Academic Year 2023/2024 Name: ____________

Second Semester Grade: 9 ( )

Worksheet \ Chapter 10
Date:April 17, 2024 Teacher: Afrah Hijaz
Thermal properties of matter

1 What happens at the time when a solid melts? [1]

Choose one answer.

A Energy is supplied and the temperature increases.

B No energy is supplied and the temperature increases.

C Energy is supplied and there is no change in temperature.

D No energy is supplied and there is no change in temperature.

2 A learner compares the expansion of a solid, a liquid and a gas at constant pressure.
Each substance is heated to give the same temperature increase. All other variables remain constant.
Which of these describes the results? [1]
Choose one answer.

A The solid expands the most and the liquid expands the least.

B The liquid expands the most and the gas expands the least.

C The gas expands the most and the solid expands the least.

D All three substances expand by the same amount.

3 a When heated to give the same temperature increase, copper expands more than steel.
The figure shows a bimetallic strip. The strip consists of a layer of copper attached to a layer of steel. The
two metals cannot move past each other.

The end of the strip labelled A is fixed. The end of the strip labelled B is free to move.
Draw an arrow on the figure to show the direction that end B will move when the strip is heated. [1]

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 b The bimetallic strip is an example of where thermal expansion is useful. Give one
other example of where thermal expansion is useful and one example of where
thermal expansion is not useful. [2]

Useful _________________________________________________________________________

Not useful ______________________________________________________________________

[Total: 3]
4 a State the

i boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure _______________ [1]

ii freezing point of water at atmospheric pressure _______________ [1]

b List two differences between evaporation and boiling. [2]

1 _____________________________________________________________________________

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2 _____________________________________________________________________________

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c On the axes provided, sketch a graph to show the temperature changes that happen when energy is
supplied so that:
 ice at –20 °C is heated until it melts
 the melted ice is heated until it boils
 the water vapour is heated.
 Draw only one continuous line. [2]

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 [Total: 6]
5 Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 J/kg/°C.
a Explain what this statement means. [2]

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b Calculate the temperature change produced when 0.35 kg of water is heated using 9600 J. [3]

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[Total: 5]
6 Information is given for some substances.
 Specific heat capacity of water 4200 J/kg/°C
 To completely evaporate 1 kg of water requires 2 260 000 J of thermal energy
 Specific heat capacity of concrete 1000 J/kg/°C
An outdoor swimming pool contains 20 000 kg of water. The swimming pool is surrounded by a concrete
path. The water in the swimming pool is heated only by the Sun.
Use the information to answer these questions.
a Explain why the concrete path is at a higher temperature than the water in the swimming pool
on a sunny day. [2]

_______________________________________________________________________________

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b Explain why the water in the swimming pool will not all evaporate on a sunny day. [2]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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[Total: 4]
[Total: 20 marks]

END OF TEST
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In this worksheet you will think about changes caused by heating and cooling.
1 When a solid block of copper is heated, the block starts to expand.
a Explain why a solid expands when heated.
Use the words particles and energy in your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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b A thermometer contains liquid alcohol inside a sealed glass tube. When the thermometer is heated,
the alcohol moves up the tube. Explain why this happens.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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c A learner investigates the thermal expansion of a solid, a liquid and a gas at constant pressure.
The substances all have the same volume and all have the same temperature at the start.
Explain which substance shows the largest expansion when heated.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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2 The graph shows how the temperature of a solid varies with the thermal energy supplied to the solid.

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 a Describe the trend shown in the graph.

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b Draw a line on the graph to show the expected results for a solid with a higher specific heat capacity
starting at the same temperature.
The solid has a specific heat capacity of 460 J/kg/°C.
Calculate the quantity of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 0.10 kg this
solid by 15 °C.

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________ J
c Explain how you can tell from this graph that the solid does not melt when this quantity of thermal
energy is supplied.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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3 Propanone is a liquid with a boiling point of 56 °C.
a State the meaning of the term boiling point.

