Engineering Mechanics I

(MEM202)
Unit 4
 Types of beams and loads
• Beams are the type of structures which is used mainly to
carry transverse loads. Beams can resist the effect of shear
force and bending moments induced due to external
loading.
• Based on the degree of static determinacy, it can be
categorized as a statically determinate and a statically
indeterminate beam. Both types of beams are used in the
construction process depending on the type of structure
and loading criteria.
• Statically determinate beams are easy to analyze for the
support reactions because, in such beams, compatibility
conditions are not needed. Its disadvantage is that if any
support reaction gets zero, it will fail at once.
 Types of beams and loads
• Many beams are used in engineering are statically
determinate in nature. But in many cases, statically
indeterminate beams are preferred because of their
advantages like more stability, more rigidness etc.
• Simply supported beam: This is a statically determinate
beam supported by hinge support at one end and roller
support at the other end of the beam. This beam is mostly
used as a determinate beam.
• Cantilever beam: This is a determinate beam supported
by fixed support at one end and freely supported at the
other.
 Types of beams and loads
• In general, the beams are classified as:
1. Cantilever beam,
2. Simply supported beam,
3. Overhanging beam,
4. Rigidly fixed or built-in-beam and
5. Continuous beam.

• A beam may be subjected to either or in combination of

the following types of loads:
1. Concentrated or point load,
2. Uniformly distributed load and
3. Uniformly varying load.
 Shear force and bending moment
• The shear force (or S.F.) at the cross-section of a beam
may be defined as the unbalanced vertical force to the
right or left of the section.

• The bending moment (or B.M.) at the cross-section of a

beam may be defined as the algebraic sum of the
moments of the forces, to the right or left of the section.
 Shear force and bending moment diagrams
• The shear force and bending moment can be calculated
numerically at any particular section. But sometimes, we are
interested to know the manner, in which these values vary,
along the length of the beam. This can be done by plotting
the shear force or the bending moment as ordinate and the
position of the cross as abscissa. These diagrams are very
useful, as they give a clear picture of the distribution of
shear force and bending moment all along the beam.

• While drawing the shear force or bending moment

diagrams, all the positive values are plotted above the base
line and negative values below it.
 Cantilever with a Point Load at its Free End
• Consider a cantilever AB of length l and carrying a point load
W at its free end B as shown in Fig. 3a. We know that shear
force at any section X, at a distance x from the free end, is
equal to the total unbalanced vertical force. i.e.,
Fx = – W (-ve sign due to right downward)
and bending moment at this section,
Mx = – W. x (Minus sign due to hogging)
• Thus from the equation of shear force, it can be seen that
the shear force is constant and is equal to – W at all sections
between B and A. And from the bending moment equation,
it can be seen that the bending moment is zero at B (where x
= 0) and increases by a straight line law to – Wl; . at (where x
=l). Now draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams as shown in Fig. 3b and 3c respectively.
Cantilever with a Point Load at its Free End

Fig. 3 Cantilever with a point load

 Cantilever with a Point Load at its Free End
• Q. 3- Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for a
cantilever beam of span 1.5 m carrying point loads as shown
in Fig. 4a.

Fig. 4
 Cantilever with a Point Load at its Free End
• Sol.- Given : Span (l) = 1.5 m ; Point load at B (W1) = 1.5 kN
and point load at C (W2) = 2 kN.
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 4 (b) and the values
are

• Bending moment diagram

• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 4c and the
values are
Cantilever with a Point Load at its Free End

Fig. 4
 Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load
• Consider a cantilever AB of length l and carrying a uniformly
distributed load of w per unit length, over the entire length
of the cantilever as shown in Fig. 5a.
• The shear force at any section X, at a distance x from B,
Fx = – w . x (-ve sign due to right downwards)
• Thus it can be see that shear force is zero at B (where x = 0)
and increases by a straight line law to – wl at A as shown in
Fig. 5b.
• Now, the bending moment at X

• Thus the bending moment is zero at B (where x = 0) and

increases in the form of a parabolic curve to (- wl2)/2 at B
(where x = 1) as shown in Fig. 5c.
Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 5
 Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load
• Q. 4- A cantilever beam AB, 2 m long carries a uniformly
distributed load of 1.5 kN/m over a length of 1.6 m from the
free end. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams
for the beam.
• Sol.- Given: span (l) = 2 m ; Uniformly distributed load (w) =
1.5 kN/m and length of the cantilever CB carrying load (a) =
1.6 m.
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 6b and the values
are:
FB = 0
FC = – w . a = – 1.5 × 1.6 = – 2.4 kN
FA = – 2.4 kN
 Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 6c and the
values are:
Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 6
 Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load
• Q. 5- A cantilever beam of 1.5 m span is loaded as shown in
Fig. 7a. Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams.

