AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

AIMS:

The aim of the 4 years degree programme in Medical Laboratory Technology is to

equip the students with relevant professional knowledge, skills, techniques and ethical
values to enable them to apply their acquired expertise at level between the doctors and
the patient for efficient health service delivery.

GENERAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Medical Laboratory Technology education and training should enable the student:

 To develop accuracy and meticulousness to attain high levels of ethics and technical
proficiency
 To assess the technical ad non technical skills in a standardized and
reproducible environment
 To strengthen the decision power and exercise appropriate judgment skills, to
be applied especially during crisis.
 To enhance both the stamina and the patience levels to bear the burden.
 To develop good leadership, problem solving, planning and management skills.
 To develop and analyze innovative strategies for effective communication with the
patients.
 To develop a sense of motivation for the patients and himself too.
 To demonstrate interdisciplinary team building strategies for effective co ordination
between various Allied Health Disciplines.
 To demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of professional behavior
and legal implications of the work environment.
 To demonstrate the knowledge of his / her role in health care delivery system.
 In establishing and maintaining continuing education as a function of growth
and maintenance of professional competence.

1
 SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

Following competencies will be expected from a student completing 4 years degree

course in Medical Laboratory Technology. The student should be able to:

 Learn and apply the practical theory (new techniques and procedures) of the
laboratory directly to workplace settings
 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology with special emphasis on writing
and understanding the laboratory reports.
 Select and use appropriate, safe and effective tools to solve a variety of
problems pertaining to collecting, transporting, handling and conducting tests
on laboratory samples
 Demonstrate knowledge of utilizing and performing corrective and preventative
maintenance on a variety of instruments and sensitive (automated) equipments.
 Relate laboratory results to common disease process and draw and defend
reasonable conclusions with proper satisfaction of the patients and their
concerns.
 Perform and monitor quality control within predetermined limits in the laboratory.
 Help in the upgrading and expansion of the instrumentation and equipments and
other supplies used in the laboratory.

2
 NOMENCLATURE AND DURATION

NOMENCLATURE:
The name of the degree programme shall be B.Sc (Hons.) Medical Laboratory
Technology. The duration of the course shall be 4 years with structured training in a
recognized department under a supervisor.
COURSE TITLE:
B.Sc (Hons.) Medical Laboratory Technology
TRAINING CENTERS:
Departments of Pathology accredited by UHS for this training in the affiliated institutes
of the University of Health Sciences, Lahore.
COURSE DURATION:
Four years structured training in a recognized department under the guidance of a supervisor.
COURSE SCHEME:
The training is spread over four years with a specific component for each year of
training.
FIRST YEAR:
 Theoretical component:
1. Basic Anatomy
2. Basic Physiology
3. Basic Biochemistry
4. General Pathology
5. Behavioural Sciences
6. Islamic Studies/ Ethics
7. Pakistan studies
8. Computer Education
 Practical component:
Hand- on training in basic techniques related to the discipline.

SECOND YEAR:
 Theoretical component:
1. Haematology and Blood Banking
2. Histotechnology & Cytotechnology
 Practical component:
3
 Hand- on training in laboratory techniques in above mentioned disciplines

THIRD YEAR:

 Theoretical component:
1. Microbiology
2. Chemical Pathology
3. Immunology And Serology
 Practical component:
Hand- on rotational training in laboratory techniques in above mentioned disciplines.

FOURTH YEAR:
 Theoretical component:
1. Elective Subjects:
 Immunohematology
 Advanced Clinical Chemistry
 Clinical Microbiology
 Advanced Clinical Immunology
 Medical Genetics
 Molecular Biology
2. Biostatistics & Research Methodology

 Practical component:
 Advanced lab training related to elective subjects
 Research assignments related to elective subjects

Training as Trainers
The students during final year of the programme will be involved actively in the teaching
& training of the junior classes i.e. 1st year & 2nd year so that the seniors become mentors
for the juniors. These educational activities will be carried out under the direction and
supervision of a faculty member.

4
 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR ADMISSION:

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR ADMISSION:

 Completed B.Sc Medical Laboratory Technology application form

 Copy of the Matriculation Certificate
 Copy of the F.Sc Premedical / Equivalent Examination Certificate with
detailed marks sheet
 Copy of the entry test result card
 3 passport size photographs

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
 Securing pass percentage in the entry test.
 Qualifying the interview successfully.
 Having up to the marks credentials (No. of attempts, any medal or
distinction).

REGISTRATION AND ENROLLMENT:

 Total number of students enrolled must not exceed 10 per department.
 UHS will approve supervisors for the course.
 Candidates selected will be registered with the approved supervisor and enrolled
with UHS.

5
RECOGNITION / EQUIVALENCE OF THE DEGREE AND THE
INSTITUTION

After four years training and education, the candidates on successful completion of the course will
be awarded a graduate degree in Allied Health Sciences by the UHS, equivalent to any other
similar qualifications.

ACCREDITATIONS OF THE TRAINING INSTITUTION:

The relevant department of an affiliated institute will get accreditation for training programme
based on :
 Faculty: properly qualified and trained faculty for education of the programme.
 Adequate space: including class rooms with the audiovisual aids, clinical laboratory
in all the disciplines of the Pathology, Computer labs.
 Library: Departmental library should have latest editions of the recommended books,
reference books and Journals related to the laboratory technology.

6
 METHODS OF INSTRUCTIONS

As a policy, active participation of the students will be encouraged. Following teaching

modalities will be employed:

 Large group teachings (lectures)

 Small group teachings
 Seminar presentations
 Assignments
 Skills teachings
 Self study and use of internet.
In addition, to promote interactive and communication skills, following methods will be used;

MONTHLY STUDENTS MEETINGS:

 Journal club meeting
 Core curriculum meeting
 Skill development

ANNUAL GRAND MEETING:

Once a year all students enrolled at UHS from different institutes will be invited to annual
meeting at UHS. The students will present their annual reports. Issues and concerns related to
each discipline will be discussed. Feedback should be collected and suggestions should be
sought in order to involve students in decision making. Any research or literary work done by
the students will be displayed.
In the evening an informal dinner and gathering can be arranged. This will help in creating a
sense of belonging and ownership by the students and the faculty.

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 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN EDUCATION

Quality assurance in health education is a broad spectrum of plans, policies and procedures that
provides a baseline structure to achieve quality goals. The quality planning, quality improvement
and quality assessment are main areas of quality assurance which need thorough intervention
based on professional concepts. It is sum of the processes of assessing and stimulating the quality
of health education by measuring outcome and comparing it with current criteria and demands of
health care. Quality assurance should ensure that activities of health education are systematic and
controlled. It should affect all levels of the health community and every professional working in
health care.

Guidelines For Regional And International Standards :

 Mission and Objectives
 Educational Programme
 Assessment of Students
 Student Education and Support
 Academic Staff
 Educational Resources
 Governance and Administration
 Continuous Renewal

This educational programme has been designed and will be carried out strictly based
on the above mentioned guidelines.

8
 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN LABORATORY MEDICINE

Quality assurance in clinical laboratory includes all actions which a laboratory takes to
ensure quality results. It is a broad spectrum of plan, policies, and procedures which are
adopted by the clinical laboratory to minimize preanalyctical, analytical and postanalytical
errors. The key to effective laboratory quality assurance is that all the procedures, protocols
and actions are performed for the purpose of reporting quality results in assisting the
physician for the maintenance of excellence in patient care. Quality control is the middle
component of quality assurance which comprises of internal and external quality control
programs.

Internal Quality Control:

Internal quality control program is run daily along with patient samples to recognize and
minimize systematic and random errors in analytical process. It is the responsibility of the
laboratory to implement and carry out internal quality control program on regular basis to
deliver accurate and precise tests results.

External Quality Control:

External quality control program is run by international and national agencies to monitor
the performance of laboratories. There are different external quality assurance programs
like CAP (College of American Pathologist), RIQAS (Randox International Quality
Assurance Scheme), EQAS (External Quality Assurance Services by Bio-rad), and
NEQAPP (National External Quality Control Program Pakistan). It is the duty and
obligation of laboratory to enroll with one of the external quality assurance schemes. The
basic operation of these programs involve the participating laboratory to analyze the same
lot of control material on monthly, bi-weekly, or daily basis along with the internal quality
control material. The results are tabulated and sent for the evaluation by the sponsoring
group. Now with advancement in communication, the real time external quality control
program is also working for analysis of results.

9
 SKILLS TO BE LEARNT DURING MEDICAL LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY COURSE

 Demonstrate complete knowledge of all simple and advanced laboratory procedures

 Ability to preserve, process and manipulate all types of biological samples in the laboratory

 Using techniques appropriate for the tissue, produce sections (slides) for microscopic
examination. This includes fixation, trimming tissues, dehydration, microtomy, and staining.

 Perform special stains on tissues and other biological samples when requested by the
Pathologist.

 Using a cryostat, produce slides from frozen tissues for examination by fluorescent antibody
and other techniques.

 Label slides with appropriate case number or other identification and match slides with lab
unit paperwork for delivery to pathologists.

 Maintenance and use of microscopes

 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology with special emphasis on writing and

understanding the laboratory reports.

 Maintain necropsy room supplies.

 Clean and disinfect necropsy room and equipment.

 Maintenance of work records, tissue storage, up-to-date methodology and miscellaneous

duties.

 Attend continuing education programs as funding and work load permits.

 Assist in the preparation of cost accounting for histotechnology procedures.

 Complete work in compliance with the quality assurance policies and procedures.

 Maintenance of stock solutions, controls and equipment.

 Ability to learn and master the operation of automated laboratory equipment.

 The ability to trouble-shoot problems related to laboratory equipment.

 Ability to communicate effectively both verbally and in writing.

 Basic computer skills and knowledge of the Microsoft Office Suite.

 Knowledge of record keeping.

