School of EEE

Electrical Machines Lab-2

(DC Machines and Synchronous Machines)
Course code: B22EE0506
Lab Manual
 List of Experiments:
Experiment Name of the experiment Page
number number
1 Open circuit (OC) and Short circuit (SC) tests on alternator 3
2 Synchronization of alternator with bus bars 9
3 Determination of efficiency of dc machine through Hopkinson’s test. 13
4 Ward Leonard speed control of DC motor 18
5 Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC) or no-load characteristic or 22
Magnetization characteristic of self-excited DC generator
6 Retardation or running down test on DC motor 26
7 V and inverted V-curves of synchronous motor 30
8 Slip test on Synchronous generator 34
9 Swinburne’s test on DC motor 37
10 Field test on DC series motor 40-43

2
 School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical Machines Lab – II Experiments
I cycle Experiments
1. Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC) or no-load characteristic or Magnetization
characteristic of self-excited DC generator.
2. Determination of efficiency of dc machine through Hopkinson’s test.
3. Swinburne’s test on DC motor.

4. Field test on DC series motor.

5. Slip test on Synchronous generator.

II cycle Experiments
6. Open circuit (OC) and Short circuit (SC) tests on alternator.
7. Synchronization of alternator with bus bars.
8. Ward Leonard speed control of DC motor.
9. Retardation or running down test on DC motor.
10. V and inverted V-curves of synchronous motor.

3
 Experiment – 1
Open circuit (OC) and Short circuit (SC) tests on alternator
Aim: To conduct Open Circuit (OC) and Short Circuit (SC) tests on 3-phase alternator and
determine voltage regulation by EMF method or synchronous impedance method
Apparatus required:
S.N. Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 DC Shunt motor- Alternator test rig 01
2 AC Ammeter MI (Moving Iron) (0-15)A 01
3 DC Ammeter MC (Moving Coil) (0-5)A 01
4 AC Voltmeter MI (0- 300)V 01
Few thin wires for voltmeter
5 Wire and few thick wires for other
connections.

Theory:
Voltage regulation of an alternator: It is defined as change in terminal voltage from full-load to
no-load and is calculated from the below formula.
𝐸0 − 𝑉
%𝑉𝑅 = ∗ 100
𝑉
Where
𝐸0 =No-load terminal phase voltage
V=Terminal phase voltage for the given load
Voltage regulation is positive for UPF and lagging PF and negative for leading PF
There are two methods to determine voltage regulation.
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
In indirect method there are three methods:
2.1. EMF or Synchronous impedance method
2.2. MMF or Ampere-Turns (AT) method
2.3. Zero Power Factor (ZPF) or Potier triangle method
In EMF method the effect of armature reaction is replaced by fictitious reactance. In
AT method the effect of armature leakage reactance is replaced by an additional armature

4
 reaction MMF. In ZPF method the reactance is separated one due to armature leakage flux and
other due toarmature reaction flux. But in EMF and AT methods reactance is not separated.
Circuit diagram: OC Test
DC Shount Motor

Single phase
A.C.Generator

230V/4A
variac 1

0-300V
230V/50Hz
V

Vo
P AC Supply F + R1
+

Shunt Field
+ A1

Armature
Armature

180V
N

VDC
0-
Rectifier
N S1
+
- M
Field
Rectifier
- F- A2 Y1
N - B1
Variable D.C
source

F+ F-
Single phase
variac 2 Alternator
SPST Field
230V/4A S2
Field
+ If
Rectifier A
-
+
0-5A

Name plate details

DC Shunt Motor Alternator
Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed:
HP/KW: KVA:
Procedure for OC test:
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram, use thin wires for voltmeter and thick wire for
other connections. Measure alternator armature resistance per phase (Ra) using multimeter
2. Note down the name plate details of MG set. In the panel board keep all the switches in off
position and in variable DC supply unit, keep all the switches in off position and variac-1 in
zero -Volt position.Also keep alternator field variac-2 in zero-Volt position.
3. In the panel board, switch on the supply switch S1 and press the green button. In variable DC
source unit,switch on DC input rectifier switch, switch on field rectifierswitch and press green

5
 button.Vary variac-1 in it and observe speed of DC motor in digital tachometer and continue
varying variac till rated speed (1500 RPM) of the motor.
4. Switch on field switch S2 (yellow color switch) in the panel. Vary field variac in steps of 40 Vtill
415
ratedphase voltage ( = 240 𝑉). Maintain rated speed for each step of voltage by varying
√3

variac-1 . Note down corresponding no load phase voltage (E0)and the field current (If)of the
alternator.
5. To switch off the circuit: Open field switch S2 in the panel board. Bring back variac-2 to zero-
Volt position. In variable DC supply unit, bring back variac-1 to zero-Volt position. Press the
red button, switch off field rectifier switch and input DC rectifier switch. In panel board, press
red button and open supply switch S1.
6. Draw open circuit characteristic (OCC). Select on X-axis: 1 Cm=0.2 A for field current and on
Y-axis 1 Cm=20 V for open circuit phase voltage
Circuit diagram forSC test:
DC Shount Motor
Single phase

A.C.Generator
230V/4A
variac 1

0-15
230V/50Hz
F A

ISC
P AC Supply + R1
+
Shunt Field

+ A1
Armature

Armature
180V

N
VDC
0-

Rectifier
N S1
+
- M
Field
Rectifier
- F- A2 Y1
N - B1
Variable D.C
source

F+ F-
Single phase
variac 2 Alternator
SPST Field
230V/4A S2
Field
+ If
Rectifier A
-
+
0-5A