Fig. 7
 Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load
• Sol.- Given : Span (l) = 1.5 m ; Point load at B (W) = 2 kN ;
Uniformly distributed load (w) = 1 kN/m and length of the
cantilever AC carrying the load (a) = 1 m.
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 7b and the values are:
FB = – W = – 2 kN
FC = – 2 kN
FA = – [2 + (1 × 1)] = – 3 kN
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 7c and the
values are:
Cantilever with a Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 7
 Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load
• Consider a cantilever AB of length l, carrying a gradually
varying load from zero at the free end to w per unit length at
the fixed end, as shown in Fig. 8a.
• The shear force at any section X, at a distance x from the
free end B,
(i) (-ve sign due to right downward)

• Thus, we see that the shear force is zero at the free end
(where x = 0) and increases in the form of a parabolic curve
[as given by equation (i) above] to = at A (where x =
l ) as shown in Fig. 8b.
 Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load
• We know that the bending moment at X,
(ii) (Minus sign due to hogging)
• Thus, we see that the bending moment is zero at the free end
(where x = 0) and increases in the form of a cubic parabolic
curve [as given by equation (ii) above] to at A (where x = l) as
shown in Fig. 8c.

Fig. 8
 Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load
• Q. 6- A cantilever beam 4 m long carries a gradually varying
load, zero at the free end to 3 kN/m at the fixed end. Draw
B.M. and S.F. diagrams for the beam.
• Sol.- Given : Span (l) = 4 m and gradually varying load at A
(w) = 3 kN/m The cantilever beam is shown in Fig. 9a.
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 9b and
FB = 0,

• Bending moment diagram

• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 9c and
MB = 0,
Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load

Fig. 9
 Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load
• Q. 7- A cantilever beam of 2 m span is subjected to a
gradually varying load from 2 kN/m to 5 kN/m as shown in
Fig. 10. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams
for the beam.

Fig. 10

• Sol- Given: Span (l) = 2 m ; Gradually varying load at A (wA) = 5

kN/m and gradually varying load at B (wB) = 2 kN/m.
• The load may be assumed to be split up into (i) a uniformly
distributed load (wl) of 2 kN/m over the entire span and (ii) a
gradually varying load (w1) from zero at B to 3 kN/m at A as
shown in Fig. 10a
 Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 10b and
FB = 0

• Bending moment diagram

• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 10c and
MB = 0
Cantilever with a Gradually Varying Load

Fig. 10
 Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load at its Mid-point

• Consider a simply supported beam AB of span l and carrying

a point load W at its mid-point C as shown in Fig. 11a. Since
the load is at the mid-point of the beam, therefore the
reaction at the support A, RA = RB = 0.5 W

Fig. 11
 Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load at its Mid-point
• Thus it can be seen that the shear force at any section between
A and C (i.e., up to the point just before the load W) is constant
and is equal to the unbalanced vertical force, i.e., +0.5 W.
Shear force at any section between C and B (i.e., just after the
load W) is also constant and is equal to the unbalanced vertical
force, i.e., – 0.5 W as shown in Fig. 11b.
• It is also noted that the bending moment at A and B is zero. It
increases by a straight line law and is maximum at centre of
beam, where shear force changes sign as shown in Fig. 11c.
• Therefore bending moment at C,
(plus sign due to sagging)
• Note- If the point load does not act at the mid-point of the
beam, then the two reactions are obtained and the diagrams
are drawn as usual.
 Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load at its Mid-point

• Q. 8- A simply supported beam AB of span 2.5 m is carrying

two point loads as shown in Fig. 12. Draw the shear force
and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 2.5 m, Point load at C (W1) = 2 kN and
point load at B (W2) = 4 kN.
• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments
about A and equating the same,
RB × 2.5 = (2 × 1) + (4 × 1.5) = 8
RB = 8/2.5 = 3.2 kN
and RA = (2 + 4) – 3.2 = 2.8 kN
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 12b and
 Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load at its Mid-point

