American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences

ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402

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Transient Stability Analysis of Nigeria 330kv Power

System Network Using Numerical Method: A Case Study
of Calabar, Alaoji and Afam 330kv Network

Odu Patrick Oa*, Ojobe Obasi-Sam Ob, Lehiowo Obojor-Ogarc,Onwe Peter Dd

a,b,c,d
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
a
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Instability constitutes part of the major challenges in the power system industry as a result of the increase in the
complexity of power system networks. Electric energy demand keeps increasing while the expansion of
electrical power generation and transmission is faced with severe challenges due to some factors which range
from loss of synchronization as a result of some contingencies on the network. This study analyzes the transient
stability of the Nigeria 330KV sub-network (Odukpani, Alaoji and Afam) with its analysis performed using
MATLAB software to simulate a 3 - phase fault on the network to determine the fault clearing time of the
system. The results obtained show that the relative swing between the generator rotor angles is less when the
fault clearing time is less with fault clearing time at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 seconds respectively. By these, there is
a tendency for the system will regain stability due to the swing within the stability limit of 0.1sec to 0.4sec with
a critical clearing time of 0.45sec. For an unstable condition, the fault clearing time increases at 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and
0.9 seconds respectively with the rotor angle of the generator increasing out of limit or out of step. Hence, for a
system to be stable the fault that occurs should be cleared within a minimum of 0.1sec to 0.4sec which implies
the lesser the fault clearing time the greater tendency for stable condition and vice versa.

Keywords: Transient Stability; Nigeria 330 KV Network; Matlab Software; Numerical Analysis.

1. Introduction

The load on a typical power system is variable due to the uncertain demand for electricity at the consumer's end.
Considering as complex as the power system network, it consists of large numbers of generators, transformers,
transmission lines and different types of loads. The increasing demand for electrical power has set the
transmission line to excessive stress even to the point of overloading thereby the problem of transient stability
after a major fault can become a transmission limiting factor.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Received: 6/26/2023
Accepted: 7/30/2023
Published: 8/11/2023
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Corresponding author.

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Transient stability means the ability of a power system to experience a sudden change or disturbance in
generation, load, or system characteristics without a prolonged loss of synchronism [1]. Also, Transient stability
could be described as the capability of a system to maintain synchronism when it is subjected to a large
disturbance within a short duration. This unexpected disturbance affects the system's performance which could
results to large variations in the generator's rotor angles, real and reactive power flows, bus voltages and other
system parameters [2]. An accurate and fast transient stability assessment method is important to the security
operation of electric power system [3]. The system must be designed and operated so that the more probable
disturbance can be sustained with little or no loss of load and so the most adverse possible disturbance does not
cause severe power interruptions [4]. Power system stability requires some studies which consider the system
condition before contingencies, these studies examine the power system equations which comprise variables that
influence stability, generator, protective device control as well as the time solution to the system functioning
equations. This analysis poses to solve instability constrain thereby finding ways to help in power system
stability assessment for multi-machine power systems during the planning and operation phases. It further
provides design characteristics for protective equipment and a device such as protective relays and circuit
breakers which protect the synchronous generators and transmission lines as well as the system when subjected
to disturbance.

2.Literature review on power system stability

The techniques of power system stability analysis problems were affected by the development of computational
tools, stability theories, and advent of new control technologies of the system. It is vital to review these theories
and their developments relate to the proposed method in this research. In [5] a method was proposed for steady-
state stability evaluation of synchronous machines. The method was based on the swing equation, which is a
second-order differential equation whose variables are the internal phase angle and the rotational slip. The
authors derived two criteria steady-state stability through the evaluation of the value of a linearized version of
the swing equation, one for step-out instability and the other for hunting. The authors of [6] applied the method
of steady state analysis to two types of synchronous machines, the ordinary synchronous machine and the two-
way fed synchronous machine and discussed its capabilities. This technique was developed by considering the
damping torque. It was concluded that the method presented is very practical and should be useful as a unified
method for the stability determination of synchronous machines.

An article to review the theory of transient energy and stability as contained in [7, 8] discusses the theory based
on the basic concepts which include the swing equation, stable and unstable equilibrium points, and equal
criterion. Traditionally, the power system examines the subject of transient stability via the equal area criterion
and step-by-step integration method. The purpose of this article was to give a concise idea of the equal area
criterion and to introduce a transient energy method for the one machine infinite bus case. In an article cited in
[9], the method to access accurate and effective transient stability were been developed and has been applied to
the assessment of a three-phase to ground fault with multiple generators. By using this function, the average
energy losses can be easily calculated and the effect of control and protection systems on transient stability can
be easily and quantitatively assessed. A procedure for swing transient stability assessment was developed in [10,
11] using the energy function of individual machines and groups of machines. The energy function is depended

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on the different state variables of the typical power system which proves the hypotheses of the invariance
theorem of La Salle enabling the findings of the asymptotic behaviour of the post-disturbance equilibrium of
the entire power system.

