300.

1 Definitions and Nomenclature

global axes: These are Cartesian X, Y, and Z axes. In
this Appendix, vertically upward is taken to be the +Y
direction with gravity acting in the −Y direction.
A
sf: cross-sectional area of the conveyed fluid, considering nominal pipe thickness
less allowances
A
sp: cross-sectional area of the pipe, considering nominal
pipe thickness less allowances
F
sa: sustained axial force including the effects of weight,
other sustained loads, and internal pressure
is,i: in-plane sustained stress index ≥ 1.00 (The stress
index equals 0.75ii for all components included in
Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and
in accordance with para. 319.3.6.)
i
s,o: out-plane sustained stress index ≥ 1.00 (The stress
index equals 0.75io for all components included in
Appendix D in the absence of more applicable data and
in accordance with para. 319.3.6.)
Ms,i: in-plane bending moment for the sustained condition being evaluated
M
s,o: out-plane bending moment for the sustained condition being evaluated
Mst: torsional moment for the sustained condition being
evaluated
P
j: piping internal pressure; see para. 301.2; when more
than one condition exists for the piping system, each is
subscripted (e.g., P1, P2, …)
Ssa: stress due to the sustained axial force summation,
F
sa/Asp
Ssb: stress due to the indexed sustained bending
moments’ vector summation
Sst: stress due to sustained torsional moment
Tj
: pipe maximum or minimum metal temperature; see
paras. 301.3 and 319.3.1(a); when more than one condition exists for the piping
system, each is subscripted
(e.g., T1, T2, …)
Y+: a “single acting support” that provides support in
only the vertically upward direction and is considered
to be “active” when the pipe exerts a downward force
on the support. The pipe is free to move upward, i.e.,
the pipe “lifts off” the support; the support in the “liftoff” situation is
considered to be “removed” from providing support, i.e., inactive, during the load
condition
considered.

S301 EXAMPLE 1: CODE COMPLIANT PIPING

SYSTEM
S301.1 Example Description
This example is intended to illustrate the design of
an adequately supported and sufficiently flexible piping
system. The piping system in Fig. S301.1 is fabricated
from ASTM A 106 Grade B seamless pipe (i.e., E p
1.00); the pipe is DN 400 (NPS 16) with a nominal wall
thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.), 127 mm (5 in.) thickness
of calcium silicate insulation, and 1.59 mm (0.063 in.)
corrosion allowance; the fluid has a specific gravity of
1.0. The equivalent number of cycles expected for the
piping system is fewer than 7 000 [i.e., f p 1.00 in accordance with para.
302.3.5(d)].
The piping system is in normal fluid service. The
installation temperature is 21°C (70°F). The reference
modulus of elasticity used for the piping analysis is
203.4 GPa (29.5 Msi) from Appendix C, Table C-6 in
accordance with paras. 319.3.2 and 319.4.4, and Poisson’s
ratio is 0.3 in accordance with para. 319.3.3.
The piping internal pressure, maximum and minimum metal temperatures expected
during normal
operation, and the design conditions are listed in

Table S301.1. The design conditions are set sufficiently

in excess of the operating conditions so as to provide
additional margin on the allowable stress for pressure
design as required by the owner.

S301.2 Design Conditions

The design conditions establish the pressure rating, flange ratings, component
ratings, and minimum required pipe wall thickness in accordance with para. 301.2.1.
For example, ASME B16.5 requires a minimum of Class 300 for ASTM A 105 flanges.
Also, the minimum required pipe wall thickness, $t_m$, is determined from the
design conditions by inserting eq. (3a) into eq. (2); terms are defined in para.
304.1.1 and Appendix J:

$$
\begin{aligned}
E= & 1.0 \\
P= & \text { design pressure } \\
= & 3795 \mathrm{kPa}(550 \mathrm{psi}) \\
S= & \text { allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1 } \\
= & 125 \mathrm{MPa}(18.1 \mathrm{ksi}) \text { at design temperature } 288^{\circ}
\mathrm{C} \\
& \left(550^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right) \\
Y & =0.4 \text { from Table } 304.1 .1
\end{aligned}
$$