FA = + RA = 2.8 kN
FC = + 2.8 – 2 = 0.8 kN
FD = 0.8 – 4 = – 3.2 kN
FB = – 3.2 kN
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 12c and
MA = 0
MC = 2.8 × 1 = 2.8 kN-m
MD = 3.2 × 1 = 3.2 kN-m
or from reaction RA
MD = (2.8 × 1.5) – (2 × 0.5) = 4.2 – 1.0 = 3.2 kN-m
MB = 0
Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load at its Mid-point

Fig. 12
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

• Consider a simply supported beam AB of length l and

carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length as
shown in Fig. 13a. Since the load is uniformly distributed
over the entire length of the beam, therefore the reactions
at the supports A,

• Shear force at any section X at a distance x from A,

Fx = RA – wx = 0.5 wl – wx
• It can be seen that the shear force at A is equal to RA = 0.5wl,
where x = 0 and decreases uniformly by a straight line law, to
zero at the mid-point of the beam, beyond which it
continues to decrease uniformly to – 0.5wl at B i.e., RB as
shown in Fig. 13b.
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

• Now, the bending moment at any section at a distance x

from A,

• It can be seen that the bending moment is zero at A and B

(where x = 0 and x = l) and increases in the form of a
parabolic curve at C, i.e., mid-point of the beam where shear
force changes sign as shown in Fig. 13c. Thus bending
moment at C,
Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 13
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

• Q. 9- A simply supported beam 6 m long is carrying a

uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over a length of 3 m
from the right end. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the
beam and also calculate the maximum B.M. on the section.
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 6 m ; Uniformly distributed load (w) =
5 kN/m and length of the beam CB carrying load (a) = 3 m

• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments about
A and equating the same,
RB × 6 = (5 × 3) × 4.5 = 67.5
RB = 67.5/6 = 11.25 kN
and RA = (5 × 3) – 11.25 = 3.75 kN
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 14b and
FA = + RA = + 3.75 kN
FC = + 3.75 kN
FB = + 3.75 – (5 × 3) = – 11.25 kN
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment is shown in Fig. 14c and
MA = 0
MC = 3.75 × 3 = 11.25 kN
MB = 0
• Now, we know that the maximum bending moment will occur
at M, where the shear force changes sign. Let x be the distance
between C and M. So, from the geometry of the figure
between C and B
Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 14
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

• Q. 10- A simply supported beam 5 m long is loaded with a

uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m over a length of 2 m
as shown in Fig. 15. Draw shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the beam indicating the value of maximum
bending moment.

Fig. 15
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
• Sol.- Given : Span (l) = 5 m, Uniformly distributed load (w) = 10
kN/m, length of the beam CD carrying load (a) = 2 m.
• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments about A
and equating the same,
RB × 5 = (10 × 2) × 2 = 40
RB = 40/5 = 8 kN
RA = (10 × 2) – 8 = 12 kN
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 15b and the values are
tabulated here
FA = + RA = + 12 kN
FC = + 12 kN
FD = + 12 – (10 × 2) = – 8 kN
FB = – 8 kN
Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 15
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 15c and the values
are tabulated here:
MA = 0
MC = 12 × 1 = 12 kN-m
MD = 8 × 2 = 16 kN-m
• The maximum bending moment will occur at M, where the shear
force changes sign.
• Let x be the distance between C and M. From the geometry of the
figure between C and D, we find that
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

• Q. 11- A simply supported beam AB, 6 m long is loaded as

shown in Fig. 16. Construct the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam and find the position and
value of maximum bending moment.

Fig. 16
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
• Sol.- Given : Span (l) = 6 m, Point load at E (W) = 5 kN, Uniformly
distributed load between A and C (w1) = 4 kN/m and uniformly
distributed load between D and B = 2 kN/m.
• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments about A
and equating the same,
RB × 6 = (4 × 1.5 × 0.75) + (2 × 3 × 4.5) + (5 × 4.5) = 54
RB = 54/6 = 9 kN
RA = (4 × 1.5) + (2 × 3) + 5 – 9 = 8 kN
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 16b and the values are
FA = + RA = + 8 kN
FC = 8 – (4 × 1.5) = 2 kN
FD = 2 kN
FE = 2 – (2 × 1.5) – 5 = – 6 kN
FB = – 6 – (2 × 1.5) = – 9 kN
 Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 16c and the values
are :
MA = 0
MC = (8 × 1.5) – (4 × 1.5 × 0.75) = 7.5 kN-m
MD = (8 × 3) – (4 × 1.5 × 2.25) = 10.5 kN-m
ME = (9 × 1.5) – (2 × 1.5 × 0.75) = 11.25 kN-m
MB = 0
• The maximum bending moment will occur at M, where the shear
force changes sign.
• Let x be the distance between E and M. From the geometry of
the figure between D and E, we find that
Simply Supported Beam with Uniformly Distributed Load

