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complete FTTH 2023v1.1

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Fiber To The Home (FTTH) technology, detailing its architecture, deployment techniques, and various configurations such as FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, and FTTP. It emphasizes the advantages of fiber optics over copper in terms of speed and capacity, and discusses the two main architectures used in FTTH networks: Active Ethernet and Passive Optical Networks (PON). Additionally, it outlines the considerations for network planning, deployment methodologies, and the importance of balancing costs with functionality in FTTH network design.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views134 pages

complete FTTH 2023v1.1

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Fiber To The Home (FTTH) technology, detailing its architecture, deployment techniques, and various configurations such as FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, and FTTP. It emphasizes the advantages of fiber optics over copper in terms of speed and capacity, and discusses the two main architectures used in FTTH networks: Active Ethernet and Passive Optical Networks (PON). Additionally, it outlines the considerations for network planning, deployment methodologies, and the importance of balancing costs with functionality in FTTH network design.

Uploaded by

muhhxx51
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 134

Fiber To The Home

Technology (FTTH)
‫قطاع التدريب والتطوير‬
‫اإلدارة العامة لتطوير المهارات الفنية ونظم وتكنولوجيا المعلومات‬

‫‪Fiber To The Home‬‬


‫‪Code: TND0103000030102‬‬
1 FTTX Network architecture Pages (1-10)

2 FTTH Network architecture Pages (1-14)

3 Passive Optical Network pages (1-11)

Sub – Sections 4 Deployment Techniques pages (1-28)

FTTH Technology 5 FTTH network planning pages (1-9)

6 Choice of optical fiber for FTTH pages (1-25)

7 Fttx network termination pages (1-25)


Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

Chapter 1 : FTTX network architecture

Aim of study
By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize several configurations of
fiber deployment, FTTH network environment, Type of FTTH site, FTTH
architecture.

Contents Pages

1-1 Why FTTx ? 2


1-2 What’s FTTH? 3

1-3 FTTH architecture 8

1
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

Chapter 1
FTTX network architecture

1-1 Why FTTx ?

Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture
using optical fiber to replace all or part of the
usual metal local loop used for last mile
telecommunications. The generic term was
initially a generalization for several
configurations of fiber deployment (FTTN,
FTTC, FTTB, FTTH...), all starting by FTT but
differentiated by the last letter, which is
substituted by an x in the generalization.

The telecommunications industry differentiates


between several distinct configurations. The
terms in most widespread use today are:

 FTTN - Fiber-to-the-node - fiber is terminated in a street cabinet up to


several kilometers away from the customer premises, with the final
connection being copper. Fiber-to-the-node is often seen as an interim
step towards full FTTH .
 FTTC - Fiber-to-the-curb / Fiber to the cabinet - this is very similar to
FTTN, but the street cabinet is closer to the user's premises; typically
within 300m.
 FTTB - Fiber-to-the-building or Fiber-to-the-basement - fiber reaches
the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a multi-dwelling

2
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

unit, with the final connection to the individual living space being made
via alternative means.
 FTTH - Fiber-to-the-home - fiber reaches the boundary of the living
space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home.
 FTTP - Fiber-to-the premises - this term is used in several contexts: as a
blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the fiber network
includes both homes and small businesses.
 FTTD - Fiber-to-the-desk - fiber connection is installed from the main
computer room to a terminal or fiber media converter near the user’s desk.

The speeds of fiber optic and copper cables are both limited by length, but
copper is much more sharply limited in this respect. For example, the common
form of Gigabit Ethernet runs over relatively economical category 5e, category
6, or augmented category 6 unshielded twisted pair copper cabling but only to
100 meters. However, over the right kind of fiber, Gigabit Ethernet can easily
reach tens of kilometers.

1-2What’s FTTH?

“Fiber to the Home” is defined as a communications architecture in which the


final connection to the subscriber’s premises is Optical Fiber.
The fiber optic communications path is terminated on or in the premise for the
purpose of carrying communications to a single subscriber.
In order to be classified as FTTH, the access fiber must cross the subscriber’s
premises boundary and terminate
• inside the premises, or

• on an external wall of the subscriber’s premises, or

3
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

• not more than 2m from an external wall of the subscriber’s premises.

FTTH services may deliver just one application, but generally deliver several
such as data, voice and video.

“Premises” is defined as the subscriber’s home or place of business. In a multi


dwelling unit5 each apartment is therefore counted as one premises.

“Subscriber” is a premises that is connected to a FTTH/B-network and uses at


least one service on this connection under a commercial contract.

1-2-1 Ftth network architecture

A fiber to the home (FTTH) network constitutes a fibre-based access network,


connecting a large number of end users to a central point known as an access
node or point of presence (POP)( The fiber based network infrastructure
between central office and the home.).

Each access node will contain the required electronic transmission (active)
equipment to provide the applications and services over optical fibre to the
4
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

subscriber. Each access node is served by a larger metropolitan or urban fibre


network, which connect all the access nodes throughout a large municipality or
region.

Access networks may connect some of the following:

 fixed wireless network antennae, for example wireless LAN or WiMAX


 mobile network base stations
 subscribers in residential houses, terraces or blocks of flats
 larger buildings such as schools, hospitals and businesses
 key security and monitoring structures like surveillance cameras, security
alarms and control devices

A FTTH network may be considered to be part of the wider area or access


network.

1-2-2 FTTH network environment

The deployment of fibre closer to the subscriber may require deployment of


fibre infrastructure on public and private land, and also within public and private
properties.

5
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

Type of FTTH site

The environment can be broadly split into:

 city
 open residential
 rural
 building type and density – single homes or multi-dwelling units (MDUs)

Not only does each environment offer different customer densities (per sq km),
but this also varies by country.

The type of site will be a key factor in deciding the most appropriate network
design and architecture. Types include:

 Greenfield – new build where the network will be introduced at the same
time as the buildings

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Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

 Brownfield – where there are existing buildings and infrastructure but the
infrastructure is to a lower standard
 overbuild – adding to the existing infrastructure

The main influences for the infrastructure deployment methodology are:

 type of FTTH area:


 size of the FTTH network
 initial deployment cost of the infrastructure elements (CAPEX)
 ongoing costs for network operation and maintenance (OPEX)
 network architecture, for example PON(A passive optical network (PON)
is a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture in which
unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve
multiple premises) or Active Ethernet

 local conditions, for example, local labour costs, local authority


restrictions (traffic control) and others

The choice of fibre deployment technology will determine CAPEX and OPEX,
as well as the reliability of the network. These costs can be optimised by
choosing the most appropriate active solution combined with the most
appropriate infrastructure deployment methodology. These methods, include:

 conventional underground duct and cable


 blown micro-ducts and cable
 direct buried cable
 aerial cable
 “other rights of way” solutions

Key functional requirements for a FTTH network will include:


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Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

 provision of high bandwidth services and content to each customer


 a flexible network architecture design that can accommodate future needs
 connection by fibre of each end subscriber directly to the active
equipment, to ensure maximum available capacity for future service
demands
 support for future network upgrade and expansion
 minimize disruption during network deployment, to help fibre networks
gain acceptance from network owners and to benefit FTTH subscribers.

When designing and building FTTH networks, it is helpful to understand the


challenges and tradeoffs facing potential network owners and operators. Some
of these challenges may present conflicts between functionality and economic
demands.

The FTTH network builder must create a profitable business case, balancing
capital expenses with operating costs while ensuring revenue generation. Cost
considerations are introduced briefly in, but for a more detailed analysis of the
main influences on the business case for FTTH networks please read the, which
is also available from the FTTH Council Europe.

1-3 FTTH architecture

Active and passive are two commonly used FTTH architectures for FTTH
deployment.
Active Architecture is also called as Point 2 Point (P2P) and Passive Optical
Network (PON) architecture is called Point to Multi Point (P2M). Choice of
active or passive architectures for deployment depends on the type of services to
be delivered, cost of the infrastructure, current infrastructure and future plans for
migrating to the new technologies.
8
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

In order to specify the interworking of passive and active infrastructure, it is


important to make a clear distinction between the topologies used for the
deployment of the fibres (the passive infrastructure) and the technologies used to
transport data over the fibres (the active equipment).

The two most widely used topologies are point-to-multipoint, which is often
combined with a passive optical network (PON) architecture, and point-to-point,
typically using Ethernet transmission technologies.

Passive optical network. Active Ethernet network.

Point-to-point topologies provide dedicated fibres between the POP and the
subscriber. Each subscriber is directly connected by a dedicated fibre. Most
existing point-to-point FTTH deployments use Ethernet, but this can be mixed
with other transmission schemes for business applications (e.g. Fibre Channel,
SDH/SONET). This topology can also include PON technologies by placing the
passive optical splitters in the access node.

9
Chapter 1: FTTX network architecture

Point-to-multipoint topologies with passive optical splitters in the field are


deployed in conjunction with standardized PON technologies – GPON(Gigabit
Passive Optical Networking An optical-access system based on Internet Protocol
(IP) that lets multiple homes or businesses in a neighbourhood share fiber from a
service provider's central office) is today’s frontrunner in Europe, while EPON
(EPON - Ethernet Passive Optical Networking A single Layer 2 network that
uses Internet Protocol (IP) to carry data, voice, and video. EPON provides
seamless connectivity for any type of IP-based or other packetized
communications. )has been massively deployed in Asia – using time-sharing
protocols to control the access of multiple subscribers to the shared feeder fibre.

Active Ethernet technology can also be used to control subscriber access in a


point-to-multipoint topology – this requires placing Ethernet switches in the
field.

10
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

Chapter 2 : FTTH Network architecture

Aim of study

-By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize Passive optical network
solutions, Ethernet point-to-point solutions

Contents Pages

2-1 Passive optical network 3


2-2 Ethernet point-to-point 12

1
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

Chapter 2
FTTH Network architecture

Both passive optical network (PON) and Ethernet point-to-point solutions have
been deployed worldwide. The choice of equipment depends on many variables
including demographics and geographical segmentation, specific deployment
parameters, financial calculations, and more. In particular, the choice is highly
dependent on the ease of deploying the passive infrastructure. Clearly, in today’s
marketplace there is room for both solutions.

In a multi-dwelling unit (MDU)( Multi-family residential, the connections


between end-users and the building switch can either be copper or fibre,
although fibre is the only solution that will guarantee the ability to manage
future bandwidth requirements. In some deployments a second fibre is provided
for RF video overlay systems; in other cases multiple fibres (2 to 4 per home)
are installed to guarantee competition and to be prepared for future applications.

Different FTTH network architectures.


2
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

Note : (The Multi-dwelling unit or MDU) is a classification of housing where


multiple separate housing units for residential (i.e. non-commercial) inhabitants
are contained within one building or several buildings within one complex)

2-1 Passive optical network

The PON equipment comprises an optical line terminal (OLT) in the point of
presence (POP) or central office, one fibre to the passive optical splitter and a
fan-out towards a maximum of 64 end-users, each having an optical network
unit (ONU), where the fibre is terminated.

The ONU exists in several versions, including an MDU version that handles
many customers for in-building applications, reusing existing in-building
cabling (CAT5/Ethernet).

Advantages of PON include reduced fibre usage, the absence of active


equipment between the OLT and ONU, dynamic bandwidth allocation
capabilities, and the possibility of high-bandwidth bursts, which could lead to
capital and operational cost savings.

It is important to note that the last part of the network – between the last splitter
and the end-user – is the same for a point-to-point or a PON solution: every
home passed will be connected with one (or more) fibres up to the point where
the last splitter will be installed, also known as a fibre concentration point (FCP)
or fibre flexibility point (FFP). One of the differentiators of PON will be that the
number of fibres between the FFPs and the POP can be reduced significantly
(splitting ratio in combination with the subscriber take rate can result in a 1:100
3
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

fibre need reduction). Especially in Brownfield areas where some (scarce)


resources are already available – either dark fibre and/or duct space – this could
translate in considerable cost and roll-out time savings.

2-1-1 PON solutions

There have been several generations of PON technology to date.

All PON systems have essentially the same theoretical capacity at the optical
level. The limits on upstream and downstream bandwidth are set by the
electrical overlay, the protocol used to allocate the capacity and manage the
connection. The Full Services Access Network (FSAN) Group develops
technical specifications, which are then ratified as standards by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU).The first PON systems that achieved
significant commercial deployment had an electrical layer built on
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM, or "cell switching") and were called
"APON." These are still being used today, although the term "broadband PON"
or BPON is now applied. APON/BPON systems typically have downstream
capacity of 155 Mbps or 622 Mbps, with the latter now the most common.
Upstream transmission is in the form of cell bursts at 155 Mbps.

The successor to APON/BPON is GPON, which has a variety of speed options


ranging from 622 Mbps symmetrical (the same upstream/downstream capacity)
to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream. GPON is also based on ATM
transport. GPON is the type of PON most widely deployed in today's fiber-to-
the-home (FTTH) networks in new installations and is generally considered
suitable for consumer broadband services for the next five to 10 years.