Procedure for SC test:

1. Follow the steps 1,2,3 of OC test
2. Ensure zero-Volt position of field variac-2. Switch on field switch S2 (Yellow color switch) in
the panel board and carefully vary field variac-2 for the armature currents of 4A and 7A (rated

6
 current). Note down the corresponding readings of armature current (Isc or Ia) and field
current (If)
5. To switch off the circuit: Switch off field switch S2 in the panel board. Bring back field variac-
2 to zero-Volt position. In variable DC supply unit, bring back variac-1 to zero-Volt position.
Press the red button, switch off field rectifier switch and rectifier input DC rectifier switch. In
panel board, press red button and open supply switch S1.
6. Draw short circuit characteristic (SCC) on the same graph for the same scale of field current.
i.e., Select on X-axis: 1 Cm=0.2 A for field current and on Y-axis 1 Cm=1A for armature current
7. Measure alternator armature resistance using multimeter

Observation and calculation:

Alternator armature resistance per phase=Ra
Tabular column for OC test
S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rated speed
in RPM
Vo- 0
Volts/phase
If -Amperes 0
Tabular column for SC test
S.N. 1 2 3
Isc –Amperes/phase

If –amperes 0

Ideal graph

7
From the graph
𝐴𝐵
𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑍𝑠 =
𝐴𝐶

𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠 (𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠) = 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑎2

For resistive load

𝑁𝑜 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑀𝐹/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠) = 𝐸0 = √(𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2

𝐸0 − 𝑉
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉

For lagging load

𝑁𝑜 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑀𝐹/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠) = 𝐸0 = √(𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉𝑆𝑖𝑛∅ + 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2

𝐸0 − 𝑉
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉

For leading load

𝑁𝑜 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑀𝐹/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠) = 𝐸0 = √(𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉𝑆𝑖𝑛∅ − 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2

𝐸0 − 𝑉
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100
𝑉

8
Where
V=Rated Phase voltage=240 V
I=Rated armature current=7A
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8
Result:

Inference:
Viva-Voce questions:
1. How regulation of alternator is different from regulation of transformer?
2. State the reason for the calculation of voltage regulation of an alternator
3. State the methods of voltage regulation of an alternator
4. Differentiate the methods of voltage regulation of an alternator
5. State the shape of OCC during before the saturation and after saturation of field of
the alternator
6. Differentiate between leakage reactance, armature reaction reactance and
synchronous reactance

9
 Experiment – 2
Synchronization of alternator with bus bars
AIM:-To conduct parallel operation or synchronization of 3 Phase alternator with bus bar
(BESCOM supply)
Apparatus required:
Circuit diagram:
S.N. Apparatus Type Name plate details Rating/Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter MI (0- 600)V 02
2 Ammeter MC (0-5)A 1
External DC 0-270V, 20A
3 power supply 1
unit
4 1 -phase Variac 0-270V, 5A 1
wires Few thin wires for voltmeter connections and
5
few thin wires for other connections.

10
 Single phase
variac 1 230V/20A DC
Variable Shount
D.C source Motor A C Generator
4 pole MCB
3ɸ 415V 50Hz AC supply

S1 R
R Armature + F A+
Rectifier
- +
Y + N
Field
Rectifier M
B - F Y
A-
-
B
N +
SPST Alternator
Field
+ Field
Rectifier S2
-

S3
Single phase
variac 2, 230V/4A Synchroncope
S4

L1 L2 Panel
B B meter
V L3 L4 V
Y Y

L5 L6
R R

3pole Bus bar 3 pole Generator F

F switch S8
switch S7 S6
S5

Name plate details

DC Shunt Motor Alternator
Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed:
KW: KVA:
Theory:
Parallel Operation of synchronous generators:
Necessity of parallel operation of alternators:
To meet with the demand of electrical power, several alternators are operated in parallel.
Synchronization of alternators:

11
 The procedure of connecting an alternator in parallel with another or with common bus-
bars, to which a number of alternators are already connected, is called synchronizing of
alternators.
Conditions for proper synchronization of alternators:
For proper synchronizing of alternators, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
1. The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be equal to that of the bus-bar voltage.
2. The speed or frequency of the incoming alternator must be such that its frequency is equal to
that of bus-bar frequency.
3. In case of three-phase alternators the phase of the incoming alternator must be identical with
the phase of the bus-bars. In other words, the phase sequence of the incoming alternator must
be same as that of the bus-bars.
Synchronizing three-phase alternators using synchroscope:
To satisfy the phase sequence of incoming alternator with bus-bar, there are three
methods.
1. Three dark lamps method (For low voltage alternators)
2. Two bright and one dark lamp method (For low voltage alternators)
3. Synchroscope method (For high voltage alternators)
High voltage alternators are generally synchronized with the help of synchroscope. A
synchroscope is an instrument which has been devised, with a rotating pointer and a fixed index.
The pointer indicates whether the incoming machine is slow or fast. In fact, it shows the precise
instant of synchronization when the paralleling switch should be closed.
If the incoming alternator runs slower the pointer rotates in anti-clockwise direction and
if the incoming alternator runs faster its pointer rotates in clockwise direction.
The speed of the incoming alternator is now adjusted until the pointer assumes a vertical
position and thus indicates that the two alternators can be put into synchronism. At this instant
3 pole paralleling switch S8 is closed.
Procedure:

12
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.In the panel board, keep all the switches (S1 to
S8) in off position. In variable DC source, keep all the switches in off position and keep variac
1 in zero-Volt position. Also keep variac-2 in zero-Volt position.
2. In the panel board, switch on the supply switch S1 and press the green button. In variable DC
source unit, switch on DC input rectifier switch, switch on field rectifier switch and press green
button. In DC rectifier source unit, varyvariac-1 till frequency alternator (50 Hz) is obtained
in frequency meter.
4. Close switches S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 and S7
5. Vary variac-2slowly till synchroscope pointer takes vertical position and all lamps glow at a
time and all lamps go dark at a time. When all lamps go dark, close switch S8. Now alternator
is synchronized with the bus bars.
6. To switch off the circuit: In the panel board, switch off switches S8, S7, S6, S5, S4, S3 and S2
in the sequence. Bring back variac-2to zero-Volt position. In variable DC source, bring back
variac-1 to zero-Volt position, press the red button, switch off field rectifier switch, and switch
off input DC rectifier switch. In the panel board, press the red button and switch off supply
switch S1.
Result:

Inference:

Viva-voce questions:
1. State the need of synchronization of alternators
2. State the conditions of synchronization of alternators
3.State the meaning of phase sequence in 3-phase circuits
4.State the procedure of setting same frequency, same voltage magnitude and same
phasesequence for the synchronization of alternators
5. State the procedure of load sharing by the synchronized alternators

13
 Experiment - 3
Hopkinson’s Test
Aim: To conduct a regenerative test or back to back test or Hopkinson’s test on two identical dc
shunt machines to determine stray losses and hence predeterminethe efficiency of the machine
as a motor and as a generator.
Apparatus required:
S.N. Apparatus Type Name plate details / Range Quantity
1 DC Motor and DC Generator set 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
Zero MC 600V-0-600V
3 centered 1
voltmeter
Ammeter MC (0-5A)
4 2

5 Ammeter MC (0-15)A 2
Few thin wires for voltmeter and few thin wires for
6 Wires
other connections.

Theory:
Hopkinson’s test is basically a regenerative test. It is also known as back-to-back test. It
is conducted to determine stray losses of each machine. To perform this test, two identical
machines are required. These machines are mechanically coupled to each other. One of them
works as a motor which acts as a prime-mover for the other machine which works as a generator.
The electrical power or energy supplied to the motor is converted into mechanical energy which
is further converted into electrical energy by the second machine coupled to it, and fed back to
the motor through supply system. In the process, in fact, the two machines draw electrical
power or energy to meet with the losses of the two machines. Since the machines are identical,
the losses in each machine are determined by dividing the input into two equal parts. Usually,
this test is performed on large size machines at full-load for longer duration.

14
 Hopkinson s test
Ammeter D.C
0-15A SPST
I2 S2 I2
+ I1

Ammeter D.C
A1 -

0-15A
(I1+I2)
V -

Single Phase
V2
A2

Ammeter D.C
Voltmeter D.C

Dimmer
+ I4 + I3

Ammeter D.C
600-0-600V

0-5A
+
230V /50Hz AC supply

A4

0-5A
S1
+ F1 - A3
P -
A1 F1

Voltmeter DC
+ V
Armature

V1
A1

0-300V
N -
DPST Rectifier
- M G
A2
F2 A2
F2

150 /2A

300 /2A
R1
R2

I1 I2

Name plate details

DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator
Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed:
KW: KW:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram and use thin wires for voltmeter and thick wires
for other connections. Measure motor armature resistance Ram, motor shunt field resistance
Rshm, generator armature resistance Rag, and generator shunt field resistance Rshg,
2. Note down the name plate details of MG-set, keep supply switch S1 open, supply variac in zero
-Volt position, SPST switch S2 open, motor field rheostat R1 in cut-out position & generator
field rheostat R2 in cut-in position.
3. Switch on S1, press the green button, vary the variac gradually, motor starts slowly and
continue till voltmeter V1 shows rated voltage (180V) of motor. Vary motor field rheostat R1&

15
 bring the MG-set to the rated speed (1500 RPM) &which is observed in the digital taco meter
on the panel board.
4. Vary generator field rheostat R2 till zero centered voltmeter V2 (across SPST switch S2) shows
zero-Volts. Close SPST switch S2, note down reading of ammeter A3 and go to step 5. If the
reading of this voltmeter V2 starts increasing, then bring back generator field rheostat to cutin
position, bring back motor field rheostat to cutout position, bring back supply variac to zero -
Volt position and open the supply switch S1. MG-set stops. Interchange the armature terminal
of generator and restart the MG set as explained in step 3.
5. Vary generator field rheostat and increase generator field current which increases the
armature current of both motor and generator. Continue this procedure till specified
generator armature current(say 7A) is observed in ammeter A2. Note readings of all the
meters.
6. To switch off the MG-set: Bring back generator field rheostat till the reading of ammeter A3
shows the reading noted after closing the SPST in step 4, open SPST switch S2, bring back
generator field rheostat to cut-in position,bring back motor field rheostat to cutout position,
bring back supply variac to zero-Volt position and open the supply switch S1.
Observations:
Tabular column for armature and shunt field resistances of motor and generator
Ram-Ohms Rshm-Ohms Rag-Ohms Rshg-Ohms