Fig. 16
 Simply Supported Beam with a Triangle Load, Varying Gradually
from Zero at Both Ends to w per unit length at the Centre
• Consider a simply supported beam AB of span l and carrying
a triangular load, varying gradually from zero at both the
ends to w per unit length, at the centre as shown in Fig. 17a.
Since the load is symmetrical, therefore the reactions RA and
RB will be equal.

• The shear force at any section X at a distance x from B

 Simply Supported Beam with a Triangle Load, Varying Gradually
from Zero at Both Ends to w per unit length at the Centre
• Thus it can be seen that shear force is equal to − (W/2) at B,
where x = 0 and increases in the form of a parabolic curve
[as given by equation (i)] to zero at C, i.e., mid-point of the
span, beyond which it continues to increase to +(W/2) at A
where x = l as shown in Fig. 17b.
• The bending moment at any section X at a distance x from B

• Thus it can be seen that the bending moment at A and B is

zero and increases in the form of a cubic curve [as given by
the equation (ii)] at C, i.e., mid-point of the beam, where
bending moment will be maximum because shear force
changes sign.
Simply Supported Beam with a Triangle Load, Varying Gradually
from Zero at Both Ends to w per unit length at the Centre
• So,

Fig. 17
 Simply Supported Beam with a Triangle Load, Varying Gradually
from Zero at Both Ends to w per unit length at the Centre
• Q. 12- A simply supported beam of 5 m span carries a
triangular load of 30 kN. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the
beam.
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 5 m and total triangular load (W) = 30 kN
• By symmetry, RA = RB = 30/2 = 15 kN
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 18b and the values
are:
FA = + RA = + 15 kN
FB = – RB = – 15 kN
Simply Supported Beam with a Triangle Load, Varying Gradually
from Zero at Both Ends to w per unit length at the Centre
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 18c. It is zero
at A and B and the maximum bending moment will occur at
the centre i.e., at M, where the shear force changes sign.
• We know that maximum bending moment,
Simply Supported Beam with a Triangle Load, Varying Gradually
from Zero at Both Ends to w per unit length at the Centre

Fig. 18
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End
• Consider a simply supported beam AB of length l and
carrying a gradually varying load zero at one end and w per
unit length at the other as shown in Fig. 19a. Since the load
is varying gradually from zero at one end to w per unit
length at the other, therefore both the reactions at A and B
will have to be first calculated. Taking moments about A,
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End
• We know that the shear force at any section X at a distance x
from B

• Thus it can seen that the shear force is equal to –(W/3) at B

(where x = 0) and increases in the form of a parabolic curve
[as is given by the equation (i) above] to zero at M, beyond
which it continues to increase to +[(2W)/3] at A (where x = l)
as shown in Fig. 19b. The bending moment at any section X
at a distance x from B,
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End
• Thus bending moment at A and B is zero and it increases in
the form of a cubic curve [as given by the equation (ii)
above] at M, where the shear force changes sign.
• To find out the position M, let us equate the equation (i) to
zero, i.e.,
Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End

Fig. 19
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End
• Q. 13- The intensity of loading on a simply supported beam
of 6 m span increases gradually from 800 N/m run at one
end to 2000 N/m run at the other as shown in Fig. 20. Find
the position and amount of maximum bending moment.
Also draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.