Insert eq. (3a) into eq. (2):

$$
\begin{aligned}
t_{\mathrm{w}} & =t+c=\frac{P D}{2(S E+P Y)}+c \\
& =\frac{(3795 \mathrm{kPa})(406.4 \mathrm{~mm})}{2[(125 \mathrm{MPa})
(1.00)+(3795 \mathrm{kPa})(0.4)]}+1.59 \mathrm{~mm} \\
& =6.10 \mathrm{~mm}+1.59 \mathrm{~mm}=7.69 \mathrm{~mm}(0.303 \mathrm{in})
\end{aligned}
$$

In accordance with para. 304.1.2(a), $t$ must be less than D/6 for eq. (3a) to be
appropriate without considering additional factors to compute the pressure design
thickness, $t$ (i.e., $t<D / 6$, or $7.69 \mathrm{~mm}<406.4 \mathrm{~mm} / 6$ ).
Since 7.69 mm ( 0.303 in ) $<67.7 \mathrm{~mm}$ ( 2.67 in .), eq. (3a) is
applicable without special consideration of factors listed in para. 304.1.2(b).

Now select a pipe schedule of adequate thickness. Determine the specified minimum
pipe wall thickness,

T, from nominal pipe wall thickness, T, considering a

mill tolerance of 12.5%.
Select DN 400 (NPS 16) Schedule 30/STD nominal
wall thickness from ASME B36.10M:
T p 9.53 mm (0.375 in.)
T p (9.53 mm)(1.00 − 0.125) p 8.34 mm (0.328 in.)
Since T ≥ tm (i.e., 8.34 mm > 7.69 mm), the selection of
the nominal pipe wall thickness, T, for Schedule 30/STD
pipe is acceptable. The long radius elbows specified for
this piping system are in accordance with ASME B16.9
and are specified to be for use with Schedule 30/STD
wall thickness pipe.
S301.3 Computer Model Input
Tables S301.3.1 and S301.3.2 list the “node numbers,”
lengths, etc., for each piping element displayed in
Fig. S301.1. A bend radius of 1.5 times the nominal
pipe diameter [i.e., 609.6 mm (24 in.)] and nominal wall
thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) are used for the elbows
in the computer model.
Generic computer program option “flags” are as
follows:
(a) include pressure stiffening on elbows
(b) exclude pressure thrust and Bourdon effects
(c) use nominal section properties for both the stiffness matrix and the
displacement stress analysis
(d) use “nominal less allowances” section properties
for sustained stress, SL
(e) include axial load and internal pressure force in
the sustained stress, SL
(f) intensify the elbows’ in-plane bending moments1
by 0.75ii (≥ 1.0) in the calculation of the elbows’ effective
sustained longitudinal stress, SL
S301.4 Pressure Effects
For the operating, sustained, and displacement stress
range load cases, the effect of pressure stiffening on the
elbows is included to determine the end reactions in
accordance with Appendix D, Note (7). The effects of
pressure-induced elongation and Bourdon effects are not
included, as both are deemed negligible for this particular example.
S301.5 The Operating Load Case
The operating load case is used to determine the
operating position of the piping and reaction loads for
any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or
stops. The operating load case is based on the temperature range from the
installation temperature of 21°C
(70°F) to the maximum operating metal temperature of
260°C (500°F), in accordance with para. 319.3.1(b). The
operating load case in this example also includes the
effects of internal pressure, pipe weight, insulation
weight, and fluid weight on the piping system. Both pipe
stiffness and stress are based on the nominal thickness of
the pipe. Pipe deflections and internal reaction loads for
the operating load case are listed in Table S301.5.1. Piping loads acting on the
anchors and support structure
are listed in Table S301.5.2.
S301.6 The Sustained Load Case
Sustained stresses due to the axial force, internal pressure, and intensified
bending moment in this example

