿Øncp-∂p. \thm-∞m\ apt∂-‰-Øns‚
i‡n-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ CØcw BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS {]`-b-‰p-t]m-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
CXn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-bmWv B[p-\nI bpK-Øn¬ BƒssZ-h-ß-
fpsS ]pXnb DZ-bw. \nKq-V-X-bmWv BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d.
AXv hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v XnI™ {]^-j-W¬ kao-]-
\-ap≈ A\p-N-c-hr-μhpw BƒssZ-h-߃°v Np‰p-ap-≠v. tIc-f-
Øn¬am-{X-a-√, C¥y-bn¬Xs∂ hnP-bn® BƒssZ-h-߃s°√mw
]nd-In¬ CØ-c-samcp kwLSn-Xhpw Bkq-{Xn-X-hp-amb {ia-߃
Ds≠∂v ImWmw.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws121
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

BƒssZ-h-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ bmYm¿Yy-߃ Adn-™n´pw `‡n-

hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ `mK-ambn AXv ad-®p-sh-°p-∂-Xn\pw BƒssZ-
h-߃°v t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-amWv am[y-a-ßfpw {i≤-
sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. CXn¬ G‰hpw henb DZm-l-cWw kmbn-_m-_tbmSv
am[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-am-Wv. B{‘-bn¬am-{X-a-√, tIc-f-
Ønse am[y-a-ßfpw kmbn-_m-_-sb∂ a\p-jy-s‚ ÿm\Øv
BƒssZ-hsØ {]Xn-jvTn-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Xmfp-Iƒ \o°n-sh-®-Xv.
as‰-¥n-ep-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-abpw amXr-`q-anbpw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p CXnepw ap∂n¬.
kmbn-`-‡nbnse hyh-kmb km[y-X-bmWv Chn-sSbpw am[y-
a-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Pme-hn-Zy-bpsS BZy-]mTw ]Tn-°p-
I-t]mepw th≠mØ km[m-c-W-°m-c\v sNøm-hp∂ eLp-Pm-e-hn-
Zy-bn-eqsS "hn`qXn' bpw "kz¿W-tKm-fhpw' kmbn-_m_ ]pd-sØ-
Sp-°p∂Xv hkvXp-Xm-]c - a- mbn dnt∏m¿´v sNøm≥ tIc-fØ - nse am[y-
a-߃ Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√. kmbn-_m-_- "ssZhn-Imw-i-Øn¬' apgp-Inb
ae-bmf am[y-a-߃ Pme-hn-Zy-bnse km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ I_-fn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv Xpd-∂-p Im-´msX, h¿j-߃ \o≠ CØcw Pme-hn-Zy-
bn- e qsS kzcq- ] n® kzØnepw AXp- h gn \S- Ø p∂ ImcpWy
{]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n-ep-am-bn-cp∂p Du∂¬ \evIn-bX - v. _n.-_n.kn. Dƒ∏-
sS-bp≈ am[y-a-߃ Zriy-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS kmbn-_m_
\S-Ønb Pme-hn-Zy-I-fpsS bmYm¿Yyw ]pd-sØ-Øn-®p-sh-¶nepw
C¥ybnsebpw tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-ß-fpsS IÆv kmbn `‡-
cnepw `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZhn-I-]-cn-thjw kzbw
Nm¿Øm--sX\ Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-
Ifpw kwL-SI - fpw cmPyØv Gsd-bp-s≠-∂X - mWv hkvXp-X. Chsb
Xa-kvI-cn-®p-sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øn\v ]n∂m-se-bp≈
am[y-a-ß-fpsS Hm´w.
BƒssZ-h-߃ tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øpam{Xap≈ {]Xn-`mka-√.
Hcp- ] s£ a‰v kwÿm- \ - t Ø- ° mƒ hn]p- e hpw i‡- h p- a mb
BƒssZhw C∂p-≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-sW∂v ]d-bmw. Aar-Xm-\-μ-
abn F∂ kp[m-aWn apX¬ \m´n≥]pd-ß-fn¬ Gsd {]ikvXn-
sbm∂pw t\SmØ sIm®p-sIm®p BƒssZ-h-߃ hsc C∂v k¿h-
km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \thm-∞m-\ aqey-ß-ƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v
Xe-sb-Sp-t∏msS \n∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-emWv a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-]-
122 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

c-amb at\m-hy-Y-Iƒ hfhpw sh≈-hp-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®v BƒssZ-

h-߃ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. BƒssZh߃°v Znhy-i-‡n-bn-s√-¶n¬
C{X-tbsd Bfp-Iƒ Fßs\ Ahn-tS°v BI¿jn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂
F∂ tNmZyw H‰ t\m´-Øn¬ bp‡n-`-{Zsa∂v tXm∂n-tb-°mw.
BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS A\p-N-c-hrμw hna¿i-\-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂Xpw
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CØcw A\p-`-h-km-£yw- h-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. GsX-
¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ at\m-hyY A\p-`-hn-°m-Ø-h¿ Hcp-Im-eØpw
Hcp kaq-l-Ønepw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Nne¿ AXv kzbw adn-I-
S-°pw. a‰p-Nn-e¿°v _‘p-°fpw an{X-ßfpw Bizm-k-h-N-\-ta-Ipw.
B[p-\nI ImeØv imkv{Xo-b-amb ]T\w \S-Ønb Iu¨kn-
e¿am-cpsS ASpØv {]iv\-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃
tXSpw. CsXm∂pw Ah-ew-_n-°m-Ø-h-cmWv Bcm-[m-\m-e-b-ß-fn-
te°pw BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS ASp-tØ°pw t]mIp-∂-Xv.
am\-knI]ncn-ap-dp°w hcn-™p-ap-dp-°nbXmWv tIc-f-Øns‚
h¿Ø-am-\k - m-aq-lnI ]›m-Øe- w. Bflo-bX- bv°v hf-°q-dp≈ Hcp-
Xew AXv krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-ØnemWv G‰hpw
^e-{]-Z-amb hyh-km-b-sa∂ \ne-bn-¬ BƒssZ-h-߃ hf¿∂p-
hn-I-kn-®-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°v HcpXcw
elcn t]mse AXv ]S¿∂p-I-b-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ sI.-
F≥ ]Wn-°¿ CXns\ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

"tIc-f-Ønse a[y-h¿Kw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-

amb {]Xn-k‘n A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂Xv
A¿P‚o- \ - b nse a[y- h ¿K- s Ø- b m- W v . GI- t Ziw F√m-
hcpsSbpw Xs∂ ]tØm ]Xn-\t©m sIm√sØ hcp-am\w
C∂v IS-Øn-em-Wv. hmbv]-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse a[y-
h¿Kw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp-]s£ C¥y-bn¬ as‰mcp `mKØpw
C√m-Ø-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hmbv] Chn-sS-bp-≠v. \ΩpsS
PohnX \ne-hmcw Db¿∂p-sh-∂Xv \√-Imcyw Xs∂. ]s£
B \n-e-hmcw Db¿∂Xv Hcp {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. B
{]Xn-k-‘n°v Hcp-]-cn-lmcw F∂ \nebv°v Bflo-b-Xsb
kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂ BƒssZ-h߃ AXns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. BƒssZ-h-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws123
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

ß-fpsS `‡-cmbn Xo¿∂v Cu {]Xn-k-‘n°v ]cn-lmcw

ImWm\mWv tIc-f-Ønse a[y-h¿Kw {ian-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\
hf-cp∂ BflobX A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.'
˛sI.-F≥ ]Wn-°¿, ^mjn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ
Cu Hcp A\pIqe LSIw D]-tbm-Kn-s∏-SpØn hf¿∂p-h-cp∂
BƒssZh tI{μo- I rX `‡n- h yh- k m- b sØ FXn¿°mt\m
tNmZyw sNømt\m Bcpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ {]ÿm-\-ßtfm \thm-∞m-
\-aq-ey-߃ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® kwL-S-\-Itfm, am[y-a-ßtfm Xøm-
dm-bn-s√-∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. am{X-a-√, kmbn-_m-_-bpsS tIcf
]Xn- ∏ mbn Db¿∂p- h ∂ Aar- X m- \ - μ - a - b nsb BƒssZ- h - a mbn
BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xnembn-cp∂p amXr-`q-anbpw ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw
t]mep≈ {]apJ ]{X- ß ƒ ImWn® AXyp- ’ mlw. Xpd∂v
FXn¿t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ ]ptcm-Ka\-ap-J-Om-b AWn™ ]{X-ß-fm-
Is´ AXn\v apXn-cmsX XnI™ au\ah-ew-_n-®p.
BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Im-
Xn- cn-°pI F∂-Xp-am-{ X-am-b n-c p∂p "tZim-` n- a m- \ n' , "am[yaw'
t]mep≈ _Z¬ CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øm≥ i‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]{X-
ßfpw sNbvX-Xv. Cu hn´p-\n¬°¬ BƒssZ-h- hf¿®bv°v Hcp-
X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnLm-Xhpw krjvSn-®n-√. Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bnsb "AΩ'
F∂v A`nkwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ kmbq-Py-a-S-bp-∂-h-cm-bn-
cn°mw Ah-cpsS `‡-∑m¿. am[y-a-ßfpw AtX kmbqPyw tXSn-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv bp‡-nt_m-[-Øn\v \nc-°p-∂-X-√. Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bn°v
Np‰p-ap≈ \nKq-VX - I
- f
- n-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√m-sX, AXn\v kwc-£Ww
Xo¿°p-∂Xv hy‡-amb Xmev]-cy-ß-fpsS ]pd-Øm-sW-∂p-am-{Xw.
CXn¬\n∂v amdn Nn¥n-°m≥ tZim-`n-am-\n°v t]mepw km[n-®n-´n-
√. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn aT-Øn-s\-Xnsc Db-cp∂ Btcm-]-W-ß-fpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ Icp-X-tem-sS-bp≈ AIew {]m]n-°p-∂-XmWv tZim-
`n-am-\n-bp-sSbpw coXn.
kaq-l-Øns‚ D∂-X-t{i-Wn-bn-ep-≈-hsc {_m≥Uv Aw_m-kn-
U¿amsc t]mse ap∂n¬\n¿Øn-bmWv BƒssZ-h-߃ P\-lr-Z-
b-ß-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. D∂-X-sc ap∂n¬\n¿Øn-
bm¬ km[m-c-W-°msc Ffp∏w hogvXm-sa∂ Xncn-®-dnhv BƒssZ-
h-ßfpw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. CXn\v am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-Wbpw Bthmfw e`n-®p. Poh-
124 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø\w F¥n-\p-ap≈ ad-bm-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Ww Poh-

Im-cp-Wy-Øn-\mbn sNe-hn-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv \√ -]-W-sa∂pw
sNe-hn-Sp-∂-h¿ alm-∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂p. Cu ]Ww Fßs\ kwL-Sn-
∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp tNmZyta A√m-Xm-bn. as‰√m {]iv\-ß-fnepw
hen-b-tNm-Zy-ßfpw At\z-j-Wm-flIcoXnbpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ ae-
bm-f-am-[y-a-߃ BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS CØcw [\-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS
]n∂mse t]mb-tX-bn-√. ]Icw `‡n-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ km[y-X-
Iƒ Chn-sSbpw I≠v BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS "]n∂mse' t]mhp-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. `mc-Xob bp‡n-hmZn kwL-Øns‚ P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-
bmb {io\n ]´-Øm\w Fgp-Xnb "amXm Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn: Znhy
IY-Ifpw bmYm¿∞yhpw' F∂ ]pkvXIw kp[m-a-Wn-bpsS Aar-
Xm-\-μ-a-bn-bn-te-°p≈ am‰sØ(-h-f¿®-sb) hna¿i-\-am-fl-I-ambn
]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂X - m-Wv. Cu ]pkvXI
- sØ B[m-ca
- m°n 2002 HmKÃv
Ggnse C¥ym-Sp-sU-bn¬ k°-dnb Fgp-Xnb Ipdn∏v am[y-a-߃
Aar-Xm-\-μ-a-bn-tbmSv kzoI-cn-°p∂ kao-]-\-Øns‚ t\¿Nn-{X-am-
Wv. k°-dnb Fgp-Xp∂p:

"D≈nte°v IS-°p-tºmƒ, {io\n-]-´-Øm-\-Øns‚ ]pkvXIw

Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn-bpsS Pohn-Xw, ]T-\-߃, Ah-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈
Atcm- ] - W - ß ƒ XpS- ß n- b - h sb ]cntim[n- ° p- ∂ - X mbn
ImWmw. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn F∂ kp[-ma-Wn-sb-∏-‰n, CØ-c-
°m-cmb ]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb F√m hy‡n-I-sf-bp-sa-∂-
Xp-t]m-se, \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ AXn-i-tbm‡n IY-Iƒ°pw
hnkv a - b - ] mcmb- W - ß ƒ°pwA¤p- X - i ‡n ]cn- t h- j -
߃°pw ]pd-Øp-\n∂v C¥y≥ ]uc-∑m-cnse bp‡n-hmZn
F∂ "¢mkn'¬s]-Sp∂ {io\n ]´-Øm\w hnNn-¥\w sNøp-
∂-XmWv \mw Cu {KŸ-Øn¬Im-Wp-∂-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse
"kzX{¥w' F∂v kzbw hnh-cn-°p∂ am[y-a-߃, ]c-ky-
tam-lhpw {]Nm-ct- am-lhpw shdpw \s´-√n-√m-bvabpw \nanØw
kzoI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ At\z-j-Wm-flI kao-]-\-
amWv ]´-Øm\w Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv'
Aar-Xm-\-μ-abntbm-Sp≈ am[ya kao]\w k°-dnb Hcp DZm-
l-cW-ambn Nq≠n-°m-´n-sb-t∂-bp-≈q. tIc-f-Ønse BƒssZ-h-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws125
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