 The ability to analyze and modify the laboratory techniques according to the circumstances

10
 EQUIPMENTS AND GADGETS

 Well Equipped Laboratory With Separate Sections For Microbiology, Histopathology,

Hematology And Chemical Pathology
 Proper Ventilation, Lighting and Air conditioning System In The Laboratory
 Pathologists Rooms
 Broad Report Delivery and Collection Counter
 Patient Waiting Room And Patient Sampling Room
 Sample Labeling And Storage Room
 Laboratory Furniture and Biosafety Cabinets
 Water Filtration and Air Purification Systems
 Lab Supplies, Such As Lab Disposables, Laboratory Instruments, Glassware
 Simple And Advanced Laboratory Machinery, Controls, Assays, Standards, Periodicals,
Reference Materials, Computer Software, Scientific Databases, Document Management
Systems etc.
 Autoclaves & Ovens
 Tissue Processors
 Centrifuges
 Tissue Adhesives, Embedding & Mounting Mediums
 Autopsy Set, Microtome & Surgical Blades, Knives.
 Chemicals, Powdered Stains, Reagents And Diagnostic Test Kits
 Immunoassay and Immunohistological Procedures Supplies
 Alcohol, Buffers, Clearing Agents, Decalcifiers, Fixatives
 Tissue Cassettes, Coverslips And Microscope Slides/Dishes
 Special Stains & Immuno Controls
 Filing, Labels And Transport Media, Pre-Filled Specimen Containers Etc.
 Bacterial Cultures: Culture Media And Plates
 Incubators For Microbiological Specimens
 Stains: Histology, Cytology, Hematology, Misc.
 Microscopes: Simple, Darkfield, Fluorescent, Inverted, Phase Contrast etc.
 Elemental Analyzers :Chemistry and Electrolyte Analyzers
 Mass Spectrometer and Spectrophotometer
 Chromatography – Gas, HPLC, Co-Oximetry: Supplies and Titrators

11
 ELISA Supplies
 Electron Microscope / PCR / Immunoblotting/ Flow Cytometry Supplies In More
Advanced Labs
 Other Equipments As Required

12
 EXAMINATIONS

ASSESSMENT:
It will consist of action and the professional growth oriented student-centered integrated
assessment, with additional components of the internal assessment formative assessment
measurement based summative assessment.

STUDENT-CENTERED INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT.

It views students as decision makers in need of information about their own performance.
Integrated assessment is meant to student’s responsibility to decide what to evaluate as well as
how to evaluate, it encourages students to “own” the evaluation and to use it as a basis for self
improvement. Therefore it tends to be growth oriented, student controlled, collaborative,
dynamic, contextualized, flexible and action oriented.
It will be based on,
 Self assessment by the students
 Peer assessment
 Internal assessment by the faculty

SELF ASSESSMENT BY THE STUDENTS:

Each student will be provided with a predesigned self assessment form to evaluate his/her
level of comfort and competency in dealing with different types of education related
situations. It will be the responsibility of the student to correctly identify his/her areas of
weakness and to take appropriate measures to address to these weaknesses.

PEER ASSESSMENT:
The students will be expected to evaluate their peers after the monthly small group
meetings. These should be followed by a constructive feedback according to the prescribed
guidelines and should be non-judgmental in nature. This will enable students to become
good mentors in the future.

13
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT BY THE FACULTY:
The students are encouraged to confront their weaknesses and to remove them rather to
hide them from their teachers. It will be based on:
 Punctuality
 Practical work
 Participation in interactive sessions
 Regularly conducted class tests
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:
This will be helpful to improve the existing instructional methods and course contents in
use. This will be carried out through a predesigned form filled in by the students.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT:
It will be carried out at the end of the programme to empirically evaluate the cognitive,
psychomotor and the affective domains in order to award the degree after successful
completion of the course.

14
ELIGIBILITY TO APPEAR IN THE FINAL EXAMINATIONS

 Only those students who have completed four years of structured and supervised
training and have passed Ist, 2nd and 3rd professional examinations will be eligible to
take the final exams.
 75% of the attendance with the certificate of the recommendation from the supervisor/
Head of the department/ Institution.
 Application for admission to the university exam duly recommended by the Head of
the Institution.

A panel of two examiners, one internal and one external, will be appointed by UHS to conduct
the practical and the viva voce exam. Each component of the practical exam will be assessed by
both the examiners awarding marks independently. The final score will be an average of both
scores.

PASS PERCENTAGE AND OTHER REGULATIONS REGARDING EXAMS.

 50% will be a passing score in each component.
 The candidates have to pass in each component separately.
 The candidate failing in one component will reappear in the same component
again.
 The candidate has to pass the 1st ,2nd and 3rd professional examinations each, in a
maximum of 4 attempts.
 The final examination will be cleared in a maximum of 4 attempts.
 Only those candidates will be allowed to take the practical and the oral exam,
who pass in the theory exam.
 The results will be announced as per UHS rules and regulations

15
 Annex : A
First Professional B.Sc. Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination
Total Marks = 400 Pass Marks= 50%

Paper Subjects

Paper-I Basic Anatomy & Physiology

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
(05 + 05 in each Subject)
__________________
Total Marks=100

Paper-II Basic Biochemistry & General Pathology

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
(05 + 05 in each Subject)
__________________
Total Marks=100

Paper-III Islamic Studies / Ethics & Pakistan Studies

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
(06 marks in Islamic Studies/Ethics
04 marks in Pakistan Studies)
__________________
Total Marks=100

Paper-IV Behavioural Sciences & Computer Education

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
(05 + 05 in each Subject)
__________________
Total Marks=100

16
 FIRST PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
OUTLINE OF TESTS

The First Professional examination shall be held at the end of first academic year and every
candidate shall be required to take examination in the following subjects.

A candidate to pass in a subject shall have to obtain a minimum of 50% of total marks of each
part of the subject separately. The minimum number of marks required to pass the examination
for Islamic Studies/Ethics & Pakistan Studies shall be thirty three percent (33%) in each paper
separately and thirty three percent (33%) in aggregate.

Paper-I Basic Anatomy & Physiology = 100 marks

The examination in the subject of Basic Anatomy & Physiology shall consist of one
Theory Paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal
Assessment will be of 10 marks. The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in
Appendix “B”.

Section I : Basic Anatomy = 50 Marks

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.

Section – II: Basic Physiology = 50 marks

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks

Paper-II Basic Biochemistry & General Pathology = 100marks

The examination in the subject of Basic Biochemistry & General Pathology shall
consist of one Theory Paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks.
Internal Assessment will be of 10 marks. There will be two sections in this paper.

Section – I: Basic Biochemistry = 50marks

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.

Section – II: General Pathology = 50marks

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.

Paper-III Islamic Studies / Ethics & Pakistan Studies =100 marks

17
The examination shall consist of one Theory Paper of 60+40=100 marks and 3
hours duration. The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix “B”.

Section-I : Islamic Studies/Ethics =60 marks.

This section shall have question on Islamic Studies in case Muslim candidates and on
Ethics in case of non-Muslim. There shall be 3 questions in this section of Theory and
there will be no choice.
Each question shall carry 18 marks.
Internal Assessment will be of 06 marks.

Section-II : Pakistan Studies = 40 marks

This section shall have 3 questions on Pakistan Studies and there will be no choice. Each
question shall carry 12 marks.
Internal Assessment will be of 04 marks.

Paper-IV Behavioural Sciences & Computer Education= 100 marks

The examination in the paper of Behavioural Sciences& Computer Education shall consist
of one Theory Paper of 90 marks and three hours duration. Internal Assessment will be of
10 marks. The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix “B”.

Section I : Behavioural Sciences = 50 marks

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.

Section – II: Computer Education = 50 marks

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.
.

18
Second Professional B.Sc Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination

Total Marks = 400 Pass Marks= 50%

Paper I Haematology and Blood Banking

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks
__________________
Total Marks=200

Paper II Histotechnology & Cytotechnology

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks
__________________
Total Marks=200

19
 SECOND PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION

OUTLINE OF TESTS
Total marks : 400 Pass marks : 50 %

The Second Professional Examination shall be held at the end of second year and shall
consist of the following subjects: The details of the syllabus is outlined in the Appendix B.

Paper-I:

Haematology & Blood Banking Total Marks : 200

Written paper:

The examination in the subject of Haematology and Blood Banking shall consist of one
written paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment
shall be of 10 Marks
The written paper will consist of two sections as detailed below.

Section I : Haematology = 70 marks

There will be 7 short essay questions from the subject of Haematology and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 5 marks.

There will be 35 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Section – II: Blood Banking = 20 marks

There will be 2 short essay questions from the subject of Blood Banking and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 5 marks.

There will be 10 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Haematology and Blood Banking will consist
of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.

20
Paper-II:
Histotechnology & Cytotechnology Total Marks : 200

Written paper:

The examination in the subject of Histotechnology & Cytotechnology shall consist of one
written paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment
shall be of 10 Marks.
The written paper will consist of two sections as detailed below.

Section I : Histotechnology = 70 marks

There will be 7 short essay questions from the subject of Histotechnology and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 5 marks.

There will be 35 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Section – II: Cytotechnology = 20 marks

There will be 2 short essay questions from the subject of Cytotechnology and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 10 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Histotechnology and Cytotechnology will

consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.

21
 Third Professional B.Sc Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination

Total Marks = 600 Pass Marks= 50%

Paper I Chemical Pathology

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks
__________________
Total Marks=200

Paper II Microbiology Including Parasitology

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks
__________________
Total Marks=200

Paper III Immunology And Serology

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks
__________________
Total Marks=200

22
 THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION

OUTLINE OF TESTS
Total marks : 600 Pass marks : 50 %

The Second Professional Examination shall be held at the end of third year and shall
consist of the following subjects: The details of the syllabus is outlined in the Appendix B.

Paper-I:

Chemical Pathology Total Marks : 200

Written paper:

The examination in the subject of Chemical Pathology shall consist of one theory paper of
three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix "B".

There will be 09 short essay questions from the subject of Chemical Pathology and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Practical & Oral Examination in the subject of Chemical Pathology will consist of
maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks

Paper-II:

Microbiology Including Parasitology Total Marks : 200

Written paper:

The examination in the subject of Microbiology Including Parasitology shall consist of one
theory paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall
be of 10 Marks.
The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix "B".