Fig. 20
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 6 m, Gradually varying load at A (wA) =
2000 N/m and gradually, varying load at B (wB) = 800 N/m.
• The weight may be assumed to be split up with
• (i) a uniformly distributed load of 800 N/m over the entire
span and
• (ii) a gradually varying load of zero at B to 1200 N/m at A.
• Total uniformly distributed load,
W1 = 800 × 6 = 4800 N
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 20b, and
FA = + RA = 4800 N
FB = – RB = – 3600 N
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 20c. It is zero
at A and B and the maximum bending moment will occur at
M, where the shear force changes sign.
• Maximum bending moment
• We know that maximum bending moment will occur at a
point (M), where shear force changes sign. Let x be the
distance between B and M. We also know that shear force at
a distance x from M,
 Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End

• Now to find the position of M (i.e., the point where shear

force changes sign), let us equate the above equation to
zero. i.e.,

• This is a quadratic equation. Therefore

Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End

and the bending moment at M

Simply Supported Beam with a Gradually Varying Load from
Zero at One End to w per unit length at the Other End

Fig. 20
 Overhanging beam
• Overhanging beam
• It is a simply supported beam which overhangs (i.e., extends
in the form of a cantilever) from its support.
• For the purposes of shear force and bending moment
diagrams, the overhanging beam is analyzed as a
combination of a simply supported beam and a cantilever.
An overhanging beam may overhang on one side only or on
both sides of the supports.
 Overhanging beam
• Point of Contraflexure
• An overhanging beam is analyzed as a combination of simply
supported beam and a cantilever. In the previous sections it
has been seen that the bending moment in a cantilever is
negative, whereas that in a simply supported beam is
positive. It is thus obvious that in an overhanging beam,
there will be a point, where the bending moment will
change sign from negative to positive or vice versa. Such a
point, where the bending moment changes sign, is known as
a point of contraflexure.
 Overhanging beam
• Q. 14- An overhanging beam ABC is loaded as shown in Fig.
21. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams and
find the point of contraflexure, if any.

Fig. 21
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 4 m ; Uniformly distributed load (w) =
4.5 kN/m and overhanging length (c) = 1 m.
• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moment about
A and equating the same,
RB × 3 = (4.5 × 4) × 2 = 36, RB = 36/3 = 12 kN
RA = (4.5 × 4) – 12 = 6 kN
 Overhanging beam
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 21b and
FA = + RA = + 6 kN
FB = + 6 – (4.5 × 3) + 12 = 4.5 kN
FC = + 4.5 – (4.5 × 1) = 0
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 21c and
MA = 0

MC = 0
 Overhanging beam
• The maximum bending moment will occur at M, where the
shear force changes sign.
• Let x be the distance between A and M. From the geometry of
the figure between A and B, we find that

• Point of contraflexure
• Let P be the point of contraflexure at a distance y from the
support A. We know that bending moment at P
Overhanging beam

Fig. 21
 Overhanging beam
• Q. 15- A beam ABCD, 4 m long is overhanging by 1 m and
carries load as shown in Fig. 22. Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam and locate the point
of contraflexure.

Fig. 22
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 4 m ; Uniformly distributed load over AB
(w) = 2 kN/m and point load at C (W) = 4 kN.
• First find out the reactions RB and RD. Taking moments about B
and equating the same,
 Overhanging beam
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 22b and
FA = 0
FB = 0 – (2 × 1) + 5 = + 3 kN
FC = + 3 – 4 = – 1 kN
FD = 1 kN
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 22c
MA = 0
MB = – (2 × 1) 0.5 = – 1 kN-m
MC = 1 × 2 = + 2 kN
MD = 0
 Overhanging beam
• The maximum bending moment occurs either at B or C, where
the shear force changes sign. From the geometry of the
bending moment diagram, we find that maximum negative
bending moment occurs at B and maximum positive bending
moment occurs at C.
• Point of contraflexure
• Let P be the point of contraflexure at a distance y from the
support B. From the geometry of the figure between B and C,
we find that
Overhanging beam

Fig. 22
 Overhanging beam
• Q. 16- Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the
beam shown in Fig. 23. Indicate the numerical values at all
important sections.

Fig. 23

• Sol.- Given : Span (l) = 15 m, Uniformly distributed load

between A and C (w1) = 1000 N/m, Point load at C (W1) = 8000
N, Point load at D (W2) = 4000 N and uniformly distributed load
between B and E (w2) = 1600 N/m.
• First find out the reactions RA and RB.
• Taking moments about A and equating the same
 Overhanging beam
RB × 12.5 = (1600 × 2.5) × 13.75 + (4000 × 7.5) + (8000 × 5) +
(1000 × 5) × 2.5 = 137500
RB = 110000 N
RA = (1000 × 5 + 8000 + 4000 + 1600 × 2.5) – 11000 N
RA = 10000 N
• Shear force
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 23b and the values are
FA = + 10000 N
FC = + 10000 – (1000 × 5) – 800 = – 3000 N
FD = – 3000 – 4000 = – 7000 N
FB = – 7000 + 11000 = + 4000 N
FE = + 4000 – 1600 × 2.5 = 0
 Overhanging beam
• Bending moment
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 23c, and the
values are
MA = 0
MC = (10000 × 5) – (1000) × (5 × 2.5) = 37500 N-m
MD = (10000 × 7.5) – (1000 × 5 × 5) – (8000 × 2.5) N-m
= 30000 N-m

