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Coherence: ‫ الحبك‬/‫ اﻹنسجام‬/‫ الترابط المعنوي‬/‫التماسك الدﻻلي‬the underlying/ deep

relations that relate the sentences to the central thought of the text.
Cohesion: ‫ السبك‬/‫ اﻹتساق‬/‫ الترابط اللغوي‬/‫التماسك النصي‬formal surface relations
between the sentences that make up the text.

Translation Challenges
Intentionality: ‫ القصد‬the text should achieve the author’s goal.
Acceptability: ‫ المقبولية‬the relevancy and importance of the text to the reader.

Arabic English
Informativity: ‫ اﻹفادة المعنوية‬relates to the newness and amount of the
information the text contains;
Situationality: ‫ المقامية‬/‫ رعاية الموقف‬the relevancy of the text to its context of
situation
Intertextuality: ‫ التناص‬the relation and dependency of the text with and on
other texts

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are all related to a single

topic. They cohere through developing, supporting the argument, synthesising
and clarifying ideas to make sense of the text as a unified entity.
• Basic Concepts The logic of : Topic + Supporting details +Conclusion.
1.
________________. Fruits are delicious. Examples of fruits are apples, oranges
and bananas. Fruits have many vitamins and minerals, including Vitamin C, Vitamin
2.
• Sample Study
E, and Potassium. For these reasons, it is a good idea to eat lots of fruit.

• Practice a. Everyone loves fruit. b. Fruit is a delicious food. c. Fruit is a healthy and tasty food.
3.
Marrakech is known for its historical monuments. Also, Marrakech offers a
range of adventure activities in the nearby Atlas Mountains. In addition, visitors can
discover about folkloric music and art. Equally attractive is the diversity of food in
the region.
2 Topic idea: Marrakech is attractive for various reasons.
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System of Lexical ‫المعجمي‬ Reiteration
Cohesion
Repetition
Collocation‫المتﻼزم‬
Synonym/antonym
‫ التضام‬/‫ات‬
/‫المعنوي‬ ‫الترادف‬
‫التضاد‬
Newmark defines translation as a "craft consisting in the attempt to
Grammatical
replace a written message and/or a statement in one language by the
Hyponym:
Colour - blue
‫مندرج‬
same message and statement in another language."
Substitional‫اﻹس‬ Ellipsis Connectives/
Reference ‫اﻹحالة‬ conjunctions ‫الربط‬
‫تبدال‬ ‫الحذف‬
Translating "involves some kind of loss of meaning, ……The basic
Pronominal ‫الضمائر‬
Demonstrative
Nominal:
have three
I Additives: also, too, not ..only ‫الوصل و الفصل‬
Contrastive: but, though, yet ‫الربط العكسي‬
loss is on a continuum between overtranslation (increased detail) and
‫أسماء اﻹشارة‬
Comparative
Nominal ‫إسمي‬ pens. I will Amplifying: thus, to be more specific
Causal: because, for this reason ‫السببية‬
undertranslation (increased generalization)”. (1981, p. 7)
(one & ones) give you one.
‫وأدوات المقارنة‬ Alternative: on the other hand, or, nor
Verbal (do, so) Verbal: yes, I
Clausal (do, so) have Explanatory: I mean, that is to say ‫التفصيل‬
Anaphora ‫إحالة قبلية‬ ‫اﻻستبدال القولي‬ Clausal: ‫هل‬ Excluding: instead, rather than
Cataphora ‫إحالة بعدية‬ ‫تتكلم اﻹنجليزية؟‬ Temporal: after that, then ‫الترابط الزمني‬
Exophoric ‫اﻹحالة الخارجية‬ .‫نعم‬ Summary: to sum up, in short

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a Newmark Translation Process Diagram
text together and gives it meaning: ‫ التكرار‬/ ‫ اﻹحالة‬/ ‫ اﻻستبدال‬/ ‫ الحذف‬/ ‫الربط‬/
Repeated words Reference words Substitution Ellipsis Transition
Source Lge Text Comprehension
My favourite colour is blue. I like it because it is calming and it relaxes
me. I often go outside in the summer, lie on the grass and look into the clear sky
Reading of the text Intention of the text
when I am stressed. For this reason, I'd have to say my favourite colour is blue.
Intention of the translator Text type

