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This document provides an overview of the z-transform in digital signal processing, defining it as an infinite sum of a discrete time sequence. It discusses the region of convergence (ROC) for the z-transform, detailing its properties and implications for the Fourier transform. Additionally, it covers methods for finding the inverse z-transform, including inspection and partial fraction expansion.

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Casponyo
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1 views

dsp_lecture3

This document provides an overview of the z-transform in digital signal processing, defining it as an infinite sum of a discrete time sequence. It discusses the region of convergence (ROC) for the z-transform, detailing its properties and implications for the Fourier transform. Additionally, it covers methods for finding the inverse z-transform, including inspection and partial fraction expansion.

Uploaded by

Casponyo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Signal Processing

Ciira wa Maina
[email protected]

1 Summary
This lecture will focus on:

1. The z-transform

2 z-Transform
The z-transform of a discrete time sequence x[n] is defined as
∞
X
X(z) = x[n]z −n
n=−∞

Here, z is a complex variable and the z-transform is an infinite sum. Recall that the Fourier
transform of a discrete time sequence x[n] is defined as
∞
X
jω
X(e ) = x[n]e−jωn
n=−∞

We see that if z = ejω the z-transform reduces to the Fourier transform. This corresponds to
setting |z| = 1. That is the Fourier transform is the z-transform evaluated on the unit circle.

2.1 The Region of Convergence


The z-transform does not converge for all sequences or for all values of z. The values of z for
which the z-transform converges for a particular sequence is known as the region of convergence
(ROC). The ROC is a ring in the z-plane. If the ROC includes the unit circle, then the Fourier
transform converges. It is useful when a closed form expression for the z-transform can be found
and X(z) can be expressed as a rational function

P (z)
X(z) =
Q(z)

with P (z) and Q(z) both polynomials in z. The values of z for which X(z) = 0 are known as the
zeros of X(z) while the values of z for which X(z) is infinite are known as the poles of X(z).

1
2.1.1 Examples
Compute the z transform of the following sequences clearly indicating the region of convergence

1. δ[n]

2. u[n]

3. −u[−n − 1]

4. x[n] = an u[n]

5. x[n] = −an u[−n − 1]

2.1.2 Properties of the Region of Convergence


1. The ROC is a ring in the z-plane centered at the origin: 0 ≤ rR < |z| < rL ≤ ∞

2. The Fourier transform of x[n] converges absolutely if and only if the ROC of the z-transform
of x[n] includes the unit circle

3. The ROC cannot contain any poles

4. If x[n] is a finite duration sequence then the ROC is the entire z-plane with the possible
exception of z = 0 or z = ∞

5. If x[n] is a right sided sequence then the ROC extends outward from the outermost finite
pole in X(z).

6. If x[n] is a left sided sequence then the ROC extends inward from the innermost nonzero
pole in X(z).

7. If x[n] is a two sided sequence then the ROC will consist of a ring in the z-plane bounded
on the interior and exterior by a pole.

2.2 The Inverse z-transform


2.2.1 By Inspection
If the z-transform is already known and tabulated, then we can determine the sequence by in-
spection.

2.2.2 Partial Fraction Expansion


Let X(z) be expressed as a ratio of polynomials in z −1
PM
k=0 bk z −k
X(z) = PN
−k
k=0 ak z

We can also write QM −1


a0 k=1 (1 − ck z )
X(z) = QN
b0 k=1 (1 − dk z −1 )

2
where the ck ’s are the nonzero zeros of X(z) and the dk ’s are the nonzero poles of X(z). If M < N
and all the poles are of first order, then we can write
N
X Ak
X(z) =
1 − dk z −1
k=1

This is the partial fraction expansion of X(z) and the coefficients can be found as

Ak = (1 − dk z −1 )X(z)|z=dk

The corresponding sequence can now be found by table lookup.


Example: Consider the sequence whose z-transform is
1 1
X(z) = 1 −1 1 −1 , |z| >
(1 − 4 z )(1 − 2z )
2

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