• Maximum bending moment

• The maximum bending moment, positive or negative will occur
at C or at B because the shear force changes sign at both these
points. But from the bending moment diagram, we see that
the maximum positive bending moment occurs at C and the
maximum negative bending moment occurs at B.
Overhanging beam

Fig. 23
 Overhanging beam
• Q. 17- A simply supported beam with over-hanging ends
carries transverse loads as shown in Fig. 24. If W = 10 w, what
is the overhanging length on each side, such that the bending
moment at the middle of the beam, is zero? Sketch the shear
force and bending moment diagrams.

Fig. 24
 Overhanging beam
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 10 m, Point loads at C and D = W and
uniformly distributed load between A and B = w/metre.
• Since the beam is symmetrically loaded, therefore, the two
reactions (i.e., RA and RB) will be equal. From the geometry of
the figure, we find that the reaction at A

• Overhanging length of the beam on each side

• Bending moment at the middle of the beam
 Overhanging beam
• Since the bending moment at the middle of the beam is zero,
therefore equating the above equation to zero

• Shear force
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 24b and the values are
FC = – 10 w
FA = – 10 w + 15 w = + 5 w
FB = + 5 w – 10 w + 15 w = + 10 w
FD = + 10 w
• Bending moment
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 24c and the
values are
 Overhanging beam
MC = 0
MA = – 10 w × 1.25
= – 12.5 w
ME = 0 (given)
MB = – 10 w × 1.25
= – 12.5 w
MD = 0

Fig. 24
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Sometimes, a beam is subjected to a clockwise or
anticlockwise moment (or couple) at a section. In such a
case, the magnitude of the moment is considered while
calculating the reactions. The bending moment at the
section of the couple changes suddenly in magnitude equal
to that of the couple. This may also be found out by
calculating the bending moment separately with the help of
both the reactions. Since the bending moment does not
involve any load, therefore the shear force does not change
at the section of couple.
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Important points to remember
• A clockwise moment (called positive moment) causes
negative shear force over the beam and positive bending
moment at the section. Similarly, an anticlockwise moment
(called negative moment) causes positive shear force over
the beam and negative bending moment at the section.

• The bending moment will suddenly increase due to

clockwise moment and decrease due to anticlockwise
moment at the point of its application when we move from
left to right along the beam.
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Q. 18- A simply supported beam of 5 m span is subjected to
a clockwise moment of 15 kN-m at a distance of 2 m from
the left end as shown in Fig. 25. Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam.

Fig. 25
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 5 m and couple at C = 15 kN-m
• The tendency of the moment is to uplift the beam from its
support A and to depress it at its support B. It is thus obvious
that the reaction at A will be downwards and that at B will
be upwards as shown in Fig. 25a.
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Taking moments about ,
RB × 5 = 15 (as the beam is subjected to moment only)
RB = 3 kN (upwards)
• Since there is no external loading on the beam, therefore the
reaction at A will be of the same magnitude but in opposite
direction. Therefore reaction at A,
RA = 3 kN (downwards)

• Shear force diagram

• We know the shear force is constant from A to B and is equal
to -3 kN (because of downward reaction at A or upward
reaction at B) as shown in Fig. 25 (b).
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 25c and the
values are
MA = 0
MB = 0
• Bending moment just on the left side of C,
= RA × 2 = – 3 × 2 = – 6 kN-m
and bending moment just on the right side of C
= – 6 + 15 = + 9 kN-m
Beams Subjected to Moment

Fig. 25
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Q. 19- A simply supported beam of span 2.5 m is subjected
to a uniformly distributed load and a clockwise couple as
shown in Fig. 26. Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the beam.