4
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

10G-PON (also known as XG-PON) is a 2010 computer networking standard


for data links, capable of delivering shared Internet access rates up to 10 Gbit/s
(gigabits per second) over existing passive optics. Passive optical network
(PON) architecture has become a cost effective way to meet performance
demands in access networks. Optical fibre is shared by many subscribers in a
network known as FTTx, often displacing the copper lines.

In 2004 the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) introduced an


alternative standard called EPON with a capability of 1Gbps in both directions.
Proprietary EPON products are also available with 2Gbit/s downstream bit rate.
In September 2009 the IEEE ratified a new standard, 10G-EPON, offering 10
Gbps symmetric bit rate.

Trends for access technology over the next ten years will be towards more
symmetrical bandwidth. Multimedia file sharing, peer-to-peer applications and
the more data-intensive applications used by home-workers will drive subscriber
upstream bandwidth. Still, it is difficult to envision complete symmetry in
residential applications due to the enormous amount of bandwidth required for
HDTV and entertainment services in general – although small businesses could
benefit from symmetric, broadband connectivity. Nonetheless, it is the high
upstream bit rate of the PON that gives FTTH operators their main competitive
advantage over DSL or cable providers.

GPON provides a 20 km reach with a 28dB optical budget using class B+ optics
with a split ratio of 1:32. Reach can be extended to 30 km by limiting the
splitting factor to a maximum of 1:16, or by introducing C+ optics, which add
up to 4 dB to the optical link budget and can increase the optical reach to 60 km.
10G-EPON can also provide a 20 km reach with a 29dB optical budget.

5
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

Note:

Optical link budgets are determined by individual vendors’ active components –


PON chips within the electronics, lasers, and receivers. The loss range for each
class is as follows:
Class A – Min. 5 dB to max. 20 dB Class B – Min. 10 dB to max. 25 dB

Class B+ ‫ ــ‬Min. 10 dB to max. 28 dB Class C – Min. 15 dB to max. 30 dB

Schematic diagram of a GPON network.

Optionally, an RF video overlay can be added by yet another wavelength (1550


nm); this can be useful in stepwise build-up and time-to-market critical
situations for digital TV offerings.

The standards have been defined in such a way that both GPON and XG-PON
can coexist on the same fibre through the use of different wavelengths for both
solutions.

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Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

FSAN approach to XG-PON.

2-1-3 PON active equipment

Different types of ONT.

Standard PON equipment consists of an optical line terminal (OLT) and the
optical network unit (ONU). The OLT is usually situated at the central office or
concentration point. The OLT boards can handle up to approximately 8,200
subscribers (based on 64 users per GPON connection) per shelf.
7
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

There are different types of ONU available to suit the location:

 indoor application (I-series)


 outdoor application (O-series)
 business application (B-series)
 FTTB application

Depending on the application, the ONU can offer analogue phone connections
(POTS), Ethernet connections, RF connections for video overlay or in the case
of FTTB, a number of VDSL2 or Ethernet connections.

In the IEEE world the subscriber equipment is always referred to as the ONU.
However, in the context of GPON and X-GPON it was agreed that the term
ONU should be used in general; ONT was kept only for particular use to mean
an ONU supporting a single subscriber. Therefore, the term ONU is more
general and always appropriate. However this definition is not followed by
everyone and in other (non-PON) cases any device that terminates the optical
network is also referred to as optical network termination (ONT). In this
document no preference is expressed and both terminologies are used and as
such should be interpreted in their broadest sense.

2-1-4 Bandwidth management

GPON, EPON, XG-PON and 10G-EPON bandwidth is allocated by TDM (time


division multiplexing) based schemes. Downstream, all data is transmitted to all
ONUs; incoming data is than filtered based on port ID. In the upstream
direction, the OLT controls the upstream channel by assigning a different time
slot to each ONU. The OLT provides dynamic bandwidth allocation and
prioritisation between services using a MAC (Media Access Control) protocol.

8
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

Bandwidth management in PON systems.

PON deployment optimisation

When deploying PON networks, active and passive infrastructure go hand in


hand. It is clear that the timely investment in active equipment (mainly at
network side) can be optimised once the correct passive splitting arrangement
has been chosen.

Several considerations need to be taken into account when designing the


network:

 optimal use of active equipment – assuring an (average) usage rate per


PON port well above 50%
 flexible outside plant that can adapt easily to today’s and future’s customer
distribution
 regulatory needs for unbundling the next-generation access (NGA)
networks
 optimizing operational cost due to field interventions

These considerations will result in a number of design rules.

To make use of the inherent fibre usage advantage of PON, the location of the
splitters should be optimised.
9
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

Let’s first assume that single-level splitting is employed, also known as


centralized splitting. In that case the node size should be defined, i.e. the number
of homes passed, where the splitters will be installed. There is a trade-off
between the cost of the cabinets and the extra fibre length if cabinets are moved
higher in the network (closer to the POP). One of the driving factors in this
optimization process is the area density; typically cost will vary with node size
as follows:

Optimisation of node side in a PON with single-level splitting.

In typical European city areas, the optimum node size will be somewhere
between 500 and 2000 homes passed.

In most city areas, there are a lot of high-rise buildings with several tens or even
hundreds of apartments (MDUs). This also is an important input for the design
of the network, and we can decide to put splitter(s) in the basement of such
buildings. Some networks employ a two-level splitting strategy, also known as

10
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

distributed splitting where, for instance, 1:8 splitters are put in the buildings and
a second 1:8 splitter is put at the node level. In mixed areas containing a
combination of MDUs and stand-alone houses, the optimal node size may
increase (one fibre coming from a building now represents up to eight homes
passed). In some cases even higher levels of splitting, also known as multi-level
splitting, can be deployed.

Centralized and distributed splitting in a PON.

To enable infrastructure sharing in a technology agnostic way through fibre


unbundling means that the splitter sites closest to the end-users must be fibre
flexibility points (FFPs) where every service provider will get the possibility to
access the customer’s fibre.

11
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

In case of a multi-fibre per home deployment, some of the fibres may be


dedicated to a service provider and will not be available for unbundling (the
dedicated fibres may be spliced/hard-wired rather than Centralized).

When a point-to-point outside plant is deployed up to the POP level, a PON


service provider will install all his splitters in the POP, but he will lose one of
the advantages of a PON network, namely the fact that the feeder fibre usage in
the outside plant can be reduced. Another drawback might be that the POP
location might be closer to the end-user (fewer homes passed) since every home
will have one (or more) fibres into the POP. The PON service provider might
even decide to aggregate a number of the point-to-point POP and only install his
active equipment (OLTs) in one of these POPs and convert the others to passive
(splitter) POPs.

2-2 Ethernet point-to-point

For Ethernet architectures, there are two possibilities, one dedicated fibre per
customer between the Ethernet switch located at the POP and the home, or one
fibre to an aggregation point and dedicated fibre from there onwards. The first
option is easy and straightforward to implement, the second limits the fibre
usage in the access loop and is often used in FTTB solutions.

Ethernet point-to-point solutions

From a civil engineering perspective the topologies of the cable plant for point-
to-point fibre deployments can look identical to those for PON. However the
number of fibres/cables between the POP and the FFP will be significantly
lower for a PON deployment.

12
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

From the POP, individual feeder fibres for each subscriber are laid down
towards some distribution point in the field – typically a fibre flexibility point –
either in an underground enclosure or a street cabinet. From this distribution
point, fibres are laid towards each individual home.

The higher number of feeder fibres does not pose any major obstacle for from a
civil engineering perspective. However, since the fibre densities in the feeder
and drop part are very different, it is likely that different cabling techniques will
be employed in the two parts of the network.

High density fibre management.

Deployment can be facilitated by existing conventional ducts, and by other


rights of way like sewers or tunnels.

Fibres arriving in the POP are terminated on an optical distribution frame (ODF)
– this is a flexible fibre management solution that makes it possible to connect
any customer to any port on the switches in the POP.

Due to the large number of fibres handled in a POP, the density of the fibre
management solution has to be very high in order to reduce space required. This
13
Chapter 2: FTTH Network architecture

figure shows an example of a high-density ODF that can terminate and connect
more than 2300 fibres in a single rack. For illustration purposes it is positioned
next to a rack with active equipment that can terminate 1152 fibres on individual
ports.

Take rates in FTTH projects typically take some time to ramp up and usually
stay below 100%. Fibre management allows a ramp up of the number of active
ports in synchrony with the activation of customers. This minimizes the number
of unused active network elements in the POP.

Ethernet network diagram.

14
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

Chapter3 : Passive Optical Network

Aim of study

- By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize Passive Optical Network
architectures.

Contents Pages

3-1 Residential bandwidth trends 2


3-2 Evolution of passive optical networks 3

3-3 Passive Optical Network architectures 4

1
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

Chapter 3
Passive Optical Network

3-1 Residential bandwidth trends

Access and backbone bandwidth requirements are expected to continue growing


exponentially. By that we mean that global peak and average bandwidth will
inexorably increase and access bit-rate requirements will soon exceed 100Mbps.

Evolution of ITU PON standards.

2
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

3-2 Evolution of passive optical networks

Evolution of ITU standards

The optical budget of 28dB with GPON technology using class B+ optics
enables a reach of 30km when the splitting factor is limited to 1:16. New class
C+ optics add another 4dB of link budget, and thus either more distributed
splitting capabilities or more reach. GPON extenders increase capabilities
further to either 60km reach or 128 end-users.

Although GPON is perceived to possess sufficient bandwidth for the next few
years, XG-PON is already standardized and this is not the limit; PON
parameters will be pushed to higher values.

XG-PON is a natural continuation in the evolution of PON technologies,


increasing bandwidth four times to 10Gbps, reach from 20 to 60 km, and split
from 64 to 128 – although reach and split maxima are not obtainable
simultaneously. Most importantly, these evolutionary technologies will avoid
the need for significant upgrades to the installed outside plant.

3
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

Evolution of ITU PON standards.

Evolution of IEEE standards

The 10G-EPON (10-Gigabit Ethernet PON) standard was ratified in September


2009 under the name 802.3av. This latest standard offers a symmetric 10Gbps,
and is backward compatible with 802.3ah EPON. 10G-EPON uses separate
wavelengths for 10Gbps and 1Gbps downstream, and will continue to use a
single wavelength for both 10Gbps and 1Gbps upstream with TDMA separation
of customer data. The 802.3av Task Force has concluded its work, with the
802.3av now being included in the IEEE 802.3 set of standards.

3-3 Passive Optical Network architectures


1-Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (TDM-PON)
Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (TDM-PON) originally
referred to as Telephony on PON (TPON) is the most common commercial
PON architecture. Bidirectional transmission is based on Wavelength
Division Duplex (WDD). In the DS direction the OLT broadcasts the traffic

4
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

through an optical power splitter to all the ONUs in the access network.
Correspondingly, all broadcasted information is received at every ONU. The
data streams for different ONUs can be virtually differentiated using ONU
address labels that are embedded in the transmission. At the ONU, only the
relevant data with correct address labels is processed and all other data is
discarded. There is an apparent security issue as the data intended for one
ONU also reaches the other entire ONUs in the PON. To avoid information
security problems, commercial TDM-PONs use encryption.

5
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

An example of a one-stage splitting TDM-PON architecture.

2-Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON)

The term Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-


PON) is used somewhat loosely to describe a PON that employs Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (WDM). A common feature of WDM-PONs is that
separate wavelengths are used for each ONU in the DS. In the US, traffic
multiplexing can be achieved either by WDD or Time Division Duplex
(TDD).

An example of a WDM-PON architecture

6
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

The usage of a separate wavelength in the DS provides superb information


security since each ONU receives only the information that is intended for it.
Different wavelengths can be assigned different bit rates according to the
required QoS, and the ONU electronics can run at the data receive rate. The
WDM-PON OLT is quite costly because it needs to have an array of
transceivers to be able to operate on different wavelengths. The cost of the
WDM-PON OLT can be shared among the subscribers just like in the TDM-
PON case. The WDM-PON ONU also needs to support operation on different
wavelengths and hence requires a tunable transceiver that is a relatively
expensive component

An Arrayed Wave Guide (AWG) router that is a wavelength routing passive


optical device This router separates different wavelengths to the different ONUs
in the DS and removes the splitting loss problem that would arise if a basic
optical power splitter was used instead. In the US direction, AWG router simply
passes through all transmitted wavelengths within the transmission band.