ß-fn¬ "hepXpw i‡n-tb-dn-bXpw' Aa-r-Xm-\-μ-abn Bb-Xn-\m¬

Ffp∏w DZm-l-cn-®p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abnsb IqSmsX a‰v
sNdp-InS Bflo-b-hym-]mcw \S-Øn-b-h-scbpw Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°m≥
am[y-a-߃ Xøm-dm-bn-√. Aar-X-ssN-X\y F∂ kt¥m-jvam-[-
hs‚ Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Ønse I≈-°-fnIƒ ]cm-Xn-bmbn ]pd-Øp-
h-cp-∂-Xp-hsc BƒssZ-h-߃°v hf-cm-\p≈ kzX-{¥-hm¿Øm-
{]-XeamWv am[y-a-߃ Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.

kt¥mjv am[-h\n¬ kS-Ip-S™v

CXn-semcp am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Aar-X-ssN-X\y F∂ kt¥m-jvam-
[-hs\Xnsc Db¿∂ ]cm-Xn-tbm-sSbm-Wv. F∂m¬, AXpw am[y-
a-ß-fpsS At\z-jWm-flI ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ anSp-t°m, \ne-
]m-Sp-If
- psS ssÿcytam ImcWw ]pd-Øp-h∂ hm¿Ø-bp-a√
- . adn®v,
tcJm-aq-e-ap≈ ]cmXn In´n-b-t∏mgpw AXnt\mSv \ntj-[m-flI
kao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p BZy--L´Øn¬ am[y-a-߃ ]pe¿Øn-b-sX-
∂mWv hkvXp-X. FUzn≥ skdm-^n≥ F∂ {]hmkn h\nX 2008
sabn¬ s]meo-kn\v \¬Inb ]cm-Xn-tbm-sS-bmWv kt¥m-jvam-[-
h≥ hm¿Ø-bn¬ CSw ]nSn-®-Xv. Fd-Wm-Ifpw ac-Sn¬ im¥-nXocw
F∂ B{iaw \S-Øp∂ Aar-X-ssN-X\y F∂ I´-∏-\-°m-c≥
kt¥m-jvam-[-h≥ 40 e£w cq] X´n-sb-Sp-Øp-sh-∂m-bn-cp∂p
F≥Uzn≥sk-dm-^n≥ s]meo-kn\v \¬Inb ]cm-Xn.
cmPym-¥-c -X-e-Øn-ep≈ At\z-jW GP≥kn-Iƒ°-S°w
\¬Inb ]cm-Xnbpw AXn¬ \-S-Øp∂ At\z-j-Whpw tcJm-aqew
\evIn-sb-¶nepw Aar-X-ssN--X\y-bpsS Bflob"ssN-X\y' Øn¬
tIc-f-Ønse am[y-a-߃ BZyw ]I-®p-\n¬°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-
Xv. H∂mw \nc-bn-ep≈ ]{X-߃s°√mw ]cm-Xn-bpsS ]I¿∏v
e`y-am-sb-¶nepw ]cm-Xn-°m-cn-bpsS hnizm-kyX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-
hm-sXbpw Aar-X-ssN-X\ybv°v "hnizm-kyX' bpsS B\p-Iqeyw
\evInbpw am[y-a-߃ hm¿Ø Xa-kvI-cn-®p. kaq-l-Ønse D∂-
X-cmb hy‡n-I-fp-ambn Bflo-b-˛dn-b¬-F-tÉv hym]m-c-Øn-eqsS
hen-b-_‘w krjvSn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ffp∏w B{I-an-°-s∏-SmØ {]Xn-
tcm[w kt¥m-jvam-[-h≥ BZytaXs∂ krjvSn-®n-cp-h-∂p-sh-∂Xv
bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]Xn-tcm[w t`Zn-°m≥ am[y-a-߃ H´pw
ss[cyw ImWn-®n-√.
126 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

"tIcfi_vZ' amWv Cu then-s°´v s]m´n-®-Xv. H∂mw-\n-c-am-

[y-a-߃ AK-Wn-®-t∏mƒ sNdp-InS ]{X-ßsf kao-]n® ]cm-Xn-
°m-cs‚ `mK-Øn\v CSw \¬Im≥ tIcf i_vZw ss[cyw ImWn-
®p. tIc-f-i-_vZØns‚ hm¿Øsb ]n∂oSv Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ am[y-
a-߃°mbn√. s]meokv At\z-j-Ww IqSn-bm-b-tXmsS a‰v am[y-
a-ßfpw kt¥mjv am[-h≥ {]iv\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. ho≠pw Hgn-™p-
am-dm≥ hømØ hn[w At∏m-tg°pw kw`-h-ß-fpsS \o≠ \nc-
Xs∂ DS-se-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. hm¿Ø-I-fmbn A®-Sn-®p-h-cp-∂-
Xn-tesd Imcy-߃ Dulm-t]m-l-ß-fmbn s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Cgp-
In-t®¿∂p. ]n∂oSv am[y-a-߃°v Hcp `qXm-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssNX-
\y-an-√mØ kt¥m-jvam-[-hs\ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap∂n¬
Xß-fm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-Xo¿°m-\p≈ {ia-amWv ]n∂oSv am[y-a-߃
\S-Øn-b-Xv. AXn-\mbn s]meokv At\z-j-WØn\v kam-¥-c-ambn
kz¥w At\z-j-Whpw s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw h® hm¿Ø-Ifpw
hm¿Ø-Isf BtLm-jn-°p∂ ]Xnhv am[y-a-co-Xn-t]mse ]{X-Xm-
fp-I-fn¬ CSw ]nSn-®p.
sk≥tk-j-ssekv sNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m¿ IqSp-X¬
BI¿jn-°s - ∏-Sp∂p F∂ B[p-\nI am[y-a{- ]-h¿Ø\ coXn Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p kt¥mjv am[-h-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´ XpS¿hm¿Ø-Iƒ
\¬Ip-∂-Xnepw am[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. adn®v Bflob hym]m-c-
Øn-s\-Xncmb Bflm¿Y-amb Xpd∂ bp≤-ambn AXv ]cn-W-an-®-
tX-bn-√. kt¥mjv am[-hs‚ kw`-h-߃°v ]n∂mse \m´n≥]p-
d-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬\n∂ BƒssZ-h-߃s°-Xnsc \nc-
h[n ]mcm-Xn-Iƒ Db¿∂p. C{X-tbsd BƒssZ-h-߃ _u≤n-
Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambn Db¿∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-
co-£-Øn¬ Ae-´n-√msX Z¿i\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]pd-Øp-h-
cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]n∂o-Sp≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ. am[y-a߃ At\z-jn-®p-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-te-°m-tfsd BƒssZ-h-߃s°-Xn-cmb Hcp s]mXp-
t_m[w Db-cp-Ibpw Bflo-b-hym-]mcw \S-Øp-∂-hcpsS tI{μ-ß-
fn-te°v \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw bphP-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-tj-[-߃
Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bp-amWv D≠m-b-Xv.
kt¥mjv am[-hs‚ Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse, kw`-h-ß-fp-≠m-
b-t∏mƒ AXv dnt∏m¿´v sNøm-Xn-cn-°m≥ am[y-a-߃°v km[n-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. am{X-a-√, A∂sØ P\-hn-Imcw Bflob hym]m-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws127
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

c-Øn-s‚-t]-cn¬ \S-°p∂ I_-fn-∏n-°-en\v FXn-cm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Xß-fpsS hmb-\m-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Cu s]mXp-hn-Im-c-Øn-
s\m∏w k©-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-߃ sNbvX-Xv. kaq-l-
Øn¬ s]mXp-N¿® A{X-ta¬ kPo-h-am-bn. c≠mw \thm-∞m-\-ap-
t∂-‰-Øn-\p≈ Blzm\w hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬\n∂v Db¿∂p-h-
∂p. ]ptcm-K-a\ bph-P\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Ønse
I_-fn-∏n-°-en-s\-Xnsc kmwkvIm-cn-I-Iq-´m-bva kwL-Sn-∏n®v kaq-
l-t_m-[sØ DW¿Øn.
F∂m¬, Hcp-Xcw sshIm-cnI {]I-S-\-Øn-\-∏p-dØv bmYm¿Yy-
t_m-[-tØmsS Bflo-b-hym-]m-csØ kao-]n-°m≥ ]n∂oSpw am[y-
a- ß ƒ Xøm- d m- b n- s √- ∂ - X mWv bmYm¿Yyw. kt¥m- j v a m- [ s‚
AdÃpw XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw at‰Xv tIknse \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃
dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂ coXn-bn¬ hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ CSw ]nSn-®p. tImSXn
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm°n kt¥m-jvam-[-hs\ in£n-°p-∂-L-´w-
hsc am[y-a-߃ Cu hm¿Ø-bpsS ]n∂mse t]mbn. kt¥m-
jvam-[-h≥ Pbn-en¬ B-°-s∏-´-Xn\v tijw, BƒssZ-h˛B-flo-b-
hym-]m-cß- sf "Xpd-∂p-Im-´m-\p≈' Xmev]cyw am[ya߃°pw C√m-
Xm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Dd°w \Sn® BƒssZ-h-˛-B-flo-b-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ
]pI-]S- ew HSp-ßn-bt- ∏mƒ ]Xp-s°-Xe - s
- ]m-°m≥ XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw
am[y-a-߃ Atßm´v Xncn-™p- t\m-°n-b-tX-bn-√. c≠mw \thm-
∞m-\-Øn\v Blzm\w sNbvX tIc-f-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a-\-{]-ÿm-
\-ß-fpsS ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbpw At∏m-gp-≠mb Xm¬ImenI hnIm-c-{]-
I-S-\-Øn-\-∏pdtØ°v {]h¿Ø\ coXnbpw am‰n-bn-√. kt¥m-jvam-
[-h\pw ]c-¬ao-\p-If - psS KW-Øn¬s]-Sm-hp∂ a‰v BƒssZ-hß - fpw
am[y-a-˛-s]m-Xp-k-aql hnNm-c-W-bv°v hnt[-b-am-b-t∏mgpw "{]ÿm-
\-ambn' amdnb a‰v BƒssZ-h߃ Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w Hcp
t]md-ep-ta¬°m-Ø-hn[w apt∂m-´p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn F∂Xv IqSn
{it≤b-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

apkveow \thm-∞m-\hpw Bflo-b-hym-]m-chpw

Bflob hym]mcw lnμp-a-X-hn-`m-K-tØmSv am{Xw tN¿∂p≈X-
√. ]utcm-ln-Xy-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb apkveow-˛-ss{I-kvXh aX-ÿ¿°n-
S-bnepw CXv i‡-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-\-thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-
Øn-s\m∏w Xs∂ apkveow kaqlw Db¿sØ-gp-t∂¬∏ns‚ Ne-
128 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

\߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn-thK hnImkw {]m]n-°m≥

apkveow \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-Øn\v km[n-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂v ImWmw.
AXns‚ ^ew hnZym-`ymk˛sXm-gn¬cw-K-ß-fn¬ ]n∂m°w t]mhp-
Ibpw kv{Xoim-‡o-I-cWw t]mep≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \ntj-[m-flI
kao-]\w XpS-cp-Ibpw aX-]-c-amb BNm-c-߃ A\p-jvSn-°p-∂-
Xn¬ Imtem- N n- X - a m- ‰ - ß ƒ Dƒs°m- ≈ msX ]n≥\- S - ° p- I bpw
sNbvXp-sh-∂-Xm-Wv.
i‡-amb CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂Xv ae-bmf am[y-
a-߃°m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ hn]-Wn-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp `bw
CØcw {]iv\-ß-fn¬ ss[cy-k-taXw CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v am[y-
a-߃ kzbw hne-°n-\p≈ Imc-W-am-°n- am-‰n. BƒssZ-h-߃°pw
Bflo- b - h ym- ] m- c - Ø n- \ p- s a- X nsc hm¿Ø- I - f psS tImem- l ew
krjvSn-°-s∏-´-t∏mgpw apkveow aX-ß-fnse A‘-hn-izm-k-kw_-
‘nbmb Bflo-b-Nq-j-W-߃ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ am[y-
a-߃ hnap-JX ImWn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. AXn-\¿∞w F√m-
co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ß-tfmSpw am[y-a-߃ ]pdw-Xn-cn-™p-
sh-∂-√. hnZym-`ym-kw, k¿°m¿tPm-en, kv{Xoim-‡o-I-cWw XpS-
ßnb taJ-e-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\m-flI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ am[y-a-ß-fpsS
`mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-sb-¶nepw Bflo-b-Nq-j-WsØ t\cn-Sp-∂- Im-
cy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p kzbw hn´p-\n¬°p∂ {]hWX ImWn®Xv.
kap-Zm-bØ- n-\I
- sØ A\n-kvem-an-Ia- mb BNmc coXn-Iƒ- s°Xn-
cmb t]mcm-´-am-bn-cp∂p apkveow kpZm-b-Ønse \thm-∞m-\-ap-
t∂-‰Ø- ns‚ BZy-L´- w. hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ {ia-߃
AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn D≠m-bn. J_dnSw Bcm-[-\-bm-bn-cp∂p
apkveow- k-aq-l-Øn-\n-S-bnse hnNn-{X-amb BNm-cw. CXv A\n-
…m-an-I-am-sW∂ hmZ-amWv h°w aue-hn-sb-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ Ign™
\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS°w apX¬ apt∂m-´p-h-®-Xv. J_¿ Bcm-[-\bpw
aJmw Ddq-kp-Ifpw B≠p-t\¿®bpw Ckvemw hnizm-k- [m-c-bpsS
GI-XzØns‚ \ntj-[-am-sW∂ hkvXpX ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-
s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶nepw B[p-\nI bpK-Ønepw J_¿ Bcm-[\-bpƒs∏-
sS-bp≈ NS-ßp-Iƒ \n¿_m[w XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ddp-kp-Iƒ D’-h-
ß-fm-bmWv BtLm-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. amºp-dw, ae-∏p-dw, sImt≠m´n
t\¿®-Ifpw Xncp-h\ - ¥
- ]
- pcw _oam-∏≈n Ddqkpw BtLm-jß - fpsS
C\-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws129
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