There will be 09 short essay questions from the subject of Microbiology Including
Parasitology and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Practical & Oral Examination in the subject of Microbiology Including Parasitology will
consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks

23
Paper III

Immunology and Serology Total Marks : 200

The examination in the subject of Immunology and Serology shall consist of one Theory
paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of
10 Marks. There will be two sections of the paper.
The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix "B".

Section I : Immunology = 50 marks

There will be 05 short essay questions from the subject of Immunology and there
will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 20 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.

Section – II: Serology = 50 marks

There will be 05 short essay questions from the subject of Serology and there will
be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 20 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Internal Assessment will be of 05 marks.

Practical & Oral Examination in the subject of Immunology and Serology

will consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks

24
 Final Professional B.Sc Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination

Total Marks = 300 Pass Marks= 50%

Paper I Biostatistics and Research Methods

Theory 45 Marks
Internal Assessment 05 Marks

Oral Examination on Research Report 45 Marks

Internal Assessment 05 Marks
__________________
Total Marks= 100

Paper II Elective Subject

Theory 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks

Practical & Oral 90 Marks

Internal Assessment 10 Marks

__________________
Total Marks=200

25
 FINAL PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION

OUTLINE OF TESTS
Total marks : 300 Pass marks : 50 %

The Final Professional Examination shall be held at the end of fourth year and shall consist
of the following subjects: The details of the syllabus is outlined in the Appendix B.

Paper I

Biostatistics and Research Methods Total Marks= 100

The examination in the subject of Biostatistics and Research Methods shall consist of one
Theory Paper of one & a half hours duration and of maximum 45 marks. Internal
Assessment shall be of 05 Marks.
The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix "B".

There will be 05 short essay questions from the subject of Biostatistics and Research
Methods and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 20 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Oral Examination on research report will be of maximum 45 marks.

Internal Assessment shall be of 05 Marks

Paper II
Elective Subject Total Marks=200

The examination in the Elective Subject shall consist of one Theory Paper of three hours
duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
The syllabus to be covered is mentioned in Appendix "B".

There will be 09 short essay questions from the Elective Subject and there will be no
choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.

There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.

Practical & Oral Examination in the Elective Subject will consist of maximum 90 marks.
Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks

26
 APPENDIX – B

First Professional B.Sc Medical Laboratory

Technology Examination

Paper-I BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Theory Marks: 90
Internal Assessment 05 Marks in each subject
Total Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 50%
Total study hours: 200

Syllabi and Course of Reading

Note: Syllabi and course of reading is divided into two parts. 100 hours will be allocated
for Sec I and 100 hours will be allocated for the Sec II. Question paper will carry 45 theory
marks for each part.

Section- I BASIC ANATOMY

(1) Introduction regarding

 Anatomical Nomenclature
 Life span of a human being
 Structural and functional organization
 Terminology and body plan
 Systematic Anatomy
 Basic organization of the body

(2) Skin
 The structure of the hypodermis, dermis. and epidermis.
 Superficial fascia and deep fascia

(3) The Musculoskeletal System:

Muscles, Bones and Joints
 Components of the Skeletal System
 Description of Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
 The process of bone ossification. Growth, Remodeling,and repair
 Main features of the skull including all views

27
  Shape and regions of vertebral column
 Important features of the regional vertebrae
 Bones of the thoracic cage, including the types of ribs.
 The bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
 The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb
 Various types of joints and types of joint movement
 connective tissue, components of the connective tissue matrix
 Description of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
 Origin, insertion. synergist, antagonist and prime mover.
 The movements of the arm, forearm and hand and the involved muscle
groups
 Muscles of the trunk and the actions they accomplish.
 Movements of the thigh, leg and foot with involved muscle groups

(4) The Nervous System

 Division of the Nervous System and the characteristics of each.
 Central Nervous System
 Peripheral Nervous System
 Autonomic Nervous System
 Special Senses
 Anatomical pathways and decription of:
 Olfactory system---- olfactory neurons
 Hearing and Balance , structure of the outer middle and
inner ear
 Taste ---- taste bud.
 Visual --- chambers of the eye and structure of the rods and cones
 The structure of a neuron, nerve, nerve tract, nucleus, and ganglion.
 The components of a reflex arc and synapse
 The three meningeal layers surrounding the central nervous system,
 Cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation.
 List the various cranial nerves
 Various lobes of the brain and the cerebellum

(5) The Cardiovascular System

 Anatomy of the Heart---- the size, shape and location of the heart and
Chambers, valves and their locations
 The location of the coronary arteries
 The structure of the conduction system of the heart.
 Pulmonary and systemic circulation
 The structure of arteries, capillaries and veins.
 Major arteries and veins and the body areas, they supply
 Lymphatic system tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus.

(6) Respiratory System

 The anatomy of the respiratory passages, beginning at the nose and ending with the
alveoli.
 The lobes of the lungs and the membranes that cover the lungs

28
  Pleural cavity
 The muscles of contraction of respiration

(7) The Digestive System

 The structure of the organs that make up the digestive tract and their relations to
other organs in thoracic and abdominal cavity
 Blood supply of the organs of the GI tract
 Important secretory glands, the liver and pancreas (both exocrine and endocrine
components).

(8) Genito-Urinary System

 The structures and organs of the urinary system and its relations with other organs
 The structure of the nephron
 Formation of Sex Cells
 Organs of the Male Reproductive System
 Organs of the Female Reproductive System

Recommended Books:

 Essentials of anatomy and physiology by Seely, Stephens, and Tate

(4th ed)
 Anatomy & Physiology by Ross & Wilson
 General Anatomy by Laeeq Hussain
 General Anatomy by Dr Ghulam Ahmad
 Anatomy by D. R. Johnson & K. L. Moore
 Color Atlas of anatomy by Mc Minn
 Lasts Anatomy by R.M.H Mcminn

Section- II BASIC PHYSIOLOGY

(1) Introduction To The Human Physiology

 Functional organization---relationship between structure and function

of the human body
 Homeostasis – its importance-- negative and positive feedback
mechanism

(2) Integumentary System

 Functions of the skin, hair, glands and nails

 Body temperature and its regulation

29
 (3) The Musculoskeletal System:

 Functions of the bones and muscles

 Functional characteristics of Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
 The events of muscle contraction and relaxation in response to an action potential
in a motor neuron.
 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic muscle contraction.
 Muscle hypertrophy and atrophy

(4) The Nervous System

Functions of the central nervous system,

 The functional areas of the cerebral cortex and their interactions.
 functions of the parts of the brainstem diencephalons, basal nuclei. Limbic system.
And cerebellum.
 functions of various cranial nerves.
 Functions of the somatic motor nervous system
 Functions of the autonomic nervous system
 The function of neurons, neuroglial cells.and their components.
 Resting membrane potential and an action potential.
 The function of a synapse and reflex arc

(5) The functions of the specialized sense organs

 Eye---- physiology of site, accommodation, optic nerve and optic chiasma

 Ear---- functions of the internal, middle and external ear
 Physiology of the hearing and balance
 Smell----------- physiology of olfactory nerve
 Taste ---------physiology of taste
Location of the taste buds
physiology of speech

(6) The Endocrine System

 Functions of the Endocrine System

 Chemical Signals, receptors and hormones
 The Endocrine Glands and their Hormones
 Other Hormones

(7) Blood

 Composition of Blood and Plasma

 Functions of Blood
 Formed Elements
 Stages of cell development
 Blood grouping
 Coagulation mechanism

30
 (8) The Cardiovascular system

 Functions of the Heart

 Electrical Activity of the Heart origin and propagation of cardiac impulse
 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
 Heart Sounds
 Regulation of Heart Functions--- intrinsic and extrinsic
 Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
 The Physiology of Circulation
o Pulmonary Circulation
o Systemic Circulation: Arteries
 Veins
 Local Control of Blood Vessels
 Nervous Control of Blood Vessels
 Regulation of Arterial Pressure
 The function of Lymphatic System, tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and the
thymus.

(9) Respiratory System

 Functions of the Respiratory System beginning at the nose and ending with the
alveoli.
 Ventilation and Lung Volumes
 Gas Exchange and gas transport in the blood
 Rhythmic Ventilation

(10) The Digestive System

 Functions of each organ of the Digestive System including major salivary glands
 Movements and Secretions in each organ of the Digestive System and their
regulation
 Physiology of Digestion, Absorption, and Transport

(11) Genito-Urinary System

 Urine Production, Urine Movement

 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
 Body Fluid Compartments
 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
 Physiology of Male Reproductive system—spermatogenesis and reproductive
glands, hormones and their regulations
 Physiology of Female Reproductive system--- ovulation, hormones and their
regulations

31
 (12) Immunity

 Define immunity, Innate Immunity, Adaptive Immunity

 Antigens and Antibodies
 Primary and secondary responses to an antigen
 Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
 Role of lymphocyte in immunity regulation

Recommended Books

 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seelay, Stephens and Tate. 4th edition
 Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology.
 Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox. 7th edition
 Text Book of Medical Physiology Guyton
 Essential of Medical Physiology Vol.I & II by Mushtaq Ahmad.
 Lecture notes on human physiology by Bray JJ, Cragg, PA MacKnight

32
PAPER II: BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENERAL
PATHOLOGY

Theory Marks: 90
Internal Assessment 05 Marks in each subject
Total Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 50%
Total study hours: 200

Syllabi and Course of Reading

Note: Syllabi and course of reading is divided into two parts. 100 hours will be allocated
for Sec I and 100 hours will be allocated for the Sec II. Question paper will carry 45 theory
marks for Basic biochemistry and 45 theory marks for General Pathology.