3- TDM-PON vs. WDM-PON

Bandwidth demands are constantly growing with new evolving services and
increase in the number of users requiring enhanced access network
performance. The performance of TDM-PON systems is limited by mainly
two factors:

The ONUs must run at the aggregate bit rate of the whole PON making the
hardware design more difficult with higher transmission rates.
The splitting ratio introduced by the passive splitter that limits:
o the maximum number of ONUs in a PON,
o the maximum reach of a PON decreasing scalability,

7
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

o the bandwidth per ONU-ratio because the channel is divided among the
ONUs.
These TDM-PON problems can be shunned with the WDM-PON that in
contrast to the TDM-PON features .
Each ONU operates on an individual bit rate relaxing the hardware
requirements.
The usage of the AWG router removes the splitting loss problem increasing the
reach and scalability of the WDM-PON architecture.
Each ONU can be assigned an individual wavelength to provide a high
bandwidth per ONU-ratio.

The WDM-PON however has one main drawback .

The WDM-PON architectures are generally significantly more expensive than


the TDM-PON architectures because of the more costly optical components.

WDM-PON and beyond

The next step could be to further increase the line speed on the fibre to 40 or
even 100 Gbps.

8
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

Wavelength plan for TDM-PON.

An alternative, which has already seen early deployments, is the use of


wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) techniques to send multiple
wavelengths over the same fibre. WDM-PONs promises to combine the best of
both worlds – a physical PON network (sharing feeder fibres) with logical point-
to-point connectivity (one wavelength per user).

This architecture provides dedicated, transparent connectivity on a wavelength


per subscriber basis, and thus allows very-high, uncontended bit rates for each
connected subscriber, with the same inherent security as dedicated fibre.
Wavelength filters (instead of splitters) in the field map each wavelength from
the feeder fibre onto a dedicated drop fibre. As a result, there is a logical
upgrade path from current TDM-PON deployments to WDM-PON at the
infrastructure level.

The key challenge for WDM-PON is to provide diverse upstream wavelengths


while having a single ONU type. Communications providers consider it
unmanageable to have a different ONU per wavelength, and tunable lasers are

9
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

so far not affordable. The technologies required for WDM-PON are available
today, but they have to undergo some cost reduction in order to be considered
suitable for mass deployment.

Wavelength plan for WDM-PON.

A third possibility is to stack several TDM-PON signals on one fibre, typically a


combination of four XG-PON systems running at 10 Gbps each. This is called
hybrid TDM-WDM-PON.

10
Chapter 3: Passive Optical Network

Wavelength plan for hybrid TDM-WDM-PON.

11
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Chapter 4 : Deployment Techniques

Aim of study

-By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize Conventional duct

infrastructure Cable joint closure, Street cabinets.

Contents Pages

4-1 Conventional duct infrastructure 2


4-2 Types of duct cables 5
4-3 Cable installation by pulling 7
4-4 Cable joint closures 11
4-5 Micro duct tube connectors and closures 14
4-6 Installation options 20
4-7 Street cabinets 22

1
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Chapter 4

Deployment Techniques

This section provides a description of available infrastructure deployment


techniques. More than one technique may be used in the same network,
depending on the specific circumstances of the network build.

4-1 Conventional duct infrastructure

Deploying duct infrastructure.

This is the most conventional method of underground cable installation and


involves creating a duct network to enable subsequent installation of cables by
pulling, blowing or floatation techniques. This may comprise a large main duct
that contains smaller rigid or flexible textile subducts (for individual cable
installation), a large main duct into which cables are progressively pulled, one
over the other as the network grows, or a small “main” duct for the installation
of a single cable. Duct installation enables further access and reconfiguration.

2
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

As with any civil works, consideration needs to be given to other buried


services. Efficiency of cable installation in ducts relies heavily on the quality of
the duct placement; this applies to all installation methods

Product map

Product map for conventional duct infrastructure.

Duct network

The use of a single duct maximizes the amount of space inside the duct, but in
practice can limit the number of cables that can be installed. Entanglement of the
cables and high friction between cable jackets can make it difficult to extract
older cablesewcd from full ducts to create room for new cables – older cables
typically end up at the bottom of the duct.

Using rigid subduct reduces the total number of cables that can be installed, but
at least older cables can be removed. This method also allows the use of cable
blowing as well as cable pulling, since it is easier to create an airtight connection
to the subduct. Using flexible textile subduct maximizes the total number of
3
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

cables which can be installed in a duct and allows older cables to be removed
easily. In general using flexible subduct triples the amount of cables which can
be installed in a main duct.

110mm main duct with nine


110mm mains duct with
110mm mains duct. flexible sub ducts.
four sub ducts.

Main duct sizes which can be sub ducted with rigid sub ducts vary from about
60 mm up to 110 mm. Main duct sizes for single cable use are smaller, typical
internal diameter is between 20 and 40 mm. Smaller main ducts can be sub
ducted with flexible inner sub ducts or micro ducts.

Cables can be installed into the ducts by pulling, blowing or floating. If they are
to be pulled, then the duct either needs to contain a pre-installed draw rope or
must have one installed by rodding and roping. If cables are to be blown in or
floated, then the duct and any connections between sections of duct need to be
airtight.

The inner wall of the duct or rigid sub duct is manufactured to ensure low
friction with the cable sheath. This is typically achieved with a low friction
coating. Alternatively, the duct or rigid sub duct may have a low-friction

4
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

extruded profile or special duct lubricants are used. Flexible sub ducts are
prelubricated during manufacturing to achieve low friction.

A number of factors govern the continuous length that can be pulled or blown,
including coefficient of friction, bends in the duct route (vertical as well as
horizontal), the strength and weight of the cables, and the installation equipment
used. Fill ratios should be calculated as part of the planning process. The cable
diameter should not be too large compared to the inner diameter of the duct. For
existing networks the condition of the ducts should be checked for any potential
damage and suitable space and capacity for future cabling.

4-2 Types of duct cables

There are a wide variety of cables for use in a duct network.

Duct cable selection.

5
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Although cable designs can vary, they are based on a small number of elements.
The first and most common building block is a loose tube, comprising a plastic
tube containing the required number of fibres (typically 12) together with a tube
filling compound that both buffers the fibres and helps them to move within the
tube as the cable expands and contracts at environmental and mechanical
extremes. Other building blocks include multiple fibres in a ribbon form or in a
thin easy-strip tube coating. Fibres may also be laid in narrow slots grooved out
of a central cable element.

Tubes containing individual fibres or multiple ribbons are laid around a central
cable element that comprises a strength member with plastic jacketing. Water
blocking materials such as water-swell able tapes or grease can be included to
prevent moisture permeating radially or longitudinally through the cable, which
is over-sheathed with polyethylene (or alternative materials) to protect it from
the external environment. Fibres, ribbons or bundles (protected by a coloured
micro-sheath or identified by a coloured binder) may also be housed within a
large central tube. This is then over sheathed with strength elements included.

If cables are pulled in using a winch, then they may need to be stronger than
blown versions, because the tensile force applied may be much higher. Blown
cables need to be suitably lightweight with a degree of rigidity to aid the
blowing process. The presence of the duct affords a high degree of crush
protection, except where the cable emerges into the footway box. Duct cables
are normally jacketed and non-metallic – to remove the need for earthing, for
lightning protection and for environmental reasons. However, they may contain
metallic elements for higher strength (steel central strength members), for
remote surface detection (copper elements) or for added moisture protection

6
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

(longitudinal aluminum tape). Duct environments tend be benign, but the cables
are designed to withstand potential long-term flooding and occasional freezing.

7
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

4-3 Cable installation by pulling

The information below is an outline of the required installation and equipment


considerations. Reference should also be made to IEC specification 60794-1-1
Annex C, Guide to the installation of optical fibre cables.

Pulling cable swivel.

Cable guide pulley.

When cables are pulled into a duct, there needs to be either a pre-existing draw-
rope or one must be installed prior to cable winching. The cable should be fitted
with a swivel, which allows the cable to freely twist as it is installed, and a fuse
rated at or below the cable‟s tensile strength. Long cable section lengths can be
installed if the cable is rated to take the additional tensile pulling load, or by
“fleeting” the cable at suitable section mid-points to allow a secondary pull
operation, or by using intermediate assist pullers (capstans or cable pushers).
8
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Fleeting involves laying loops of fibre on the surface during a pull using figure
of eight loops to prevent twisting in the cable. If spare ducts or sub ducts are
installed, then subsequent cables can be installed as the need arises (“just in
time”).

When installing cables, due account should be taken of their mechanical and
environmental performances as indicated on the supplier‟s datasheets, which
should not be exceeded. The tensile load represents the maximum tension that
should be applied to a cable during the installation process and ensures that any
strain imparted to the fibres is within safe working limits. The use of a swivel
and mechanical fuse will protect the cable if the pulling force is exceeded. Cable
lubricants can be used to reduce the friction between the cable and the sub-duct,
hence reducing the tensile load. The minimum bend diameter represents the
smallest coil for cable storage within a cable chamber. Suitable pulleys and
guidance devices should be used to ensure that the minimum dynamic bend
radius is maintained during installation. If the cable outer diameter exceeds 75%
of the duct inner diameter the pulling length may be reduced.

4-3-1 Cable installation by floating

Considering that most outside plant underground cables are exposed to water
over a major part of their life, floating is an alternative method to blowing.
Floating can be done with machinery originally designed for blowing: air is
simply replaced by water. Compared to blowing, floating makes it possible to
place considerably longer cables in ducts without an intermediate access point.

Floating can prove very efficient for over-laying cable in many situations. The
performance of the process decreases when placing cables with an outer

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Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

diameter exceeding 75% of the duct inner diameter. Nevertheless good results
have also been obtained for higher fill factors; for example, a 38mm cable was
floated over 1.9km in a duct with inner diameter of 41 mm (fill factor 93%).

Floating is also a safe method for removing cables from the duct, thus making
possible the re-use of such cable. Blowing out cable is, by comparison, a
hazardous operation.

Cable de-coring

Cable de-coring.

New techniques have been developed to successfully de-core cables. With this
method, the core of copper cables can be replaced cost-effectively and speedily
with fibre-optics.

Instead of digging up the entire cable length, the cable is now only accessed at
two points 50 to 400 metres apart. A special fluid is pumped under pressure into
the space between cable sheath and cable core wrapping, detaching the core
from the sheath.

10
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Next, the old cable core is extracted mechanically and treated for clean,
environmentally friendly disposal or recycling. Simultaneously, an empty,
accurately fitted sheathing for the new fibre-optic cable is drawn into the old
cable sheath.

Afterwards these so-called “micro ducts” are connected, the pits are closed and,
finally, the empty cable sheath is refilled with fibre optics.

Apart from the positive environmental aspects – old cables can be recycled
homogenously, and the fluid is biodegradable – this technique can be 40 to 90%
cheaper than installing a new cable, especially due to the much faster
completion time and the reduction in planning and building costs.

4-3-2 Access and jointing chambers

Suitable sized access chambers should be positioned at regular intervals along


the duct route. These can be located to provide the best position for connection
to the customer drop cables. The duct chambers must be large enough to enable
all duct cable installation operations, storage of slack cable loops for jointing
and maintenance, cable hangers and bearers, and the storage of the cable splice
closure.

The chambers may be constructed on site or be provided as pre-fabricated units


to minimise construction costs and site disruption. On site constructed modular
chamber units are also available. Where existing legacy access chambers are
insufficient due to size or over population of cables/closures then an „off-track
or spur‟ chamber should be considered.

11
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

4-4 Cable joint closures

Cable joint closures may act as a track or straight-through joint, to join


sequential cable and fibre lengths together, or provide a function for distribution
of smaller drop cables. Closures will usually be sited in the manhole or
underground chambers. Occasionally the cable joint may take place within an
off-track chamber or above ground cabinet.

Closures may be placed as regularly as every 500m in medium-density areas and


as frequently as every 250m in high-density areas. Certain networks may require
the use of mid-span joints, which enable fibres to be continued through the joint
un-spliced; only the required fibres are intercepted for splicing.

The closure must be resistant to long term flooding and any future need to re-
open for adding or changing customer fibre circuits.

4-4-1 Blown micro ducts and micro cable

This option utilises compressed air to blow fibre unit and small diameter cables
quickly through a network of tubes to the customer/ premises. Fibre deployment
can be deferred until the customer requirement has been confirmed, hence
deferring costs compared to speculative up-front build programmes. Also, the
number of splices can be minimised by blowing long lengths of fibre through
the network of tubes (which themselves are easily joined via push-fit
connectors). Blown micro ducts may be used in combination with duct, direct
buried and aerial infrastructure and the tubes may be housed in constructions
designed for any of these three methods.

12
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Product Map

Product map for blown micro ducts and micro cable.

4-4-2 Micro duct solutions

Micro ducts are small, flexible, lightweight tubes typically less than 16mm in
diameter. They could be smaller versions of conventional duct (e.g. 10 mm outer
diameter, 8 mm inner diameter) that are pre-installed or blown into a larger sub
duct. Micro duct can be used to further segment a sub duct (for example using
five 10mm micro ducts). The micro ducts may be blown directly into the sub
ducts. They could also be small tubes (e.g. 5mm outer diameter, 3.5 mm inner
diameter) manufactured as a single or multi-tube cable assembly, known as a
“protected micro duct”. Protected micro duct assemblies (typically containing
from one to twenty-four micro ducts) may be constructed in a similar fashion to
the aerial, direct buried or duct cables described previously, and would be
installed in a similar fashion.

