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Combined-Loadings-in-Structural-Analysis

This document discusses the analysis of stress in structural members subjected to various loading types, focusing on thin-walled pressure vessels and the calculation of stresses in cylindrical and spherical containers. It covers methodologies for analyzing combined loadings, stress concentrations, and material behavior under inelastic deformation. The importance of understanding these concepts is emphasized for effective engineering design across different applications.

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dimpleberja
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5 views

Combined-Loadings-in-Structural-Analysis

This document discusses the analysis of stress in structural members subjected to various loading types, focusing on thin-walled pressure vessels and the calculation of stresses in cylindrical and spherical containers. It covers methodologies for analyzing combined loadings, stress concentrations, and material behavior under inelastic deformation. The importance of understanding these concepts is emphasized for effective engineering design across different applications.

Uploaded by

dimpleberja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combined Loadings in Structural

Analysis
This document explores the analysis of stress in members subjected to multiple types of loading.
Beginning with thin-walled pressure vessels, we examine how to calculate stresses in cylindrical
and spherical containers. The document then covers the methodology for analyzing combined
loadings, including axial forces, shear forces, bending moments, and torsional moments. We also
discuss stress concentrations that occur at geometric discontinuities and the behavior of materials
under inelastic deformation.

by Dimple Berja
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels are commonly used as boilers or storage tanks. The
stress analysis is simplified when the vessel has a thin wall, defined as having an inner-radius-to-
wall-thickness ratio of 10 or more (r/t g 10). At r/t = 10, a thin-wall analysis predicts stress
approximately 4% less than the actual maximum stress.

For cylindrical vessels, two primary stresses develop:

Circumferential (hoop) stress: á = pr/t


Longitudinal stress: â = pr/2t

Note that the hoop stress is twice as large as the longitudinal stress, making it critical that
longitudinal joints be designed to carry twice as much stress as circumferential joints.

For spherical vessels, the stress is uniform in all directions: Ã = pr/2t


Limitations of Pressure Vessel Analysis
The analysis indicates that material in both cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels experiences
biaxial stress4normal stress existing in two directions. However, pressure also creates a radial
stress component that acts along radial lines, with maximum value equal to the pressure p at the
interior wall, decreasing to zero at the exterior surface.

For thin-walled vessels, this radial stress component is typically ignored since our limiting
assumption of r/t = 10 results in longitudinal and hoop stresses being 5 and 10 times higher than the
maximum radial stress.

Cylindrical Vessels Spherical Vessels External Pressure


Hoop stress (á = pr/t) is Uniform stress in all May cause wall buckling
twice the longitudinal directions (Ã = pr/2t) rather than material
stress (â = pr/2t) fracture
State of Stress from Combined
Loadings
Most structural members are subjected to several types of loading simultaneously. When this
occurs, the method of superposition should be used to determine the resultant stress, assuming
the material is homogeneous and behaves in a linear elastic manner.

Internal Loading
Section the member perpendicular to its axis and use equilibrium to obtain internal
forces and moments

Stress Components
Determine stress components for each internal loading type

Superposition
Calculate resultant normal and shear stress components using superposition

Representation
Show results on a material element or as a stress distribution across the cross-
section

Saint-Venant's principle requires that stress be determined at points far removed from any
discontinuities in the cross section or points of applied load.
Stress Formulas for Different Loading
Types

Normal Force Shear Force


Creates uniform normal stress: Ã = N/A Creates shear stress distribution: Ä =
VQ/It

Bending Moment Torsional Moment


Creates linear normal stress distribution: Creates linear shear stress distribution in
à = -My/I (straight members) or à = circular sections: Ä = TÃ/J
My/[Ae(R-y)] (curved members)

Understanding how these equations are applied is essential for solving combined loading
problems. Each stress component must be calculated separately before applying superposition to
determine the resultant stress state at any point.
Stress Concentrations
Complex stress distributions arise at sections where a member's cross-sectional area changes.
The maximum normal stress occurs at the smallest cross-sectional area. For design purposes, this
maximum stress is determined using a stress concentration factor K, defined as:

K = ø°³/ð}±

Once K is determined from graphs based on geometry, and the average normal stress calculated
from ð}± = N/A, the maximum normal stress is found using ø°³ = K(N/A).

Effect of Geometry Design Solutions


As the radius of a shoulder fillet decreases, the Introduce rounded edges
stress concentration increases. A sharp corner Add small grooves or holes at transitions
(r = 0) can result in a stress concentration
Reduce rigidity of material surrounding
factor greater than 3, meaning the maximum
corners
stress is more than three times the average
stress.
Material Considerations for Stress
Concentrations
Stress concentration factors are determined based on static loading, assuming the stress doesn't
exceed the proportional limit. The importance of these factors varies depending on material
properties:

Brittle Materials Ductile Materials Fatigue Loading


Failure begins at the point
(Static Load) Stress concentrations
of stress concentration Stress concentration become important
(ø°³). A crack forms and factors are often less regardless of material
propagates across the critical since exceeding the ductility when subjected to
section, resulting in proportional limit doesn't cyclic loading that can lead
sudden fracture. Stress result in cracking. Instead, to fatigue failure.
concentration factors are the material yields and
critical for design. strain hardens, providing
reserve strength.

The stress concentration in a ductile specimen under static loading may not need consideration in
design; however, for brittle materials or fatigue loadings, stress concentrations become crucial
design factors.
Inelastic Axial Deformation
Some members may be designed to allow material yielding and permanent deformation under load.
Such members are often made of highly ductile metals like annealed low-carbon steel, which can
be modeled as elastic perfectly plastic (elastoplastic) materials.

Strain Hardening
Plastic In real materials, after
Yield Point Deformation
some yielding, strain
Elastic Behavior As load increases to Beyond yielding, hardening occurs,
Under initial loading, cause yielding, stress strains are not providing additional
the material behaves reaches yield stress uniquely defined. The strength that stops
elastically with stress Ã. This load N is bar continues to further straining and
à = N/A and strain called the plastic load elongate (·¡, ·¢, ·£, allows the bar to
following Hooke's law. 4the maximum load etc.) while stress support additional
supportable by an remains constant at load.
elastoplastic material. Ã.
Applications and Design
Considerations
Understanding combined loadings and stress behavior is essential for effective engineering design
across various applications:

Pressure Vessels Structural Elements Mechanical


Gas tanks use semispherical Structures like chimneys must
Components
end caps rather than flat ones withstand combined internal Saw blades incorporate
to reduce stress. The design loading from wind forces and grooves with small circles at
must account for both hoop self-weight, requiring analysis the ends to relieve dynamic
and longitudinal stresses. of multiple stress components. and thermal stress while
reducing stress
concentrations.

Effective design requires not only calculating stresses but also understanding how material
properties, geometry, and loading conditions interact to affect structural performance and failure
modes.

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