ap≥\nc apJy-[mcm am[y-a-߃ CØcw BNm-c-߃s°m-∏-am-

sW-∂-XmWv ck-I-cw. sslμ-h, ss{IkvXh aX-ß-fnse Bcm-[-
\m-eb - ß
- f
- n¬ \-S°
- p∂ NS-ßp-Iƒ°v Xpey-am-bmWv ap≥\nc apJym-
[mcm am[y-a-ßfpw CXns\ ImWp-∂-Xv. C…m-ense GI-ssZ-h
hn-izm-ksØ \nc-kn-°p-∂Xpw H∏w- A-‘-hn-izm-km[n-jvTn-X-hp-
amb J_dmcm-[\bv°pw Ddq-kp-Iƒ°pw henb hm¿Øm-{]m-[m\yw
Cu am[y-a-߃ \¬Ip-∂p. apkveow kap-l-Øns‚ D∂-a-\-Øn-\v
Du∂¬sIm-SpØp \ne-sIm-≈p∂ apkveow kap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-I-
fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ ]{X-ß-fmWv CXn¬ hn]coX \ne-]m-
Sp-I-ƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-
ep≈ "am[ya' hpw tIcf \Zvh-Øp¬ apPm-ln-±o\ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn-emw-cw-`n® "h¿Ø-am-\hpw' hnizm-k-[m-c-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn
J_-dm-cm-[-\-sbbpw Ddq-kp-I-sfbpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-
°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, Im¥-]pcw F.]n A_q-_-°¿ apkven-
bm-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-ff kp∂n-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb
"kndmPv' apkveow eoKns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb "N{μnI' F∂nh Ddq-kp-
I-sfbpw J_-dm-cm-[-\sbbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ kao-]-\-amWv
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
hnizm-kn-I-fmb Hcp henb kaq-lsØ F¥n\v Dt]-£n-°Ww
F∂-XmWv ap≥\n-c-am-[y-a-߃ C°m-cy-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
CXv sslμh BƒssZ-h-ß-fp-sSbpw Bflo-b-t\-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw
Imcy-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v `n∂-hp-a-√. apkveow kap-Zm-
b-Øn¬ i‡amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ "am[yaw'
t]mepw C°m-cy-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ CS-s]S¬ i‡-am-sW∂v ]d-
bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ddq-kp-I-fpsS hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm,
As√-¶n¬ {]m[m\yw Ipd®v \¬Ip-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw
Bflob hym]m-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb s]mXp-hn-Imcw kaq-l-Øn¬
krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ CS-s]S¬ \S-Øm≥ am[yaw aSn-Im-Wn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. "I≠p-\n¬°p-I-b√ CS-s]-Sp-I-bmWv' F∂ am[y-a-
Øns‚ B]vX-hmIyw ChnsS CsX√mw I≠p-\n¬°p-∂p.
F∂m¬, Im¥-]pcw F ]n A_q-_-°¿ apkven-bm¿ "Xncp-
tIiw' F∂v t]cn´v apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS apSn ssIh-i-ap-s≠∂
Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-®-t∏m-ƒ am[yaw AXn-s\-Xnsc i‡-ambn
\ne- ] m- S p- X - s ∂- s b- S p- Ø p. Xncp- t Iiw C´p- s h® sh≈Øn\v
130 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

ZnhyXzw Iev ] n®v \¬Ip∂Xn\pw CXns‚ t]cn¬\- S - Ø p∂

Bflob hym]m-c-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-Øns‚ \ne-]m-
Sv. "h¿Ø-am-\hpw' Xncp-tI-i-hn-cp≤ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw
{]Nm-c-Øn¬ ap∂n-ep≈ ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw amXr-`q-anbpw Xncp-
tIiw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p-Itbm Im¥-]p-c-
Øns‚ Ah-Im-ih - m-ZØ
- ns‚ s]mcpƒ tX-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn--√. ]Icw
A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \¬In "\njv]-£-X-
'bpsS aqSp-]Sw AWn-bp-I-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p sNbvX-Xv.
Xncp-tI-i-hn-hmZw Db¿∂-t∏mƒ AXn-t\mSv {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂ -
Im-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI t\Xr-Xzhpw
`b-∏m-tSm-sS-bp≈ kao-]-\-amWv ssIs°m-≠-Xv. Bflo-b-Im-cy-
ß-fn¬ cmjv{So-b-t\-XrXzw CS-s]-Sp-∂n-s√∂ Hgn-™p-am-d-em-bn-
cp∂p tIm¨{Kkv t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ kao-]\ - w. AtX-ka
- bw, apSnbpw
\Jhpw Dƒs∏-S-bp≈ F√m-Im-cy-ßfpw ico-c-am-en-\y-am-sW∂v
Nq≠n-°m´n kn]n-sF(-Fw) kwÿm\ sk{I-´dn ]nW-dmbn hnP-
b≥ ]c-ky-\n-e-]mSv Xncp-tI-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. a‰v cmjv{Sob hnj-b-ß-fn¬ CØ-csammcp ]c-ky-{]-kvXm-
h\ h∂m¬, AXn-t∑¬ hen-sbmcp kwhmZkm[yX Is≠-Øp-
am-bn-cp∂ am[ya߃, ]s£ ]nW-dmbn hnP-bs‚ ]c-ky-{]-kvXm-
h\ h∂-ti-jhpw "Xncp-tIi' Nqj-W-Øns‚ hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v
IS-°m≥ {ian-®n-cp∂n-√. tIcf apkveow-I-fnse hen-sbmcp hn`m-
K-amb kp∂n-Isf F¥n\v ]nW-°Ww F∂-XmWv am[y-a-߃
C°m-cy-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® \n w-KX - b
- p-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\w. sslμh
Bflo-b-hym-]m-c-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ t]mse Xncp-tIi Bflo-b-
X-bpsS hym]mc km[y-Xbv°v Xs∂-bmWv ap≥\n-c-am-[y-a-߃
{]mapJyw \¬InbXv.
"apko-_Ø- p-Ifpw ssiØm≥_m-[I - fpw' \o°m\pw tcmK-ßfpw
£oWßfpw am‰m\pw a{¥n-®q-Xnb Ge- p-I-fpw Dd-p°p-Ifpw Ac-
s°-´nepw ssII-fnepw sI´p-∂Xv C∂pw apkveoßfnse hnizm-
k-[m-c-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. Ckvem-an¬ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn\v ÿm\-an-
s√-¶nepw a{¥-hm-Zß
- fpw Ddp°v˛- G
- e
- kv hnZy-Ifpw \¬Ip∂ km[y-
X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn aue-hn-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]ptcm-
ln-X-hrμw i‡n-£-bn-°msX \n¬°p-I-bmWv B[p-\nI kaq-
l-Øn-epw. kn≤-∑m¿ {Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw "hnLv\-߃'
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws131
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

\o°p-∂Xv tNmZyw-sN-ø-s∏-SmsX t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

aXNcy-If - nse a‰p-Im-cy-ßf
- nepw kam-\a - mWv am[y-aß - ƒ kzoI-
cn® coXn. sslμ-hm-Nm-cß - ƒ ]cn-jvIc - n-°p∂ hnj-bß - ƒ Db¿∂p-
h-∂-t∏mƒ AXv sXmSp-∂Xv hnizm-kn-I-f-S-ßp∂ Hcp-hn-`m-KsØ
]nW-°p-∂-Xn-te°v \bn-°p-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p am[ya `bw. apkvenw-
ß-fnse Nn´-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw CtX kao-]\w Xs∂ am[y-a-
߃ kzoI-cn-®p. ]≈n-I-fn¬ JpXv_-bpsS `mj GsX∂ Imcy-
ج apkveow kaq-l-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ kwhm-Z-߃ \nc-¥cap≈-Xm-
Wv. F√m-h¿°pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂-hn[w JpXp_ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°-
W-sa∂pw {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X-≥ ]d-bp-∂Xn\v "Bao≥' ]d-
bp-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-s√-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-߃ kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬\n-
∂p-Xs∂ i‡-ambn Db¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. apkveow kap-Zmb
kwL-S-\Iƒ \S-Øp∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ CXp-kw-_-‘n®
N¿®- I fpw hna¿i- \ - ß fpw Btcm- ] - W - { ]- X ym- t cm- ] - W - ß fpw
Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AsXm∂pw ap≥\n-c-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS ]cn-
K-W-\m-hn-j-bta BIp-∂n-√.
aX-N-cy-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnse ]cn-jvI-c-W-߃ \n¿tZ-
in-®-XneqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p tNI-∂q¿ auehn sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXp-
kw-_-‘n® {Ian-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw e`n-®p-sh-∂-√-sX,
tNI-∂q¿ auehn Db¿Ønb tNmZy-ßfpw apt∂m-´p-h® \n¿tZ-i-
ßfpw Kuc-h-amb s]mXp-N¿®-bmbn CSw-sIm-≈n-°m≥ ap≥\n-c-
am-[y-a-߃ k∂-≤-cm-bn-s√-∂Xv {]oW-\-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂
]pXnb ssien-bmbn kzoI-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{X-am-Wv.
s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk cwK-Øp-\n∂pw ]q¿W-ambpw amdn-\n-∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øn-se, {]tXy-In®v ae-_m-dnse apkveow-I-fpsS
]q¿Δ-Im-ew. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂Xpw ae-bmfw ]Tn-°p-
∂-Xp-t]mepw aX-hn-cp-≤amsW∂ {]Nm-cWw Ign-™-\q-‰m-≠ns‚
XpS-°-Øn-e-S°w aue-hn-amcpw ]ptcm-ln-Xcpw Agn-®p-hn-´n-cp-∂p.
kmaq-ln-I- ]n-∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-Xw.
kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-°p-tijw, apkveowkapZmbw cmjv{So-b-i-‡n-
bmb Db¿∂v Gsd-°-gn-™mWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-te°v
apkveow hn`m-K-Ønse F√m-hcpw FØn-t®-c-W-sa∂ Nn¥ DS-
se-Sp-ØXv. At∏mgpw s]¨Ip-´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk-Øn\v ap≥K-
W\ In´n-bn-√. s]¨Ip-´n-I-tfmSpw kv{XoI-tfmSpw aX-bm-Ym-ÿn-
132 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Xn-I¿ ImWn-°p∂ kao-]-\-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw am‰w h∂n-´n-s√-¶nepw

kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-s°m∏w \S-°m≥ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-
°-W-sa∂ Nn¥m-[m-c-bn-te°v amdm≥ apkveow kap-Zm-b-Ønse
hen-sbm-cp-hn-`mKw k∂-≤-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
kv{XoIƒ s]mXp-cw-K-tØ°p IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ \ntj-
[m-flI \ne-]mSv C∂pw apkveow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]q¿W-
ambpw amdn-bn-´n-√. hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hen-sbmcp
apt∂‰w apkveow s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXv ]q¿W-
tXm-Xn-ep≈ s]mXp-{]-th-i-ambn amdmØ {]tZ-i-߃ Ct∏mgpw
tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ D∂-a-\amWv am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw
\ne-]m-sS-¶nepw s]¨Ip-´n-Isf tPmen°v \n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]{Xw
XpSßn c≠p-Z-im_vZØntesd "am[yaw' ]{Xhpw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-
∂n-√. {]I-S-amb kv{Xohn-cp-≤-X {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p am[y-
ahpw sNbvX-Xv. c≠p-Z-im-_vZ-Øn\v tijw kv{XoIsf tPmen-bn¬
{]th-in-∏n-°m≥ am[yaw amt\-Pp-sa‚pw Xøm-dm-bXv, hnZym-`ymkw
t\Sn-b-Xn-eqsS apkveow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈nepw Db¿∂p-h∂
DW¿hns‚ ^ew IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Bflo-b-hym]m-c-Øn-s‚bpw aX-N-cy-I-fnse ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-
fpsSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]n¥n-cn-™p-\n-∂p-sh-¶nepw hnZym-`ymk-cw-
K-sØ-∂-t]mse k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-I-fn¬ apkvenw hn`m-K-Øn\v
A¿l-amb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øp-∂-
Xn¬ ]{X-߃ henb {]mapJyw \¬In. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ A[n-
Im- c - ÿ m- \ - ß - f n¬ A¿ln- ° p∂ {]mXn\n[yw e`n- ° m- \ mbn
apkveow AS°-ap≈ CXc ]n∂m-°-hn`mKw \S-Ønb \n¿h¿Ø-
\- { ]- t £m`Øns‚ XpS¿®bmWv Btd- g p- ] - X n- ‰ m- ≠ n\ptijw
k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kp-I-fn¬ \jvS-s∏´ Ah-k-c-߃ hos≠-Sp-°m-
\mbn ho≠pw DS-se-Sp-ØXv. apkveo-ß-fpsS Ah-kc \jvS-Øns‚
I-W°v shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p PÃnkv \tc-{μ≥ IΩn-j≥
dnt∏m¿´v. Cu dnt∏m¿´v- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv
kw_-‘n®v hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ ap∂m° kap-Zm-b-
ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≠m-sb-¶nepw apkveoß-fpsS \jvS-s∏´ Ah-kcw
]p\-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ am[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂pw Imcy-amb
FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn-√. apkveow kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw cmjv{So-
b-]m¿´n-bp-sSbpw DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ ]{X-ß-sf√mw \tc-{μ-I-Ωn-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws133
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ah-Im-i-t∏m-cm-´-Øn-\mbn \ne-

sIm-≠-t∏mƒ, AXv km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ hnIm-c-am-sW∂v a\- n-
em-°n- {]t£m-`-Øn\v ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ a‰v ap≥\nc ]{X-ßfpw
Xøm-dm-bn.