13
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Protected micro duct.


Sub-divided sub duct. Post-installed micro duct.

4-4-3 Thick-walled micro ducts do not need to be placed or blown inside


another duct or tube. Bundles of thick-walled micro ducts offer the most user-
friendly connector solution. From a technical perspective, this is the best
solution for near-surface needs where temperatures may vary significantly.
These products can be direct buried over long distances in bundles of 2, 4, 6, 7,
12, or 24, or they can be buried individually over shorter distances. In addition,
micro ducts offer the easiest solution for branching – just cut the thin outer
coating and snap on a connector.

Thick walled micro duct bundle. Branching of thick walled micro duct.

Tight-bundled micro ducts offer a larger number of micro ducts pre-installed


in a standard duct. They consist of a standard HDPE duct pre-sheathed around a
bundle of micro ducts. Both the main duct and the micro ducts come in a variety
14
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

of sizes to accommodate different types of fibre cables. Tight-bundled micro


ducts are sheathed in a manner that they do not have space to buckle, which
makes them less susceptible to temperature changes.

Lose bundled micro ducts are notable for their high crush resistance and
record-breaking distances over which fibre can be blown. Loose bundled micro
ducts are installed in two ways:

 pre-installed in various size HDPE ducts and so ready to be laid in


trenches and branched where necessary.
 blown in after the HDPE ducts have been buried, for the ultimate in
network expansion flexibility.

4-5 Micro duct tube connectors and closures

Sections of micro duct can be joined with specialist connectors, which are
available in water and gas-sealed versions.

Thick-walled micro duct connectors have a simple design that allows the
installer to snap together the ends of two micro ducts – there is no need for a
closure, Y-branch, or tube management box. Gas-tight connectors or
terminations must be used at network access points to protect the integrity and
safety of the design.

15
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Branching component.
Branching component.
Branching component.

Tight-bundled micro ducts need a watertight closure for branching. Watertight


Y-branch and wraparound connector products make it possible to access and
branch micro ducts at any point in a network. Tube management boxes can also
be used when several micro ducts branch in different directions. Straight
connectors, reducers, and branching components for connecting and branching
the ducting layout are widely used. Gas-tight connectors or terminations must be
used at network access points to ensure the integrity and safety of the design.

Push-fittings (left to right): gas block tube connectors, straight tube connectors,
and end-tube connectors.

4-5-1 Micro duct cable and fibre units

Micro ducts tubes house micro duct cables (e.g. 96 fibre 6.4mm diameter for use
in a 10mm/8mm micro duct) or very small blown-fibre unit cables 1 to 3 mm in
16
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

diameter containing up to 12 fibres (e.g. 4 fibres in a 1 mm cable for use in 5


mm/3.5 mm tubes). The cables used in these tubes are small lightweight designs
that require the tube for protection. In other words, the tube and cable act
together as a system. The cables are installed by blowing, and may have special
outer coatings to assist with blowing.

Micro duct cables.


Micro duct cable with 4 fibres.

The micro duct size must be chosen to suit the cable and required fibre count.
Typical combinations of cable and duct size are given in the table following.
Other sizes and combinations can be used.

Micro duct outer Micro duct inner Typical fibre Typical cable
diameter (mm) diameter (mm) counts diameter (mm)

16 12 24-216 9.2

12 10 96-216 6.5-8.4

10 8 72-96 6-6.5

7 5.5 48-72 2.5

17
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

5 3.5 6-24 1.8-2

4 3 22-12 1-1.6

Protected micro ducts with loose package.

Figure 63: Micro duct optical fibre cables (not to scale).


18
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Protected cable micro duct with tight integral outer duct (not to scale).

Examples of Fibre units.

The distance achieved by blowing will depend on the micro duct, cable and
installation equipment used plus route difficulty, particularly turns in the route
and vertical deviations. As the fibre reaches its final drop to the home, it may be
possible to use even smaller tubes (e.g. 4mm/3mm or 3mm/2.1mm), since the
blowing distance will be quite short.

19
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

4-5-2 Micro cable/blown fibre unit installation

The installation method will be very similar to the equipment for full-size
cables, but with smaller blowing equipment and using smaller, lighter and more
flexible cabling payoff devices – reels instead of drums and cages and pans.
Under certain conditions, micro cables can be floated using smaller floating
equipment.

Access and jointing chambers

The same principles apply as for micro duct cable normal cable. Additionally, it
is possible to branch micro duct tubes at hand-hole locations using a suitable
swept branch closure, rather than requiring a full-size chamber.

Micro cable joint closures

Micro cable joint closures have the same basic features as duct joint closures.
There are different types, depending on whether the joint is being used to join or
branch fibres, or whether it is the tubes themselves that are to be branched or
jointed. These closures allow considerable flexibility with the routing of the
ducts whilst minimising the number of installation steps, because the cables or
fibres may be blown through the whole route once the tubes are connected, and
may be facilitated using simple joints rather than full-scale joint closures.

External tubing can be joined directly to suitable indoor tubing, hence avoiding
the need for a joint splice at the building entry point. Additional safety features
may be required, particularly with respect to pressure relief. If a fully jointed
airtight closure is required, then dangers may occur when fibre is blown through
a joint if there happens to be an air-leak within the tubes housed in the joint. To
20
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

prevent pressure build-up in the joint that could cause it to blow apart, the fitting
of a reliable safety valve or other pressure relief mechanism is strongly
recommended.

4-5-3 Direct buried cable

Direct burial offers a safe, protected and hidden environment for cables, but
requires careful survey to avoid damaging other buried services. A narrow
trench must be excavated in order to effectively bury and protect the cable.
Excavation techniques include mole ploughing, open trenching, slotting and
directional boring. A combination of these options can be used in a deployment
area.

Product map

Product map for direct buried cable.

4-6 Installation options

A number of excavation techniques are possible including open trenching, mole


ploughing, slotting and directional boring – more than one method may be used.

21
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Types of direct buried cable

Direct buried cables are designed in a similar fashion to duct cables, employing
similar elements, such as filled loose tubes. The cables may have additional
armouring to protect them, although this depends on the burial technique. Pre-
trenching and surrounding the buried cable with a layer of sand can permit the
use of quite lightweight designs, whereas direct mole-ploughing or backfilling
with stone-filled soil may require a more robust design. Crush protection is a
major feature and could consist of a corrugated steel tape or the application of a
thick sheath of suitably hard polyethylene.

non-metal direct buried cable.


cable with corrugated steel protection.

Lightning protection

Non-metallic designs may be favoured in areas of high lightning activity, but


have less crush protection than a cable with a corrugated steel tape. The steel
tape can survive being struck by lightning, particularly if the cable contains no
other metallic components, since it can absorb a direct strike, and offers
excellent crush protection.

22
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Rodent protection

Corrugated steel tape has proven to be one of the best protections against rodent
damage or other burrowing animals. If the cable needs to be non-metallic, then a
complete covering of glass yarns may deter rodents to some degree.

Termite protection

Nylon sheaths, though expensive, offer excellent protection against termites.


Nylon resists bite damage, and is chemically resistant to the substances excreted
by termites.

Access and jointing chambers

Depending on the actual application, buried joints are typically used in lieu of
the access and jointing chambers used in duct installation.

Direct buried cable joint closures

Basic joint closures for direct buried cable are similar to those used for duct
cables, but may require additional mechanical protection. The closure may also
need to facilitate the distribution of smaller drop cables.

4-7 Street cabinets

A buried FTTH network contains communication equipment that can either


reside below or above ground level. Street cabinets can be provided both above
and below ground although the recognised convention is above ground.

23
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

With the different sizes, lower profiles and smaller above-ground footprint,
modern street cabinets are less of an eyesore than the larger cabinets required for
a copper or VDSL network. Although visibility is an important consideration, it
is not the only one. Other considerations include:

 Cost – In FTTH deployments the labour costs of installation often dwarf


the material cost of the network components. Cabinets can be a cost-
effective method of providing a network access point, if the build
specification and methodology allows. A scalable or modular cabinet
solution can help to control project costs because the size of the cabinet can
easily be extended if the need arises.
 Network accessibility – Depending on the geographical location, the
cleanliness of the splice closure installed will normally be better in an
above ground installation. Wet conditions can turn a traditional hand and
manholes into miniature mud pools, increasing the installation time. In cold
winters, underground access can sometimes be impossible due to ice.

When the advantages of a cabinet are required but there are issues with location,
an underground solution is also available that allows the cabinet can be raised
out of the ground for access; when stored no more than a manhole cover is seen.

The biggest concern in terms of above ground installation is the relative


vulnerability of cabinets to uncontrolled damage, for example car accidents and
vandalism. Distances from sidewalks and positioning on streets with heavy
traffic must be taken into consideration. Positioning may also be restricted by
local authority rules, for example, in historic city centres or secure public places.

24
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

A typical street cabinet has three functions:

1. Duct management is made in the root compartment to connect, separate


and store ducts and cables. The same area can be used as point of access
to facilitate blowing in (also midpoint blowing) of fibre units, ducts or
cables.
2. Base management is where ducts, modular cables and fibre-optic cables
can be fixed and managed, usually on a mounting rail.
3. Fibre management is where the fibres of the different cable types can be
spliced. This construction facilitates easy and fault-free connection of
different fibre types.

Base
management.

Duct
management.
Fibre
management.

25
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

When protecting active components which are sensitive to extremes of


temperature and/or humidity, a controlled environment is required and this can
be provided by climate-controlled outdoor cabinets.

Examples of street cabinets in a range of sizes.

Street cabinets can also be provided pre-stubbed and terminated. These cabinets
are assembled in the factory and tested prior to delivery. The cabinets have a
cable stub that is run back to the next closure and offer a patch panel for simple
plug-and-play connectivity. This provides faster installation, and greatly reduces
the incidence of installation faults on site.

Compact pedestals and cabinets that are designed to be the last premises
distribution/termination point can be placed directly in front of residents‟
property or along the street. These cabinets are also used as an easy repair and
access point in the fibre optical network.

26
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

Customer premises equipment

External fibre termination box.

This is the point where the passive network ends and the active equipment is
installed. The fibre is terminated inside the CPE with connectors, usually
SC/APC or LC/APC.

The position of the CPE depends on the operator. Some networks have the CPE
mounted outside to the premise to aid access and maintenance. Other operators
choose to position the equipment inside the premises, to ensure the active
equipment is retained close to the equipment it will feed. For MDUs the CPE
may be positioned in a basement or at a floor level.

In this example of an external fibre termination unit, the fibre network


terminates in a wall unit that also contains the CPE equipment. From this
position the feed will be with a copper cable.

27
Chapter 4: Deployment Techniques

One downside with an external CPE is the need to get power to the unit; also it
is exposed to potential vandalism.

28
Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

Chapter 5 : FTTH network planning

Aim of study

By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize Network planning guidelines

cabling considerations.

Contents Pages

5-1 Network planning guidelines 3

5-2 Cabling considerations 6

1
Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

Chapter 5

FTTH network planning

This section provides a brief overview of the planning, operational and


maintenance aspects of an FTTH network infrastructure. While each FTTH
network design will differ and operate in different environments and conditions,
the planning, operation and maintenance remains a common requirement.

During network construction, the builder will need to ensure minimum


disruption to the general public and surrounding environment. This will most
likely be a requirement through a contract to ensure that installation and build
processes cause little or no disturbance within the FTTH area. This can only be
achieved by careful planning and execution. This will also drive the need for
efficient build methods to be deployed that will ultimately benefit the FTTH
business case. Poor planning will have the opposite effect and potentially lead to
poor network performance and a failing build programme.

Whilst fibre is a reliable medium whose reliability has been proven in service
over tens of years, it is still vulnerable to unexpected breakdown that will
require mobilisation and rapid and efficient repair. During such times immediate
access to the networks records by those tasked with repair is essential. It is vital
from the onset of the network build that records and documentation are collated
and centralised to support all subsequent network analysis.

Maintenance procedures must be planned in advance and contractual


arrangement put in place to ensure the appropriate manpower is on hand when
needed.
2
Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

5-1 Network planning guidelines

Site control and installation operation planning

Work with underground duct systems or installations on sideways or poles, will


require careful planning and in many cases cause disruption to traffic. Liaison
with local authorities will be required and suitable controls must be put in place.
The following sections briefly list the main installation considerations that need
to be taken into account when embarking upon a duct type installation.

General management considerations

Familiarity and experience working with underground or aerial duct and cable
systems, practices and working operations is essential.

Careful planning of the installation will lead to an efficient and safe operation.
Liaison with the local authorities prior to installation is recommended, where
appropriate.