My favourite colour is blue. Blue sports cars go very fast. Driving in this The readership The setting
way is dangerous and can cause many car crashes. I had a car accident once Connotations & denotations The last reading
and broke my leg. I was very sad because I had to miss a holiday in Europe
because of the injury.
Formulation
The opening: ‘blue’ colour , but the closing : ‘a holiday in Europe’.
Target Lge Text (Recreation)
http://gordonscruton.blogspot.com
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9 11
Text Types & Strategies
Expressive text types are imaginative literature authoritative statements,
Variety of Word order in Arabic.
autobiographies, essay and personal correspondence.
Informative text types: textbooks, technical reports, scientific papers or agenda of
meeting. Informative texts convey information. Flexibility in the movement and
Vocative text types: notices, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing and distribution of sentence elements
advertisements.
Semantic translation is personal and individual, follows the thought processes of
the author, tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning.
Communicative translation is social, concentrates on the message and the It is the case ending on every noun which
main force of the text, tends to under-translate, to be simple, clear and brief, and shows its grammatical function and meaning.
is always written in a natural and resourceful style. ‫ اﻹضافة‬annexation

10 12

‫ إنما المومنون إخوة‬only the believers are brothers - The believers are but brothers.
“the chief difficulties in translating are lexical, not grammatical - i.e. words,
The believers are nothing else than brothers (in Islamic religion).
collocations and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and 'unfindable'
words”. ( 1988, p. 32) Words with multiple meanings
Word for word: The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by The teacher asked the student to draw a right angle ‫زاوية قاﺋمة‬, but insisted
their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. that the student draw it with his right hand ‫ يد يمنى‬while that student was left
‫ الرجل الطويل اخي‬:The man the tall my brother handed. Of course, he didn't draw it right ‫ على نحو صحيح‬and the teacher
gave him low marks. Right away ‫ على الفور‬the student went to the
Literal translation: the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest headmaster and complained that it was his right ‫ حقه‬to draw with whichever
TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly. hand he liked. The headmaster who was an upright ‫ رجل عادل‬man agreed that
The reciter repeated the verse twice: ‫القارئ أعاد اﻵية مرتين‬ ‫أعاد القارئ اﻵية مرتين‬ he was right ‫ كان على حﻖ‬and that the teacher did not treat him right ‫لﻢ يعامله‬
‫ردد المقرئ اﻵية مرتين‬ ‫ بعدل‬and ordered the teacher to right ‫ يصحح‬the student's marks.
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Grammatical Collocations ‫اﳌتﻼزمات الفظية‬

13 15

Phrasal verbs tend to be highly polysemous, i.e. they can have several meanings.
He hit the ball ‫ضرب الﻼعب الكرة‬
He set an example ‫ضرب ﻣﺜﻼ‬
He travelled through the land ‫ضرب في اﻷرض‬