an{i-hn-hm-l-Øn¬\n∂v euPn-lm-Zn-te°v
tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI am‰-Øn¬ an{i-hn-hm-l-߃ hln®
]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. PmXn hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Zpc-hÿbn¬ Ign-
™n-cp∂ Iogmf P\-hn-`m-K-߃°v Xe Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m\pw
Ahsc CXcPmXn hn`m-K-߃ kzoI-cn-°m\pw XpS-ßn-bXv an{i-
hn-hm-l-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I¬ t\c-ß-fn¬ PmXo-b-ambn am‰n-
\n¿Ø-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw A¥n-a-b-ßn-bm¬ Iogmf hn`m-K-ß-fnse
s]¨Ip-´n-Isf \n¿_‘ kw_-‘-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn¬
kh¿W ap∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fnse ]pcpj-∑m¿°v H´pw aSn-bn-√m-
Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øns‚ `qX-Im-ew. AØcw _‘-ß-fn-eqsS
]nd∂ Ip™p-ß-fp-ambn injvS-Po-hnXw \c-I-bm-X\ A\p-`-hn-t°-
≠n-h-∂-t∏mgpw Xncn-™p-t\m-°m≥ kh¿W ]pcp-j∑m¿ Xøm-dm-
bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kmaq-lnI bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬\n-∂mWv an{i-hn-hm-l-
sa∂ hnπ-hm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø\w 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-tØmsS
tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
PmXob then-s°-´n-\-∏p-dØv kvt\l-Øn\pw {]W-b-Øn\pw
ÿm\-ap-s≠∂pw IpSp-_w-Po-hn-XØn-te°v AXv ]I¿ØpI km[y-
am-sW∂pw an{i-hn-hm-l-Øn-eqsS sXfn-™p. IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw
kaql-Ønepw henb tImfn-f-°-ß-fp-≠m-°n-sb-¶nepw an{i-hn-hm-
l-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI {]k‡n IqSns°mt≠bn-cp-∂p. PmXn amdn-
bp≈ hnhml _‘-ß-tfmSv A\p-`mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-h¿ A°mew
hfsc A]q¿h-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, FXn¿∏p-Isf Ah-K-Wn-®p-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂ PmXn-c-ln-X-amb {]Wbw ae-bm-f-°-c-bn¬ km[m-
c-W-ambn. CØcw an{i-hn-hm-l-߃ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºv ]{X-
߃ hm¿Ø-bmbn Xs∂ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. B hm¿Ø-Iƒ
kmaq-lnI am‰-Øns‚ ktμiw P\-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°m≥ Dt±-
in-®p-≈-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIhew PmXobamb AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬
{]Wb k¶-ev]-ßsf XS-™p-sh-t°-≠-X-s√∂pw PmXn-th-en-
s°´v t`Zn-®v IS-∂p-h-cm≥ {]W-bn-\n-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®-Xp-am-
134 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

bn-cp∂p AØcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ Iºfw

am‰mØ ]e IpSpw_ _‘-ßfpw C°m-c-W-Øm¬ inYn-e-am-sb-
¶nepw an{i-hn-hmlw krjvSn® kmaq-lnI am‰sØ Ah-K-Wn-°m-
\m-hn-√. -
kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c \ho\ tIc-f-Øn¬ an{i-hn-hmlw F∂Xv
henb A¤p-Xtam AXn-km-l-knI kmaq-lnI hnπ-htam A√m-
Xm- b n. AsXmcp km[m- c W {]{In- b bpw AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂
hm¿Ø-I-f-√m-Xm-hp-∂-Xp-am-bn. hy‡n-kzm-X{¥yw A{X-ta¬ hn]p-
ehpw s]mXp-k-aqlw AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
PmXnbpw aXhpw amdn-bp≈ hnhm-l-߃ Nne IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS
kzmÿyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Im-sa-¶nepw an{in-hn-hm-l-Øn\v
Gd-°psd Hcp s]mXpkzoIm-cyX e`n-®p.
Cu kmaq-ln-I-km-l-N-cy-Øn-t∑-ep≈ It√-dm-bn-cp∂p "eu
PnlmZv' F∂ am[ya"Is≠-ج'. sslμh ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ
_m_dn akvPn-Zv XI¿Ø-Xn\v tij-ap≈ C¥y-bn¬, Xm≥ Xo{h-
hm-Zn-b-s√∂v kzbw ÿm]n-t°≠ _m[yX C¥y-bnse apkveow
kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fn¬ ASn-t®-ev]n-®-Xns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p eu
Pnlm-Zv. apkveow Xo{h-hmZ kwL-S-\-bnse {]h¿ØI¿ {]Wbw
\Sn®v a‰p-a-X-ÿcpambn hnhml _‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂psh∂pw
CXv Xo{h-hm-Z-Øn-te°v Bfp-Isf FØn-°m-\p≈ kwL-SnX {ia-
amsW-∂pam-bn-cp∂p 2009-˛10 ImeØv tIc-f-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂
Btcm-]-Ww.
Hcp-Im-eØv tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
ap≥\n-cb - n-ep-≠m-hp-Ibpw PmXn-˛a
- X
- h
- n-th-N\
- ß
- sf FXn¿°p-Ibpw
an{i-hn-hm-lsØ hnπ-hm-flI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ambn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
°pbpw sNbvX "tIcf IuapZn' bmbn-cp∂p "euPn-lmZv' F∂
Btcm-]-W-Øns‚ BZy-sh-Sn-ap-g-°n-b-Xv. Xo{h-hm-Z-hn-cp-≤-Xbv°pw
tZi-kvt\-l-Øn\pw ]Ø-c-am-‰ns‚ hm¿Øm-aqeyw Iev]n® a‰v
apJy-[mc am[y-aß - fpw CXv G‰p-]n-Sn-®p. ae-bmf at\m-ca
- bpw amXr-
`q-anbpw euPn-lm-Zns‚ ]n∂mse t]mbn. s]meokv At\z-j-Ww
h∂p. Xo{h-hm-Z-h-f¿®sb {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ AXoh tZi-
kvt\l {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \S-Øp-∂-sX∂ Bflm-`n-am-\-tØm-
sS-bm-bn-cp∂p euPn-lmZv hm¿Ø-Isf apJy-[mcm am[y-aß - ƒ kao-
]n-®-Xv.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws135
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

apkveow-˛-lnμp IpSpw-_-ß-fn-ep-≈-h¿ \S-Ønb hnhm-l-Øns‚

IW-°p-Is - f-SpØv euPn-lm-Zns‚ "Xo{hX' G‰n-s°m-≠n-cp∂p ]{X-
߃. s]meokv At\z-jW-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS Is≠-Øe - n\pw ap∂n-
em-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-߃. hkvXp-Iƒ°v ]Icw s]mSn-∏pw -sXm-ß-
ep-ap≈ hmN-I-ß-fp-ambn AXv kaq-l-Øns‚ kzmÿyw sISp-
Øp∂ coXn-bn-te°v hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-®p. hyXykvX aX-ÿ-cm-b-
h¿ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xpw {]W-b-_-≤-cm-Ip-∂Xpw kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-
tbmsS t\m°-W-sa∂ hn]-coX-t_m[w kaq-l-a-\- n¬ ASn-
t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p am[y-a-ß-fpsS CS-s]S¬. B¿.-F-kv.-F-
kv, F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.]n XpS-ßnb sslμh cmjv{So-
b-˛-km-ap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ euPn-lmZv G‰p-]n-Sn-®p. ItØm-
en°m k`bpw euPn-lm-Zn-s\-Xnsc ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-ambn cwK-sØ-
Øn.
am[y-a-߃ apt∂m-´p-sh® kw`-h-ß-fpsS ]n∂mse t]mb
s]meo-kn\v, Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf km[q-I-cn-°m-\p≈ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS
sNdnb I®n-t]mepw In´n-bn-√. AtXmsS tImS-Xn-bn¬, euPn-lmZv
shdpw s]m≈-°-Y- am-{Xam-sW∂v shfn-hm-°-s∏-´p. {ItaW euPn-
lmZv F∂ Is≠-Ø-ens‚ ap\-sbm-Sn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIkv
\S-Øn-∏n-\n-S-bn¬ tImSXn \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿i-߃ t]mepw Xß-
fpsS BZy-hm¿Øbv°v km[q-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂-hn[w sX‰mbn
hymJym- \ n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ am[y- a - ß ƒ Aan- X m- t hiw ImWn- ® p.
F∂m¬, am[y-a- I-s≠-Ø-en¬ Ig-ºn-s√∂v tImSXn BXy-¥n-I-
ambn ]d-™-tXmsS ssI IgpIn ]n∑m-dp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu am[y-
a-ß-sf√mw sNbvX-Xv.
kmap-Zm-bnI kulm¿±w XI¿°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ kwi-b-hnØp-
Iƒ]mIn hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evInb am[y-a-߃ ]s£, sNbvXXv
sXs‰∂v sXfn-™-tijw AtX-‰p-]-d-bp-∂Xn¬ as‰√mImcy-
Ønepsa∂-t]mse ]Xnhv Aew-`mhw XpS¿∂p. kaq-lsØ `n∂n-
∏ns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn-b-Xn¬ Hcp Ip‰-t_m-[hpw am[y-a-
߃°p-≠m-bn-√.

Xncp-Ø-s∏-tS≠ {]h-W-X-Iƒ
Ae-ka - m-bn-°n-S°
- p∂ Hcp kaq-lØ
- n-te°v Zqjn-Xk- z-`m-hß
- ƒ
\pg-™p-I-b-dp-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-hn-Im-k-Øns‚
136 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

Ncn{Xw CXv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. \thm-∞m-\m-im-b-߃ Hcm-fn¬\nt∂m

Hcp {]tXyI kμ¿`-Øntem Dcp-Øn-cn-™p -h-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
h¿j-ß-fmbn a\p-jy≥ A\p-h¿Øn® ioe-ß-fnse bp‡n-cm-
lnXyw Xncn-®dn™--h¿ kzbw Db¿ØnbXpw kaq-l-Øns‚ ap∂n-
te°v Fdn-™p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xp-amb tNmZy-ß-fmWv ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v
ASn-ÿm-\-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. A\p-`h -bm-Ym¿YyØn¬\n-∂p≈ am‰-
ambn CXns\ Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. am‰w {ia-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. kaq-
l-Øn¬ B[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-®n-cp∂ bmYm-ÿnXnINn¥-Isf C√m-
Xm-°m≥ \S-Øp∂ DZy-aß - sf kmaq-ly-LS- \
- b
- psS D]cn-Xe
- Ø
- n¬
Ccn-∏p-d-∏n® hn`mKw F°m-ehpw XS-bn-Sm≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. G‰p-ap´-
ens‚ Cu Ncn{Xw Xs∂-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse \thm-∞m-\-ap-t∂-‰-
Øn-\p-ap-≠m-b-Xv. AXn-¬ hy‡-amb \ne-]m-Sp-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-
bn-cp∂ am[y-a-߃ ]n¬°m-eØv ka-c-k-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-Xn-te°v
\ne-]mSv am‰n-sb-∂-XmWv kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°pw am[y-a- ta-J-e-
bnse hymh-km-bn-I-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw tijw {]I-S-am-hp-∂-Xv.
kaq-lsØ ]Tn-°p-I-bmWv am[y-a-߃ sNøp-∂Xv F∂-Xp-
t]mse kaqlw Adn-bp-∂Xpw ]Tn-°p-∂Xpw am[y-a-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-
X-s∂-bm-Wv. Cu sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-Isf sX‰mbn {]tbm-K-h-
XvIc- n-°p-Ib
- mWv ]n¬Im-eØv \thm-∞m-aq-ey-ßf - psS XpS¿® Gs‰-
Sp-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ae-bm-fa - m-[y-aß
- ƒ \¬Inb kw`m-h\ - . CXn¬
]p\¿hn-N-n¥\Øn\v {]k-‡n-bp-s≠∂v t]mepw aqe-[-\-Xm-
ev]cyw ta¬ss° t\Snb B[p-\nI am[y-ak - w-kvIm-cØ- n-ep-s≠∂v
tXm∂p-∂n-√. hn]-Wn-bp-‡n-sb kmam-\y-h-XvI-cn®v h-f¿®-bpsS
cmk-h-f-am-°p-I-bmWv B[p-\n-I-am-[ya hyh-km-bw. ]{Xm-[n-]¿
]{X-Øns‚ apJ-ambncp∂ Imew AkvXa - n-®X- p-t]mse, thdn´ Nn¥-
Isf {]I-Sn-∏n-°msX F√mw Dƒt®¿∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞
{]Xn-^-e\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kzbw {]Xn-jvTn-°m-\mhpw am[y-a-߃
XpS¿∂pw {ian-°p-I. ]ptcm-Ka-\hpw ]n¥n-cn-∏\pamb Bi-b-ßsf
Htc \pI-Øn¬ sI´n hf¿®-bnte°v Nph-Sp-sh-°p∂XmWv ]pXn-
b-Im-esØ am[ya ssh`-hw.
 A[ymbw 5

