Data Presentation
Data Presentation
Ajit Patil
Data Presentation
Data presentation
2. It should be self-explanatory.
Methods of Presentation
Tabulation
Qualitative Quantitative
Simple Table Frequency Distribution Table
Complex Table
A. Table
Tables are the simplest and most revealing methods for presentation of both
qualitative and quantitative data in a meaningful manner. Tabulation is a very
important step for data analysis and interpretation.
6. Use of dash (-), dicto (II) and short forms in stubs and captions should be
avoided.
1. Table number
2. Title of the table
3. Caption-column heading
4. Stubs-designation of rows
5. Head note
6. Body of the table
7. Foot note
Types-
1. Master table
2. Complex table
3. Simple table
4. Frequency distribution table
1. Master Table-
a. Master table is a grand table which contains information of all the initial
reading experimental units which are serially recorded.
b. Master data is a permanent data or which changes very rarely. eg. Address
containing information about name, address and telephone numbers.
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c. In a clinical research, the table which contains all the information of the
patient’s name, age, sex and experimental observations in a sequence is
called master table
2. Simple Table-
The table in which characteristics under observation are fixed is called simple
take contains one or two attributes.
3. Complex Table
When a table contains more than two attributes and multiple items, is called
complex table.
A set of mutually exclusive classes and the number of individuals of each class
makes a frequency distribution.
Types-
(a) Discrete frequency distribution table- (For both qualitative & quantitative
(b) Continuous frequency distribution table- (For quantitative data only)
The table which contains discrete data i.e. in whole numbers only is called
discrete frequency distribution table. It is used for both grouped and
ungrouped data.
For Example:
A) Grouped
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The table which contains continuous data i.e., whole numbers as well as fractions
with respect to their frequencies is called continuous frequency distribution table.
It is used for presentation of quantitative data only. It contains grouped data.
a. The class or group interval between the groups should not be too broad or
too narrow.
b. The number of groups of classes should be between 6-16.
c. The class interval should be same throughout the table e.g.
160-162
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162-164
164-166
d. The headings should be clear, For Example
Height in inches or centimetres
Age in years or months
Weight in kilograms or pounds.
e. Groups should be tabulated in ascending or descending order, from the
lowest value in range to the highest.
For example weight in kilograms 50-52, 52-54, 54-56
(B) Drawings-
Drawings
Qualitative Quantitative
Diagrams Graphs
Bar Diagram Histogram
Pie Chart Frequency polygon
Pictogram Frequency Curve
Line Chart
Cumulative frequency Curve
Scatter Diagram
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I) Qualitative Data
1. Bar Diagram-
a. Presentation of the qualitative data with the help of bars is called bar
diagram. Length of bars indicates the frequency of a character Bars can be
drawn vertically or horizontally.
b. Bar diagram or bar chart is a popular method of presenting discrete
statistical data and is adopted for visual comparison of the magnitude of
different frequencies such as mortality, immunization status of population
in different ages, Genders or places.
c. Spacing between any two bars should be equal to half of the width of the
bar.
A. Simple Bar Diagram
a. Simplest form of bar diagram.
b. Graphical representation of a data set based on one variable
c. Used to compare two or more values of a single parameter.
d. Can be made vertically or horizontally.
2. Pie Chart
a. Also known as Pie/Sector Diagram.
b. Data is presented in a circle know as Pie and degree of angle shows
frequency and area of sector
c. Size of each angle is calculated by multiplying the percentage of class with
3.6.
Class frequency X 3.6
Total observations
3. Pictogram
a. Also known as picture diagram
b. Icons or images are used to show the numbers so that is can be easily
understood.
c. All icons must be in same size but fractions of icon can be used to show
fractions.
1. Histogram-
a. Graphical representation of the frequency distribution shown the form of
area diagram. The area of each block or rectangle varies with the
frequency.
b. Summarize discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval
scale.
c. Variable characters of different groups are indicated on the horizontal line
i.e., x- axis also called 'Abscissa,'
d. Frequency is marked on the vertical line i.e., Y-axis also called 'Ordinate'.
The diagram of continuous rectangles between x and y axis is called
histogram.
2. Frequency polygon
a. Area diagram of frequency distribution prepared over a histogram.
b. Prepared by joining the midpoints of blocks of histogram
3. Frequency Curve
a. Prepared by loose hands
b. When frequency polygon loses its angles it is formed.
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c. Used when no. of observations is very large and the group interval is
reduced.
4. Line Graph
a. Mainly used to show the trends of events with the passage of time such as
rising, falling etc. or also fluctuations like death rates, birth rates, mortality
rates.
b. When frequency polygon shows variations by line then it is called line
graph.
c. Also known as Line Chart.
5. Ogive
a. Defined as Sum of all previous frequencies up to the current point. The
cumulative frequency indicates the number of elements in the data that lie
below the current value.
b. The cumulative frequency is plotted on the y-axis against the data which is
on x-axis for ungrouped data.
c. Also known as Cumulative Frequency Diagram.
For grouped data, the Ogive is formed by plotting the cumulative frequency
again the upper boundary of the class.
6. Scatter/Dot diagram-
(c) No correlation
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