are combined to determine the sustained longitudinal

stress, SL. The sustained load case excludes thermal
effects and includes the effects of internal pressure [P1 p
3450 kPa (500 psi)], pipe weight, insulation weight, and
fluid weight on the piping system.
Nominal section properties are used to generate the
stiffness matrix and sustained loads for the computer
model in accordance with para. 319.3.5. The nominal
thickness, less allowances, is used to calculate the section
properties for the sustained stress, SL, in accordance with
para. 302.3.5(c).
A summary of the sustained load case internal reaction forces, moments, and
sustained stresses, SL, is provided in Table S301.6. Since this example model lies
in
only one plane, only the sustained bending stress due
to the in-plane bending moment is not zero. The inplane bending moment is
intensified1 at each elbow by
the appropriate index 0.75ii (≥ 1.0), where ii is the inplane stress
intensification factor from Appendix D for
an unflanged elbow. Note that sustained stresses for the
nodes listed in Table S301.6 do not exceed the 130 MPa
(18,900 psi) sustained allowable stress, Sh, for A 106
Grade B piping at the maximum metal temperature,
T1 p 260°C (500°F), from Appendix A, Table A-1. By
limiting SL to the sustained allowable, Sh, the piping
system is deemed adequately protected against collapse.
S301.7 The Displacement Stress Range Load Case
The displacement stress range, SE, in this example is
based on the temperature range from the installation
[21°C (70°F)] to minimum metal temperature [T2 p −1°C
(30°F)] and from the installation [21°C (70°F)] to maximum metal temperature for
the thermal cycles under
analysis [T1 p 260°C (500°F)], in accordance with para.
319.3.1(a). The displacement stress range, SE, for each
element is calculated in accordance with eq. (17) and is
listed in Table S301.7, along with the internal reaction
loads. Nominal section properties are used to generate

the stiffness matrix and displacement stress in the piping in accordance with para.
319.3.5. Since this example model lies in only one plane, only the in-plane bending
moment is not zero. The in-plane moment is intensified at each elbow by the
appropriate Appendix D stress intensification factor, $i_i$, for an unflanged
elbow.

For simplicity, the allowable displacement stress range, $S_A$, is calculated in

accordance with eq. (1a). Though eq. (1a) is used in this example, it is also
acceptable to calculate $S_A$ in accordance with eq. (1b), which permits $S_A$ to
exceed the eq. (1a) value for each piping element, based on the magnitude of each
element's sustained stress, $S_{L \text { - }}$

The following terms are as defined in para. 302.3.5(d) and Appendix J:

$$
\begin{aligned}
f= & 1.00 \text { for } \leq 7000 \text { equivalent cycles, from } \\
& \text { Fig. } 302.3 .5 \text { or eq. (1c) } \\
S_A & =f\left(1.25 S_c+0.25 S_{\mathrm{h}}\right) \\
& =(1.00)[(1.25)(138 \mathrm{MPa})+(0.25)(130 \mathrm{MPa})] \\
& =205 \mathrm{MPa}(29,725 \mathrm{psi}) \\
S_c & =\text { allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1 } \\
& =138 \mathrm{MPa}(20.0 \mathrm{ksi}) \text { at } T_2 \\
S_h & =\text { allowable stress from Appendix A, Table A-1 } \\
& =130 \mathrm{MPa}(18.9 \mathrm{ksi}) \text { at } T_1 \\
T_1 & =\text { maximum metal temperature } \\
& =260^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\left(500^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right) \\
T_2 & =\text { minimum metal temperature } \\
& =-1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\left(30^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right)
\end{aligned}
$$

Note that each piping element's displacement stress range, based on minimum to
maximum metal temperature for the thermal cycles under analysis, $S_E$, does not
exceed the eq. (1a) allowable, $S_A$. By limiting $S_E$ to $S_A$, the piping system
is deemed adequate to accommodate up to 7000 full excursion equivalent cycles.

Considering both the sustained and displacement stress range load cases, the piping
system is compliant with the requirements of the Code; redesign of the piping
system is not required unless the sustained or operating reaction loads at either
anchor data point 10 or 50 exceed

the allowable loads for the attached equipment nozzle

or the support structure at node 20 is overloaded. The
nozzle load and support structure analyses are beyond
the scope of this Appendix and are not addressed.