hnizm-kß
- f- psS hn]-Wn
B[p-\nI hnI-knX kaq-l-Øns‚ Ne-\-߃ tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv hn]-Wnsb B{i-bn-®m-Wv. hn]Wn \n›bn-°p∂ KXn-
bn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ kzm`m-hn-I- co-Xn-bmbn amdn-
bn- c n- ° p- ∂ p. hy‡n Pohn- X - Ø nepw kaq- l - Ø ns‚ kz`mhw
]p\¿\n¿W-bn-°p∂Xnepw hn]WnbpsS kzm[o\w A{X-tØmfw
hep-Xm-Wv. `mj, thjw, kwkvIm-cw F∂n-ßs\ X\Xv kzXz-ß-
fn¬ hy‡nXzw Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂ `n∂kaq-l-ß-ƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-
Ip∂p F∂-XmWv hn]Wn \nb-{¥nX ]pXnbIme-Øns‚ ]cn-
Wm-aw. hn]-Wn-bpsS Cu km[y-Xsb ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bXmWv B[p-\nI apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hnP-bhpw. am[ya
taJe hymh-km-bnI hXvI-c-W-Øn-te°v \oßp-Ibpw ]{X-ßfpw
Hcp "DXv]∂'ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvX ]pXnb ImeØv
hn]-Wn-bpsS km[y-X-Isf Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂-
Xmbn B[p- \ nI am[y- a - h o£Ww. hrØm- ¥ - ] - { X- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ -
Øn¬\n∂v aqe-[-\-tI-{μo-IrX ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-
ambncp-∂p AXns‚ ^ew.
am[y-a-ßsf kw_-‘n®v hn]Wn at‰Xv tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-\-
ß-sfbpw DXv]-∂-ß-sfbpw t]mse-b-√. Htc kabw Cc´ km[y-
X-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv am[y-a-߃°p≈ A]q¿h t\´w.
H∂v kz¥w DXv]∂w hn¬°msa-∂-Xm-Wv. c≠m-a-tØXv DXv]-∂-
Ønse CSw hn¬°m-sa-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ BZy-tØ-Xmb DXv]∂w
hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\v F√m aqe-[\ i‡n-Ifpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse hn]-
Wn-bn¬ G‰hpw kzoIm-cy-amb tNcph DXv]-∂-Øn\v \¬Ip-I-
sb∂ X{¥w Xs∂ am[y-a-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-. ae-bmf at\mca
FUn‰- d m- b n- c p∂ sI.Fw amXyp ]d™ P\m- ` n- e mj]{X- { ]-
h¿Ø\w Cu hn]Wn Xm¬]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn- b p- ≈ - X m- W v .
DXv]∂w G‰hpw \√ coXn-bn¬ hn‰p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn DXv]-∂-
Øns‚ ck-°q-´nse tNcp-h-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v
am‰p-I-sb-∂-XmWv {]Ya X{¥w. Bh-iy-°m-c\v AYhm hmb-
\°m-c\v F¥mtWm th≠Xv AXv \¬Ip-∂p. km[m-c-W a\p-
138 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

jys‚ hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw Xm¬]-cy-ß-sfbpamWv AXn\v am\-Z-fi-

am-°p-∂-Xv. P\-Øn\v C∂Xv thWw F∂v \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw AX-
\p-k-cn®v hn`-h-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn. AhnsS hm¿Ø-
bpsS aqey-Øn\√ P\m-`n-em-j-Øn-\mWv ap≥K-W-\. P\-{]nb ]{X-
{]-h¿Ø-\hpw hkvXp-\njvT ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw hyXy-kvX-am-
sW∂ [mcW C√m-sXb-√, ]Icw hkvXp-\n-jvT-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-
sf-°mƒ P\-{]n-b-X kzoI-cn-®mte DXv]∂w hn‰p-t]m-hp-I-bp≈q
F∂ hn]Wn-bnse kmam-\y -XXzw ]men-°p-I-bmWv am[ya߃.
hm¿Øbpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw Xß-fpsS DXv]∂w hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\v
hnLm-X-am-Ip-sa∂v ImWp-tºmƒ AXv hne-°-s∏tS≠ hm¿Ø-
bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. hm¿Ø \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS ]{X-Øns‚ Hcp hcn-
°mc-s\ \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ kml-Ncyw ]{X-ap-S-a-Iƒ°v Xmev]-cy-ap-
≈-X-√. ]Icw hm¿Ø \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS ]pXnb hcn-°m-
cs\ e`n-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ DS-aI
- f
- psS Xmev]cyw AXn-t\m-Sm-WpXm-
\pw.
ssZ\wZn\ hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ ]{X-apS-a-Iƒ t\cn´v CS-s]-Sp∂ coXn
ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep-s≠∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. F∂m¬,
kao-]-\-Ønse s]mXp-coXn F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ ktμiw Xß-
fpsS ÿm]-\-Ønse Poh\°m¿°v \¬Im≥ ]{X-D-S-a-Iƒ°v
km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu \n¿tZiw ewLn-®p-sImt≠m, \b-]-c-amb
Xocp-am-\-߃°v hn]-co-X-amtbm Bb hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Im≥
dnt∏m¿´¿am¿ Xp\n-bm-dn-√. \pg-™p-Ib
- d
- n-hc
- p∂ AØcw dnt∏m¿´p-
Isf kqjv-a-\n-co-£Ww \S-Øm≥]‰p∂ i‡-amb FUn-t‰m-dn-
b¬hn`mKw C∂v ap≥\nc ae-bmf ]{X-߃°p-≠v. hmb-\-°m-
cs\ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-te°v
Nne- k-μ¿`-ß-fn-se√mw t_m[-]q¿h-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv
]{X-Øns‚ {]Nm-c- hn-Im-k-Øn-\p≈ am[ya DS-a-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw
FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ hn`mKw \S-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p∂p F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv, icn-b-s√∂pw A[m¿an-I-sa∂pw
tXm∂p-∂-Im-cy-߃ t]mepw hmb-\m-`n-cpNn IW-°m°n ]{X-Øm-
fp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. hm¿Ø-bpsS ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-
Xn¬t]mepw CXv {]I-S-amhpw, hm¿ØbpsS \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬s]-
SmØ kwK-Xn-Iƒt]mepw hmb-\-°msc BI¿jn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬
H∂mw-t]-Pn¬ CSw ]nSn-°p-∂Xv CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws139
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

Cw•ojv am[y-a-ß-fmWv C°mcyw hfsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-

K-Øn¬h-cp-Øn-b-h¿. tKmkn-∏p-Iƒ \nd®v ImX-en-√m-Ø -hm-b-\-
bpsS ]pXnb kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ {_n´ojv Smtªm-
bvUp-Iƒ Hcp-]p-Xnb hnπhw Xs∂-bmWv Xo¿Ø-Xv. hm¿Øm-
aqeyw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Smtªm-bvUp-I-fpsS ]n∂mse t]mbn-
s√-¶nepw Ah¿ \¬Ip∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-se-¶nepw
Fhn- s S- s b- ¶ nepw Dƒs∏- S p- t Ø≠ hn[w "t]m∏p- e ¿ \yqkv
dnt∏m¿´n-Mp-'I-fn-te°v temIsØ {]apJ ap≥\nc Cw•ojv am[y-
a-߃°pw Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ amt‰-≠n-h-∂p. C¥y-bnepw
Cu {]h-W-X A\p-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cw•ojv am[y-a-߃sN-
bvX-Xv. ]{X-Øns‚ apJw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v amdn
amt\-P¿am¿ {][m-\-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v hcp-∂Xv hn]-Wnkm[y-X-
Isf ]{X-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb∂ Btem-
N-\-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. ]{Xm-[n-]¿°v {]k-‡n-bn-√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw F√m-
hcmepw hmbn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-hn[w hyXy-kvX-tN-cp-h-IfneqsS hn]-Wn-
kz-`m-hsØ Dƒs°m-≈p-I-sb∂Xnte°v hm¿Ø-bpsS ap≥K-W\
amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C¥y≥ am[y-a-cw-KØv hn]-Wn-Xm¬]cyam\-Zfiw {]tbm-K-
Øn¬h-cp-Øn-bXn\pw a‰p-]-{X-߃°v AXn-te°v \otß-≠n-h-
∂-Xn\pw ImcWw ssSwkv Hm^v C¥ybpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Im-cmb
s_∂‰v tImƒam≥ Iº\n kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sp-am-‰-am-sW∂v Sn
sP Fkv tPm¿Pv Nq≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y-I≠ G‰hpw anI®
]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ {^m¶v samd-bvk-sW Xcw-XmgvXn s_tIm
Iº-\n-bpsS sNb¿am-\m-bn-cp∂ AtimIv Pbn-\ns‚ aI≥ kao¿
Pbn≥ ]{X-Øns‚ kmcYyw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-tXm-sS-bmWv Cu am‰-sa∂v
Sn sP Fkv \nco-£n-°p-∂p. ]{X-Øns‚ {]Nmc h¿[-\bv°v
kao¿sP-bn≥ ]pXnb ]≤Xn Xs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
kao¿P-bn-\ns‚ ap∂n¬ ]{Xw F∂Xv shdpw DXv]∂w am{X-am-
bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bnse am[y-a-cw-KØv Zqchym-]-I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-
amWv Cu \bw-am‰w krjvSn-®-sX-∂mWv Sn sP F ns‚ hne-bn-
cp-ج:

"DXv]∂w hn‰v em`w D≠m-°pI F∂ GI C\ Npa-Xe

\nd-th-‰m≥ {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v D]m-b-ß-fmWv At±lw
140 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv: hm¿Ø akm-e-h-XvI-cn-°p-I, ]c-kyhpw

hm¿Øbpw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® Ipd-bv°p-Itbm C√m-Xm-
°p-Itbm sNøp-I, ]ckyw sImSp-°p∂ Iº-\nIfp-ambn
kzIm-cy-_‘ - Ø - n-te¿s∏-Sp-I. cmjv{So-bØ - ns‚ AXn-{]-
kcw Hgn-hm-°m-s\∂ hymtP-\-bmWv kn\n-am-\-Sn-I-fpsS
hkv{X-[m-cW - h
- pw, {]i-kvXc - psS hncp-∂p-kX- vIm-cß- fpw
Im∏n-I-S-I-fnse sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\hpw dnt∏m¿´¿am-cpsS
hnj-bß- f - m-°n-bX - v. t]Pv {Xo, Uw_nMv Uu¨ F-s∂m-
s°-bp-≈{- ]-tbm-Kß - ƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p. hm¿Ø-If - psS Xcw-
Xm-gvØn, Fcnhpw ]pfnbpw \nd-®v, \ndhpw a[pchpw
Ie¿Øn DXv]∂w hmßm≥ Bfp-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p∂
Uw_nKv Uu¨ Hcp ^mj-\m-bn. sFiz-cy-dmbn \l-\S\p-
ambn hg-°p-Iq-Sp-∂Xv H∂mw-t]-Pnse NqS-∏-am-bn. a‰p-]-
{X-ßfpw Cu hgn°v Xncn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ s_tIm-
bpsS kmc-Yn-Iƒ hnP-b{- io-em-fn-Xc - mbn'
˛am[y-a-]-T-\-߃, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse
{]h-W-X-Ifpw ]co-£-W-ßfpw
P\-{]o-b-hm¿Ø-I-fn-te°pw P\-{]nb ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-
te°pw am[y-a-߃ amdn-bsX-ß-s\-sb∂Xn\v Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-
Wn-Xv. P\-{]obXbpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-tS≠ hnj-b-߃
{]mtZ-in-Ihpw `mjm-]-c-hp-ambn hyXym-k-s∏-´p-sh-∂-√msX B[p-
\nI am[y-a-cw-KsØ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb {]h-W-X-bmbn amdn CXv.
hmb-\-°m¿°v Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ hnj-b-߃ Is≠-Øp-I-sb-∂Xpw
AXn\v {][m\yw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-co-Xnbn¬ ae-bm-f- am-[y-
a-߃ amdn-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\w kao¿ P-bn≥ apt∂m-´p-sh® hn]-
Wn -]n-Sn-®-S-°p-I-sb∂ hmWn-Py-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø\ coXn Xs∂-bm-
Wv. kmaq-ln-I-hn-Im-ksØ ]n∂m°w hen-°p-∂psh∂v I≠v
t\csØ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-Ibpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ kwK-
Xn-Isf t]mepw, Nne¿ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬, Nne¿°v CjvS-
am-sW-¶n¬ AXn-t\mSv F¥n\v apJw Xncn-°-W-sa∂ ]pXnb
efn-X-bp‡n Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ae-bmf am[y-a-߃ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s∂. `‡nbpw hnizm-khpw A‘-hn-
izm-khpw B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-Ifpw DXv]∂w hn‰p-t]m-Im-\p≈ D]m-[n-
bmbn hm¿Ø-bpsS ÿm\Øv Cßs\ CSw ]nSn-°p-∂p. Cu ]{Xw
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws141
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