Researchers in [12, 13] adopted a method which presented a new simulation technique to evaluate the transient
stability of the power system including three-phase unbalanced impedances. The phase coordinate technique
was adopted, as it is easy to analyze the power system that contains elements of unbalanced three-phase
impedances by the phase coordinate technique.

2.1. Overview of the Nigeria 330KV Power Sub-Network Under Study

The Nigerian power network consists of electrical equipment and generating stations mostly sited in remote
locations near the raw fuel sources which are usually connected to the load centers by long transmission lines.
Due to the privatization of the power sector Generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Nigeria
are the statutory functions of the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) later Power Holding Company of
Nigeria (PHCN) is now divided into sectors which are controlled by generation, transmission and eleven (11)
distribution companies [14].

The Nigeria power network installed capacity of existing power stations is12,522 MW and the maximum load
ever recorded was 9,895MW with some of the generating stations partially operational or none operational due
to limited available resources to carry out the needed maintenance and failure on the part of the of distribution
companies to evacuate load. The transmission lines are radial and are overloaded, the switchgear is no longer in
use while no maintenance has been done on the power transformers with the present estimated installed
generating capacity of about12,522 MW and the maximum estimated generation of 4000MW for a population of
about 160 million. Furthermore, the network consists of twenty-four (24) power generating stations comprising
twenty (20) thermal which constitutes 10,592MW and (4) hydropower stations with 1,930MW which is a total
installed generating capacity of 12,522MW (Nigeria Power Baseline Report, 2015). The thermal stations are
mainly in the south-south, south-east and south-west parts of the country while hydroelectric power stations are
in the country’s middle belt. The transmission network consists of 2,194km of 330KV lines, 809km of 132KV
lines, 330/132KV capacity of 5,590 MVA with twenty (20) sub-stations and twelve (12) extensions and
132/33KV capacity of 3,313 MVA, nine (9) substations and twenty-two (22) extensions [15].

3.Materials and methodology materials

The study approaches the Collection of Information and data from the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN)
for an accurate representation of the network for analysis based on the network under study. The study makes
use of MATLAB Software for the performance of the analysis. The single-line diagram of the network under
study is been extracted from the existing Nigerian 330KV network as shown in Figure 1.

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Generator
Bus
Line

Figure 1: Line diagram of Nigeria 330KV sub-network of Calabar, Aloaji and Afam.

Table 1: Calabar, Alaoji and Afam 330KV network.

GENERATOR BUS LINE

3 6 4

3.1. Methodology

A mathematical modelling for the implementation of load flow analysis was done using the Newton Raphson
method based on the single-line diagram of the network under study. The system network equation and machine
differential equation were solved interactively using the numerical integration method to find out the system
machine response in the time domain.

A three-phase fault was created on different lines and busbar, the rotor angle, clearing time and critical clearing
time will be displayed and analyzed.

3.2. Multi-Machine Stability Modeling in Power System Using Numerical Method

Multi-machine equations can be written similar to the one-machine system connected to the infinite bus. To
reduce the complexity of the transient stability analysis [16].

Firstly, the initial load flow was solved, then the initial bus voltage magnitudes and phase angles was
determined. Before disturbance the machine currents were calculated from;

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(1)

Where;

m = is the number of generators.

is the terminal voltage of the ith generator.

and are the generator's real and reactive powers.

The voltages behind the transient reactance’s are obtained.

(2)

Next, all load is converted to equivalent admittances by using the relation

| | | |
(3)

The node voltage equation with node 0 as reference for this network is,

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (4)
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
[ ] [ [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )]

(5)

Where;

is the vector of the injected bus current.

is the vector of bus voltages measured from the reference Node

Where the vector is the generator currents and the vector and are the generator and load voltages,
respectively. Then, equation (4), in terms of sub-matrices, becomes;

[ ] [ ][ ] (6)

Eliminating voltage vector we have;

(7)

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(8)

From equation 3.7,

(9)

Substituting into equation 8 we have,

[ ] (10)

The reduced admittance matrix is;

(11)

The output power of each machine can be expressed as;

( ) (12)

Where;

∑ (13)

Expressing voltage and admittance in polar form;

| | and | |

And substituting for in equation (12) we have;

∑ | ‖ ‖ | ( ) (14)

The above equation is the same as the power flow equation. Equilibrium is experienced between the input
mechanical power and output electrical power,

∑ | ‖ ‖ | ( ) (15)

An actual three-phase fault at bus k in the network results in . The electrical power of the generator
based on the new reduced bus admittance matrices is obtained from equation (14). The swing equation with
damping neglected, for machine becomes;