Tabular column for Hopkinson’s test

I3 after V-Volts I1-Amps I2-Amps I3-Amps I4-Amps
closing SPST
switch S2

16
Calculations:
Determination of stray losses of both the machines:
Stray losses=Iron loss + friction and windage loss=Total input-Armature copper loss of motor-
shunt field copper loss of motor-Armature copper loss of generator-shunt field copper loss of
generator
𝑃𝑠 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = Input to the circuit − motor armature copper loss − motor field copper loss
− generator armature copper loss − generaror field copper loss
𝑃𝑠 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝑉𝐼1 − (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼4 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑚 − 𝑉𝐼4 − (𝐼2 + 𝐼3 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑔 − 𝑉𝐼3

𝑃𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) =
2
Predetermination of efficiency of a DC Machine:
1.If the machine is running as a motor:
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
=
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
2 𝑃𝑠
𝑉1 (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑉1 (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) − (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼4 ) 𝑅𝑎𝑚 − 𝑉1 𝐼4 − 2
𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑉(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) 𝑉(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )

2. If the machine is running as a generator:

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
=
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

17
 𝑉1 𝐼2 𝑉1 𝐼2
𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑉1 𝐼2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑉1 𝐼2 + (𝐼2 + 𝐼3 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑔 + 𝑉1 𝐼3 + 𝑃𝑠
2

Result

Inference

Viva-Voce questions:
1. State the requirement of Hopkinson’s test
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of the test

18
 Experiment - 4
Ward Leonard speed control of DC motor
Aim :Conduct Ward-Leonard test to control speed of a given DC-motor& plot armature voltage
(Va) verses speed (N) characteristic
Apparatus required:
S.N. Apparatus Type Name plate details Rating/Range Quantity
1 DC Shunt motor compound generator -set 01
2 Voltmeter MC (0- 300)V
01
Wire Few thin wires for voltmeter
3 and few thick wires for other
connections.

Theory:
The principle of this method is armature voltage speed control. This system is used to
supply variable voltage to the motor. As shown in Fig. 22, a DC generator G is mechanically
coupled with a prime mover PM which rotates the generator at constant speed. The field winding
of the DC generator is connected to a constant voltage DC supply line through a field is connected
directly to a constant DC supply line.
The voltage of the generator fed to the motor, can be varied from zero to its maximum
value by means of its field regulator. By reversing the direction of the field current by means of
the reversing switch, the polarity of the generated voltage can be reversed and hence the
direction of rotation of motor M. Hence, by this method, the speed and direction of rotation both
can be controlled very accurately.
Advantage:
This system of speed control is best suited where almost unlimited speed control in either
direction of rotation is required,
Disadvantage:
The capital investment in this system is very high as two extra machines (a generator and a prime
mover) are required.
Application:
In steel rolling mills, paper machines, elevators, cranes, diesel-electric propulsion of ships, etc.

19
 Ward Leonard method of speed control of DC motor Circuit diagram

Single Phase
Dimmer 1
230V,50Hz
F
1Φ AC
Supply + +
P

Motor 1 field
+ A+ A+ + F+ A+

0-300V
0-300V
Armature + F+

generator
V +

Vm

Va

Motor 2 field
N Rectifier
M G V

field
DPST1
-
- -
M
A- - -
F- A- A-
DPST2 F-

150 /2A
Single Phase F-

cutout
Dimmer 2

-
Field
230V,50Hz
Rectifier
1Φ AC
P
Supply - +
Field
Rectifier
N DPST3 +

Name plate details

DC Shunt Motor 1 DC Shunt Generator DC Shunt Motor2
Armature Field Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed: Speed:
KW: KW: KW:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram, use thin wires for voltmeter connections and
thick wires for other connections, note the name plate details of MG-set-1 (Motor-Generator)
and DC motor 2 whose speed to be controlled.Keepall the switches in off position in the panel
board-1 and in the panel board-2. Also keep motor-1 dimmer-1, generator field dimmer-2 in
zero-Volt position. Keep motor-1 field rheostat in cutout position
2. Switch on supply switch DPST-1 (Double Pole Single Throw)& press the green button.Vary
motor-1 armature dimmer -1 slowly, MG set-1starts & continue to vary motor-1 field variac
till the rated voltage of the motor-1observed in voltmeter V1 and set the rated speed by
using motor-1 field rheostat. The speed is observed in the digital tachometer in the panel.
20
3. Observe residual voltage of the dc generator in the voltmeter V2 connected across the
generator armature terminals.
4. In table-2, close the supply switch-DPST-3, press the green button, motor-2 field gets excited.
Close the load switch DPST-2 of generator in MG set-1. Motor-2 runs slowly. Note down speed
and voltmeter reading Va.
5. Vary generator field dimmer -2 slowly in steps till the rated voltage of generator. Note down
the speed & armature voltage of the motor -2 at each step.
6. To switch off the circuit: Open DPST-2, DPST-3, bring back dimmer-2 to zero-Volt position,
motor-1 rheostat to cutout position& press the red button in MG-set-1& switch OFF DPST-
1& remove all the connections
7.Plot the graph of armature voltage verses speed.
Observation:
Tabular Column:
Vm=
S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Va- 0
Volts
N- rpm 0

Calculation:

Ideal graph: N

Va
Result

21
Inference
Viva-Voce questions:
1. State the principle of Ward-Leonard’s speed control of DC motor
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of this method
3. List the applications of this method

Experiment - 5

22
Open Circuit Characteristic (OCC) or no-load characteristic or Magnetization characteristic of
self-excited DC generator
Aim:To conduct an experiment on a self-excited D.C shunt generator and plot theOCC. Determine
the critical field resistance of the shunt generator.
Apparatus required:
S.N. Apparatus Type Name plate details Rating/Range Quantity
1 DC Shunt motor and DC Shunt Generator test rig 01
2 Ammeter MC (0-1)A 01
3 Voltmeter MC (0- 300)V 02
Wire Few thin wires for voltmeter
4 and few thick wires for other
connections.