X߃s°m-∏-am-sW∂ tXm∂¬ CØcw BNm-c-hn-izm-k-߃

]n¥p-S-cp-∂-h-cn¬ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°-sb-∂-XmWv CXn\mbn Ah-ew-
_n-°p∂ am¿Kw. cmjv{So-b-]m¿´n-I-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw Item-
’-h-ßfpw BtLm-jn-°s∏Sp-∂Xv C∂sØ Znhkw Ah-cp-tS-
XmWv F∂ XXz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. Cu X{¥w, kmaq-
lnI \thm-∞m-\sØ ]n∂m°w hen-°p∂ ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ hnizm-
k-[m-c-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw am[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
hn]-Wn-bpsS c≠m-asØ km[yX ]{X-Ømfnse CSw hn¬Ip-
∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. hm¿Ø-Iƒ°mbn \o°n-sh® ÿew a‰v ÿm]-
\-ß-fpsS ]c-ky߃ \¬Im-\mbn \S-Øp∂ hnev]-\. am[y-a-
ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS {][m\ hcp-am\ t{kmX-kmWv ]c-kyw. ÿm]-
\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ssZ\wZn\ sNe-hp-Ifpw Cu CSw hnev]-\-
bn-eqsS Xs∂ Is≠-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. B[p-\nI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]c-
ky-ßsf Ah-KW - n-°m-\m-hn-√. h¿Ø-am\ ImesØ G‰hpw i‡-
amb kwth-Z\ D]m-[n-bmWv ]c-kyw. BtKmf ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-
bpsS aqeyw 1990-Iƒ°v tijw IpXn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX hn]-
Wn-Iƒ ^e-{]-Za - mbn D]-tbm-Kn® Cu hn]-Wt- \m-]m[n C∂v C¥y-
bnepw G‰hpw anI® Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. ssN\bpw
C¥y-bp-amWv _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\n-I-fpsSbS°w G‰hw henb
]cky hn]-Wn. hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]c-ky-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-
]q-cI _‘-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv B[p-\nI am[ya hyh-km-b-Øns‚
\ne-\n-ev]p-Xs∂. th¿s]-Sp-Øn-bm¬ AXn-Po-h\w Akm-[y-am-
Ip∂ _‘w.
BtKmf ]cky hn]Wn hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ ae-
bmf ]{X-ß-fnepw ]c-ky-߃°v {]m[m\yw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Itºm-
f-Øns‚ hnIm-k-\-Øn-\p-k-cn®v ]ckyw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]-\-ß-
fpsS FÆhpw ]ckyØns‚ tXmXpw IqSn-sb-∂p-am-{Xw. hm¿ØI-
sfbpw ]c-ky-ß-sfbpw Gßs\bmWv Htc-k-abw _‘-ß-fn-√m-
sXbpw G‰-ap-´-sem-gn-hm-°nbpw kao-]n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv am[y-a-ÿm-
]-\-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw Db-cp∂ tNmZyamWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
henb ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-°ƒ°v £Xw kw`hn-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈
hm¿Øm-km-l-k-Øn\v apJy-[mc am[y-a-߃ an°-hmdpw apXn-cm-
dn√. am[y-a-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ ]c-ky-߃°v am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-hp-ambn
Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-apt≠m F∂ tNmZyw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬
142 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kz¥w ]{X-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]c-

ky-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-Øn\pw
Hgn-™p-am- dm≥ Ign-bp-∂X- √
- . DØ-ch
- m-Zn-Øß
- ƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-
bmØ ]c-ky-߃ Hgn-hm-°p∂ ]Xnhv am[y-aß - ƒ Ct∏mgpw kzoI-
cn-®p-h-cp-∂p-ap≠v. ]c-ky-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnØw ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-hn\v
am{X-a-√, AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ am[y-a-߃°p-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂-
Xn-\m-emWv Cu ap≥I-cp-X¬. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ hnizm-k-y-
Xbm¿Pn® Hcp ]{X-Øn¬ ]ckyw hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS
Xß-fpsS DXv]-∂-߃°v As√-¶n¬ apt∂m-´p-sh-°p∂ Bi-b-
Øn\v IqSpX¬ B[n-Im-cn-IX \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-XmWv ]c-
ky-Zm-Xm-°-fpsS hnizm-k-hpw. ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-bnse km[y-X-Isf
F√mA¿∞-Ønepw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb-∂-XmWv B[p-\nI
am[y-a-cw-KsØ kao-]\w. {]Jym-]nX e£y-ß-fn¬\n∂v `n∂-am-
b-Xm-bm¬t]mepw Ah ]c-kyßfmbn \evIp-∂-Xn\v am[y-a-
߃°v aSn-bn--√. hcp-am\ t{kmX-s ∂ \ne-bn¬ AXn\v ]c-am-
h[n t{]m’m-l\w \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
F¥ns‚ ]ckyw sNømw F∂Xv ]{X-D-S-a-I-fpsS hnth-N-\m-
[n-Im-c-am-Wv. B[p-\nI ImeØv ]{X-ß-fpsS \ne-\nev]v Xs∂
]c-ky-h-cp-am-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p InSn-°p-∂p. ]{X-ß-fpsS DXv]m-
Z\ sNe-hnepw Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ hmb-\-°m¿°v Ah e`y-am-Ip-
∂Xv ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ hcp-am-\w-sIm-≠m-sW-∂Xv hnkva-
cn-°m-hp-∂-X-√. F∂m¬, DS-a-I-fpsS Xmev]cyw AXn-\-∏pdw emt`-
—-bn-te°v IS-°p-tºmƒ ]c-ky-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ hmXn-
ep-Ifpw Xpd-∂n-Sp-I-sb-∂-Xmbn amdp-∂p. F¥pw ]c-ky-ambn amdmw
F∂ hn]-Wn-bnse km[y-X-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv \thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-
ßsf C√m-Xm-°p∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpw kwK-Xn-Ifpw ]c-ky-ambn
h¿Ø-am\ ]{X-Øn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°m\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse \thm-∞m\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´pw
]c-ky-߃°v henb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ]c-ky-߃°p≈ CSsØ
\thm-∞m\ aqey-߃°mbn ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn® ]{X-
ßfpw Imehpap≠mbn-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI hn]-Wn-tI-{μo-IrX am[ya
cwKw CXns\ Xe-Io-gmbv {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-
Øn\v apºv kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\ apt∂-‰-Øns‚ {]mcw` Zi-ap-
X¬ kPo-h-ambn \n∂ Imew-hsc A∂v Cu e£y-Øn-\mbn
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws143
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

\ne- s Im≠ ae- b mf ]{X- ß ƒ ]cky߃°v \¬Ip∂ CS-

sØbpw \thm-∞m\ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-te°v \bn-°m-\mWv {ian-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-cßfpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂
]c-ky-߃ CØcw ]{X-ß-fpsS Xmfp-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂n-√.
AtX-k-abw A‘-hn-izm-khpw A\m-Nm-chpw Zqco-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚
`mK-am-bp≈ ]c-ky-߃°v \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]{X-߃°v ]c-
ky-h-cp-am\w \ma-am-{X-t]mepw C√mØIme-ØmWv hnth-I-]q¿W-
amb Cu Xocp-am\w Nne ae-bmf ]{X-߃ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
ssh°w kXym-{Klw \S∂ ImeØv AXv hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-
\m-h-iy-amb \nc-¥c hm¿Ø-Iƒ \evInb ]{X-amWv "ka-Z¿in'.
]{X-Øns‚ t]Pp-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw kXym-{Kl hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p-
am-{X-ambn \o°n-sh-°m≥ ka-Z¿in Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. 1924 Pqsse
aq∂n\v ka-Z¿in-bn¬ "Hcp At]£' F∂ Xe-s°-t´msS h∂
Hcp ]ckyw Cß-s\-bmWv:

ssh°w kXym{Kl ^≠n-te°v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂pw

{]Xn-amkw 100 cq]-sb-¶nepw ]ncn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ `mcw
Fs∂ IΩn‰n°m¿ Gev]n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. [¿Ω kac hnP-
btØ Imw£n-°p∂ F√ tZi-`-‡-∑mcpw Ah-cm¬ Ign-
bp∂ [\-k-lmbw sNbvXp \ΩpsS Xmeq-°ns‚ Bflm-`n-
am-\sØ c£n-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Xcm≥ km[n-
°p∂ XpI Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn F\n°v Ab-
®p-X-cn-Itbm a‰p-hn-[-Øn¬ Fs‚ ]pØ≥N-¥-bn-ep-≈ B∏o-
kn¬ FØn-°tbm sNø-W-sa-∂-t]-£n-°p-∂p. kw`m-h\
sNøp- ∂ - h - c psS t]¿ hnhcw A∏- t ∏mƒ ka- Z ¿in- b n¬
{]kn≤w sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.
F∂v, sI Pn Ip™n-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, _nF _nF¬,
h°o¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
A‘-hn-izm-kß - fpw A\m-Nm-cß
- fpw \m´p\S∏mbn XpS-cp-Ibpw
Ahbv°v {]Nmcw \evIp-∂-hn[w ]c-ky-ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw a‰v
{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ \evIpIbpw sNøp∂ L´-Øn-emWv ka-Z¿in
hyXykvX \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. tkmt±-iy-tØm-sS-bp≈ Cu ]c-
ky-Øn-\v, A∂v ssh°w kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \ne-bp-d-
∏n® ka-Z¿in, XpI-hm-ßn-bn-cpt∂m F∂v \n›-ba - n-√. kaZ¿insb
t]mep≈ ]{X-߃ Cßs\ hyXykvX \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-t∏mƒ
144 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

a‰v {]kn-≤o-Ic
- W
- ß
- f
- n¬ A‘-hn-izmkw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ ]c-
ky-߃ km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. A¤pX kn≤n ]I-cp∂ am{¥nI
Ge p-Ifpw ajn-t\m´w t]mep≈ Imcy-ßfpw A∂v km[m-cW
P\-Øns‚ hnizm-k-X-e-ß-fn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv CXv
NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]c-ky-߃ ]{X-ß-fn¬ [mcmfw {]Xy-
£-s∏-´p.
CØcw hnizm-k-߃ A‘-hn-izm-k-sa∂v t_m[y-ap≈ ]pXnb
ImeØpw apJy-[mc ]{X-߃ hnizm-ksØ NqjWw sNbvXp≈
]c-ky-߃ \evIp-∂Xv \n¿Øn-bn-´n-√. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºv kmaq-
lnI \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ "amXr-`qan' bpw
{]Nm-c-Øn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n¬\n-evIp∂ "ae-bmf at\m-ca' bpw
¢mkn-ss^Uv t]Pp-I-fn¬ CØ-c-samcp ]ckyw \evImØ Hcp
Znhkw t]mepw IS-∂p-t]m-In-√. am{¥nI Ge- p-I-fn¬ hnizmkw
Iev]n-°p∂ Hcp kaqlw Ct∏m-gp-ap-s≠∂pw Ah¿°p-th-≠n-bmWv
Cu ]c-ky-ß-sf-∂p-amWv CØcw ]c-ky-߃ \evIp∂ ]{X-ß-
fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ \ne-]m-Sv. hnizm-k-an-√m-Ø-hsc Cu ]c-ky-߃
H´pw kzm[o-\n-°n-√t√m F∂ bp‡nbpw Cu ]c-ky-߃ \evIp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ \ymb-hm-Z-ß-fmbn \nc-Øp-∂p.
imkv{X Nn¥-Ifpw kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw s]mXp-t_m-[hpw
Db¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ B[p-\n-I bpKØn¬ apJy-[mcm ]{X-ß-fpsS
Xmfp-I-fn¬ ]Xn-hmbn ImWp∂ Nne ]c-ky-߃ t\m°mw:

A¤pX kn≤n an\p-´p-Iƒ°Iw F√m-‰n\pw ]cn-lmcw

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ {KŸ-Øn¬\n∂pw Xøm-dm-°p∂
Ge v [cn-®m¬ \nß-fpsS GXv {]iv\-߃°pw DS≥ ]cn-
lm-cw. alm-e£van tPymXn-jm-e-bw, am¶m-hv, tImgn-t°m-Sv-
˛7
i‡n-Iq-Snb aZ-\-Im-ta-izcn am{¥nI Gekv
Z£n-Wbpw Nnehpw IqSn Npcp-ßnb XpIbv°v \evIp-∂p.
tZhm-ebw (t^m¨ \º¿)
ajn-t\m´w kPohv ]Wn-°¿
Xe-ap-d-I-fmbv ssIamdn h∂ ]mc-ºcy kn≤nbpw Ipe-sXm-
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws145
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

gn-epw. \nß-fpsS tZmj ZpcnX XS- -߃ ajn-t\m-´-Øn-

eqsS Adn™v Ifcn [¿a-ssZh D]m-k\ aq¿Øn-I-fpsS
A\p-{K-l-Øm¬ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂p. PmXn-aX t`Z-at\y hnfn®p
hcnI (t^m¨)
ambm-tam-ln\n am{¥nI Ge v
Cu Gekv hf-sc-tbsd A¤p-X-i‡n \nd-™-Xm-Wv. CXv
[cn-°p-∂-h¿°v hf-sc-b-[nIw BI¿jW i‡n-bp-≠m-Ipw.
Ch-cpsS B⁄m-i‡ - n-°p-ap-≥]n¬ F¥pw ASßn \nevIpw.
Ipd™ Z£nW sNe-hn¬ Xøm¿ sNbvXp \evIpw. I\-I-
[mcm Ipt_c tkhm aTw, sIm√-t¶m-Sv, 678506(t^m¨)
A¤pX am{¥nI Ge v
_nkn-\- v, Imcy-km-≤yw, hnhm-lw, i{Xp-c-£, hkvXp-hn-
ev]\
- , GXm-hi
- y-Øn\pw F√m aX-ÿ¿°pw apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm¿ Imc-t°m-Sv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, t^m¨
Imcy-km-[yX ]cn-lmcw
hnhm-lw, _nkn-\- v, hkvXp-hn-ev]-\, kmº-Øn-Iw, Zmº-
Xyw, hiyw. F√m {]iv\-߃°pw F√m aX-ÿ¿°pw
A_vZpƒk-aZv X߃.
]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-ImØ Hcp {]iv\hpw am{¥nI Ge- p-Iƒ
\¬Ip-∂-h-cpsS ap∂n-en-√. Hcp hnizm-k-Øn-\-∏p-dØv H∂pw CXn-
en-s√∂v G‰hpw \∂mbn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-h¿ Ge- p-Iƒ hnev°p-
∂-h¿X-s∂-bm-Wv. Ge- p-IƒsIm≠p {]tbmP\w e`n-°p-∂hcpw
Ah¿ Xs∂. as‰m-cq-Iq-´¿ ]ckyw \¬Ip∂ am[y-aß - f
- pw. am{¥nI
Ge- p-I-fpsS Znhy-^-esØ ]cn-l-kn®v kRvP-b≥ "cp{Zm-£-am-
lmflyw' FgpXn Zi-I-߃°p-ti-jhpw ]{X-Xm-fp-I-fn¬\n∂v
Gekv amlm-fly-߃ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-s√-∂Xv henb Zpc-h-ÿ-
bm-Wv. Gekv amlmflyw \nc-¥cw ]c-ky-ß-fmbn \¬Ip∂ Hcp
]{Xhpw AXns‚ ^e-kn-≤nsb Ipdn®v hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb Hcp
hm¿Ø \¬Im≥ CXp-hsc Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√. B[p-\nI am[ya hyh-
km-b- IÆn¬ AXn\v {]k-‡n-bp-an-√.
A‘-hn-izm-kß
- f
- psS {]Nm-cW
- Ø
- n¬am-{X-a√ aX-hn-izm-ksØ
NqjWw sNbvXp≈ ]c-ky-hn-]Wn Is≠-Øp-∂-Xnepw B[p-\nI
146 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

am[ya hyh-kmbw hnP-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]nXr-X¿∏-Ww t]mep≈