A full appreciation of nearby utility services must be obtained both from the
local authorities and by on site confirmation using suitable detection equipment.

Safety

Proper safety zones using marker cones and traffic signals should be organised.

Disruption of traffic should be coordinated with local officials.

All manholes and cable chambers should be identified and those intended for
access should be tested for flammable and toxic gases before entry.

3
Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

For confined spaces, full air and oxygen tests should be carried out before entry
and forced ventilation provided as necessary. Whilst working underground, all
personnel must have continuous monitoring gas warning equipment in operation
at all times – flammable, toxic, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels.

In cases where flammable gas is detected, the local Fire Service should be
contacted immediately.

All existing electrical cables should be inspected for any possibility of damage
and exposed conductors.

Construction, equipment and planning

A full survey of the complete underground duct system or aerial plant should be
carried out prior to installation.

Manhole and cable chambers with excess levels of water should be pumped out.

Ducts should be checked for damage and potential obstructions. Rodding of the
duct sections using a test mandrel or brush is recommended prior to installation.

Manholes should be checked to ensure suitable space for coiling slack cables,
provision of cable supports and space for mounting splice joint closures.

A plan should be established to optimally position the cable payoff, mid-point


fleeting and cable take-up/ winching equipment. The same also applies if the
cables are to be blown into the duct, which will require a blowing head and
compressor equipment.

Allowances for elevation changes should be taken into account accordingly.

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Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

Fleeting the cable at mid sections using a “figure of 8” technique can greatly
increase the pulled installation section distance using long cable lengths.
Preparation is needed to make sure these locations are suitable for cable fleeting.

The duct or inner duct manufacturer should be contacted for established cable
installation guidelines.

Ribbed, corrugated ducts and ducts with a low-friction liner are designed to
reduce cable/duct friction during installation. Smooth non lined ducts may
require a suitable compatible cable lubricant.

Pulling grips are used to attach the pulling rope to the end of the cable. These
are often mesh/weave based or mechanically attached to the cable end
minimising the diameter and thus space of duct used. A fused swivel device
should also be applied between the cable-pulling grip and pulling rope.

The swivels are designed to release any pulling generated torque and thus
protect the cable. A mechanical fuse protects the cable from excess pulling
forces by breaking a sacrificial shear pin. Pins are available in different tensile
values.

A pulling winch with a suitable capacity should be used. These should be fitted
with a dynamometer to monitor tension during pulling.

Sheaves, capstans and quadrant blocks should be used to guide the cable under
tension from the payoff, to and from the duct entry and to the take-up equipment
to ensure that the cable’s minimum bend diameter is maintained.

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Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

Communication radios, mobile phones or similar should be available at all


locations in the operation.

Use of midpoint or assist winches may be recommended in cases where the


cable tensile load is approaching its limit and could expedite a longer pull
section.

Use of a cable payoff device – a reel or drum trailer – is also recommended. For
aerial applications, appropriate equipment such as bucket trucks should be
foreseen. Specific safety instructions for working at height need to be respected.
Specific hardware is available for cable and closure fixture.

5-2 Cabling considerations

Duct and micro duct cabling

Duct installation and maintenance is relatively straightforward.

Occasionally cables may be dug up inadvertently; hence maintenance lengths


should be available at all times.

Duct and buried cables can have similar constructions, with the latter having
more protection from the environment in which it is to be installed.

When calculating the route length, make allowance for jointing: typically 3-5m
per joint will suffice.

Space cable spare/slack loops at chamber positions of typically 20m. This will
allow for mid-span access joints to be added at a later date.

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Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

Minimum bend radii (MBR) and maximum tensile load values for the cables
must not be exceeded.

MBR is usually expressed as a multiplier of the cable diameter (e.g. 20xD) and
is normally defined as a maximum value for static and dynamic situations Static
MBR is the minimum allowable bend value for the cable in operation, i.e. coiled
within a manhole or chamber. The dynamic MBR value is the minimum
allowable bend value for the cable under installation pulling conditions.

Pulling load (or pulling tension, N; or force, Kgf) values are normally specified
for short and long-term conditions. Short-term load values represent the
maximum tension that can be applied to the cable during the installation process
and long-term values represent the maximum tension that can be applied to the
cable for the lifetime of the cable in service.

In cases where cables are to be installed by blowing, the cable and duct must be
compatible for a blowing operation. The cable and duct supplier/s must be
contacted for installation guidelines.

5-2-1 Direct buried cable

Installation techniques for burying cables can include trenching, ploughing,


directional drilling and thrust boring. Reference should also be made to IEC
specification 60794-1-1 Annex C.3.6 Installation of buried cables.

Confirm minimum bend radii of cable and maximum pulling tensions for
installation and long-term service conditions.

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Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

Ensure cable tension is monitored during burial and cable maximum limits are
not exceeded.

A full survey of the buried section will ensure an efficient installation operation.

Cross over points with other services and utilities must be identified.

All buried cables must be identified and marked for any future location.

Backfilling must ensure the cables are suitably protected from damage from
large rocks e.g. sand. All back filling must be tamped to prevent future ground
movement and settlement.

All surfaces must be restored to local standards.

5-2-3 Aerial cable

Cables used in aerial installations are different in design to those for


underground applications, and are designed to handle wind and snow/ice loads.
Requirements may differ according to geographic area, for example, a hurricane
region will experience higher winds.

Cables need a defined amount of slack between poles to reduce the cable
loading due to its own weight.

On-pole slack needs to be stored for cable access or closure installation. Sharing
of poles between operators or service providers (CATV, electricity, POTS, etc.)
is common practice and will require specific organisation as well.

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Chapter 5: FTTH network planning

5-2-4 Operation and maintenance guidelines

Consideration should be given to:

 measurements
 fibre cable and duct records
 marking of key infrastructure items
 complete documentation
 identification of infrastructure elements subject to maintenance operations
 minor maintenance list
 plan for catastrophic network failure from external factors, such as
accidental digging of cable or duct
 spare infrastructure items to be kept on hand in case of accident
 location and availability of network records for the above provision of
maintenance agreement(s)

9
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Chapter 6 : Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Aim of study

By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize Fibre construction,

Splicing of fibre, Cable joint closures, Typical street cabinet.

Contents Pages

6-1 Fibre construction 3


6-2 Optical distribution frames 6
6-3 values of fiber connection: 12
6-4 Manufacturer specifications and real usage conditions 16
6-5 Splicing of fibred 17
6-6 Cable joint closures 20
6-7 Typical street cabinet. 24

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Chapter 6

Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Several types of optical fibre are available. FTTH schemes are usually based on
single mode fibre, but multimode fibre may also be used in specific situations.
The choice of fibre will depend on a number of considerations. Those listed
below are not exhaustive; other factors may need to be considered on a case-by-
case basis.

1. Network architecture – The choice of network architecture will affects


the data rate that must be delivered by the fibre, and the available optical
power budget of the network. Both factors affect the choice of fibre.
2. Size of the network – Network size can refer to the numbers of properties
served by the network. However, in this context we mean the physical
distance across the network. The available power budget will determine
how far away the POP can be from the customer. Power budgets are
affected by all components in the optical path including the fibre.
3. The existing network fibre type – If linking into an existing network,
then the optical fibre in the new network must be compatible with the
fibre in the existing network.
4. Expected lifetime – FTTH networks are designed with a lifetime of at
least 30 years. Therefore, it is imperative that any investment made in the
FTTH infrastructure is able to serve future needs as well as those of today.
Changing the fibre type halfway through the expected lifetime of the
FTTH network is not a desirable option.

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Optical fibre basics

6-1 Fibre construction.

Optical fibre is effectively a “light pipe” carrying pulses of light generated by


lasers or other optical sources to a receiving sensor (detector). Transmission of
light in an optical fibre can be achieved over considerable distances, supporting
high-speed applications unsustainable by today’s copper-based networks.
Conceived in the 1960s, optical fibre has been highly developed and
standardised to form a reliable, proven backbone of today’s modern
telecommunication transmission systems.

Fibre is manufactured from high purity silica, starting from glass-like rods,
which are drawn into fine hair-like strands and covered with a thin protective
plastic coating.

Fibre is made up of a core, cladding and outer coating. Light pulses are launched
into the core region. The surrounding cladding keeps the light travelling down

3
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

the core and prevents it from leaking out. An outer coating, usually made of a
polymer, is applied during the drawing process.

Fibres are subsequently packaged in various cable configurations before


installation. Whilst there are many different fibre types, this document
concentrates on fiber for FTTH applications.

The fibre core can be designed in varying geometrical sizes. These impact how
the light pulse travels, thus producing differing optical performance.

A number of parameters determine how efficiently light pulses are transmitted


down the fibre. The two main parameters are attenuation and dispersion.

 Attenuation is the reduction of optical power over distance. Even with


the highly pure materials used to manufacture the fibre core and cladding,
power is lost over distance by scattering and absorption within the fibre.
Fibre attenuation limits the distance light pulses can travel and still remain
detectable. Attenuation is expressed in decibels per kilometre (dB/km) at
a given wavelength or range of wavelengths.

 Dispersion can be broadly described as the amount of distortion or


spreading of a pulse during transmission. If pulses spread out too far, the
detector at the other end of the fibre is not able to distinguish one pulse
from the next, causing loss of information. Chromatic dispersion occurs in
all fibres and is caused by the various colours of light (components of a
light pulse) travelling at slightly different speeds along the fibre.
Dispersion is inversely related to bandwidth, which is the information
carrying capacity.

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

There are many other parameters, which affect fibre transmission performance.
Further information can be found in IEC 60793 series of specifications.

Single mode fibre

Single mode fiber.

Single mode fibre has a small core size (<10μm) which supports only one mode
(ray pattern) of light. Most of the world’s fibre systems are based on this type of
fibre.

Single mode fiber provides the lowest optical attenuation loss and highest
bandwidth transmission carrying capacity of all the fibre types. Single mode
fiber incurs higher equipment cost than multimode fibre systems.

For FTTH applications, the ITUT G.652 recommendations for single mode fibre
should adequately cover most users’ needs.

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

More recently, a newer type of single mode fibre was introduced to the market
that has reduced optical losses at tight fibre bends. This fibre is standardized in
the ITU-T G.657 recommendation.

Graded-index multimode fibres

Multimode fibres have a larger core size (50 or 62.5 μm), which supports many
modes (different light paths through the core). Depending on the launch
characteristics, the input pulse power is divided over all or some of the modes.
The different propagation speed of individual modes (modal dispersion) can be
minimised by adequate fibre design.

Multimode fibre can operate with cheaper light sources and connectors, but the
fibre itself is more expensive than single mode. Multimode fibre is used
extensively in data centres and sometimes used in campus networks and for in-
building applications. It has lower bandwidth capability and restricted
transmission distance.

The ISO/IEC11801 specification describes the data rate and reach of multimode
fibre grades, referred to as OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4.

6-2 Optical distribution frames

An optical distribution frame (ODF) is the interface between the outside plant
cables and the active transmission equipment. ODFs are usually situated in the
POP, bringing together several hundred to several thousand fibres. A single
ODF cabinet can connect up to 1400 fibres; large POPs will use multiple ODF
cabinets.

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

The POP is an access node and should be classified as a secure area. Therefore
provision for fire, intrusion alarm, managed entry/access and mechanical
protection against vandal attacked must be considered.

Active pop. Small POP.

Ducts near POP.


Outdoor cables are terminated within an ODF using an optical connector. To
terminate the cable, a connectorised fibre pigtail is spliced to each individual
fibre.

Figure 91: Combined POP/ODF with climate control.

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

In most cases, the ODF offers flexible patching between active equipment ports
and the field fibre connectors. Fibres are identified and stored in physically
separated housings or shelves to simplify fibre circuit maintenance and prevent
accidental interference to.

For a compact ODF system, climate controlled street cabinets can provide a
flexible solution. The cabinets can be equipped with the same security measures
and un-interrupted power supply as in large scale access nodes.

Internal optical cables are run between the ODFs and active equipment. A fibre-
guiding platform is built between the active equipment and the ODF cabinets.
This provides a protected path for the internal cables to run between the two
locations.

Examples of overhead cable guiding systems.

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides emergency power back up in


case of external power supply failure. The access node may also require a
second diverse external power supply, which may form part of local & statutory

8
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

requirement (provision of emergency services). Available UPS modules vary in


size and depend upon the power requirement to be backed up.

Suitable air conditioning equipment is required to keep the active equipment


within environmental operation limits. The size and capacity of the unit will
depend on the size of the equipment room to be served.

Uninterruptible power supply.

Air-conditioning unit.

Connector types

Patch cords are fiber-optic cables fitted with a connector at one end (pigtail) or
both ends (jumper). The cables are generally available in two different
constructions:

 900 µm (typical) tube or buffer without any strength member

9
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

 1.7 -3.0 mm ruggedized cable with construction based on 900µm tubing


with aramid yarns as strength members and a plastic jacket over the
sheath

The optical loss of a connector is the measured loss of two mated connectors
fitted within an adapter housing. The typical loss of a connector is 0.5dB when
randomly mated, and 0.2dB when mated with a reference connector (an “ideal
connector”).