Circuit diagram:
Single Phase
Dimmer

0-1A
230V,50Hz Ifg A
1Φ AC
F -
Supply
P + + + A+
F+

Generator field
Motor field

Armature V A+ + 0-300V
0-300V

N
DPST Rectifier
M G V Eg
Vm

-
- -
A- A-
F-
150 /2A

F-
Cut out

500 /2A
Cut in

Name plate details

23
 DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator
Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed:
KW: KW:

Theory:
OCC is the graph drawn between field current (X-axis) verses no-load generated EMF (Y-
axis) of a DC generator. The self-excited DC generator field poles consists of residual magnetism.
Due residual magnetism a small EMF will be induced. This residual EMF gradually strengthen the
field poles and hencerequired voltage will be produced.

Critical field resistance:

It is the maximum value of the shunt field resistance at which generator just excites. If the shunt
field resistance is more than the critical field resistance generator fails to excite. Hence for the
excitation of the shunt generator, the shunt field resistance should be less than critical field
resistance.
Procedure:
1. With all switches open, make the connections as per circuit diagram, use thin wire for
voltmeter connections and thick wires for other connections. Keep motor field rheostat
in cutout position and generator field rheostat in cut in position. Note down the name
plate details of MG-set. Keepvariacin zero-Volt position.
2. Switch on supply switch DPST& press the green button. Vary dimmer slowly, MG set
starts&continue to vary dimmer till the rated voltage of the motor and set the rated
speedof motor by using filed rheostat of motor. Speed is observed in the digital
tachometer in the panel.
3. Note down speed, residual voltage and field current in the tabular column.
4. Vary generator field rheostat in steps of voltage till the rated voltage of the generator. At
each step maintain the rated speed by varying motor field rheostat. Note down speed,
residual voltage and field current in the tabular column

24
5. To switch off the circuit: Bring back generator field rheostat to cut in position, motor field
rheostat to cutout position and dimmer to zero-Volt position, press the red button &open
supply switch DPST
6. Draw the graph of OCC
7. To determine critical field resistance: Draw a tangent to OCC from the origin to the initial
portion of the curve and calculate its slope as shown in the following figure.

Figure: OCC and tangent to determine critical field resistance

Observation:
Speed-
RPM
Field
current If-
Amperes
No-load
EMF Eg-
Volts

Calculation:
∆𝐸
From OCC, critical shunt field resistance of DC-generator in Ohms= ∆𝐼 0
𝑓

Result:

Inference:

25
Viva-Voce questions:
1. What is open circuit characteristic of a DC shunt generator?State its need
2. State the meaning of critical field resistance of a shunt generator
3. The OCC is not starting from origin but it is starting from point A on the Y-axis in the Figure.
State the reason
4. The initial portion of OCC is a straight line and afterwards it is a curve. State the reason for
the shape of the curve
5. List the reasons for DC shunt generator fails to excite
6. What is internal and external characteristics of a DC generator?

Experiment – 6
Retardation or running down test on DC motor
Aim:

26
 To conduct retardation test on DC shunt motor & determine rotational losses or stray losses.
Apparatus Required:
Type Name plate details
S.N. Apparatus Quantity
Rating/Range
1 Dc shunt motor 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
3 Switch DPDT 1

4 Stop watch 1

5 Ammeter MC (0-10) A 1

6 Rheostat 200Ω/2A 1
Wire Few thin wires for voltmeter and
7 few thick wires for other
connections.

Theory:
This method is applicable to shunt motors and shunt generators and is used for finding
stray losses. Then knowing the armature loss and shunt field loss at a given load current,
efficiency can be calculated.
The machine under the test is speeded up slightly beyond its normal speed and then
supply is cut off from the armature while keeping field excited. Consequently, the armature slows
down and its kinetic energy is used to meet the rotational losses i.e. friction, windage and iron
losses.
1
The kinetic energy of the armatureis 𝐾. 𝐸 = 2 𝐼𝜔2

Where
I=Moment of Inertia of the armature in kg.m2
ω=Angular velocity in radians/sec
∴ Rotational losses, P=Rate of change of K.E. of the armature
𝑑 1 2 𝑑𝜔
𝑃= ( 𝐼𝜔 ) = 𝐼𝜔.
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Two quantities need to be known:
𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝑁
1. 𝑜𝑟 because ωαN
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

27
2. Moment of Inertia (I) of the armature

Circuit diagram:

Retardation test
0-10A
-
+

Dimmer 230V/
Single Phase
A
A

20A
230V,50Hz Ia
1Φ AC

Rheostate 200homs
F+ A+

VDC 0-180V
Supply + + + +

Motor field

0-300V
P Armature
M V

Vm
N Rectifier 1 2
- -
S1 - -

Cut in
A- S2
F-

+
Field
Rectifier VDC 0-180V
-

Name plate details

DC Shunt Motor
Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current:
Speed:
KW:
Procedure:
1. With all the switches open, make the connections as per circuit diagram. Use thin wires for
voltmeter & field winding and thick wires for other connections. Note down the name plate
details of dc motor.
2. Keep S2 switch towards position-1, supply dimmer in zero-Volt position and rheostat in cut
in position.
3. Switch on supply switchS1 & press the green button.Vary the dimmer gradually, motor starts
slowly and continue till motor attains little higher than the rated speed (say 1600 rpm). The
speed is observed in the digital tachometer on the panel board.
4. To find time t11:Openswitch S2 and simultaneously start the stop watch. Now the
armatureretards.Note down the time taken till the motor speed falls from1600 rpm to N1=
28
 1200 rpm (say). This is the time t11, then bring back dimmer to zero-Volt position and press
the red button.
5. To find time t12:Repeat step 2 and 3. Open switch S2 and simultaneously start the stop
watch.Now the armature Retards. Note down the time taken till the motor speed falls
from1600 rpm to N2= 800 rpm (say). This is the time t12, then bring back dimmer to zero-
Volt position and press the red buttonCalculate time t1=t12-t11.
6. To note downt21 and Ia1: Repeat step 2 and 3, throw the switch S2to position-2. Note down
the time taken (t21) from 1600 RPM to N1 = 1200 rpm and ammeter reading (Ia1). Bring back
dimmer to zero-Volt position and press the red button.
7. To note down t22 and Ia2: Repeat step 2 and 3, throw the switch S2 to position-2. Note down
the time taken (t22) from 1600 RPM to N2 = 800 rpm and ammeter reading (Ia2). Bring back
variac to zero-Volt position and press the red button. Switch off the supply switch S1.
Calculate time t2=t22-t21.
Note: N1 and N2 are the neighboring speeds of the given speed N
8. Measure motor armature resistance using multimeter
Observation:
Motor armature resistance=Ra
Without electrical brake With electrical brake (With rheostat)
Speed (rpm ) Time (sec ) Time (sec ) Current (Amps)
N1=1600 to t11= t1=t12-t11 t21= t2=t22-t21 Ia1=
1200
N2=1600 to t12= t22= Ia2=
800

Calculation:

1. Rheostat resistance R (Ohms)

𝐼𝑎1 +𝐼𝑎2
2. 𝐼𝑎,𝐴𝑣 (𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠) = 2

29
 2
3.𝑃1 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝐼𝑎,𝐴𝑣 (𝑅 + 𝑅𝑎 )

𝑡2
4. Rotational losses in Watts=𝑃 = 𝑃1 𝑡
2 −𝑡1

Result

Inference

Experiment –7
V and inverted V-curves of synchronous motor
Aim : ToConduct no-load test on Synchronous motor. Draw V & Inverted-V curves.
Apparatus required:

30
 S.N. Apparatus Type Name plate details Rating/Range Quantity.

1 Synchronous Machine 01
2 Ammeter MI (0-20)A 01
3 Voltmeter MI (0- 300)V 01
4 3 phase wattmeter UPF 300/600V,5/10A 1
5 Ammeter MC (0-5)A 1
7 1- phase Variac 0-270V,5 A 1
8 3- phase Variac 0-415 V/20A 1
Wire Few thin wires for voltmeter and field
9 winding connections and few thick
wires for other connections.

Theory:

Figure: V-curves of synchronous motor

V-curves (Figure above) are drawn between field current (If) on X-axis and armature
current (Ia) on the Y-axis. For low excitation motor draws lagging current and for high excitation
motor draws leading current. The armature current is minimum at UPF.

31
 Figure: Inverted V-curves of synchronous motor
Inverted V-curves are drawn between field current on the X-axis and power factor on the
Y-axis. The field current will be more for full load and field current is less for no-load.
Advantage of V and inverted V-curves: Synchronous motor can be operated either at lagging
power factor or leading power factor. Synchronous motor operating at leading power factor is
called synchronous condenser. Using synchronous condenser, the power factor of the system
can be improved.
Circuit diagram for V and Inverted V curves of a synchronous motor

3phase Wattmeter
0-10A 300V/600V,10A UPF
L
A M
Alternator 0-2A
v c S2 + -
S1 Ia R1 A
440V,50Hz A.C supply

0-600V

F-

R V
R V
Alternator
3 phase variac

If
winding
Field

Y N
Y
COM

F+

B Y1
B B1

N v c
Single phase
M L
variac
+
Field
Rectifier
-
230V, 50Hz,
A.C.supply

32
Name plate details
Alternator
Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current:
Speed:
KVA:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram. Use thin wires for voltmeter connection and
thick wires for other connections.
2. Keep 3 Phase variac & single –Phase Variac in zero volt position, keep supply switch S1 &
field switch S2 in open position.
3. Close supply switch S1 &press the green button & vary 3-Phase variac slowly.Now motor
starts & continue to vary the 3-phase variac till less than the rated speed (say 1400
RPM).Close S2.Note down the meters reading.Vary field variac slowly for different steps of
armaturecurrent & note down the readings.Observe that as the field current If increases
armature current Ia decreases up to minimum value & then increases.
4. To switch off the motor: Bring back field variac to zero-Volt position, open S2, bring back
3-Phase variac to zero-Volt position, press the red button and switch off S1
5. Plot the graphs of V-curve (If/Ia) & inverted V-curve (cosΦ/If)
Observation & calculation:
Tabular Column:
S.N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ia-Amps
If –Amps
W-Watts
VL-Volts
𝐶𝑜𝑠∅
𝑊
=
√3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑎

33
Result:

Inference:

Viva-Voce questions:
1. What are V and inverted V-curves?
2. State the advantage of V and inverted V-curves
3. At UPF the armature current is minimum or maximum?
4. Before UPF whether armature current is leading or lagging?
5. After UPF whether armature current is leading or lagging?
6. What is synchronous condenser and state its advantage?