NS-ßp-Iƒ am[y-a-߃°v C∂v BtLm-j-am-Wv. {im≤-Zn\ ]c-
ky-߃ apJy-[mc ]{X-ß-fpsS ÿnc-h-cp-am\ t{kmX- p-I-fm-Wv.
Nca Adn-bn-∏mbn BZyw Hcp ]ckyw \¬In-sb-¶n¬ Ah-sc
IrXy-ambn Nc-a-hm¿jnIw Hm¿an-∏n-°m≥ {]^-j-W-enkw apJ-ap-
{Z-bm-°nb apJy-[mc ]{X-߃°v ipjvIm-¥n-tb-sd-bm-Wv. IØ-
b®v {im≤-Zn\w Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp XhW IqSn ]ckyw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. F{X- ]-tc-Xm-flm-°-fmWv Hmtcm
h¿jhpw Cßs\ ]{X-Xm-fn-eqsS a°fpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw
Xßsf Hm¿°p-∂-Xdn™v Bfl-\n¿hr-XnbS-bp-∂Xv! sslμh
hnizm-ksØ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ Cu Nqj-W-Øn¬ "amXr-`qan'
°p≈ ta¬°-øn¬ Akz-ÿ-cmWv "ae-bmf at\m-ca'. {im≤ ]c-
ky-ß-fnse Cu a’-c-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ t\´-ap-≠m-°m-\mbn \n-c-
°p-Iƒ am‰w hcp-Ønbpw a‰v am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw IqSp-X¬ Nc-
a-]-c-ky߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿tZiw FIvkn-Iyq-´o-hp-
Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂p. Nc-ah- m¿Ø-Iƒ H∂pw \jvSa - m-Ic
- p-sX∂v GP‚p-
am¿°pw teJ-I¿°pw apJy-[mcm ]{X-߃ I¿i\ \n¿tZiw
\evIp-∂Xpw Hcmƒ acn® hnhcw ]{X-hm¿Ø-bn-eqsS a‰p-≈-h¿
Adn-bmsX t]mIp-∂-Xnse k¶Sw sIm≠-√, adn®v XpS¿∂p≈
h¿j-ß-fn-se√mw {im≤-]-ckyw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p≈ BZy-]Sn-Iq-
Sn-bm-Wv.
hnizm-ksØ NqjWw sNbvXp-≈- as‰mcp ]c-ky-amWv D±n-jvS-
Im-cy-Øn\v D]-Imckvac-W-Iƒ. ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bnepw Zo]n-I-
bnepw D]-Imckvac-W-Iƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-SmØ Hcp-Zn-\w-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-
In-√. D]-Im-c-kva-c-W-Iƒ In´m-Ø-Xns‚ ZpxJ-Øn-emWv a‰p-]-{X-
߃. Gekv ]c-ky-߃ sIm≠v ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-hn\pw am[y-a-
߃°pw {]tbm-P\w e`n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ {im≤-]-c-ky-ß-fpw D]-
Imckvac-W-I-fpw sIm≠p≈ D]-Imcw am[y-a-߃°p-am-{X-am-Wv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D]-Im-c-kva-cW ]ckyw \¬tI-≠Xv hnizm-kn-
Isf NqjWw sNøp∂ CØcw am[y-a-ß-fmWv! hnizm-k-ßsf
CΩ-´n¬ NqjWw sNøp∂Xn¬ temI-Øp-Xs∂ ap≥\n-c-bn-emWv
ae-bmf am[y-a-߃.
apXn¿∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ Sn thWp-tKm-]m¬ am[y-a-ßfpsS
_nkn-\kv Xmev]cy-sØbpw aqey-Nyp-Xn-sbbpw \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv
Cß-s\-bmWv:
ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws147
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

"]{X-temIw C∂v Hcp Zqjn-X-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. henb apX¬ap-

S-°ntb C∂v Hcp-]{Xw XpS-ßmt\m hnI-kn-∏n-°mt\m ]‰q.
kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw At∏mƒ _nkn-\ v F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv
th≠n-hc - p-∂p. _nkn-\ v Bhp-tºmƒ em`w thWw; hnPbw
thWw. hnP-bn-®mte IqSp-X¬ em`-Øn\pw IqSp-X¬ hnP-b-
Øn\pw th≠ kzm[o-\-i‡n hf¿Øm≥ ]‰q. At∏mƒ
BZ¿i-ß-sfms° Ae-am-dbn¬ AS-®p-]q-´n, hnP-b-Km-Y-Iƒ
Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ X{¥-߃ sa\-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂p. Cu Ifn-
bn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-i‡n ]c-ky-ß-fm-Wv. ]{X-Øns‚ \ne-
\n¬∏n-\p≈ Ah-iy-`u-Xn-I-km-l-Ncyw ]c-ky-ß-fm-W-t√m.
]c-ky-߃ IqSm≥ {]Nmcw IqS-Ww. AXn-\m¬, ]≠v ]m›m-
Xy-\m-Sp-If- n¬ Hcp L´-Øn¬ apdp-Inb {]Nm-cW- b
- p-≤Ø
- ns‚
apd-Isf _me-eo-eI - f
- m-°p∂ X{¥-ssh-`h
- ß
- ƒ Im´m≥ C∂v
\ΩpsS ]{X-߃°v k¿K-`m-h\ D±o-]vX-am-hp-∂p.
hmb-\-°m-cpsS A[-a-hn-Im-c-ßsf `mhm-fl-I-ambn {]oWn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah DØ-a-ß-fm-sW∂v Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv _nkn-\ v Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-
°p-∂p. CXv {]Xy-£-amb a™-∏{X {]h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂p
tXm∂n°mXncn-°m≥ _p≤n-am-∑m¿ am\y-X-bpsS hymP-ap-J-
߃ sI´n \S-°p-∂p. BZ¿i-{]-Xn-_-≤-I-sfms° Ds≠∂v
Icp-tX≠ ]{X-߃t]mepw B hgn°v \oßm≥ \n¿_-‘n-
X-cm-hp-∂p. \ne-\n¬°m≥ ]{X-tem-IØv Igp-Ø-d-∏≥ a’-
c-am-Wv. C∂v Hcp-]mSp IpSpw-_-߃ Hcp ]{XsØ B{i-
bn®p Ign-bp-∂p. _m¶p-It- fmSpw a‰p-ap≈ kmº-ØnI _m[y-
X-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m-\p-≠v. ISw hmßn _m¶p-Isf apSn-°p-∂Xv
\ne-\n¬∏ns‚ hgn-b-√. BZ¿i-Øns‚ t]cn¬ F√mw Ipf-
am°n IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw apgp-h≥ sh≈-
Øn-em-°mtam? AXp-sIm≠v \ne-\nt∂ ]‰q. Pbn-°-Ww.
hnPbw Hcp el-cn-bm-Wv. AXv Adn-™p-I-gn-™m¬ IqSp-
X¬ Pbn-°m≥ t\m°p-∂p. tImSn-Iƒ D≠m-°n-b-h≥ F¥n-
\mWv ]nt∂bpw ]Xn-∑-Sßp tImSn-Iƒ D≠m-°m≥ IjvS-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv? CXns‚ k¶o¿W a\-»mkv{Xw km[p-Nn-Ø-
∑m¿°v a\- n-em-hn-√.'
˛ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Aº-Xp-h¿jw
148 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

BZ¿i-{]-Xn-_-≤X Ae-am-c-bn¬ ]q´p∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv apJym-

[mc ]{X- ß ƒ B[p- \ nI ImeØv kzoI- c n® coXn. P\m- ` n-
emjØns‚ ]cn-N-Xo¿Øm¬ F¥pw \¬Im-sa∂ \ne-bn-te°v
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-bp-‡nsb am‰n-sb-gp-Xn-°-gn-™-Xn-\m¬ F√m‰n\pw
icn-bp-sSbpw [m¿an-IX- b
- p-sSbpw Hcwiw \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂p. `‡n-
sbbpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw ]c-ky-hp-ambn CW-°n-t®¿Øv
hcp-am-t\m-]m-[n-bm-°p∂-Xns\ kzbw \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ am[y-a-
߃°v Ign-bp-∂Xv Cu hymJym-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Øe -- -Øn-em-Wv.
hmWn-Py-Xm-ev]cyw am{X-amWv AhnsS am[y-a-ßsf \bn-°p-∂-
Xv. `‡n ÿm]-\-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏´ C°m-eØv AXns‚ hn]-Wn-
aqeyw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ KpW-t`m-‡mhpw Nqj-I-cp-am-hp-
am≥ am[y-߃°v km[n-®p.
k¶o¿W-amb Cu kmaq-lnI kml-Nc - ysØ AtX-]Sn \ne-
\n¿Øp-∂X - mWv \ne-hn-ep≈ hn]-Wn-km-[y-Xs - b D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-
Sp-Øm-\p≈ bYm¿Y A¥-co-£s - a∂ hne-bn-cp-Øe - n-emWv am[y-
a-ß-sf-∂p-]-d-bmw. kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ß-fnse am‰w hm°p-
I-fn-eqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw F√m-hs - cbpw Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I-sb∂ s]mXp-X-Xz-a-\pk-cn®v ]n¥n-cn-∏n≥Imcy-ßsf XpS-cm-
\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bmWv am[y-a-߃. s]mXpkaq-l-Øns‚, tImS-
Xn-If- p-tS-Xp-t]m-epw, t_m[-afi - e
- sØ kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-
sa∂v sXfn-bn® am[y-aß - f- psS A`n-{]m-b\- n¿an-Xn-bnse i‡n
A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xnepw
\thm-∞m-\-apt∂-‰-Øns‚ XpS¿® Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw C√m-
sX-t]m-Ip-∂Xv C°m-cW - Ø- m¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv.
 A[ymbw B-dv

Ad-®p-\n¬°p∂ Zriy-am-[y-aß
- ƒ
hm¿Øm-am-[ya cwKsØ hnπ-hm-flIam‰-am-bn-cp∂p kzImcy
Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hc-hv. kºq¿W hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-I-fpsS hc-
thmsS tIc-f-Øns‚ hm¿Øm kwkvIm-csØ s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp∂
\ne- ssIh-∂p. ad-®p-sh-°m-s\m-∂p-an-√mØ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-
°-s∏-´p. hf-®p-sI-´epw hymJym-\-߃°pw CS-\¬Im-Ø-hn[w
t{]£-Ic - n-te°v Imcy-߃ t\cn-s´-ØpIsb∂-Xpƒs∏sS hm¿Ø-
Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnse kpXm-cy-X-bmWv hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-
Iƒ krjvSn-®X - v. A®-Sn-am-[y-aß
- s
- f, {]tXy-In®v ]{X-ßsf ISpØ
Bi-¶-bn-te°v X≈n-hn-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-I-fpsS {]th-
iw. C\n A®-Sn-am-[y-a-߃°v {]k-‡n-bn-s√∂ hmZw hsc
Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬, Imcy-߃ Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-
√. Zriy-am-[y-aß- f - n-eqsS Adn-bp∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°-∏p-dt- Ø°v Imcy-
߃ Adn-bm≥, Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ F∂n-ßs\ ae-bmfn
hmb-\-°m-cs‚ kzm[o\ Xe-ß-fn¬ ]{X-߃°v Ct∏mgpw {]Y-
a-ÿm\w Xs∂-bp≠v.
\thm-∞m\ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]pgp-°p-
Øp-Iƒ hoWpXp-Sß - nb Ime-ØmWv Zriy-am-[y-aß- ƒ tIc-fØ- n¬
kPo-h-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \thm-∞m\ aqey-߃ apdp-sI-]n-Sn-®v hm¿Ø-
bpsS aqey-߃ Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂-Xn¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-߃°v F¥p-
sN-bvXp-sh∂ eLp-]-cn-tim-[-\-am-{Xta Ct∏mƒ \S-Øm≥ km[n-
°q. at\m-l-c-ß-fmb Zriy-ßsf BtLm-jn-°p-∂-XmWv Zriy-am-
[y-a-ß-fpsS coXn. h¿W-∏-In-´p-\¬Ip∂ Zriy-߃°v t{]£-Isc
F{X-t\cw thW-sa-¶nepw ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ImgvN kpJ-
ap≈ Hcp A\p-`-h-am-I-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cn°pw _lp-`q-
cn-]-£-hpw. ImgvN-bpsS Cu XesØ hm¿Ø-bpsS D≈-S-°-Øn-
te°v k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Nne-L-´-Øn¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-߃
sNøp-∂-Xv. X’-ab hm¿Ø-bpsS Ime-am-Wn-∂v. X’-abw HmSn-
°m-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ D≈-Xns\ s]men-∏n-°p-I-sb-
∂-XmWv Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS coXn. AXv Nne-t∏mƒ hm¿Øbv°v
e`n-°p∂ ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS Xew Xs∂ amdn-a-dn-bm-dp-ap-≠v. ae-bm-
150 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