Some connector types are also available in low loss versions with typical
insertion loss of 0.15dB when randomly mated. Power budget considerations
will determine the class of connector to be used. Where low loss connector
performance is required, many vendors are able, through design, to achieve
lower loss by tuning connectors to minimize the lateral fibre offset between a
mated pair.

Connectors are also characterized with a return loss value. When light is
transmitted into a connector, a portion of the light is reflected back from the
fibre end face. For PC connectors this gives rise to attenuation of 45dB; for UPC
types this value is 50dB; and for APC it is 60dB (non-mated versions). It is
desirable for this figure to be as high as possible to avoid problems with
transmission lasers.

Pigtails can be deployed in OSP conditions in temperatures ranging from –40 to


+70°C. Connectors should be protected from high amounts of dust and
humidity.

Cable regulation in Europe usually requires that polymers for indoor wiring are
LSZH-rated (low smoke, zero halogen) to minimise toxic gases when burned.
10
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

There is a mix of connector styles in use in today’s networks. The complete


range is shown in the adjacent diagram.

 More common standards are the SC and LC.


 Standard size connector styles include: SC, FC, E2000, ST, and DIN.
 Small form factor connector styles (half size) include: LC, MU, and
F3000.

Connectors are supplied either:

 without angle polishing (PC or UPC) or


 with angle polishing (APC)

Quality grades for fibre-optic connectors

An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables
quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors
mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so that light can pass. Better
connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers.

Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone company central offices, at


installations on customer premises, and in outside plant applications. Connectors
are used to connect equipment and cables, or to cross-connect cables within a
system.

Most optical fiber connectors are spring-loaded. The end faces of the fibers in
the two connectors are pressed together, resulting in a direct glass to glass or
plastic to plastic contact. This avoids a trapped layer of air between two fibers,
which would increase connector insertion loss and reflection loss.

11
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

6-3 values of fiber connection:

 Attenuation or insertion loss


 Reflection or return loss.

Approved in March 2007, the standard IEC 61753 describes application-oriented


grades for connection elements in fibre-optic networks (see table 1). The clear
identification according to grades and the test method required by the IEC helps
planners and those responsible for networks during the selection of plug-in
connectors, patch cables, and pigtails. Data centre operators and
telecommunications companies can determine the fibre-optic assortment
according to usage and make faster and more targeted purchasing decisions.
They also avoid the purchase of over-specified products which in service
potentially do not deliver the expected loss values.

The current requirements catalogue is based in part on IEC 61753. This standard
defines loss values. Additionally, the standards IEC 61755-3-1 and IEC 61755-
3-2 play a role. They define geometric parameters for fibre-optic plug-in
connectors. The interaction of these three standards creates the basis for the

compatibility of fibre-optic plug-in connectors from different manufacturers and


for the determination of manufacturer-neutral loss values.

12
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Table 1: Overview of performance criteria of the new performances grades for


data transmission in fibre-optic connections according to IEC 61753. The
definition of Grade A* has not yet been finalised. Criteria for multi-mode fibres
are still under discussion.

Theoretically, the attenuation grades (A* to D) can be mixed at will with return
loss grades. However, a Grade A*/4 would not make sense, and for this reason
the following common combinations have been established:

Attenuation grade combinations.


13
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Each-to-each values

The loss values specified in IEC 61753 are also referred to as each-to-each (or
random mate) values. Each-to-each means that the loss of a connector to a
reference connector is not measured, but rather that for testing purposes, every
connector of a lot is connected to every other connector once and the loss of the
combination connector/sleeve/connector measured.

The rational for this model: loss values generated according to the IEC
specification for random connector pairs is much closer to actual operating
conditions than manufacturer-specified loss values that, in many cases, are based
upon a best-case measurement under laboratory conditions. In best-case
measurements, the connector is measured against a reference cable. Here, the
reference cable is selected so the measurement in the factory results in the
lowest possible value (lower than can be achieved later in practice).

Mean values

One new development resulting from grades is the call for mean values. This is
an optimal basis for the calculation of link attenuation. Particularly in large
networks, it was previously necessary to calculate attenuation using the
maximum value, which as already noted had low reliability for each-to-each
connections. Now the stated mean values can be used for calculation. In this
way, every planner can use the proper class to meet existing needs – which
guarantees an optimal cost/benefit ratio. Example:

14
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Table 2: Loss values for fibre-optic connectors.

The causes of loss are known to the IEC standardisation committees. For this
reason they defined the parameters H, F, and G presented below:

15
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Table 3: Geometric parameters for fibre-optic connectors according to IEC


61755-3-1 and 61755-3-2.

6-4 Manufacturer specifications and real usage conditions

An example from real life demonstrates why the use of grades is so important: A
network operator uses patch cable with an insertion loss specified by the
manufacturer of 0.1 dB. During measurements on the ground, the patch cables
"suddenly" exhibit values between 0.2 and 0.3 dB. Where do these serious
discrepancies originate that often occur in practice?

The manufacturer had determined the value found in the product specification in
a best-case environment. For this, particularly low-loss reference or master
cables are used to achieve the lowest possible value during insertion loss
measurement. However, if the patch cables are connected each-to-each, this
value can no longer be reproduced; it lies significantly above the best-case
measurement result.
16
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

This unrealistic – but unfortunately still common – measurement method has


consequences: Unaware of the precise measurement conditions for
manufacturer's specifications, network planners often purchase expensive and
over-specified products only to then discover to their surprise that the calculated
insertion loss budget cannot be met. Delays in initial start-up and expensive
replacement purchases are unavoidable.

The network operator in the example above would have done better with patch
cables according to IEC 61753 Grade A*. Then he could have counted on a
maximum insertion loss of 0.15 dB.

It is important to use connectors with the IEC 61753 grades and additionally that
manufacturers use an in-factory worst-case quality check.

In this context, it is important to note the following: The installation of fibre-


optics and the handling of connectors in daily practice require special expertise
and a great deal of training. It is therefore recommended to consider the
appropriate certification of the specialist firm or personnel.

6-5 Splicing of fibres

Two technologies are common for splicing fibre to fibre: fusion and mechanical.

Fusion splicing

Fusion splicing requires the creation of an electric arc between two electrodes.
The two cleaved fibres are brought together in the arc, so that both ends melt
together.

17
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Fusion arc in. Splice complete.

The optical losses of the splice can vary from splicer to splicer, depending on
the alignment mechanism. Splicing machines with core alignment match up the
light-guiding channel of the fibre (9µm core) one to the other. These machines
produce splices with losses typically <0.05dB.

Fusion splice machine. Fusion splice machine.

18
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Some splice machines (smaller handheld versions for example) align the
cladding (125 µm) of a fibre instead of the cores that transport the light. This is a
cheaper technology, but can cause more error because of the larger dimensional
tolerances of the cladding. Typical insertion loss values for these splice
machines are <0.1dB.

Mechanical splicing

Mechanical splicing is based on the mechanical alignment of two cleaved fibre


ends so that light is coupled from one fibre into the other. This also applies to
terminating fibres onto connectors. To facilitate the light coupling between the
fibres, an index matching gel is often used. Different manufacturers have
various tooling to terminate the fibres in the mechanical splice.

Mechanical splices can be angle cleaved or non angle cleaved, but the angled
cleave has higher return loss. The insertion loss of a mechanical splice is
typically <0.5 dB.

Mechanical splicers. Mechanical splicers. Mechanical splicers.

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Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

6-6 Cable joint closures

Since cables are not endless in length and need to be branched off at several
locations, intermediate splice closures are needed. These are environmental and
mechanically protected housings for outdoor use that offer a small compact
means of managing fibres for storage within underground chambers and on
overhead poles. Security risks are low and easy access is possible if the
underground chamber in which the enclosure is stored is well managed.

Closures are available in many different sizes and shapes. The typical splice
capacity exceeds 500 fibre circuits per joint closure. Fibre management systems
allow fibre identification, and protect against and avoid accidental interference
of fibre circuits when specific fibres are accessed.

Some closures offer the opportunity to access selected fibres out of a complete
cable for splicing, while the other fibres in the cable are left untouched. This is
mostly referred to as mid-span cable access. This capability drastically reduces
the installation time of a branch, and the required down time of a link.

The environmental protection level depends on the application and deployment


area, whether underground, pedestal, or aerial mount. For overhead applications
specialist equipment may be required to access the closure for configuration.

A differentiation between closures can also be made on the cable sealing


features. Today most joint closures seal the cables using heat shrinkable tubing,
or are cold sealable using gel or rubber sealing elements.

20
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Typical example of underground closures. Underground closure.

The fibre deployment technology used will also influence the joint closure
features. For example, deployments in sewer systems require closures that are
suitable to deal with very harsh chemical environments. Blown fibre closures
need to handle the blown fibre tubes and allow for access of the blowing
equipment. For this reason, each application might require a different closure
solution.

Examples of blown fiber closures.


Blown fiber closures.

21
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Access and jointing chambers (hand holes and manholes)

Hand holes in FTTH networks are used for easy access to splice closures, duct
distribution points and cable slack storage. There are basically four
types/materials available: concrete, HDPE, polyester and polycarbonate.

Different sizes and shapes are available in all types of materials, and most of the
plastic types are also available in modular versions.

The choice of a type of hand hole is based on the following criteria:

 Where will it be installed? (mainly security reasons)


 What is the maximum load that it has to take?
 How much space is required?
 What are local regulations?
 Is it at underground or ground level?

Access chambers. Access chambers. Access chambers.

In situations where there is a possibility of damage, it is sometimes wise to place


the hand hole completely underground. The disadvantage of this is difficult

22
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

access when repeated access is required. Alternatively you can use a hand hole
with a cover that can be locked with special keys – several types are available.

The load that the hand hole has to take is regulated by European Standard: EN
124. All required tests are also described in this standard.

Cover load Field of Application

A 15 [15 Traffic areas utilised by pedestrians and bicycles


kN test only and similar areas (i.e. park areas) – can be
load] crossed by cars in restricted extension.

B 125 [125
Foot-walks, pedestrian areas, parking areas –can
kN test
be crossed by cars in restricted extension.
load]

D 400 [400
kN test All traffic ways (except landing runways).
load)

If the hand hole is used for cable slack or splice closures, it is important to
respect the maximum bend radius that the installed cable will allow.

hand holes are expensive to install and should be chosen with care, ensuring
sufficient space is available and that local regulations are incorporated in the
design such as load profile, and type of pavement topping, whether tiles,
concrete, etc.
23
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Street cabinets

6-7 Typical street cabinet.

Street cabinets are metal or plastic enclosures, which serve as a


distribution/access point between the distribution fibre and the drop fibre to the
subscriber. They are usually placed for relatively easy and rapid access to fibre
circuits, and can handle larger capacities than fibre joint closures.
Access/distribution points often serve from 24 to 96 subscribers, whilst compact
pedestal types of cabinet typically serve from 1 to 24 subscribers.

Cabinets can also be used as above-ground access points for fibre closures.
Where these are mounted inside the street cabinet, an easy-to-remove solution is
required to allow clean and efficient access when required.

Street cabinets are often used to store PON splitters, which also require flexible
connectivity to customer-dedicated fibres. Street cabinets are also used in point-
to-point network architectures.

24
Chapter 6: Choice of optical fibre for FTTH

Pre-stubbed and terminated cabinet.

An important factor in the roll-out of new networks is speed. Cabinets are now
being provided pre-stubbed and terminated. These cabinets are assembled in the
factory and tested prior to delivery. They have a cable stub that is run back to
the next closure, and offer a patch panel for simple plug-and-play connectivity.
This provides faster installation, and reduces the incidence of installation faults.

Pre-stubbed and terminated cabinets can be combined with plug-and-play PON


splitters, which can be installed as and when required without the need for
further field splicing.

25
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Aim of study

By the end of this chapter the trainee can recognize How to check connectors,

Qualifying FTTH network during construction

Contents Pages

7-1 Why is it important to clean connectors? 2


7-2 Where do we need to inspect and clean? 6
7-3 Qualifying FTTH network during construction 14

1
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Chapter 7
Fttx network termination

7-1 Why is it important to clean connectors?

One of the first tasks to perform when designing fibre-optic networks is to


evaluate the acceptable budget loss in order to create a product that will meet the
design requirements. To adequately characterize the budget loss, the following
key parameters are generally considered:

 transmitter – launch power, temperature and aging


 fibre connections – connectors and splices
 cable – fibre loss and temperature effects
 receiver – detector sensitivity
 others – safety margin and repairs

When one of the above variables fails to meet specifications, network


performance can be affected; in the worst case, the degradation can lead to
network failure. Unfortunately, not all variables can be controlled with ease
during the deployment of the network or the maintenance stage; however, there
exists one component—the connector— that is too-often overlooked, sometimes
overused (test jumpers), but which can be controlled using the proper procedure.