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 _______________________________________________________________________________

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b Explain why propanone can evaporate at 22 °C.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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c 1 kg of water requires more energy to completely evaporate than 1 kg of propanone. Explain what
this suggests about the forces between the molecules in each liquid.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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4 A learner measures the temperature of the skin on their hand. The temperature of the skin is 29 °C.
The learner puts water, which is also at 29 °C, on their hand.
a Explain why the water feels cold.

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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b The learner puts their hand in front of a fan. Air from the fan blows across their hand. The moving air
is at the same temperature as the air in the room.
Explain why the water on their hand now feels even colder than before.

_______________________________________________________________________________

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c The learner does the same investigation with the water in a room where the air is saturated with water
vapour. That means water cannot evaporate.
Describe how the learner’s observations would be different in air that is saturated with
water vapour.

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
d The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2270 J/g.
The specific latent heat of vaporisation of ethanol is 846 J/g.
The learner pours 10 g of both liquids into separate plastic trays. This is done in the room where the air is
not saturated with water vapour.
Explain which liquid completely evaporates first.

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Question Answer Marks

1 C [1] 1

2 C [1] 1

3a Arrow pointing down [1] 1

Useful: in thermometers / in riveting / fitting steel tyres / hot air balloons /

other correct example [1]
3b 2
Not useful: any example where a structure or mechanism could fail or be damaged by thermal expansion or
contraction [1]

4ai 100 (°C) [1] 1

4aii 0 (°C) [1] 1

Any two from:

 evaporation only occurs at the surface but boiling occurs throughout the liquid [1]
4b  evaporation can occur at any temperature but boiling only occurs at one temperature [1] 2
 in evaporation, only some particles have sufficient energy to turn to gas, but in boiling they all have
sufficient energy to turn to gas. [1]

Line sloping up from –20 °C to 0 °C and again from 0 °C to 100 °C and again above 100 °C [1]; line horizontal
at 0 °C [1]; line horizontal at 100 °C [1]
4c 3
(If two horizontal sections are present but either or both at the wrong temperatures then
maximum 2 marks.)

5a 4200 J are needed to raise the temperature [1]; of 1 kg of water by 1 °C [1] 2

ΔE
ΔE = mcΔ or Δ = [1]
mc
5b 9600 2
Δ = [1]
0.35  4200
= 6.5 (°C) [1]

Concrete has a lower specific heat capacity than water [1]; so will give a larger temperature increase than
6a water when the same thermal energy is absorbed. [1]
2

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Question Answer Marks

Any two from: a very large quantity of energy is needed to evaporate the water / much more energy needed
to evaporate the water than heat the water [1]; 2 260 000 x 20 000 = 4.5 x 1010 [1]; this quantity of energy
6b will not be available [1] 2

Question Answer

1a The particles gain energy; the particles vibrate more vigorously; the vibration occupies more space (not the particles
expanding)

1b The liquid expands (when heated); the liquid takes up more space in the tube

1c The gas; because the particles are fast moving / are far apart; the particles have no forces / very weak forces holding
them together; whereas in the solid and the liquid the particles must remain in contact; in the solid and the liquid there
are (stronger) forces holding the particles together.

2a As thermal energy supplied increases, the temperature increases.

2b Line starting from the same point on the vertical axis; slopes up with smaller gradient; is below the original graph at all
points.

2c ΔE = mcΔ

= 0.10 × 460 × 15

= 690 (J)

2d Temperature keeps rising on the graph / line does not become horizontal; at melting, there is no increase in
temperature when more thermal energy is supplied.

3a The temperature at which the liquid boils / turns into a gas.

3b Particles (in the liquid) have a range of energies; some particles have enough energy to escape the liquid.

3c The forces between the molecules in water are greater; it takes more energy to separate the water molecules (accept
reverse argument for propanone).

4a Evaporation; causes cooling as the most energetic / fastest moving particles can escape; lowering the average energy
of particles left behind.

4b Air movement / wind increases the rate of evaporation; more thermal energy is removed / thermal energy is removed
faster

4c The water does not feel cold; the water is at the same temperature as the skin; the water cannot cause cooling by
evaporation.

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4d The ethanol will completely evaporate first; the thermal energy supplied to both liquids will be the same; the ethanol
requires less energy per gram to change from liquid to gas.

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