Section -I: BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY

 Physiochemical Principles
 Hydrogen ion conc. and pH notation
 Acidity & Alkalinity
 Indicators & Buffer solutions
 PH and its determination
 The colloidal state
 Absorption
 Structure and function of cell membrane and movement of materials across cell
membrane
 Osmosis & Osmotic pressure
 Surface tension
 Viscosity

 Carbohydrates
 Introduction and classification of carbohydrates
 Some important monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
 Regulation of blood glucose level
 Definition and end products of
 Glycolysis
 Citric acid cycle
 Glycogenolysis
 Glycogenoses
 Gluconeogenesis

 Proteins and Amino Acids

33
  Introduction, importance, classification and properties of proteins
 Entry of amino acids into cells and peptide linkage
 Special sources of proteins
 Lipids
 Introduction, Classification and Function of lipids
 Biosynthesis of fatty acids, natural fats or triglycerides
 Fatty acid oxidation

 Vitamins and Minerals

 Classification of vitamins
 Fat soluble vitamins and Water soluble vitamins
 Deficiency effects

 Enzymes
 Introduction, Classification Chemical nature and properties of enzymes
 The mechanism of enzyme reactions
 Factors affecting the enzyme activity
 Important coenzymes and their actions
 Regulatory enzymes

 Nutrition and Dietetics

 Balanced diet
 Role of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, their dietary sources and uses in the
body
 Quantitative and qualitative daily requirements of carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals

Recommended Books
 Review of Biochemistry by Lippincott
 Essential of Medical Biochemistry Vol.I & II by Mushtaq Ahmad.
 Fundamentals of Biochemistry by D. Voet, J.G.Voet (1999)
 Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations by T.M.Devlin.
 Modern Experimental Biochemistry by R.F.Boyer.

Section -II: GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Cell Injury and adaptation

Cell Injury
 Reversible and Irreversible Injury
 Fatty change, Pigmentation, Pathologic calcification
 Necrosis and Gangrene
Cellular adaptation

34
 Atrophy, Hypertrophy,
 Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia

Inflammation
 Acute inflammation --- vascular changes, Chemotaxis, Opsonization and
Phagocytosis
 Enlist the cellular components and chemical mediators of acute
inflammation
 Differentiate between exudates and transudate
 Chronic inflammation
 Etiological factors, Granuloma

Cell repair and wound healing

 Regeneration and Repair
 Healing--- steps of wound healing by first and second intention
 Factors affecting healing
 Enlist the complications of wound healing

Haemodynamic disorders
 Define and classify the terms Edema, Haemorrhage, Thrombosis,
Embolism, Infarction & Hyperaemia with at least two examples of each.
 Define and classify Shock with causes of each.
 Describe the compensatory mechanisms involved in shock
 Describe the possible consequences of thrombosis
 Describe the difference between arterial and venous emboli

Neoplasia
o Define the terms Dysplasia and Neoplasia with examples of each
o Enlist the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms
o Enlist the common etiological factors for neoplasia
o Define and discuss the different modes of metastasis

Recommended Books
Pocket companion to Robbins. Pathologic basis of disease Cotran, Kumar,
Collins

35
 PAPER III ISLAMIC STUDIES/ETHICS &
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Total Theory Marks:100

Syllabi and Course of Reading

Note: Syllabi and course of reading is divided into two parts50 hours will be allocated for Sec I
and 50 hours will be allocated for the Sec II. Question paper will carry 54 theory marks for
Islamiyat and 36 theory marks for Pakistan studies. Non muslims can appear in the subject of
Ethics instead of Islamiyat. Candidates can attempt paper in Urdu or English.
Internal Assessment will be of 10 Marks in total.

ETHICS (FOR NON MUSLIMS)

Theory Marks: 54
Internal Assessment :06 Marks
Total Marks : 60
Pass Marks: 33%

1. Ethical Teachings of world religious with special reference to Budhish, Judaism

Christianity and Islam.
2. 100 ethical precepts from Quran and Sayings of the Prophet.

The Arabic text of Holy Quran and Ahadith would not be advisable for inclusion in
the syllabus for the Non-Muslims. Instead the teachings of Holy Quran and sunnah
relating to the following topic should be explained in English or Urdu, hence,
questions about this portion of the syllabus should be based on the subject-matter,
and not on the texts.

Virtues

Duty towards parents: respect for human life, unity of mankind, peace, justice,
tolerance, beneficence, pity, contentment, chastity, meekness, repentance, social
solidarity, individual accountability, moral excellence, patience and perseverance,
forgiveness,

Vices

Arrogance, ostentation, extravagance, misery, greed, jealousy, suspicion,

backbiting, coercion, hypocrisy, bribery, obscenity and immodesty.
1. Promotion of moral values in society.

36
2. Attitude of Islam Towards Minorities

ISLAMIYAT
Theory Marks: 54
Internal Assessment :06 Marks
Total Marks : 60
Pass Marks: 33%

37
38
Section II
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Theory Marks : 36
Internal Assessment :04 Marks
Total Marks: 40
Study Hours: 50
Pass Marks: 33%

39
40
41
Paper-IV
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES & COMPUTER EDUCATION

Theory Marks: 90
Internal Assessment 05 Marks in each subject
Total Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 50%
Total study hours: 200

Syllabi and course of reading

Note: Syllabi and course of reading is divided into two parts. 100 hours will be allocated
for Sec I and 100 hours will be allocated for the Sec II. Question paper will carry 45 theory
marks for Behavioural Sciences and 45 theory marks for Computer Education .

Section -I:
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Total Marks: 50
Pass Marks: 50%
Study hours: 100 hrs

1. Introduction to Behavioural Sciences and its importance in health.

Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Health Care and the Systems Approach

Normality vs Abnormality
Importance of Behavioural sciences in health
Desirable Attitudes in Health Professionals

2. Understanding Behaviour

Sensation and sense organs

Describe sensation, sense organs/special organs
Perception
Define perception, what factors affecting perception
Attention and concentration
Define attention and concentration. What factors affecting them
Memory
Define memory and describe its stages, types and methods to improving it
Thinking
Define thinking; describe its types and theories
What is cognition and levels of cognition?
Discuss problem solving and decision making strategies
Communication
Define communication. What are types, modes and factors affecting it. Describe
ways to recognize non-verbal cues. Characteristics of a good communicator

42
3. Individual Differences

Personality
Define personality. What factors affect personality development? How personality can be
assessed? Influence of personality in determining reactions during health, disease,
hospitalization, stress

Intelligence.

Define intelligence and the various types of intelligence.

What factors affect it and how it can be assessed?
Emotions
Define emotions. What are the various types of emotions?
Emotional Quotient (EQ)- concept & utility
Motivation
Define motivation and what are the types of motivation?

4.Learning
Define learning, Principles of learning, modern methods and styles of learning,
types of learners, Strategies to improve learning skills

5. Stress and Stressors

Define and classify stress and stressors
Relationship of stress and stressors with illness

6. Life Events
Concept of life events and their relationship with stress and illness

7. Stress Management
What is coping skills
What is conflict and frustration?
What is concept of adjustment and maladjustment?

8. Interviewing / Psychosocial History Taking

Define, types of interview and listening
Skills of interviewing and listening

9. Allied Health Ethics-Hippocratic oath

Do’s and Don’ts
What is the concept of Allied Health ethics?

10. Culture and Allied Health practice

Concept of group, its dynamics
Attitude, value, belief, myths, social class, stigma, sick role and illness, health belief
models

11. Psychological reactions

Grief and bereavement, Family and illness
Dealing with difficult patients

43
 What are the psychosocial aspects of illness, hospitalization, rape, torture, terminal
illness, death and dying?
Psychosocial issues in Emergency Departments, Intensive Care and Coronary Care
Units, Operating Theatres, Cancer wards, Transplant Units, Anaesthesia

12. Breaking Bad News

Introduction, Models, Methods, Death of the patient, abnormal baby, intractable
illness

13. Pain, Sleep, Consciousness

Concept of pain.
Physiology of pain,
Altered states of consciousness.

14. Communication Skills

Counseling,
Crisis Intervention
Conflict Resolution
Principles of effective communication, active listening, the art of questioning
The art of listening.
Good and bad listener.
Counseling: Scope, Indications and Contraindications,
Steps, Do’s and Don’ts, How to deal with real life crisis and conflict
situations in health settings

Section II:
COMPUTER EDUCATION
Total Marks: 50
Pass Marks: 50%
Study hours: 100 hrs

Introduction To Computers
 Definition
 Usage and functionality of computers
 Limitations of Computers
 Classification of Computers
 Basic Components of Computers
 Hardware
 Software
 System Software
 Application Software
 Equipment’s/devices in Personal computer system
 Input devices
 Output devices
 Storage devices
 The processor

44
 Microsoft Windows
 Introduction to MS-Windows
 Arranging, Moving and Resizing Windows.
 Identifying the components of desktop.
 Moving, Changing and Closing Windows.
 Crating, Opening and Deleting items and folders.
 Working with My Computer
 Deleting and Resume Print Jobs.
 Using Control Panel
 Working with Accessories.

 Microsoft Office
 Microsoft Win Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft Power Point

 Database

 Internet and Email

 Introduction To Outlook Express
 Using Internet Explorer

45
Second Professional B.Sc Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination

Paper I
HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING
Theory Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 200
Practical Hours: 400
Total study hours: 600
Sec- I
HAEMATOLOGY

Course Outlines:-

A. Orientation and introduction to study of Haematology.

B. Origin and Development of Blood Cells, Maturation of Erythrocytes and
erythrocyte count.
C. Haemoglobin.
D. Haematocrit, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
E. Maturation of Leukocytes, Leukocyte Count.
F. Maturation of Thromobocytes, Preparation of Blood Smears and Differential Blood
Count.
G. Total Eosinophil Count and Cerebrospinal fluid count.
H. Pathology of Erythrocytic series, Including abnormal Haemoglobin syndromes and
Indices.
I. Reticulocytes, Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation.
K. Laboratory Diagnosis of Coagulation defects.
L. Special Stains in Haematology.
M. L.E Phenomenon and Continuation of Bone Marrow study.

1. Introduction to Haematology.
a) Review of vascular system and Blood Constituents.
b) Methods for Securing Blood.
c) Method for securing Bone Marrow.

Origin and Development of Blood cells, Maturation of Erythrocytes and erythrocyte

count.

46
1. Blood formation:
a) Intrauterine.
b) Extrauterine.

2. Factors which govern Haematopoiesis.

3. Principles of Normal cell Maturation.

4. Erythrocytes:-
a) Definition.
b) Maturation.
c) Factors required for erythropoeisis.

5. Enumeration of Erythrocytes:
a) General principles of count.
b) The hemocytometer.
c) The red cell diluting pipette.
d) Diluting fluids.
e) Sources of error.
f) Normal Values.
Haemoglobin:
1. Definitions of terms.
2. Chemistry of Haemoglobin.
3. Metabolism.
4. Compounds of Haemoglobin.
5. Haemoglobinometery.