CONNECTOR CONTAMINATION IS THE #1 SOURCE


OF TROUBLESHOOTING IN OPTICAL NETWORKS

A single particle mated into the core of a fibre can cause significant back
reflection (also known as return loss), insertion loss, and equipment damage.
Visual inspection is the only way to determine if fibre connectors are truly clean.

2
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

By following a simple practice of proactive visual inspection and cleaning, poor


optical performance and potential equipment damage can be avoided. Since
many of the contaminants are too small to be seen with the naked eye, it is
important that every fiber connector is inspected with a microscope before a
connection is made. These fiber inspection scopes are designed to magnify and
display the critical portion of the ferrule where the connection will occur.

7-1-1 What are the possible contaminants?

Connector design and production techniques have eliminated most of the


difficulties in achieving core alignment and physical contact. However,
maintaining a clean connector interface still remains a challenge.

Dirt is everywhere; a typical dust particle just 2–15μm in diameter can


significantly affect signal performance and cause permanent damage to the fibre
end face. Most field-test failures can be attributed to dirty connectors; the
majority are not inspected until they fail, when permanent damage may have
already occurred.

If dirt particles get on the core surface the light becomes blocked, creating
unacceptable insertion loss and back reflection (return loss). Furthermore, those
particles can permanently damage the glass interface, digging into the glass and
leaving pits that create further back reflection if mated. Also, large particles of
dirt on the cladding layer and/or the ferrule can introduce a physical barrier that
prevents physical contact and creates an air gap between the fibres. To further
complicate matters, loose particles have a tendency to migrate into the air gap.

3
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Increased insertion loss and back reflection due to dirty fibre connection.

A 1μm dust particle on a single mode fibre core can block up to 1% (0.05 dB
loss) of the light—imagine what a 9μm dust particle can do. Another important
reason for keeping end-faces free of contaminants is the effect of high-intensity
light on the connector end-face—some telecommunication components can
produce optical signals with a power up to +30dBm (1W), which can have
catastrophic results when combined with a dirty or damaged connector end face
(e.g. fibre fuse).

Inspection zones are a series of concentric circles that identify areas of interest
on the connector end face (see figure). The inner-most zones are more sensitive
to contamination than the outer zones.

4
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Connector end face inspection zones.

Dust, isopropyl alcohol, oil from hands, mineral oils, index matching gel, epoxy
resin, oil-based black ink and gypsum are among the contaminants that can
affect a connector end-face. These contaminants can occur on their own or in
combinations. Note that each contaminant has a different appearance, but
regardless of appearance, the most critical areas to inspect are the core and
cladding regions—as contamination in these regions can greatly affect the
quality of the signal. Figure 3 illustrates the end-face of different connectors that
have been inspected with a video-inspection probe.

5
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Appearance of various contaminants on a connector end-face.

7-2 Where do we need to inspect and clean?

Inspection and cleaning is recommended for the following network components:

 patch panel
 test jumper
 cable connectors

6
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

When should a connector be inspected and cleaned?

Connectors should be checked as part of an inspection routine to prevent costly


and time consuming fault finding later. These stages include:

 on delivery
 before installation
 before testing

How to check connectors

To inspect the connector end-face properly, the use of a microscope designed for
the fibre-optic connector end-face is recommended. There are many types of
inspection tools on the market, but they all fall into two main categories: fibre
inspection probes (also called video fibrescopes) and optical microscopes.

The table below lists the main characteristics of these inspection tools:

Inspection tool Main characteristics

Fiber inspection Image display on an external video screen, PC or test


probes/ video instrument.
fiberscope
Eye protection from direct contact with a live signal.
Image-capture capability for report documentation.
Ease of use in crowded patch panels.
Ideal for checking patch cords, patch panels, and multi-
fibre connectors (e.g. MTP).
Different degrees of magnification available

7
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

(100X/200X/400X).
Adapter tips for all connector types available.

Optical Safety filter* protects eyes from direct contact with a live
microscopes fibre.

Two different types of microscopes needed: one to inspect


patchcords and a different one to inspect connectors in
bulkhead-patch panels.

* Never use a direct magnifying device (optical microscope) to inspect live


optical fibre.

A fibre inspection probe comes with different tips to match the connector type:
angle-polished connectors (APC) or flat-polished connectors (PC, SPC or UPC).

Inspection instructions

Visual Inspection of fibre interconnects is the only way to determine if


connectors are clean prior to mating them. A video microscope magnifies an
image of a connector end face for viewing on either a laptop or portable display
depending on the product used.

8
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

INSPECT 1. Select the appropriate tip for the


connector/adaptor you are inspecting.

2. Inspect both connector end faces (patch


cord/bulkhead/ pluggable interface) using
the microscope.
IS IT CLEAN?
CLEAN No – upon inspection, if defects are found
on the end-face, clean the connector using a
designed-for optics cleaning tool.

CONNECT Yes – if non-removable non-linear features


and scratches are within acceptance criteria
limits according to operator’s thresholds or
standards, the fibre interfaces can be
connected.

Tools needed for inspection


9
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

There are two methods for fibre end-face inspection. If the cable assembly is
accessible, you can insert the connector ferrule into the microscope to do an
inspection; this is generally known as patch cord inspection. If the connector is
within a mating adaptor on the device or patch panel, you can insert a probe
microscope into the open end of the adaptor and view the connector inside; this
is known as bulkhead or through adaptor connector inspection.

Patch cord inspection

1. Select the appropriate tip that corresponds to the connector type under
inspection and fit it on to the microscope.
2. Insert the connector into the tip and adjust focus to inspect.

Bulkhead/through adaptor connector inspection

1. Select the appropriate tip/probe that corresponds to the connector type


under inspection and fit it to the probe microscope.
2. Insert the probe into the bulkhead and adjust focus to inspect.

10
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Cleaning wipes and tools

Dry Cleaning

Simple dry cleaning wipes including many types of lint free wipes and other
purpose built wipes are available. This category also includes purpose built
fibre-optic connector cleaning cassettes and reels, e.g. Cletop cartridges.

WARNING! EXPOSED WIPES CAN EASILY


BECOME CONTAMINATED IN THE FIELD.

Examples of dry cleaning wipes and tools for fibre-optic connectors.

Cleaning materials must be protected from contamination until just prior to use.

11
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Wipes should be used in the hand or on a soft surface or resilient pad. Use on a
hard surface can cause damage to the fibre. Do not use the surface of the wipe
that you handled as this can contain finger grease residue.

Damp cleaning

Examples of cleaning fluid and wipes.

Cleaning fluids or solvents are generally used in combination with wipes to


provide a combination of chemical and mechanical action to clean the fibre end-
face. Also available are pre-soaked wipes supplied in sealed sachets, e.g. IPA
med swabs. Caution: some cleaning fluids, particularly IPA, can leave a residue
that is difficult to remove.

 Cleaning fluid is only effective when used with the mechanical action
provided by a wipe.
 The solvent type must be fast drying.
 Do not saturate as this will over-wet the end-face. Lightly moisten the
wipe.
 The ferrule must be cleaned immediately with a clean dry wipe.
 Do not to leave solvent on the side walls of the ferrule as this will transfer
onto the optical alignment sleeve during connection.
 Wipes must be used in the hand or on a soft surface or resilient pad.
12
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

 Use on a hard surface can cause damage to the fibre.

Bulkhead / through adaptor connector cleaning tools

Not all connectors can be readily removed from a bulkhead/through adaptor, and
are, therefore, more difficult to access for cleaning. This category includes
ferrule interface (or fibre stubs) and physical contact lenses within an optical
transceiver, but does not include non-contact lens elements within such devices.

Sticks and bulkhead cleaners are designed to reach into alignment sleeves and
other cavities to reach the end face or lens, and aid in removal of debris. These
tools make it possible to clean the end face or lens in-situ, within the adaptor or
without removing the bulkhead connector. When cleaning transceiver or
receptacles care must be taken to identify what is within the port prior to
cleaning. Take care when cleaning transceiver flat lenses due to possible
damage.

Examples of bulkhead/through adapter cleaning tools.

Recommendations when manipulating fibre-optic cables:

13
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

 When testing in a patch panel, only the port corresponding to the fibre
under test should be uncapped — protective caps should be replaced
immediately after testing.
 Unused caps should be kept in a small plastic bag.
 The life expectancy of a connector is typically rated at 500 mattings.
 The test jumpers used in conjunction with the test instruments should be
replaced after a maximum of 500 mattings (refer to EIA-455-21A).
 If a launch cord is used for OTDR testing, do not use a test jumper in
between the OTDR and launch cord or in between the launch cord and the
patch panel. Launch cords should be replaced or sent back to
manufacturers for re-polishing after 500 mattings.
 Unmated connectors should never be allowed to touch any surface, and a
connector ferrule should never be touched for any reason other than
cleaning.
 Each connector should be cleaned and inspected using a fiberscope or,
better yet a video scope, after cleaning or prior to mating.
 Test equipment connectors should be cleaned and inspected (preferably
with a video scope) every time the instrument is used.

7-3 Qualifying FTTH networks during construction

During network construction, part of testing occurs at the outside-plant level.


When laying down fiber, new splices must be made, and therefore splicing
qualification is performed using an OTDR. For accurate measurements,
bidirectional OTDR measurements should be performed.

For acceptance testing, it is important to test each segment of the


construction. There are several methods of testing —some of which are
presented here – and each has specific advantages and disadvantages. You
14
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

should select the most appropriate method, depending on the constraints you
are facing: labour costs, loss budget, testing time combined with service
activation time, maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty, and so on.

Another factor that needs taking into account when determining how much
testing is necessary is the skill level of your technicians. Do not make the
mistake of trying to use technicians that lack fibre-optic skills. Mistakes
made during construction are extremely expensive to rectify both before and
after service is added, resulting in a huge increase of your cost per-customer-
passed. When it comes to testing during the construction phase, there should
be no shortcuts.

Method #1: Use of optical loss test sets

This first method involves using an optical loss test set (OLTS), comprising two
test sets that share data to measure insertion loss (IL) and optical return loss
(ORL). First, the two units should be referenced prior to measuring IL.

Test sets should be referenced prior to measurement.

Next, ORL sensitivity is set by calibrating the minimum ORL that the units can
measure. The limitation comes from the weakest part of your test setup, which is
most likely to be the connector between the units and reference test jumper. You
should set ORL sensitivity on both units – follow the manufacturer’s

15
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

instructions to set the ORL sensitivity and to reference the source and the power
meter.

Now you are ready to perform measurements on the end-to-end network or any
individual installed segment, such as the fibres between the FCP and the drop
terminal. The purpose of the test is to identify whether there are any transposed
fibres, and measure the IL and ORL to make sure that the loss budget has been
met.

Measuring distribution fibre IL and ORL using a pair of OLTS.

16
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

Results table for IL and ORL (Pr = premises, CO = central office)

The following table illustrates the expected ORL values for the network:

Length (metres) 1310nm (dB) 1490nm (dB) 1550nm (dB)

50 53 56 57

300 46 50 50

500 44 47 48

1000 41 45 46

These values only take two connections into account. In FTTH networks there
are often multiple connection points and, with reflectance values being very
sensitive to dust and scratches, these values can easily be blown away by bad
connections. For example a single connector may generate an ORL of 40dB,
which would exceed the expected value for the entire network. For point-to-

17
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

multipoint network, the ORL contribution of each fibre is attenuated by 30 to 32


dB because of the splitter’s bidirectional loss.

Advantage of Method #1:


Disadvantages of Method #1: OLTS
OLTS

Two technicians required (however with


Accurate IL and ORL point-to-multipoint network, a single OLTS
measurement close to the OLT can be used for all
customers within the same network)

Bidirectional IL and ORL Communication required between


values technicians (when switching fibres)

With point-to-multipoint network, one


Possibility to test every
technician needs to move from drop
distribution fibre
terminal to drop terminal

Macro bend identification


during testing is performed
at 1550 and 1310 nm or at In case of a cut fibre or macro bend, an
another combination of OTDR is required to locate the fault
wavelengths involving the
1625 nm wavelength

Transposed fibre Impossible to detect transposed fibre on


identification on point-to point-to-multipoint network

18
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

point networks

Fast testing

Method #2: Use of an OTDR

This method uses an optical time-domain reflect meter (OTDR). The main
difference between the OLTS and the OTDR is the identification and location of
each component in the network. The OTDR will reveal splices loss, connector
loss and reflectance, and the total end-to end loss and ORL.

Measurement with an OTDR.

All fibres between the OLT and before the first splitter (transport side) may be
tested to characterize the loss of each splice and find macro bends. The test
could be done in both directions. Post-processing of the results will be required
to calculate the real loss of each splice (averaged between each direction).