Fig. 26

• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 2.5 m, Uniformly distributed load

between A and C (w)=2 kN/m and couple at D = 2 kN-m
• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments about
A and equating the same
 Beams Subjected to Moment
(+ 2 due to clockwise moment)

• Shear force diagram

• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 26b and the values
are
FA = + RA = + 8 kN
FC = + 0.8 – (2 × 1) = – 1.2 kN
FB = – 1.2 kN
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 26c and the
values are
 Beams Subjected to Moment
MA = 0
MC = (0.8 × 1) – (2 × 1 × 0.5) = – 0.2 kN-m
MD = (0.8 × 1.5) – (2 × 1 × 1) = – 0.8 kN-m (With the help of RA)
= 1.2 × 1= 1.2 kN-m (With the help of RB)
• We know that maximum bending moment will occur either
at E where shear force changes sign or at D due to couple.
Let x be the distance between A and E. From the geometry
of the figure between A and C

or 1.2 x = 0.8 – 0.8 x, 2 x = 0.8 or x = 0.4 m

So,
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• From the above two values of MD, we find that it will suddenly
increase from - 0.8 kN-m to + 1.2 kN-m due to the clockwise
moment of 2 kN-m,
MB = 0

Fig. 26
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Q. 20- A simply supported beam 5 meters long carries a load of
10 kN on a bracket welded to the beam as shown in Fig. 27. Draw
the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.

Fig. 27
• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 5 m and load on the bracket at C = 10 kN.
• The 10 kN load, applied on the bracket will have the following
two effects:
• 1. Vertical load of 10 kN at C,
• 2. An anticlockwise couple of moment equal to 10 × 0.5 = 5 kN-m
at C.
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Now the shear force and bending moment diagrams should be
drawn by combining the above two mentioned effects as shown
in Fig. 27a.
• First find out the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments about A
and equating the same,
RB × 5 = (10 × 3) – 5 = 25 (– 5 due to anticlockwise moment)
RB = 25/5 = 5 kN, and RA = 10 – 5 = 5 kN

• Shear force diagram

• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 27b and the values are
FA = + RA = + 5 kN
FC = + 5 – 10 = – 5 kN
FB = – 5 kN
 Beams Subjected to Moment
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 27c and the values
are
MA = 0
MC = 5 × 3 = 15 kN-m (with the help of RA)
= 5 × 2 = 10 kN-m (with the help of RB)
MB = 0
• From the above two values of MC we find that it will suddenly
decrease from 15 kN-m to 10 kNm due to the anticlockwise
moment of 5 kN-m.
Beams Subjected to Moment

Fig. 27
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Till previous sections we were discussing about when the
load used to act at right angles to the axis of the beam.

• But in actual practice, there may be cases when a beam is

subjected to inclined loads. These inclined loads are resolved
at right angles and along the axis of the beam. A little
consideration will show that the transverse components
(i.e., components, which are resolved at right angles to the
axis of the beam) will cause shear force and bending
moments. The axial components (i.e., components, which
are resolved along the axis of the beam) will cause thrust
i.e., pulls or pushes in the beam, depending upon its end
position.
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• In such cases, one end of the beam is hinged, whereas the
other is simply supported or supported on rollers. The
hinged end will be subjected to horizontal thrust equal to
the unbalanced horizontal force of the axial components of
the inclined loads.

• In such cases, like shear force and bending moment

diagrams, an axial force diagram is drawn, which represents
the horizontal thrust. The general practice, to draw the axial
force diagram is that the tensile force is taken as positive,
whereas the compressive force as negative.
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Q. 21- Analyze the beam shown in Fig. 28 and draw the
bending moment and shear force diagrams. Locate the
points of contraflexure, if any.

Fig. 28
• Sol.- Given: Span l = 9 m, Inclined load at B = 6 N, Uniformly
distributed load between C and D (w) = 1 kN/m and point
load at E = 3 kN.
• Resolving vertically the force of 6 kN at B
= 6 sin 30° = 6 × 0.5 = 3 kN
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Now resolving horizontally the force of 6 kN at B
= 6 cos 30° = 6 × 0.866 = 5.196 kN
• Taking moments about A
RD × 8 = (3 × 9) + (1 × 4 × 6) + (3 × 2) = 57
RD = 57/8 = 7.125 kN
and RA = (3 + 4 + 3) – 7.125 = 2.875 kN
• The load diagram and reactions are shown in Fig. 28a.
• Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 28b and the values
are FA = + 2.875 kN, FB = + 2.875 - 3 = - 0.125 kN
FC = - 0.125 kN, FD = - 0.125 - (1 × 4) + 7.125 = + 3 kN
FE = + 3 kN
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 28c and the
values are
MA = 0, MB = 2.875 × 2 = 5.75 kN-m
MC = (2.875 × 4) - (3 × 2) = 5.5 kN-m
MD = - 3 × 1 = - 3 kN-m