Experiment - 8
SLIP TEST ON SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

34
Aim:To Conduct slip test on salient-pole alternator to determine direct axis reactanceXd&
quadrature axis reactance Xq
Apparatus required:
Name plate details
S.N. Apparatus Type Quantity.
Rating/Range
1 DC Shunt motor Alternator test rig 01
3 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 01
4 Voltmeter MI (0- 75)V
01
Wire Few thin wires for
voltmeter and field
5 winding connections and
few thin wires for other
connections.

Theory:

When low voltage V is applied to the stator winding, a current I flows through it
whichproduces stator MMF. This stator MMF moves slowly relative to the poles and induces an
EMF in thecircuit at slip frequency.
When the axis of the poles and axis of the armature reaction MMF wave coincide, the
armatureMMF acts through the field magnetic circuit. The voltage applied to the armature is
then equal to dropcaused by the direct component of armature reaction reactance and leakage
reactance.
When the armature reaction MMF is in quadrature with the field poles, the applied
voltage is equal to the leakage reactance drop plus the equivalent voltage drop of the
corresponding field component. Accordingly, the value Xdand Xqis determined from the
oscillograph record as mentioned below:
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑋𝑑 =
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑋𝑞 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

35
 Figure: Oscillograph waveforms for determining Xd and Xq
Circuit Diagram:

I
A

0-75V
0-5A
Variable D.C F R1

415V,50Hz A.C supply

source V
+ R R
Motor field

+ A+ V

3 phase variac
Armature
180V

N Y Y
VDC
0-

Rectifier
+
- M
Field B B
Rectifier - F- A- Y1
B1

F+
F-
Alternator Field winding
3ɸ 415V 50Hz AC supply

kept open
N

B
3 pole MCB

Name plate details

DC Shunt Motor Alternator
Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed:
KW: KVA:

36
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram. Use thin wires for voltmeter, field winding
connections and thick wires for other connections
2. Note down the name plate details of MG-set. Set variable DC source variac & 3 phase variac
in zero-Volt position.
3. Switch on the MCB & press the green button at the supply. Now switch on the DC source,
press the green button & vary armature variac slowly, MG–set starts & continue till the speed
nearer to the rated speed (say 1485 RPM) of the motor.
4. Now apply 15% of rated voltage (36 to 75V) of alternator by 3 phase variac. Now the meters
start oscillating. Note down minimum & maximum readings of ammeter & voltmeters.
5. To switch off the MG set: Bring back 3 phase variac to zero-Volt position, DC source variac to
zero-Volt position, press the red button of DC source, press the red button at the supply &
switch off the main supply.
Observation and calculation:
Tabular column
S.N. VMax-Volts VMin-Volts IMax IMin 𝑿𝒅 = 𝑿𝒒 =
Ampere Ampere 𝑽𝑴𝒂𝒙 /√𝟑 𝑽𝑴𝒊𝒏 /√𝟑
Ω Ω
𝑰𝑴𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝑴𝒂𝒙

1
2

𝑽𝑴𝒂𝒙 /√𝟑
𝑿𝒅 = Ω
𝑰𝑴𝒊𝒏

𝑽𝑴𝒊𝒏 /√𝟑
𝑿𝒒 = Ω
𝑰𝑴𝒂𝒙

Result:
Inference:
Viva-Voce questions:
1. What is direct axis and quadrature axis of salient pole alternator?
2. In the salient pole alternator, whether Xd>Xq or Xd<Xq? Justify your answer.

37
 Experiment -9
Swinburne’s test on DC motor
Aim: Conduct no-load test on self-excited dc motor to determine constant losses. Hence
predetermine the efficiency of the machine as a motor &as a generator.
Apparatus required:
S.N. Apparatus Type Name plate details / Range Qty.
1 DC Motor- 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1

3 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1

4 Ammeter MC (0-5)A 1
Few thin wires for voltmeter and field winding
5 Wires connections and few thick wires for other
connections.
Theory:
It is a no-load test on a DC motor to determine constant losses (Shunt field copper
loss, iron loss and friction and windage losses). Motor is run on no-load at rated speed.