19
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

The engineer can measure the loss of the splitter and the cumulative link loss, as
well as identifying whether any unexpected physical event has occurred before,
or after, the splitter. Construction testing can significantly reduce the number of
problems that occur after customer activation by certifying end-to-end link
integrity.

Using a launch fibre makes it possible to characterize the first connector on any
segment of your network. A pulse width of 300-500m will be sufficient for this
test.

20
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

PON optimised OTDR test from the ONT to the OLT.

Advantages of Method #2:


Disadvantages of Method #2: OTDR
OTDR

When testing after the splitter on the


Measures both IL and ORL ONT side, the ORL is not measured in
values. the right direction (opposite from the
video signal).

Possible to test every The technician needs to move from


distribution fibre. drop terminal to drop terminal.

Macro bend identification


It requires a skilled technician to
during testing is performed at
interpret the trace.
1550 and 1310nm or at

21
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

another combination of
wavelengths involving the
1625nm wavelength.

In case of a cut fibre or macro


bend, the fault can be located.

Only one technician required.

Fast testing

Service activation

The service-activation phase may seem very straightforward at first glance, but
this task should not be taken lightly because this is the moment at which the
customer experience begins. The service-activation scheme can be different,
depending on topology of the fibre network. There is also a trend towards pre-
engineered plug-and-play components with multiple connection points, rather
than an all-spliced approach, particularly for deployments in MDUs.

Another thing to keep in mind is that FTTH networks are point-to-multipoint


networks linking one location to multiple end-users, in contrast with legacy fibre
networks, where a fibre typically links one location to another.

In terms of data storage, PON service activation brings about two new
dimensions:

1. Results should be linked to customers or ONUs instead of fibres.


22
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

2. More than one test location may be required, typically two or three.

Since the service-activation phase is often performed by subcontractors,


reporting and data authenticity protection are important, especially in PON
deployments where hundreds of results may be generated for a single PON
activation. Following the right steps in daily activity ensures a smooth workflow
and high productivity.

Activation testing using a PON power meter.

Multiple testing locations

Verifying optical levels at various locations along the same fibre path helps test
engineers pinpoint problems and/or defective components before activating a
customer’s service. Since FTTH network problems are often caused by dirty or
damaged connectors, component inspection greatly reduces the need for
troubleshooting, as power levels are verified for each network section. It is also

23
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

highly recommended to inspect each connection point using a fibre inspection


probe before each power measurement.

Testing points

Testing points in the network.

1. By performing a power-level certification at the splitter—more


specifically at the output— users can verify if the splitter branch is
working properly. This simple assessment makes it possible to confirm
that all network components from the CO (including the feeder fibre, F1)
to the splitter output are in good condition. Typically, the FDH includes
SC/APC or LC/APC connectors but may also include fusion splices.
2. By performing a power-level certification at the drop terminal, engineers
can characterize the distribution fibre and the drop terminal ports.
Usually, a splice tray is included within the drop terminal, which can
cause macro bend problems.
3. The fibre connecting the drop terminal to the customer premises, also
called the last mile or drop cable, is generally installed during service
activation. To ensure reliable services to the customer, the network and

24
Chapter 7: Fttx network termination

the customer ONU must meet their specifications. The best way to
guarantee this is to perform a pass-through connection to fully
characterize all operating wavelengths (upstream and downstream) in the
PON. The only way to achieve this at the service-activation phase is to
use a dual-port PON power meter with a pass-through connection; a
normal power meter can only certify downstream signals from the CO.

Pass-through testing of all wavelengths.

25
‫الشبكة الذكية‬
Smart Network
‫الشبكه الذكيه‬
‫‪Smart Network‬‬

‫‪Gated Communities Presales team‬‬


‫‪Date: August-2023‬‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
‫جدول المحتوى‬
‫تعريف الشبكه الذكيه ‪3.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫الشبكه الذكيه السلكيه ‪3........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫الشبكه الذكيه الالسلكيه ‪4......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫التخطيط للشبكه الذكيه السلكيه ‪4...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫حال ان التخطيط المطلوب باستخدام تكنلوجيا ‪4.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. FTTX‬‬
‫حال ان التخطيط المطلوب بنظام ‪5.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. RING‬‬
‫حال ان التخطيط المطلوب بنظام ‪5................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ P2P‬‬
‫تنفيذ الشبكه الذكيه ‪5...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫مكان تجميع الشبكه الذكيه ‪5...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫الت يتم ربطها عىل الشبكه الذكيه ‪5.........................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫الخدمات واألجهزه الشائعه ي‬
‫‪5................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Surveillance system‬‬
‫‪6............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Smart Meters system‬‬
‫‪6.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Access control system‬‬
‫‪6.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Smart lighting‬‬
‫‪6......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Digital Signage‬‬
‫‪6.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Smart Parking‬‬
‫‪7....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Smart Irrigation‬‬
‫‪7.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Public WIFI‬‬
‫‪7....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Smart waste management‬‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
‫تعريف الشبكه الذكيه‬
‫تعتي البنيه التحتيه الت تخدم جميع الخدمات الذكيه المطلوبه من العميل ويمكن ان تكون‬
‫ه الشبكه الت تربط جميع النقاط الذكيه المطلوب ربطها والت تخدم وتربط األجهزه الذكيه بغرفه الداتا سني وه ر‬
‫ي‬
‫(فايي) أو السلكيه‪.‬‬
‫شبكه سلكيه ر‬

‫الشبكه الذكيه السلكيه‬

‫الفايي بجميع انواعها لتنفيذ النقاط الذكيه المطلوب ربطها‬


‫ر‬ ‫يتم استخدام كابالت‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
‫الشبكه الذكيه الالسلكيه‬
‫ه ‪ GPRS‬وجارى حاليا االنتهاء من كل‬
‫يتم استخدام شبكات اتصاالت ألالسلكيه لربط النقاط الذكيه مثال ‪ GPRS‬و ‪ SigFox‬و ‪ LORA WAN‬و ‪ NB-IOT‬مع العلم ان الرخصه المتاحه داخل المرصيه التصاالت ي‬
‫االعتمادات واالختبارات للحصول عىل رخصه ‪ NB-IOT‬مع العلم ان تكنولوجيا ‪ LORA‬مسموح بها داخل نطاق العاصمه االداريه فقط‪.‬‬

‫التخطيط للشبكه الذكيه السلكيه‬


‫حال ان التخطيط المطلوب باستخدام تكنلوجيا ‪FTTX‬‬
‫ز‬ ‫ز‬
‫والمبان وسوف يتم تركيب‬
‫ي‬ ‫ه نهايات طرفيه مثيله للفيالت‬
‫ف هذه الحاله ز يتم التخطيط للشبكه بنفس منهجيه التصميم المستخدمه لشبكه ‪ FTTH‬داخل المرصيه لالتصاالت عىل اعتبار النقاط الذكيه ي‬
‫‪ ONU/ONT‬ف كل نقطه ذكيه لتوصيل االجهزه الذكيه بكابالت ‪ UTP‬مع العلم ان المسافات ال تتعدي ‪ 90‬مي‪.‬‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
‫حال ان التخطيط المطلوب بنظام ‪RING‬‬
‫زف هذه الحاله يتم ربط النقاط بنظام ‪ Ring‬ويتم تركيب ‪ Switch‬عند كل نقطه ذكيه لتوصيل األجهزه الذكيه بكابالت ‪ UTP‬مع العلم ان المسافات ال تتعدي ‪ 90‬مي‪.‬‬
‫حال ان التخطيط المطلوب بنظام ‪P2P‬‬

‫زف هذه الحاله يتم ربط النقاط بنظام ‪ P2P‬من كل نقطه ألقرب كابينه ‪ Passive‬ومن ثم التجميع عىل مكان الداتا سني ويتم تركيب ‪ Switch‬عند كل نقطه ذكيه لتوصيل األجهزه الذكيه بكابالت ‪ UTP‬مع العلم ان‬
‫المسافات ال تتعدي ‪ 90‬مي‪.‬‬

‫تنفيذ الشبكه الذكيه‬


‫ز‬
‫الشبكتي‬ ‫يتم تنفيذ الشبكه الذكيه بنفس منهجيه التنفيذ المستخدمه لشبكه ‪ FTTH‬بحيث يتم تمديد الكابالت زف نفس مسارات الحفر المستخدمه لشبكه ‪ FTTH‬لمحاوله تقليل التكاليف بحيث يتم تمديد‬
‫( ‪ FTTH‬والشبكه الذكيه) بطريقه موازيه بجانب بعضهم ولكن زف مواسي مختلفه تماما عن بعضهما‪.‬‬

‫مكان تجميع الشبكه الذكيه‬


‫هو المكان او الغرفه المحدده من قبل العميل لتجميع جميع البورتات (‪ / ) Splitters‬النقاط الخاصه بالشبكه الذكيه وهو نفس المكان الذى يوضع فيه كابينه ‪ GPON‬حال ان التخطيط ‪ FTTX‬او الراك الذى‬
‫يحتوى عىل ‪ Core switch‬حال ان التخطيط ‪. Switching‬‬

‫الخدمات واألجهزه الشائعه التي يتم ربطها على الشبكه الذكيه‬

‫‪Surveillance system‬‬

‫المشوع التجارى وهنا يتم توصيل الكاميات بكابالت ‪ UTP‬عىل اقرب سويتش ‪ ONU/ ONT /‬تم تركيبه زف نقطه ذكيه‪.‬‬
‫وهو النظام الخاص بكاميات المراقبه الت تخدم الكمبنود او ر‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
‫‪Smart Meters system‬‬
‫ز‬
‫المبت الواحد عىل نقطه ذكيه واحده وبالنسبه للفيال يتم ربط جميع العدادات عىل‬
‫ي‬ ‫لنهان وهنا يتم ربط جميع العدادات زف‬
‫وهو النظام الخاص بالعدادت(غاز‪/‬مياه‪/‬كهرباء) الت يتم تركيبها عند العميل ا ى‬
‫نقطه واحده للفيال الواحده‪.‬‬

‫‪Access control system‬‬


‫وهو نظام التحكم الخاص بالبوابات سواء بوابات أفراد او بوابات سيارات (‪.)Barrier‬‬

‫‪Intercom‬‬
‫ز‬
‫النهائي بالبوابات او مداخل العمارات او بمكان المراقبه والتحكم‪.‬‬ ‫وهو النظام الخاص بربط العمالء‬

‫‪Smart Pole‬‬

‫وهنا يتم تركيب أعمده ذكيه عند كل نقطه ذكيه يوضع عليها خدمات متعدده منها الكاميات ‪ /‬نقاط توزي ع واى فاي‪ /‬أجهزه لقياس الحراره والرطوبه‪ /‬شواحن ‪ / USP‬شاشات عرض ‪....‬وهكذا‬

‫‪Smart lighting‬‬

‫وهو النظام الخاص باالضاءه الذكيه بحيث يتم التغي زف شده اضاه كشافات االناره تبعا للحركه المروريه زف شوارع المديه وهذا يكون له مردود مادي زف التوفي زف استهالك الكهرباء‬

‫‪Digital Signage‬‬

‫ي‬
‫ز‬
‫لقاطت المدينه‬ ‫الت يتم استخدامها زف االعالنات واالستفاده من دخلها او يتم استخدمها لتوصيل رسائل‬
‫وه شاشات العرض ي‬
‫ي‬

‫‪Smart Parking‬‬
‫وهو النظام الخاص بأداره والتحكم زف الجراجات سواء تجاريه او سكنيه ‪.‬‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
‫‪Smart Irrigation‬‬
‫الخرصاء بحيث يتم التحكم زف فتح وغلق مياه الرى بناء عىل العوامل الجويه وهذا يكون له مردود مادي زف التوفي زف المياه‪.‬‬
‫ز‬ ‫وهو النظام الخاص بالرى للمسطحات‬

‫‪Public WIFI‬‬
‫وهو النظام الخاص بتوفي خدمه انينت ‪ wireless‬زف نقاط معينه سواء كانت ‪ Indoor‬أو ‪. Outdoor‬‬

‫‪Smart waste management‬‬

‫وهو النظام الخاص باداره والتحكم زف نظام اداره المخلفات بحيث يتم رصد جميع الصناديق الت ارتفع فيها مستوى المخلفات ومن ثم ارسال اشاره لغرفه التحكم لعمل الالزم وهذا يكون له مردود زف توفي تكلفه‬
‫التشغيل‪.‬‬

‫‪ B7‬القرية الذكية‪ ،‬الكيلو ‪ ،٢٨‬طريق القاهرة إسكندرية الصحراوي‪ ،‬ز‬


‫الجية ‪ ،١٢٥٧٧‬مرص‬
Telecom Egypt, Training and Development sector.
General department for Development of Technical, and Information systems & technology Skills
5 El Mokhaim El Daem Sreeet,
Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise.

Program name: Fiber To The Home


Program code: TND0103000030102

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