Haematocrit, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate:

1. Haematocrit.
a) Definition and principle of test procedures:
1. Micro 2. Macro.
b) Sources of Error.
c) Normal Values.
d) Significance of abnormal findings.
e) Correlation of Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, and Erythrocyte Count.

2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate:

a) Principle of Test Procedures
b) Methods
c) Sources of Error.
d) Normal Values.
e) Significance of Abnormal Values.

Maturation of Leukocytes, Leukocyte Count.

1. Introduction:-
a) Definition.
b) Origion.
c) Functions and biological Properties.

2. Maturation of Granulocytic Series.

47
 a) Criteria for identifying cells and description of cells.
3. Maturation of Lymphocytic Series.
4. Maturation of Monocytic Series.
5. Enumeration of Leukocytes:-
a) General Principle of haemocytometer method.
b) The Haemocytometer.
c) Diluting Fluids.
d) Sources of Error.
e) Normal Values.

Maturation of Thrombocytes, Preparation of Blood Smears and Differential Blood

Count.

1. Maturation of Thrombocytes:
a) Description of Cells.
2. Preparation of Blood Smears.
a) Preparation of various types of blood smears.
3. Fixation.
4. Staining.
a) Types of Stains.
b) Criteria for good smear stained by Wright’s method.
c) Sources of error.
5. Examination of stained smears:
a) Define differential Count.
b) Observation of Erythrocytes.
c) Number of Platelet estimated.
d) Tabulation of Leukocytes.
e) Classification of leukocytes and normal values:-
1. Arneth Count.

Total Eosionphil Count and Cerebrospinal fluid count:

1. Funtions of Eosinophils.
2. Significance of increased and decreased values.
3. Principle of the staining method for total eosinophil count.
4. Equipment used in eosinophil count.
a) Haemocytometer.
5. Normal Values for the method used.
6. Cerebrospinal fluid:
a) Definition.
b) Sources.
c) Functions.
d) Collection :- The Lumbar puncture.
e) Laboratory studies.

1. Necessity of maintaining sterlity.

2. Necessity of imidiate examination.
3. Gross Observation.
f) Cytologic studies.
1. Principle of the cell count.

48
 2. Normal values and significance abnormal findings.

Pathology of Erythrocytic series, Including abnormal Haemoglobin syndromes and

Indices.
1. Brief review of maturation of erythrocytes and haemoglobin metabolism.
2. The Indices.
3. Abnormal Forms:
a) Abnormalities on shape
b) Abnormal inclusions.
c) Variation in haemoglobin content and staining properties.
d) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of
Iron deficiency anaemia, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic
anemias, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemias, sickle cell
anaemias, aplastic anaemias.
Polycythemias

Reticulocyte Count, Fragility of Erythrocytes, Sickle cell studies:

1. Reticulocyte Counts:
a) Method of smear making for reticulocyte count
b) Normal values for adults and infants.
c) Means of demonstrating reticulocytes, Principle of the staining
reaction:
d) Sources of error.
2. Fragility of Erythrocytes:
a) General Considerations
1. Response of the erythrocytes to the Hypertonic and
Hypotonic solutions.
b) Determination of fragility of erythrocytes:
Effect of small variations in shape and size of erythrocytes on
the fragility.
3. Sickle Cell studies:
a) Principle of tests for sickle cell studies
b) Laboratory Diagnosis.
1. Sealed whole blood method.
2. Sodium metabisulfite method

Thrombocytes, Homeostasis, and Blood Coagulation:

1. Thrombocytes:
a) Physical properties
b) Review of Maturation
c) Functions
d) Enumeration of Platelets
2. Haemostasis:
a) Haemorrhage
b) Haemostasis
Special stains in Haematology:
1. Peroxidase stain
2. Sudan Black B
3. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Stain
4. Feulgan reaction

49
 5. Histochemical techniques for alkaline phosphatase
6. Miscellaneous stains used in Haematology:
a) Giemsa.
b) Prussian blue reaction

L.E Phenomenon and continuation of Bone Marrow study.

1. L. E phenomenon and techniques of L.E cells preparation.
2. Bone Marrow Examination
a) Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy.
b) Bone marrow differential count.

Sec- II
BLOOD BANKING
Course Outlines:
A. History of Blood Transfusion
B. Antigen – Antibody theory
C. Classification of antibodies
D. Blood Groups A.B.O systems
E. Rh – Hr typing, Agglutinogen-Agglutinin theory
F. Cross matching prcedure
G. Other Blood group system
H. Transfusion Reactions
I. Antiglobulin tests
J. Rh antibody tests
K. Erythroblastosis foetalis (Review of clinical and Laboratory findings)
L. Donors

Description of Outlines
History of Blood Transfusion
Antigen Antibody theory:
1. Antigen
2. Antibody
3. Immunization
Classification of Antibodies:
1. Preciptin
2. Lysin
3. Agglutinoid
4. Complete/Bivalent
5. Antiglobulin test
Blood groups ABO systems:
1. Agglutinogen – definition
2. Agglutinin – definition
3. Landsteiner’s Postulates
4. Sub groups of “A” and “B”
5. Techniques for blood grouping-slide test
6. Techniques for reverse blood grouping-tube test.
7. Sources of error, controls in blood bank, general.

50
 8. Low titered groups “O” blood
Rh – Hr Typing: Agglutinogen Agglutinin theory:
1. Agglutinogen definition
2. Agglutinin definition
3. Cause of sensitization to the Rh – Hr factor
4. Techniques for Rh typing
5. Sources of error Controls
Cross Matching prcocedures:
1. Purpose of ccrossmatch
2. Methods of crossmatching
3. Crossmatching problems
a) Rouleaux
b) Cold Agglutinins
c) Hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia
Other Blood Group Systems
Transfusion reactions
Antiglobulin tests:
1. Direct Coomb's
2. Indirect Coomb's
3. Sources of error, controls
Rh Antibody tests:
1. Screening tests using a cell panel:
a) Slide test
b) Tube test
2. Titrations
Erythroblastosis Foetalis:
1. Causes:
a) Due to Rh incompatibility
b) Methods of testing
c) Due to ABO incompatibility
d) Methods of testing

51
PAPER II
HISTOTECHNOLOGY AND CYTOTECHNOLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 200
Practical Hours: 400
Total study hours: 600

Sec- I
HISTOTECHNOLOGY
Course Outlines:

o Brief history of microscopy

o Parts of a microscope
o Types of microscope. Classification and their uses.
o Nature of light, Concepts of amplitude, Wavelength and Phase.
o Perception of color and brightness.
o Refraction, formation of images.
o Merits and Demerits of achromatic and apochromatic objectives.
o Immersion objectives.
o Specification of objective magnification, focal length, tube length,
resolution, numerical aperture etc. Calculation of the resolution and
magnification
o Care and Cleaning of the Microscope
o Introduction to common Histological Techniques:
o Examination of fresh material. Supravital staining. Examination of fixed
material.
o Fixation:
o The purpose of fixation, common fixative used for the histological
techniques.
o The Paraffin method of sectioning tissue:

52
o Advantages and disadvantages of the paraffin method. Dehydration of
tissues. Clearing of tissues Infiltration with paraffin. Paraffin block making.
Section cutting with a rotary microtome. Fixing paraffin section to slides.
o Microtome and Microtome Knives:
o Grinding and stooping of microtome knives.
o Cleaning and lubrication of the microtome.
o The Freezing Method of Sectioning:
o Advantages and disadvantages of freezing method.
o Common techniques of freezing tissues.
o Cutting sections with a freezing microtome.
o Stains:
o Object of staining.
o Classification of stains.
o Acids and basic dyes.
o Basophilic and acidophilic tissue components.
o Routine Haematoxyline-Eosin Staining Of Paraffin Sections
o The procedure of haematoxyline-eosin staining and mounting sections.
o The relation of various steps in this procedure.
o Special Staining Techniques
o GMS, Mucicarmine and Alcian Blue.
o Stains for Connective Tissue Elements
o Mallory’s connective tissue stain.
o Aldehyde fuchsin and Verhoff’s stain for elastic fibers
o Gordon + Sweet stain for reticular fibres
o Toluidine blue staining of mast cells
o Von- Geison, Masson’s Trichome
o Stains for Nervous Tissues:
o Nissel Stain. Stains for myelin.
o Histochemical demonstration of lipids:
o Choice of fixative.
o Choice of sectioning Technique.
o Sudan Black B Stain.
o Staining for frozen section.
o Histochemical demonstration of glycogen:
o Choice of fixative and sectioning
o Best’s Carmine staining for paraffin sections.

53
o Demonstartion of :
o Calcium, Iron, Melanin, Muscle Tissue PTAH, Amyloid Material, Mucinous
Material
o The PAS Technique:
o The Schiff reaction.
o Significance of the Schiff reaction.
o Procedure of the PAS staining.
 Special Gross Anatomical Techniques
 Preserving and mounting gross anatomical specimen:
 Preservative fluids: Kaiserling Solution I & II.
 Mounting specimens in fluid media.
 Mountings specimens in plastics
 Immunohistochemistry
 Introduction and significance
 Methods of Immunohistochemistry: Direct and Indirect
 PAP / Avidin Biotin method
 Steps involved in Immunohistochemistry (starting from dewaxing to the
final chromogen application)
 Significance of interpretation of the results: scoring/ staining intensity
 Antigen retrieval methods
 Types of fixatives, buffering media, enzyme labels and chromogens used in
Immunohistochemistry.
 List of commonly used tumor markers in different diseases and their clinical
utility.
 Biopsy and types of biopsies
 Merits and demerits of different types of biopsies
 Fixation methods with salient gross and microscopic morphological changes in
common diseases of:
 Gastrointestinal Tract
 Genitourinary System (Male and Female)
 Respiratory tract
 Brain and spinal cord
 Skin and subcutaneous tissues
 Heart and blood vessels
 Lymphatic system including tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and thymus

54
Sec -II
CYTOLOGY
o Cell and its structure, classification of cells and tissues.
o Basic principles of exfoliative cytology
o Exfoliation, sites from which exfoliated cells can be obtained and methods
for obtaining them.
o Pathologic processes affecting cell morphologies:
 Inflammation, Repair and regeneration, benign and malignant tumors.
o Female genital tract.
 Methods for obtaining smears and their fixation
 Pap’s and Giemsa’s staining
 Normal cells of female genital tract
 Abnormal cells other than malignant cells
 Diagnosis of carcinoma of male genital tract.
o Respiratory tract:
 Method for obtaining smears and their fixation
o Cytologic techniques for
 Urinary tract
 G.I. tract
 Circulating blood and aspirating smears.
o Immunocytochemistry
 Introduction and significance
 Methods of Immunocytochemistry: Direct and Indirect
 PAP / Avidin Biotin method
 Steps involved in Immunocytochemistry (starting from fixation to
the final chromogen application)
 Antigen retrieval methods
 Types of buffering media, enzyme labels and chromogens used in
Immunocytochemistry

55
Third Professional B.Sc Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination
PAPER I
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY

Theory Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 100
Practical Hours: 200
Total study hours: 300

Course Outlines:

 Chemical Changes in Gastrointestinal tract:

 Digestion and digestive enzymes, their control and mechanism of
secretion, bile Absoprtion of water, Minerals, Fats, Carbohydrate and
proteins.