• Point of contraflexure
• Let the point of contraflexure (P) be at a distance of x from D
(It will be between C and D as is seen in the bending
moment diagram). We know that the bending moment at
any section X in CD at a distance x from D,
Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Axial force diagram
• From the load diagram, it can be seen that horizontal
reaction at A (being a hinged end) is equal to 5.196 kN (←).
Therefore the section AB of the beam is subjected to an axial
tensile force (AAB) of 5.196 kN. The beam from B to E is not
subjected to any axial force. The axial force diagram is drawn
in Fig. 28d.
Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads

Fig. 28
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Q. 22- A horizontal beam AB 6 m long is hinged at A and
freely supported at B. The beam is loaded as shown in Fig.
29. Draw the shear force, bending moment and thrust
diagrams for the beam.

Fig. 29

• Sol.- Given: Span (l) = 6 m, Inclined load of C = 4 kN, Inclined

load of D = 6 kN and inclined load of E = 8 kN.
• Resolving vertically the force of 4 kN at C
= 4 sin 30° = 4 × 0.5 = 2 kN
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
and now resolving horizontally the force of 4 kN at C
= 4 cos 30° = 4 × 0.866 = 3.464 kN
• Similarly, resolving vertically the force of 6 kN at D
= 6 sin 45° = 6 × 0.707 = 4.242 kN
and now resolving horizontally the force of 6 kN at D
= 6 cos 45° = 6 × 0.707 = 4.242 kN
• Similarly, resolving vertically the force of 8 kN at E
= 8 sin 60° = 8 × 0.866 = 6.928 kN
and now resolving horizontally the force of 8 kN at E
= 8 cos 60° = 8 × 0.5 = 4 kN (→)
• Taking moments about A,
RB × 6 = (2 × 1) + (4.242 × 2.5) + 6.928 × 4.5 = 43.78
RB = 7.3 kN
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
RA = 2 + 4.242 + 6.928 - 7.3 = 5.87 kN
• The load diagram and reactions are shown in Fig. 29a.
Shear force diagram
• The shear force diagram is shown in Fig. 29b and the values
are FA = + 5.87 kN, FC = + 5.87 - 2 = + 3.87 kN
FD = + 3.87 - 4.242 = - 0.372 kN
FE = - 0.372 - 6.928 = - 7.3 kN, FB = - 7.3 + 7.3 = 0
• Bending moment diagram
• The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 29c and the
values are MA = 0, MC = 5.87 × 1 = 5.87 kN-m
MD = 5.87 × 2.5 – 2 × 1.5 = 11.675 kN-m
ME = 7.3 × 1.5 = 10.95 kN-m, MB = 0
 Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads
• Maximum bending moment
• It will occur at D, where shear force changes sign. Thus it can
be seen that maximum bending moment occurs at D.
• Axial force diagram
• From the load diagram, it can be seen that the horizontal
reaction at A (being a hinged end) is =
3.222 kN (←) The axial force diagram is shown in Fig. 29d
and the values are
AAC = 3.222 kN (Tensile)
ACD = 3.464 - 3.222 = 0.242 kN (Compressive)
ADE = 4.242 - 0.242 = 4 kN (Tensile)
AEB = 0
Beams Subjected to Inclined Loads

Fig. 29
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Inclined Beams

• Sometimes we come across inclined beams or members

(such as ladders etc.) and carrying vertical loads. In such
cases, the given loads are resolved at right angles and along
the axis of the beam. The beam is further analyzed in the
same manner as a beam is subjected to inclined loads. The
horizontal and vertical reactions at the two supports of the
inclined beam are found out from the simple laws of statics.
 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear, and Moment

• Relations between Distributed Load, Shear, and Moment

• DHA
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Inclined Beams

• Q. - Determine the internal shear and moment in member

ABC as a function of x, where the origin for x is at A.
• Ans-
• FCD = 6.364 kN
• Ay = 1.5 kN
• For 0 ≤ x < 3m
V = 1.5 kN, M = 1.5x kN.m
• For 3m < x ≤ 6m
V = -4.50 kN,
M = (27 - 4.5x) kN.m
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Inclined Beams

• Q. - Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Inclined Beams

• Sol. - Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.