f-Øn¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fp-≠m-°nb km∂n-[ysØ tUm. sk_m-

k-‰y≥t]mƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv t\m°pI:
"ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-{X-Øn\v XpS-°-an-Sp-∂Xv Zqc-Z¿i-
\m-sW-¶nepw Nm\¬ kwkvIm-cw, ]Øm≠p Ign-s™-Ønb
Gjym-s\-‰ns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-
amb kmº-ØnI am‰-߃°p-Xp-S-°-an´ Zi-I-Øns‚ Bcw-
`-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Gjym-s\-‰ns‚ P\-\-sa-∂Xv bmZr-—n-I-am-
sW-¶nepw {it≤-b-am-Wv. tI_nƒ irwJ-e-bn-eqsS tIc-
fsØ apgp-h≥ he-bn-em-°nb Gjym-s\‰pw XpS¿∂v cwK-
sØ-Ønb \nc-h[n Nm\-ep-Ifpw tN¿∂v ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS
{]m¿∞-\m-\n-cX- a
- mb k‘y-Isf i_vZm-ba - m-\a
- m-°n. BtKm-
fo-I-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-ln-I-amb H‰-s∏-S-en\v ]cn-
k-c-sam-cp-°nb Nm\-ep-Iƒ \h-amb P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-
Øn\v A\p- I q- e - a mb kmaq- l n- I - ] cn- k cw krjv S n- ® p.
kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip∂ A`n-
\n-thiw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ am‰n-sb-
Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw sSen-hn-j≥ hnP-bn®p'
˛ am[y-a-]-T-\-߃, A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw
Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS henb ]cn-anXn hm¿Øbv°v Dt]m-ev_-e-
I-amb Zriy-߃ \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ AXv ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°mt\m P\-
ßsf hniz-kn-∏n-°mt\m km[n-°n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. ]e kw`-h-ßfpw
AXns‚ Bg-Øn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Zriy-ß-fpsS A`mhw
am{Xw XS- -ambn \n¬°m-dp-s≠∂ hkvXpX ad-°-cp-Xv. F∂m¬,
Zriy-ßsf D]-tbmK-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Zriy-ßf - n-eq-sS-am{Xw
P\-ßsf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-∂-Xp-ambn \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te°v Zriy-
am-[y-a-߃ C\nbpw IS-∂p-sN-∂n-´n-√.
\thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-ß-sf Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpsS
CS-s]-S¬ F{X-tØm-f-am-sW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ ka-bw, Xmc-
X-tay\ Iuamcw ]n∂n-SmØ ae-bmf Zriy-am-[ya taJ-esb kw_-
‘n®v Bbn-s√∂v ]d-bmw. F¶nepw am[y-a-ß-fpsS Du∂-ep-Iƒ
hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Zriy-ß-fmWv Zriy-am-[y-a-
ßsf kº-∂-am-°p-∂X -- v D’-h-ßfpw BtLm-j-ßfpw Zriy-am-
[y-a-߃ hncp-∂q-´m-\p-≈ BtLm-j-߃ Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXv
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws151
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xnse ]Iz-X-bmWv am[y-a-ßsf thdn-´-Xm-

°p-∂-Xv. ]{X-am-[y-a-ß-ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hnj-b-߃ Xs∂-
bmWv Zriy- a m- [ y- a - ß ƒ°pw ssIImcyw sNtø- ≠ n- h - c p- ∂ - X v .
F∂m¬, Zriy-ßf - psS km[y-XI - ƒ hm¿Ø-bpsS {]mapJyw \¬Ip-
∂-Xn¬ Cu c≠p-am-[y-a-ß-sfbpw thdn-´-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
i_cnaebnse D’-hhpw B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶m-ebpw Zriy-ß-ƒ
\¬Ip∂ angn-hns‚ _e-Øm¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hm¿Øm-k-a-
b-ß-fn¬ henb CSw-Xs∂ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. AtX-k-
abw i_-cn-a-e-bnse aI-c-tPym-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v DS-se-SpØ
hnhm- Z - ß - f psS ]n∂mse t]mbn hkv X p- X Iƒ Zriy- k - l m- b -
tØmsS {]t£-I-cn-se-Øn-°m≥ F{X-am-[y-a-ßfmWv Xmev]cyw
ImWn-®-Xv. ]p√p-taSv Zpc-¥-Øn\v apºv aI-c-tPym-Xn-bpsS Dd-hnSw
Is≠-Ønb ssIcfn Nm\¬ hkvXp-XIƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m-
\p≈ icn-bm-b-h-gn-bn-ep-≈ k©mcw \SØn XpS-°-an-Sp-I-bp-≠m-
bn. F∂m¬, aI-c-tPymXnbnse bmYm¿Yyw t_m[y-amb CtX
ssIcfn Xs∂ aI-c-tPymXn Zn\-Øn¬ AXns‚ X’-ab kwt{]-
j-WØn-eqsS `‡n-bpsS ]mc-ay-Øn-te°v hnizm-kn-k-aq-lsØ
sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-Wv.
aI-c-tPymXn X’-abw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ F√m hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-
Ifpw Htc a’-c-Øn-em-Wv. hnizm-kn-I-fmb Hcp-h-enb kaqlw
t{]£-I-cps≠∂Xpw Zriy-ß-fpsS kuμ-cy-hp-amWv aI-c-tPym-Xn-
bpsS X’-a-b-kw-t{]-j-W-Øn\v B[m-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv. tPymXn-bpsS
hkvXp-X-Iƒ shfn-hm-°-s∏´ tijhpw ]s£, tPymXn sXfn-bn-
°p∂ t\c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mj-bn¬, CXnse hkvXp-X-Iƒ P\-
ßsf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb coXn Ah-ew-
_n-°m≥ Zriy-am-[y-a-߃°v Ign-™n-´n-√. dnt∏m¿´¿am¿ AXns‚
`mK-am-bn-\n∂v \¬Ip∂ X’-ab hnh-c-W-ß-ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw AXn-
t‚-Xmb ]cn-an-Xn-bn¬ hnI-e-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-csØ B‰p-Im¬ s]m¶m-e-sb Hcp km[m-cW D’-h-sa-∂-Xn-
ep-]cn Hcp Zn\w \o≠ Ih-td-Pp-ambn s]men-∏n-®p-b¿Øp-∂-Xn¬
Zriy-am-[y-a-߃ hln® h¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. -CXp-X-s∂-bmWv
]nXr-X¿∏W Zn\-Ønepw Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv.
F¶nepw hkvXp-Xm-]c - a
- mb ]ptcm-Ka
- \ CS-s]-Se
- p-Iƒ \S-Øm≥
]e-t∏mgpw Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v {iaw \S-∂n-´p-s≠-
152 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. Im¥-]pcw F]n A_q-_-°¿ apkven-bm¿ Xncp-

tI-i-hp-ambn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXns‚ hkvXp-X-I-f-
t\z-jn-°p∂-Xn¬ {it≤b CS-s]-S-emWv Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS `mK-
Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xv. BƒssZ-h-߃ ]{X-ß-fn¬ BtLm-jn-°-s∏-
Sp-tºmƒ, ]e-t∏mgpw ]q¿W-ambpw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂-XmWv Zriy-
am-[y-a-߃ kzoI-cn® coXn. Aar-Xm-\-μ-abnbpw {io{io chn-i-
¶dpw t]mep≈ BƒssZ-h-ßfpsS kμ¿i-\-߃ Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-
fn¬ BtLm-jn-°-s∏-SmsX HXp-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂p-sh-∂-XmWv hkvXp-
X. F∂m¬, ]c-ky-hn-]-WnbpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬\n∂v amdm≥
hm¿Øm Nm\-ep-Iƒ°pw Ign-™n-´n-√. am{¥nI Ge-kp-IfpsS
{]Nm-chpw Bflo-b-hym-]m-chpw Nne Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ac-a-Wn-
°q¿ t…m´p-I-fn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-°p-∂p.
Hcp- ] s£, henb CS- s ]- S - e p- I ƒ°pw ]co- £ - W - ß ƒ°pw
C\nbpw km[y-X-I-fp-≈-Xm-bn-cn°pw ae-bm-f-Ønse hm¿Øm Nm\-
ep-I-fpsS hnIm-kw. Hcp-]p-Xnb hm¿Øm kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b- hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ ]pXn-b-Im-e-Øns‚ kmaq-lnIkml-
N-cy-ßsf Fßs\ kao-]n-°p-sa-∂Xv C\nbpw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp ImX-ep-an-√mØ hm¿Ø-Iƒ t]mepw {]Xn-Zn\ N¿®-
IfmIp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp am‰w AXn-hn-Zp-c-a-√mØ `mhn-
bn¬Xs∂ kw`-hn-t®-°mw. F√m Nm\-ep-I-fnepw Htc hnj-b-
Øn¬ Htc AXn-Yn-Isf CcpØn \SØp∂ N¿®-Iƒ°v Zo¿L-
Imew td‰nMv ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\m-sb∂v hcn-√. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ
Kuc-h-amb hnj-b-ßsf Is≠-Ømt\m hm¿ØIƒ \¬Ip-∂-
Xn¬ ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ ]co-£n-°mt\m Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw \n¿_-
‘n-X-am-tb-°pw.
 ss\-an-im-c-Wyw-- - fpws153
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß

klm-bI {KŸßƒ

1 tIcf Ncn{Xw: F {io[-c-ta-t\m≥, Un kn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

2 tIcf Ncn{Xw am¿IvknÃv ho£-W-Øn¬: CFw-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, Nn¥
]ªn-tjgvkv
3 Bfl-IY: CFw-Fkv, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv
4 Pohn-X-k-acw: kn tIi-h≥, Unkn _pIvkv tIm´bw
5 amXr-`q-an-bpsS Ncn{Xw hmeyw H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v: amXr-`qan {]n‚nMv B‚ v
]ªn-jnMv Iº\n
6 tIcf IuapZn Ncn{Xw: s\Sp-¶p∂w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf IuapZn
7 tIcf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ncn{Xw: ]pXp-∏≈n cmL-h≥
8 kzmX{¥yw kmlnXyw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w: kpIp-am-c≥ s]ms‰-°mSv k]vXXn
{]kn-≤o-Ic - Ww
9 ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w `n∂-ap-J-߃: tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan
10 BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ: Pn {]nb-Z¿i-\≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
11 \ncq-]-I-\mb tIkcn: tUm. Sn ]n kpIp-am-c≥, Unkn _pIvkv
12 tIk-cn-bpsS kmlnXy hna¿i-\ß - ƒ: tIkcn F _me-Ir-jW v ]- n-≈, kmln-
Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw
13 kztZ-im-`n-am\n h°w auehn: tUm. Sn Pam¬ apl-Ω-Zv, {]`mXv _p°v
lukv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
14 sIkn ama≥ am∏n-f: FwsI km\p, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan
15 tIcf \thm-∞m\w bpK-k-¥-Xn-Iƒ bpK-in-ev]n-Iƒ: ]n tKmhn-μ-∏n-≈,
Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv
16 Ac-b≥:tUm. h≈n-°mhv taml≥Zmkv, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
17 hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°fpw : _n cmPo-h≥, Unkn _pIvkv, tIm´bw
18 ^mjn-k-Øns‚ \mfp-Iƒ: tUm. sI F≥ ]Wn-°¿, Henhv
19 hmKv`-Sm-\-μ-Kp-cphpw kmaqlnI \thm-∞m-\hpw: tUm.-Fw- Fkv \mb¿,
kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v, tIcfk¿°m¿
20 am[ya ]T-\-߃: FUn-‰¿ s{]m^. ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, Id‚ v
_pIvkv
21 kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬: ]pXp-
∏≈n cmL-h≥, tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan
22 tIc-fo-b-Xbpw a‰pw: ]nsI _me-Ir-jvW≥, Unkn _pIvkv
23 ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Aº-Xp-h¿j-߃: tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan
154 kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m-\hpw am[y-aß
- fpws

24 hrØm-¥] - {- X-{]-h¿Ø\w: kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI cma-Ir-jW

v ∏
- n-≈, tIcf {]kv
A°m-Zan
25 tIk-cn-bpsS apJ-{]-kw-K-߃, tIkcn F _me-Ir-jvW-∏n≈, Unkn
_pIvkv tIm´bw
26 ]{Xw Ncn{Xw ]h-\≥: ]h\≥, FUn-‰¿ kPn apf-¥p-cp-Øn, tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Zan
27 am[y-a-ß-fpsS cmjv{Sobw: jmPn tP°_v, Henhv
28 tIf∏Pn:sIhn Ip™n-cm-a≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Za - n, Xriq¿
 kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\hpw
am[y-a-§fpw
kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\hpw
am[y-a-§fpw
kn.]n. kXy-cmPv
tIc-f-¯nse `qX-Ime kmaq-lnI
apt¶-ä-§sfbpw Ahsb IogvtaÂ
adn-¡p¶ hÀ¯-am\
bmYmÀYy-§sfbpw am[y-a-§Ä
ssIImcyw sNbvX hn[w
hnaÀi-\m-ß-Iambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶
]T-\w. \thm-°m\ tIc-f-¯nsâ
]n³\-S-¯-¯n\v am[y-a-§Ä
IpS-]n-Sn-¨-sX-§-s\-sb¶v
hni-Z-am-¡p¶ bpàn-`-{Z-
\nco-£-W-§Ä. `àn-hy-h-km-b-¯nse
em`-hnlnXw ]-äm\pÅ
am[y-a-§fpsS hgn-hn« k©m-cw
hyà-am-¡p¶ {KÙw.

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