Urine:
 Composition of glomerular filtrate and change which occure in the
tubules, normal urine, physical properties, and composition, pathological
constituents and their determination, kidney function tests.
Minerals:
 Metabolism of Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, and Co, Electrolyte balance and
imbalance.
Water Balance:
 Distribution of body fluids, were intake and output, dehydration and
edema.
Hormones:
 Parathyroid effects on Ca and phosphorus metabolism, Thryoid
functions and chemistry, effects of hormones at metabolism.

56
 Quantitative Analysis of Urine:
 Amino acids, Bence-Jones proteins, Calcium, Coproporphyrins,
creatinine, glactose, phosphates, nitrogen, PH, specific gravity, Ca, p,
Oxalates and urates. Determination of

 Urea (qualitative and Quantitative) pathological Constituents:

 Sugar, Albumin, Ketone bodies, Blood, Bile pigments.

 Renal function tests :-

1. Renal function tests used in clinical investigation.
a) Inulin and Creatinine clearance (GFR).
b) Para-aminohippurate clearance (renal plasma flow).
c) Maximum rate of tubular excretion of P-amino-hippurate (Tr-PAH)
(measures excretory function of renal tubules).
d) Maximum rate of reabsorption of glucose (Tmg) (measures reabsorption
function of renal tubules).

1. Classification of Renal Function Tests.

2. Classification of renal function tests used in clinical assessment of renal
function.
a) Blood urea nitrogen.
b) Serum Urea.
c) The phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test.
d) Serum creatinine
e) Creatinine Clearance
f) Serum Uric Acid
g) Electrolytes

Outline J :-
Bile Pigments and Urobillinogen in urine.
1. Two types of bile pigments and their characteristics.
a) constituents and derivation of bile which appear in the urine.

2. Derivation of Bile in urine.

a) Routine screen test for billirubin.
b) Methods:- 1-Foam test, 2-Harrison focuchet method, 3-
Harrison’s spot test, 4-Icto test (ames company), 5-Observant for
standing of element of urine sediment.

3. Determination of Urobilin in urine.

4. Determination of urobillinogen in the urine.
Semi quantitative methods of Watson or of Wallace and Diamond.

Outline K :-
Haemoglobin, Myoglobin and Haemosiderin in Urine :

1. Haematuria.
2. Detection of Haemoglobin in urine.
a) Spectroscopic examination.

57
 b) Banzidins test.
c) Guaiac test.
d) Tablet test.

3. Myglobinuria.
a) differentiation or separation from Haemoglobin.
i. spectroscopic examination.
ii. spectrophotometery.
iii. Precipitation by 80% saturated ammonium sulfate.

4. Haemosiderin :
a) prussian blue reaction.

Outline L :-
Other chemical tests :
1. Indicanuria :
a) Obermayer’s test.

2. Porphyrinuria :
a) Identification of Perphobilinogen.
b) Identification of uroperphyrins.
c) Identification of coproperphyrins:
Method of Schwitz, Zeir and Watson.

3 Melanin:
a) Ferric chloride test.
b) Bromine Water test.
c) Method of Blackberg and Wanger.
d) The Thormahlen test.

4. Chlorides:
a) Frantus test.
b) Method of Schales and Schales.

5. Phenylketonuria:
a) Ferric Chloride test.
b) Phenistix.

6. Metabolites of Salicylate and PAS:

a) Screening test for Salicylates and PAS.
i) Ferric Chloride ii) Phenistix.

Outline M:-
Urinary Calculi :
1. Observations to be made of gross appearance.
2. Reagents and Scheme for detection.

Outline N:-
 Lipid Profile
 Liver Function Tests

58
  Cardiac Profile

Outline O:-
Hormones:
1. Parathyroid effects on Ca and Phosphorus
2. Thyroid Functions and Chemistry
3. Insulin effects on Glucose metabolism, secretion, structure.
Hyperglycemia, Diabetes Mellitus. Antagonistic hormones
4. Male and Female sex hormones. (Testicular/ Ovarian/ Placental
Hormones). Synthesis, secretion, actions, metabolism. A little
information about Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrheoa, Hirsutism, Virilism,
Spermatogenesis, Ovulation, Climacteric.
5. Anterior and Posterior pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones.
Positive and negative feedback.
6. Adrenal Glands. Hormones of the adrenal medulla and cortex. Hypo and
Hyper secretion. Cushing’s syndrome. Addison’s disease.
Pheochromocytoma.

Practical:
Quantitative Analysis of Blood:

Use of the visual colorimeter and photoelectric colorimeters, instruction on calculation of

the concentration of the substances determined. The following blood analytical procedures
will be taught.

Creatinine, Fatty acids, Phosphates, iron, plasma protein, calcium Cholestrol, Glucose,
Urea.

PAPER II
MICROBIOLOGY INCLUDING PARASITOLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 100
Practical Hours: 200
Total study hours: 300

Course Outlines:
 Introduction to microbiology.
 Interaction between host and infectious agent
 Purpose of infectious agent in nature
 What is the virulence role of environment in infection?
o Gram positive cocci. Taxonomy. General characteristics.
o Clinical significance of bacteria.

59
 o Isolation and identification of bacteria.
o Staphlococci and related gram positive cocci.
o Strepto cocci. Entero cocci. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichieae.
Edwardsielleae.Salmonelleae.Citrobacteriaceae. Klebsielleae. Proteacae.
Yersinieae, Erwinieae.
o The Non-fermentative gram negative bacilli.
o Curved gram-negative bacilli.
o Vibrionaceae and campylo- bactericaeae.
o Fastidious gram negative bacilli
o Hemophilus. sp. Actino bacillus sp. Pasteurella.
o Dysgonomonas species. Streptobacillus Moniliformis brucella species.
Bartonella. sp. Bordetella sp.Legionella. Neisseria species and moraxella
catarrhalis. Aeobic and gram positive bacilli. Listeria monocytogenes.
Erysipelothrix.
o Corynebacterium. sp. Gardnerella vaginalis. Lactobacillus sp.
o Aerobic actinomycetes. Nocardioform group the maduromycetes.
o Streptomycetes.
o Thermophilic actinomycetes.
 The Anaerobic bacteria, Anaerobic. non. Spore forming gram-
positive bacilli.
 Acinomycetes.sp, Lactobacillius.
 Clostridum species.
 Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas.
 Mycobacteria.
 Spirochetal infections: Treponema. Borrelia,Leptospira,Spirillum
minus(rat bite fever)
o Mycology:
o Clinical categorization of fungal infections. Laboratory approach to
diagnosis of fungal infection. Identification of dermatophytes.
o Laboratory identification of yeast.
o Parasitology:
o Clinical manifestations of parasitic disease. Life cycle. Prevention.
o Collection. Transport of specimen and its identification in laboratory.
o Intestinal (1 )Protozoa. Amoeba. Flagellates. Ciliates.(2) Nematodes.
(3)Cestodes (4) Trematodes(5)Blood and tissues parasites.
o Virology:
o Introduction. Clinical manifestation of viral infection.
o Diagnosis of viral infection.
o Infections with Chlamydia species.
o Infections with Rickettsia. Coxiella. Ehrlichia and anaplasma.
o Sterilization

Laboratory Exercises:
a) Each lecture will be followed by two hour practical class where the student will
apply their theoretical knowledge in the understanding of related microbiological
investigations, which have been proved useful for the diagnosis of human diseases.

b) During the other laboratory sessions, the students will be engaged in the preparation
of media, the sterilization of glass ware, Antigens, Antibodies, Vaccines –

60
 haemolysin, permanent slides, laboratory reagents and also to assisting postgraduate
students in the isolation of micro – organisms from clinical materials.

PAPER III
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
Theory Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical Marks 90
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks: 50%
Theory hours: 100
Practical Hours: 200
Total study hours: 300

Sec- I
IMMUNOLOGY
 General Immunology
o Innate and adaptive immunity
o Antigen and antigenecity
o Antibodies and immunoglobulins
o Cell mediated and humoral immunity
o Immune system
o Hypersensitivity
o Autoimmunity
o Immune mediated diseases
o Immunization
o Immune deficiency
 Immunological Techniques
 General considerations
 Agglutination reactions
 Precipitation reactions
 Immunodiffusion techniques:
 Double diffusion
 Single radial immunodiffusion .
 Immunoelectrophoresis
 Complement Fixation test
 Immunoflourescence
o . Direct
o . Indirect
 Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
 Immunochemical Techniques:

61
  Quantitation of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE in serum and other body
fluids
 Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of serum immunoglobulin abnormalities
Detection/quantitation of Bence-Jones protein in the urine
 Cryoglobulin determination and analysis
 Tests for circulating immune complexes by immunochemical methods
 Immunochemical and electrophoretic analysis of CSF
 Measurement of overall complement function
 Total haemolytic and alternative pathway titrations of complement
components (especially C3, C4, Factor Band C1 esterase inhibitor)
 Electrophoretic examination for altered complement components
 Other serum protein determinations including acute phase proteins (CRP
etc.), Carcinoembryonic antigen, a-fetoprotein and protein clearance
ratios
 Pregnancy tests on urine.
 Immunohistological Tests:
 Detection of antigens, antibodies, Immunoglobulins and complement
components deposited in pathological lesions, particularly in the kidney
and skin;
 Characterization of plasma cells and lymphocyte types in relevant tissue
biopsies, using immunofluorescent and enzyme-labelled techniques.