∑ | ‖ ‖ | ( ) (16)

Where;

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is the element of the faulted reduced bus admittance matrix

is the inertia constant of the machine expressed on the common MVA Base

If is the inertia constant of the machine expressed on the machine rated MVA , then is given as;

(17)

Showing the electrical power of the generator by and transforming equation (16) into state variable mode
yields

(18)

( ) (19)

The post-fault of the generator electrical power is ascertained from equation (14). Using the post-fault power,
the simulation is kept running until the plots results indicate a definite output as to stability or instability.
Usually, the slack generator is chosen as the reference machine to be plotted. If the angle differences do not
increase, the system is considered stable. And If any of the angle differences increases indefinitely, the system is
said to be unstable [16].

4.Results and discussions

Figure 2: Three phase fault on lines 1-4 fault clearing time is 0.1-sec system is stable.

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Figure 3: Three phase fault on lines 1-4 fault clearing time is 0.5-sec system is unstable.

Figure 4: Three phase fault on lines 1-5 fault clearing time is 0.2-sec system is stable.

Figure 5: Three phase fault on line 1-5 fault clearing time is 0.6-sec system is unstable.

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Figure 6: Three phase fault on lines 3-6 fault clearing time is 0.3-sec system is stable.

Figure 7: Three phase fault on lines 3-6 fault clearing time is 0.7-sec system is unstable.

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Figure 8: Three phase fault on line 6-5 fault clearing time is 0.4-sec system is stable.

Figure 9: Three phase fault on line 6-5 fault clearing time is 0.8-sec system is unstable.

Table 2: Summary of Analysis Result.

S/N Fault Removed Clearing Phase Angle Analysis

Bus Fault line Time (s) Difference Result
No. Characteristics
1 4 1-4 0.1s Fig 2 Stable
2 4 1-4 0.5s Fig 3 Unstable
3 5 1-5 0.2s Fig 4 Stable
4 5 1-5 0.6s Fig 5 Unstable
5 3 3-6 0.3s Fig 6 Stable
6 3 3-6 0.7s Fig 7 Unstable
7 6 6-5 0.4s Fig 8 Stable
8 5 6-5 0.8s Fig 9 Unstable

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5.Discussions

The swing curves shown in the figures above (from figure 2 to figure 9) show various stability conditions of the
Nigeria 330kv sub-network (which comprises Calabar, Alaoji and Afam) when a three-phrase fault occurs on
the interconnected lines and figure 4.9 shows the line diagram of the network. From the results, it is observed
that when fault occurs on the line connecting both Adiabor and Ikot Ekpene from Calabar at fault clearing time
of 0.1sec and 0.2sec respectively there is a phase angle stability limit to indicate the system is stable while an
increase in the fault clearing time to 0.5sec and 0.6 sec respectively result to an unstable condition. For the
interconnected lines linking Alaoji to Ikot Ekpene and Afam, the fault clearing time is 0.4sec and 0.3sec
respectively for a stable condition with 0.7sec and 0.8sec are fault clearing times for unstable conditions. It can
also be observed that when a three-phase fault occurs the generator at Alaoji is the most critically disturbed with
maximum phase angle difference and the line linking Ikot Ekpene from Calabar is the most critical as a result of
its length. From the overall result, it can be seen that for a stable condition, there is an increase in the phase
angle difference to a maximum limit thereby a decrease which results in a machine swing and fault being
cleared at different favourable fault clearing times. While for an unstable condition it can be observed that the
phase angle increases without limit or out of limit. Hence, the machine going out of step and fault is also cleared
at different unfavourable fault clearing times.

6.Conclusion

From the above results, we can ascertain if the system is stable or unstable for a particular fault clearing time
when subjected to a three-phase fault. A MATLAB simulation result shows a three-phase fault on a line during a
particular time in seconds and the line is removed. Observing the result, it can be seen from the phase angle
characteristic that the relative swing between the generator phase angles is less when the fault clearing time is
less and when the fault clearing time is at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 seconds respectively, there is a tendency the
machine will regain stability due the swing within stability limit. For an unstable condition, the fault clearing
time increases to 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 seconds respectively with the phase angle of the generator increasing out
of limit or out of step. Furthermore, for a system to be stable the fault clearing time should be within the
minimum time for system stability which implies the lesser the fault clearing time the greater tendency for stable
conditions and vice versa. Due to the stability constraint in the Nigeria 330KV sub-network of Calabar, Alaoji
and Afam, this research work study, therefore, recommend measures that will improve transient stability which
may include; the installation of flexible alternating current transmission system devices into the transmission
network, installation of fast-acting circuit breakers, installation of breaking resistors at generator buses, short
circuit current limiters, etc. to prevent total system collapse if there is a three-phase fault occurring on
transmission lines or buses.

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