Swinburn s test
ILo
Single Phase +
A1 -
Dimmer +
+
Ammeter D.C
0-5A
230V,50Hz

ISh
A2
1Φ AC Iao 0-2A -
supply + F1
P
Motor field
A1
0-300V

V V
Vm

N
DPST Armature
- M
+
0-180V

F2
VDC

A2
Rectifier
150 , 2A
Rheostat

38
Name plate details
DC Shunt Motor
Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current:
Speed:
KW:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram. Use thin wires for voltmeter connections and
thick wires for other connections.
2. Note down the name plate details of DC motor, keep supply switch S1 open, supply variac in
zero-Volt position.
3. Switch on S1, press the green button, and vary supply variac gradually till the rated voltage
of the motor. The speed is observed in the digital tachometer on the panel board.
4. Field rheostat is adjusted till rated speed is obtained. Note down speed, meters reading and
tabulate the results.
5. To switch off the Motor: Bring back variac to zero volt position, press red button, and open
S1
6. Measure armature resistance using multimeter
Observation:
N(RPM) V(Volts) IL0(Amps) Ish (Amps)

Calculations:
Constant loss=𝑃𝑐 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
Constant loss=𝑃𝑐 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝑉𝐼𝐿0 − (𝐼𝐿0 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎

Predetermination of efficiency of machine as a motor and as a generator:

As a motor:
For the given line current IL
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡−[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠+𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠]
Efficiency=𝜂𝑚 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

39
 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑉𝐼𝐿 −[𝑃𝑐 +(𝐼𝐿 −𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎 ]
Efficiency=𝜂𝑚 = = ∗ 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑉𝐼𝐿

As a generator:
For the given load current IL
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑔 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑉𝐼𝐿
𝜂𝑔 = = ∗ 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑉𝐼𝐿 + [𝑃𝑐 + (𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎 ]

Result:
Inference
Viva-Voce questions:
1. What are constant losses of a DC shunt machine?

40
 Experiment-10
Field test on DC series motor
Aim: Conduct load test on dc series motor to determine rotational (stray) losses of each
machine and hence determine efficiency of the machine as a (1) Motor & (2) generator.
Apparatus required;
Type
S.N. Apparatus Name plate details Rating/Range Quantity

1 Dc series motor –DC series generator –set 1

2 Ammeter MC (0-15)A 2
3 voltmeter MC (0-300 V) 3
4 Voltmeter MC (0-30 V) 2
Few thin wires for voltmeter and field winding
Connecting
5 connections and few thick wires for other
wires
connections.

Theory:
To determine stray losses and efficiency of large DC series machines usually field test is
employed. To perform this test, two identical DC series machines are coupled mechanically and
their fields are connected in series so that the iron losses of both the machines are made equal.
One of the machines-I to which supply is given, operates as a motor and drives the other machine-
II. The other machine operates as a separately excited generator. A variable load RLis connected
directly across its terminals without any switch.
Performance:

The machine-I (motor) is switched-on to the supply in a usual manner and the output of
the other machine-II, working as a generator, is dissipated in the variable load resistor RL.

41
 Field test on DC series Motor
Ammeter D.C Ammeter D.C

Single Phase
0-15A Motor field 0-15A
S+ S-

Dimmer
A - A
+ Rscm
230V,50Hz A1
+ -
A2

Voltmeter D.C
1Φ AC A1

Voltmeter D.C
A1 L

V2
+

Voltmeter D.C

0-300V
supply + + + A

0-300V
Armature

0-300V
P V M G + + M

180V
VDC
V V

0-

V1
N Rectifier P
DPST - - - A2 L
-V3 - O
S+ A2 DPST
A
Rseg - D
Generator
field S-

Name plate details

DC Series Motor 1 DC Series Motor 2
Armature Field Armature Field
Voltage : Voltage : Voltage : Voltage :
Current: Current: Current: Current:
Speed: Speed:
KW: KW:
Procedure:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram. Keep all lamp switch in ON position,variac
at zero-Volt position, supply switch in off position and generator load switch in ON
position.
2. Switch on the supply and vary variac. MG-set starts. Continue to vary variac till voltmeter
V1 reads rated voltage of motor. Maintain rated speed by switching off few bulbs, note
down meter readings and speed.
3. Decrease the generator load current (I2) in steps by switching off bulbs and maintaining
speed with rated value by varying variac on the panel board.Note down the load current
of generator.
4. To switch of the MG-set:Switch ON all the bulbs, bring back variac to zero-Volt position
and switch off power Supply.
5. Measure armature resistance and series field resistance of each machine using
multimeter

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Observation:

Ram-Ohms Rsem-Ohms Rag-Ohms Rseg-Ohms

Tabular Column
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2
Volts Volts Volts Amperes Amperes

Calculations:
To determine stray losses of both the machines:
Stray loss of both the machines=
𝑃𝑠 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑠 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = (𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡) − 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
− 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑠 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = (𝑉1 𝐼1 − 𝑉3 𝐼2 ) − 𝐼12 (𝑅𝑠𝑒,𝑚 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒,𝑔 ) − 𝐼12 𝑅𝑎𝑚 − 𝐼22 𝑅𝑎𝑔

𝑷𝒔
Stray loss of each machine= 𝟐

Predetermination of efficiency of the machines as a motor and as a generator:

1. As a motor:
For the given line current Im
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝜼𝒎 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
=
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃
𝑉2 𝐼1 −𝐼12 (𝑅𝑎𝑚 +𝑅𝑠𝑒,𝑚 )− 𝑠
2
𝜼𝒎 = *100
𝑉2 𝐼1

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2. As a generator:
For the given load current IL
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝜼𝒎 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
=
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑉3 𝐼2
𝜼𝒎 = 𝑃𝑠 ∗ 100
𝑉3 𝐼2 + 𝐼22 (𝑅𝑎𝑔 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒,𝑔 ) +
2

Result:
Inference:
1. What is the requirement for conducting Field test?
2. State the reason for conducting Field test
3. State the precaution to be taken for the conduction of Field test
4. What are the components of stray losses?
*****

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