Sec -II
Serology
o Introduction of immune system
o Antigens, definition types examples
o Anti-bodies definition, types functions, structures
o Antigen anti-body reactions
Serological Techniques
 Tests for circulating antibodies to autoantigens in tissue sections by indirect
immunofluorescence and enzyme-labelled techniques
 Tests for antibodies to other autoantigens by agglutination, precipitation,
complement fixation and radioimmunoassay
 Tests for antibodies to non-microbial environment and fool allergens
 Tests for antibodies to selected microbiological antigens
 Tissue Typing For HLA-Antigens: Serological And DNA Based
o Principles of QUALITY CONTROL and the use of reference preparations
as laboratory standards
o
1. Antigen-Antibody reaction techniques
2. ELISA Technique
3. Widal test:
4. Typhidot test
5. Brucella Agglutination test.
6. Antist reptolysin O titre.
7. Bacterial Haemagglutination test.
8. Paul Bunnel reaction.

62
 9. RA Factor Test
10. CRP test.
11. RPR test
12. VDRL test.
13. Complement fixation test
14. PCR
Final Professional B.Sc. Medical Laboratory
Technology Examination

Paper I
BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS
Theory Marks 45 Marks
Internal Assessment 05 Marks
Oral Examination on Research Report 45Marks
Internal Assessment 05 Marks
Total Marks 100 Marks
Pass Marks 50% Marks
Theory Hours 100
Practical Hours : 200
Total study Hours: 300

Contents of the Course

1. Introduction of Statistics: Statistical data condensation of data, presentation of
data by graphs, health related data, rates and their relative importance,
presentation of quantitative data.
2. Sampling: The concept of sampling, types and methods of drawing ideal
sample, sampling distribution of sample mean, error of sampling, standard error,
chi square, T-test and their uses in health.
3. Central Tendency: Concepts of central tendency, mean, median and ode and
their value in health, percentiles, measure of dispersion, coefficient of variation
and skewness, normal distribution, range, standard deviation and relative
deviation.
4. Hypothesis: Concepts of hypothesis testing, null & alternative hypothesis, two
types of errors, acceptance & rejection regions, tow sided & one sided tests,
general steps in hypothesis testing, test about means, confidence interval for
mean, meaning of significance in statistical procedures and methods of
inferential statistics.
5. Regression & Correlation: Scatter diagram, straight line regression model,
method of least squares, sample correlation coefficient, inference about
regression coefficient and correlation coefficient.
6. Introduction to Research: The question of legitimate knowledge, knowledge
& decision making, the scientific method, quantitative vs qualitative research,
application of scientific method, positivistic vs naturalistic paradigm.

63
 7. Classification of Research: Basic vs applied research, evaluation research,
research & development (R&D), action research.
8. Selection & Formulation of a Problem: From generic to a specific program,
program statement, getting an access to primary and secondary resources, note
taking and information to management, Review of related literature, questions
and/or hypothesis of the study.
9. Development of a Research Plan: The ethical, legal and professional
obligations, the rational of the study, the research plan, evaluation of a research
plan.
10. Selection of sample: sample & population, basic considerations in sampling,
random sampling, stratified random sampling cluster sampling, systematic
sampling determination of sample size, elimination of sampling bias.
11. Instrumentation and Data Collection: Tests and scales, objectivity and
standardization, types of tests and scales, validity and reliability of an
instrument, assessment of validity and reliability, development of tests/scale.
12. Data Analysis & Interpretation: Preparing data analysis, types of
measurement scales, descriptive statistics inferential statistics, using computer
for data analysis.
13. Preparation of a Research Report: Format & style, citation, references &
bibliography writing theses, dissertations & journal articles.

Student will prepare a research report regarding the selected elective

subject under the guidance of the approved supervisor for the elective
subject.
The research report will be submitted in the final year examination.

Paper II
ELECTIVE SUBJECT
Theory Marks 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Practical Marks 90 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Total Marks 200
Pass Marks 50%
Theory Hours 100
Practical Hours: 200
Total study Hours: 300
Student in final year will select one subject from the elective subjects mentioned below, in the
first month of final year.
Principal / Head of institution will approve the supervisor

 Immunohematology (Blood Banking)

 Clinical Microbiology
 Advanced Clinical Immunology
 Medical Genetics

64
 Molecular Biology
 Advanced Clinical Chemistry

65
IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY (BLOOD BANKING) COURSE
OUTLINE (ELECTIVE)

1. Blood Components
a. Blood processing equipment
b. Preparation and Uses of specific blood components
– Whole blood
– Red cell concentrate
– Fresh frozen plasma
– Platelet concentrate
– Cryoprecipitate
– Cryo supernatant

2. Autologous Blood transfusion

– Pre operative Autologous Blood Donation (PABD)
– Acute Normovolemic Hypodilution (ANH)
– Intra operative blood salvage
– Post-operative blood salvage

3. ABO and other Major Blood group systems

(MNS, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran):
– antigen
– antibody characteristics
– significance in transfusion
– significance in haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
– features and practical application
• MNS
•P
• Kell
• Duffy
• Kidd
• Lewis
• Lutheran
• I blood group system

4. Discrepancies in ABO / D grouping

Causes
– False – Positive reactions
 Rouleaux
 Cold autoagglutination and cold reacting autoantibodies
 T-Activation/polyagglutination
 Acquired B
 Potentiators
 Contaminating antibodies

– False – Negative reactions

 Reagent - Loss of potency
 Failure to add reagent

66
  Failure to identify lysis
 Mixed field appearance
 D variant phenotype

5. Incompatibilities
– Dealing with incompatibilities efficiently and effectively
– Antibodies to high incidence antigens
– Cold agglutinins
– Haemolytic anaemias

6. Antiglobulin Test
– Direct
– Indirect

7. Tests for Screening and detection of Atypical Antibodies

– Screening tests using a cell panel
– Titrations
– Adsorption and Elution Techniques

8. Blood donor Selection

– Recruitment of voluntary non-remunerated donors
– Transfusion transmissible infections
– Testing strategies
 HIV
 HBV
 HCV

9. Quality control

– critical control points

– reagent controls
– random quality control.
– waste management – overview

10. Apheresis

– Types of Apheresis
– Clinical applications

11. Patient records

– Repeat blood orders
– Transplantation leading to change in blood type
– Retention of specimens and transfused units
12. Transfusion reactions and Haemovigilance
– Transfusion reaction investigations

13. Practical Training

– Research Assignment related to elective.

67
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY COURSE OUTLINE (ELECTIVE)

General Bacteriology:

 Sterilization & Disinfection

 Quality control in Microbiology laboratory
 Biosafety levels and Risk group classification
 Storage of bacterial Isolates
 Food Microbiology
 Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing
 Preparation of staining reagents
 Gram stain
 ZN stain
 Albert stain
 Spore stain
 Capsular stain
 Practical training on Media preparation
 Training on Automated Media preparation and pouring system
 Training on Automated Blood culture system
 Training on Automated system for TB culture and sensitivity
 Stomacher
 Multi-Inoculator
 Autoclave

Collection, transport and handling of clinical specimens

 Blood culture/Bone Marrow

 Urine culture
 Stool culture
 Urogenital specimens
 CSF
 Body Fluids (Ascitic fluid, Peritoneal fluid, Pleural fluid, synovial fluid)
 Pus and abscesses
 Eye specimens
 Ear specimens
 Throat swab
 Nasal secretions
 Tissue/biopsy culture
 Semen analysis/culture
 Catheter tips/indwelling devices for culture

68
Identification of Medically Important Bacteria

 Staphylococci
 Streptococci
 Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Corynebacterium diptheriae
 Clostridium
 Listeria monocytogenes
 Bacillus
 Detection and confirmation of MRSA, MRSE, VRE, VRSA
 D-Test

Enterobacteriaceae
 Detection & confirmation of extended spectrum beta lactamases
 Detection and confirmation of Metalo beta lactamases

Non-Fermenters
 Acinetobacter
 Pseudomonas
 Sternotrophomonas maltophilia
 Burkholderia
 Helicobacter pylori
 Compylobacter
 Neisseria
 Haemophillus

Zoonotic
 Brucella
 Bordetella
 Yersinia
 Pasteurella
Mycobacteria
 MTB complex
 Mycobacterium leprae
 Atypical Mycobacteria
Identification of Medically Important Parasites

 Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa

69
  Cestodes
 Trematodes
 Nematodes
 Blood & Tissue Protozoa

Identification of Medically Important Fungi

 Laboratory diagnosis of Fungal infections

 Direct microscopic examination

 Culture of the organism
 DNA probe tests
 Serologic tests

 Identification:

 Dermatophytes
 Tinea versicolor
 Dermatophytosis
 Sporothrix
 Coccidioides
 Histoplasma
 Blastomyces
 Paracoccidioides
 Cryptococcus
 Candida
 Aspergillus
 Mucor

70
ADVANCED CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COURSE OUTLINE
(ELECTIVE)
Advanced Clinical Immunology

Basic Immunology
Innate Immune System: Components and functions

Acquire Immune System: Components and function, T and B cell development,

Concepts of antigen, Antibody: Antigenicity, T-dependent and T-independent antigens,

Heptans, Antigen presentation, antibody structure, genetics, etc.

MHC/HLA: Types, Structure, functions, significance, concept of tolerance

Clinical Immunology

Hypersensitivity: Types with examples, immunopathogenesis, laboratory tests used for

their diagnosis

Autoimmunity: Causes, classification, immunopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of

autoimmune disorders e.g. SLE, RA, and Rheumatic fever.