He schemed and plotted ‫ضرب أخماسا في أسداس‬

sleep overtook him ‫ضرب النوم على أذنيه‬

14
Translating Idioms 16

‫ تعابﲑ اصطﻼح ة‬/ ‫را يب ﳎازية‬

The adjective is in complete agreement with the noun it qualifies following the » Baker (1992) provides a definition for the idiom as "frozen patterns of
system below: language which allow little or no variation in form and often carry meaning
1. Definiteness ( in/definite articles) 2. Gender ( male or female) 3. Case: which cannot be deduced from their individual components."(p.63)
nominative, accusative or genetive. 4. Number (singular, dual or plural) » Idioms come in different guises:
» ‫ ﺛﻌلب‬a fox ( a cunning person);
‫ـ الجر‬10 ، ‫ـ النصب‬9 ، ‫ـ الرفع‬8 ، ‫ـ الجمع‬7 ،‫ـ التثنية‬6 ، ‫ـ اﻹفراد‬5 ، ‫ـ التأنيث‬4 ، ‫ ـ التذكير‬3، ‫ـ التعريف‬2 ، ‫ـ التنكير‬1/ » .‫ق‬ َ ‫ في‬،ٍ‫ في أ َ ْز َﻣة‬: َ‫ْص بَيْص‬
َ ‫غ ٍ ّم َو ِشدﱠةٍ َو‬
ٍ ‫ض ْي‬ َ ‫( َوقَ َع في َحي‬almaany.com)
He is in a dire situation.
‫ طفﻼن صغيران‬- ‫ سيدة محترمة‬- ‫ اﻷشخاص الشرفاء‬- ً ‫رأيت رجﻼً فقيرا‬ » to ride one's hobby-horse“ : "to follow a favourite pastime“
» to hit the ceiling (‘to get angry’);
» ‫طوى صفحة الماضي‬ turn the page
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Translating Idioms 17 19

‫ تعابﲑ اصطﻼح ة‬/ ‫را يب ﳎازية‬ Idioms as Human Heritage

They are fixed and frozen expressions with non-literal metaphorical meaning.
(Newman & Husni, 2015, p. 26). Hunger is the best sauce ‫الجوع أﻣهر الطباخيﻦ‬
They are highly linguistic and culture specific: Money begets money ‫المال يجر المال‬
Heartwarming piece of news = ‫خبر يﺜلج الصدر‬ Necessity knows no law ‫للضرورة احكام‬
‫ﱡ‬ Necessity is the mother of invention ‫الحاجة ﺗفتق الحيلة‬
‫الظ ْف ِر‬ ‫ نَا ِع ُم‬a tender age
‫ غنيمة سائغة‬pleasant prey People who live in glass houses should ‫ﻣﻦ كان بيته ﻣﻦ زجاج ﻻ يرشق‬
not throw stone ‫الناس بالحجارة‬
Idioms calqued from English: Equivalents in function and form
To cry crocodile tears: ‫ ذرف دﻣوع التماسيح‬a storm in a teacup ‫زوبﻌة في فنجان‬
to put the cart before the horse ‫وضع الﻌربة أﻣام الحصان‬

18 20

Different Expression / Similar Function Strategies of translating Idioms

Borrowing: marriage de convenance : marriage of convenience ‫زواج المصلحة‬
Paraphrase, maintaining some SL cultural specificity, where necessary: e.g.
One can’t get blood from stone ‫إنك ﻻ ﺗجني ﻣﻦ الشوك الﻌنب‬ to back the wrong horse ‫يراهن على الجواد الخاسر‬

Empty-handed ‫عاد بﺨفي حنيﻦ‬ Addition: to shake one’s head: no (‫ )جبرا إبراهيﻢ جبرا‬.‫ﺾ‬ ‫هززت َرأْسِي بِ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫الر ْف‬

Man proposes and God disposes ‫ وأنا أريد وأ يفﻌل ﻣا يريد‬،‫أنت ﺗريد‬ Condensation/ reduction: with deep and hoarse voice ‫بصوت متهدج‬
Omission of near synonym:
Like father, like son ‫ذاك الشبل ﻣﻦ ذاك اﻷسد‬
When in Rome do as the Romans do ‫دارهم ﻣا دﻣت في دارهم‬
https://idioms.online
https://www.idiomsandslang.com/
https://www.maajim.com/quotes
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References
Najib, A. (2005). The Fundamentals of Translation from Arabic into English and
Vice Verca. Egypt: Ibn Sinaa.
Newman, D. L., & Husni, R. (2015). Arabic-English-Arabic Translation:
Issues and Strategies: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to translation. Pergamon Institute of English
(Oxford). Oxford: Pergamon.
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. New York: Prentice-Hall
International.
Baker, M. (1992). In other words: A coursebook on translation. London:
Routledge.
https://canvas.instructure.com/ for hosting the course.
https://www.almaany.com