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Scale Up Properties

The document outlines the process of upscaling properties in a reservoir using Petrel, emphasizing the importance of preserving reservoir characteristics and selecting appropriate averaging methods. It provides a step-by-step guide for scaling up properties such as Net/Gross, porosity, and permeability, along with instructions for quality control through volume calculations. Various averaging methods, including arithmetic and harmonic averages, are discussed, along with exercises to compare results and ensure accuracy in upscaling.

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mann_974
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5 views

Scale Up Properties

The document outlines the process of upscaling properties in a reservoir using Petrel, emphasizing the importance of preserving reservoir characteristics and selecting appropriate averaging methods. It provides a step-by-step guide for scaling up properties such as Net/Gross, porosity, and permeability, along with instructions for quality control through volume calculations. Various averaging methods, including arithmetic and harmonic averages, are discussed, along with exercises to compare results and ensure accuracy in upscaling.

Uploaded by

mann_974
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEORY: Scale up properties

Upscaling is no exact science. However, good knowledge


about your reservoir together with experience and good skills
in Petrel will give you a good result. In this course we will
focus on the general aspects and the methods and settings to
use in Petrel.

The key aspect is to preserve the characteristics of the


reservoir. The first two things we have already covered: a
simulation grid (layering) and zone mapping.

The next step will be to scale up the properties from the fine
cells into the larger cells. There are several averaging
methods for this. Each of these will give you a slightly
different result. Some will honor the lower values more and
some will honor all the same. Tensor upscaling will create
permeability in the upscaled grid so that the flow will be the
same inside the volume of each upscaled cell. However, there
are a lot of settings (open or closed boundary, skin cells or
not) and this will of course be reflected in your result. Based
on your knowledge about the reservoir you should choose one
of these methods.

The average methods are arithmetic, harmonic, geometric,


RMS, minimum and maximum. Arithmetic is normally ok to
use for properties as porosity, saturation and Net/Gross.
Remember to use property weighting if upscaling E.g.
saturation. The saturation must be weighted with porosity and
N/G in order to give a correct result. See the help button in
the dialog box for more information about this.

Exercises - Scale up properties in 3D grid

Exercise steps: Scale up properties


1. Activate the Scale up properties process with the grid you have been
building in the pevious exercises.
2. Scale up the NetGross property using Upscale by matching geometry and
Simplified accuracy. Use the Arithmetic Average Method. Toggle on Use
volume weighting
3. Scale up the porosity (Porosity property) using Upscale by matching
geometry and simplified accuracy. Be sure to toggle on the NetGross
property in the Weighting list (review the tooltips button just above
Cancel). Use Arithmetic average method and press Apply.
4. Upscale the permeability using geometric mean average method.

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5. Click OK

In the next steps we’ll make some more


upscaled property models from the same
input, but using different methods and input.
After this we will make some X-plots to
compare and to do quality control.

6. Upscale the permeability (Perm MA Porosity) using “arithmetic” and


“harmonic”. Name the upscaled properties with the method you used. E.g.
“Permeability (arithmetic)”.
7. Also try the Tensor upscaling to upscale permeability. Try different
settings to investigate the difference in the results. Tensor upscaling can
be time consuming (hardware dependent) so just do a couple of runs (or
as many as you have time for).
8. Save the project.
9. Open a Function window.
10.Click on Permeability (arithmetic) and then Permeability (harmonic).
Harmonic average will usually honour the lower values more than
arithmetic. Try to find this trend in your plot.
11.Also check the histogram for each of the upscaled properties and compare
them with the original in the fine grid. A histogram for the property can be
found in the Settings menu under the Histogram tab. Double click on the
property in order to open the Settings menu. Set the Increment (Inc) and
min and max values to your liking. Remember to click the Refresh button
to update the display with your new settings. Do this for all the
permeabilities you created.

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12.Open a new Histogram window from the top menu. Display all
permeabilities in one plot. Be sure to toggle on the %-button and set log
scale, min and max value by clicking the “Show viewport Settings” on the
right hand side. For the original (from the Fine grid), you may choose to
display 3D property, upscaled cells or raw data (assuming that the data
was created from well logs) by clicking on the respective buttons on the
right hand side of the window.

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13.Also try making a Cdf-curve (a Cumulative distribution function - curve)
and a line between the histogram bars. This can be toggled on by clicking
on the buttons on the right hand side of the window.
14.You may also visually compare the upscaled property at a well by plotting
the input log, fine scale property and several variations of Upscaling the
property as in the example below.
15.Open a new Well Section window from the top menu.
16.Select a well from the Input tree along with a log and the Well Tops. From
the Models window, open each 3D model, expand the properties node and
select a property for display. You may need to zoom the display and scroll
up or down to see the property.
17.Save the project

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Exercise steps: Quality Control (optional)
One way of verifying that the upscaling is
correct is to check the volumes. This can be
done using the volume calculation in Petrel.
The entire field should match, but you should
also check zone-by-zone, segment-by-
segment. More information on Volumetric
calculation is provided in the Volume
Calculation exercise.

1. Run Volume calculation for the fine grid that you upscaled the properties
from.
2. Toggle on net volume and pore volume for output in the report.
3. Toggle off the contacts.
4. Select the porosity and N/G in the Gen. Props (do not use the constants).
5. Do the same for the upscaled grid. Make sure to use the same settings for
both grids.

If you have used different settings when


upscaling e.g. porosity, you can do the
volumetrics for the different upscaled porosity
models and find the one matching best.
It’s also possible to use polygons as boundary
in order to investigate special areas of interest.

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