Transplantation: Types of grafts, tempo of graft rejection, MHC genetics, role of MHC in
transplant rejection, HLA matching/Tissue typing

Immunodeficiency: Classification: primary immunodeficiency e.g. T cell, B cell etc.

Acquired immunodeficiency, Immunopathogenesis and laboratory
diagnosis of HIV
Vaccination: History and importance, classification, advantages and disadvantages of
different classes of vaccines, methods of vaccine development, adjuvant

Immunological Techniques
Agglutination
Precipitaiton
ELISA
Flowcytometry

Practical
A: Practical training related to subject

B: Research assignment related to subject

71
MEDICAL GENETICS COURSE OUTLINE (ELECTIVE)

I: NUCLEIC ACIDS
Structure and function of DNA
Structure and functions of RNA
Differences between DNA & RNA
Chromatin and DNA topology

II: REPLICATION OF DNA

Chemistry of DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase
Replication fork
Initiation of DNA replication
Termination of DNA replication
Replication errors
Replication regulation

III: GENE STRUCTURE & EXPRESSION

IV: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTION

RNA polymerases
Transcription factors
Transcription initiation
Transcription elongation
Transcription termination
Transcription regulation
Post transcriptional modifications
Caping
Polyadenylation
Splicosome mechanism
Alternative splicing

V: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TRANSLATION

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA
Ribosomes
Initiation of translation
Termination of translation
Regulation of translation
Post translational modifications
Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins

VI: NUCLEIC ACID ISOLATION FROM SUBMITTED SPECIMENS

72
 Different methods of DNA & RNA isolation
Dilution technique for isolated DNA & RNA
Estimation of concentration and determine quality of DNA/RNA
Proper storage of DNA/RNA samples

VII: PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES OF POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Principle of PCR
Primer designing
Determination of components & concentration of a PCR reaction
Preparation of Master mix
Calculation of Primer dilution
Optimization of conditions for PCR amplification
Trouble shooting failed or non-specific reactions

VIII: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Agarose gel electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

IX: MUTATION ANALYSIS

Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Allele specific PCR amplification (ARMS)
Oligonucleotide ligation assay
Pyrosequencing
Multiple amplification probe hybridization (MAPH)

X: GENE SCANNING
Heteroduplex analysis
dHPLC
SSCP
DGGE
Protein truncation test
MLPA

XI: GENE SEQUENCING

Dideoxy & chemical method of gene sequencing
Next generation sequencing

XII: HUMAN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION

XIII: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF CELL CULTURE FOR CHROMOSOME

ANALYSIS

Method for collection, preservation and transport of appropriate samples

Peripheral blood cell culture
Bone marrow cell culture

73
 Solid tumor cell culture
Chorionic villi & Amniotic fluid culture

XIV: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF CHROMOSOME BANDING AND

STAINING

Slide making techniques

G-banding
C-banding
R-banding
Florescent In situ Hybridization (FISH)

XV: CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION AND KARYOTYPING

XVI: MODE OF INHERITANCE

Autosomal Recessive mode of inheritance
Autosomal Dominant mode of inheritance
X-linked mode of inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance

XVII: OTHER TECHNIQUES

Real time PCR
Reverse transcriptase PCR
Microarray analysis
Southern blotting
Western blotting
Northern blotting
DNA based Forensic analysis
Practical Training
Research Assignment in the Elective

74
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. Molecular Biology of the Cell

Bruce Albert
2007 Edition
Garland Science, Taylor & Francis group

2. Molecular Biology of the Gene

James D Watson
5th Edition

3. Lewin’s Genes X
Jocelyn E Krebs, Elliot S Goldstein & Stephen T Kilpatrick
Jones & Bartler Publishers

4. Molecular Biology Laboratory Manual

Stefan Surzycki
Blackwell Publishing

5. PCR Mutation Detection Protocols

Bimal D.M. Theophilus, Ralph Repley
Humana Press

6. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual

3rd Edition
Joseph Sambrook
CSH Press

7. Cell & Molecular Biology Laboratory Manual

Edition 2009
David A Thompson

8. Thompson & Thompson, Genetics in Medicine

7th Edition
Robert L Nussbaum, Roderick R McInnes, Huntington F Wallard
Suanders Elsevier publishers

9. Analyzing Chromosomes
B Czepulkowski
BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd

75
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY COURSE OUTLINE (ELECTIVE)
I: NUCLEIC ACIDS
Structure and function of DNA
Structure and functions of RNA
Differences between DNA & RNA
Chromatin and DNA topology

II: REPLICATION OF DNA

Chemistry of DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase
Replication fork
Initiation of DNA replication
Termination of DNA replication
Replication errors
Replication regulation

III: GENE STRUCUTRE

IV: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTION

RNA polymerases
Transcription factors
Transcription initiation
Transcription elongation
Transcription termination
Transcription regulation
Post transcriptional modifications
Caping
Polyadenylation
Splicosome mechanism
Alternative splicing

V: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TRANSLATION & GENE EXPRESSION

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA
Ribosomes
Initiation of translation
Termination of translation
Regulation of translation
Post translational modifications
Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins

VI: RECOMBINATION & REPAIR

VI: NUCLEIC ACID ISOLATION FROM SUBMITTED SPECIMENS

Different methods of DNA & RNA isolation
Dilution technique for isolated DNA & RNA
Estimation of concentration and determine quality of DNA/RNA

76
 Proper storage of DNA/RNA samples

VII: PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES OF POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Principle of PCR
Primer designing
Determination of components & concentration of a PCR reaction
Preparation of Master mix
Calculation of Primer dilution
Optimization of conditions for PCR amplification
Trouble shooting failed or non-specific reactions

VIII: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Agarose gel electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

IX: MUTATION ANALYSIS

Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Allele specific PCR amplification (ARMS)
Oligonucleotide ligation assay
Pyrosequencing
Multiple amplification probe hybridization (MAPH)

X: GENE SCANNING
Heteroduplex analysis
dHPLC
SSCP
DGGE
Protein truncation test
MLPA

XI: GENE SEQUENCING

Dideoxy & chemical method of gene sequencing
Direct DNA sequencing

XII: OTHER TECHNIQUES

Real time PCR
Reverse transcriptase PCR
Microarray analysis
Southern blotting
Western blotting
Northern blotting
DNA based Forensic analysis
Practical Training
Research Assignment in the Elective

77
RECOMMENDED BOOKS

10. Molecular Biology of the Cell

Bruce Albert
2007 Edition
Garland Science, Taylor & Francis group

11. Molecular Biology of the Gene

James D Watson
5th Edition

12. Lewin’s Genes X

Jocelyn E Krebs, Elliot S Goldstein & Stephen T Kilpatrick
Jones & Bartler Publishers

13. Molecular Biology Laboratory Manual

Stefan Surzycki
Blackwell Publishing

14. PCR Mutation Detection Protocols

Bimal D.M. Theophilus, Ralph Repley
Humana Press

15. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual

3rd Edition
Joseph Sambrook
CSH Press

16. Cell & Molecular Biology Laboratory Manual

Edition 2009
David A Thompson

78
ADVANCED CLINICAL CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE (ELECTIVE)
Endocrine tests:
1. Cortical hormone.
2. Sex hormone.
3. Protein bound iodine. 4. Thyroid hormones.
Tumour markers:
Definition, a feto protein, CEA, HCG, CA, PSA, CA125, etc.
Miscellaneous:
1. Cerebrospinal fluid (detailed examination)
2. Lipoprotein by Electrophoresis.
3. Types of haemoglobin..
4 Copper.
Special Diseases and Their Laboratory Diagnosis:
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Phenylketonuria
3. Aminoaciduria
4. Glycogen storage disease
5. Renal calculi.
6. Proteinuria
7. Ketonuria.
8. Myocardial infarction
9. Nephrotic syndrome
10. Malabsorption syndrome
11. Hyperbilirubinaemia & Jaundice
12. Hypoalbuminaemia
13. Hyperbilirubinaemia
14. HyiJeruricaemia
15. Obesity
16. Acid base disorder
17. Cushing disease
18. Myxedema
19. Hypo & Hyperpituitarism
20. Diabetes inspidus
21. Amenorrhea
22. Hirsutism
23. Rickets
24. Osteomalacia
25. Chronic renal failure
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
OGTT
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Chemical Toxicology
PCR (Methodology, Principle and Clinical Interpretation)
Accreditation.

Practical:
 Research Assignments Related to Elective Subjects
 Advanced Lab Training Related to Elective Subjects

79
RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND JOURNALS

 Essential Hematology By Hoffbrand A.V And Pettit

 Practical Heamtology By Dacie And Lewis
 Clinical Pathology Interpretations by A.H. Nagi
 Clinical Hematology In Medical Practice By De- Gruchy’s
 Handbook of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Techniques by JW Delancy
 Manual Of Laboratory Medicine by AFIP, Rwp.
 District Laboratory Practice In Tropical Countries: Part I & II By Monica Cheesburgh
 Medical Microbiology And Immunology By Levinson And Jawetz
 Textbook Of Clinical Chemistry By Warley
 A Manual Of Laboratory And Diagnostic Tests By Francis Talaska
 Text Book Of Clinical Chemistrty by Zilva Pannel
 Short Textbook Of Chemical pathology by Baron
 Clinical Chemistry In Practical Medicine by Stewart And Dunlopp
 Immunology By Roih, Brostoff And Male (6th Edition)
 Immunobiology (The Immune System In Health And Disease By Janeway, Travers,
Walport & Shlomohick (6th Edition)
 Immunology By Abbas
 Fundamental Immunology (5th Edition) By William E Paul
 Practical Medical Microbiology by Sherrys
 Guide To Human Parasitology by Black Lock
 Medical Bacteriology: A Practical Approach by Peter Hawky
 Basic Medical Lab Technology by CJ Kirk and RN Peel
 Theory and Practice of Histololgical Techniques by John D Bancroft
 Educational Research: Competencies For Analysis And Applications Columbus: Merrill.
Gay. L.R. (1987) Walpole, R.E.:
 Introduction To Statistic, Publishing Co. Inc, New York.
 Spiegel, Murray R.: Theory & Problems Of Statistics, Sehawm Publishing Co., New York.
 Park’s; Text Book Of Preventive And Social Medicine

80