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CHAPTER 10
Method of Integration
In this chapter, we �irst describe how we can reverse the differentiation. Then we explain the
following:
� integrating the fundamental functions,
� integrating the trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions,
� methods of integration: substitution, integration by parts and partial fraction.
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10.1 Antiderivatives
Consider
𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 .
The natural question arises, what is the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)?
Namely, what is 𝑓𝑓 in terms of 𝑥𝑥?
We know that differentiation decreases the power by 1, so 𝑓𝑓 must contain 𝑥𝑥 3 .
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 , then 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 , or
if 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2, then 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 , or
1
if 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − , then 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 , etc.
2

It means that there are many such functions of the form

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝐶
where 𝐶𝐶 is an arbitrary constant.
We say that
𝑥𝑥 3 is the antiderivative of 3𝑥𝑥 2 .
Next consider
𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥.
We think the same way as above, the original function 𝑓𝑓 must contain 𝑥𝑥 2 . However,
𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 = 2𝑥𝑥,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
we see the extra factor 2. If we multiply both sides by , then
2
𝑑𝑑 1
( 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶 where 𝐶𝐶 is an arbitrary constant, then 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥, so 𝑥𝑥 2 is the antiderivative of x.
2

If 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) is a function where 𝐹𝐹′(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), then the antiderivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥).
We call the antiderivative as integral and write
1
∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶,
Where 𝐶𝐶 is the constant of integration.

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We read this as "the integral of 𝑥𝑥 with respect to 𝑥𝑥”.

In general,
if 𝐹𝐹′(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then f (x)dx = 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶
where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 means that the integration is taking place with respect to the variable 𝑥𝑥.
Here 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is called the integrand. The variable of integration in an integral plays no essential role.
It might be 𝑥𝑥, or 𝑡𝑡, or 𝑢𝑢, or anything else:
∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, etc.
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Example 1.
Find the antiderivative of
1
(a) √𝑥𝑥 (b) 3𝑥𝑥 5 (c) 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (d)
𝑥𝑥 3

Solution
3 1 3 1
𝑑𝑑 3 𝑑𝑑 2
(a) Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 = 2 𝑥𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ( 3 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥𝑥 2 = √𝑥𝑥 ,
3
2
the antiderivative of √𝑥𝑥 is 𝑥𝑥 2 .
3
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1
(b) Since 𝑥𝑥 6 = 6 𝑥𝑥 5 and ( 𝑥𝑥 6 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 5 ,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1
the antiderivative of 3𝑥𝑥 5 is 𝑥𝑥 6 .
2
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1
(c) Since 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 and ( 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
1
the antiderivative of 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 is 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 .
3
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 1
(d) Since 𝑥𝑥 −2 = −2𝑥𝑥 −3 and (− )= ,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
1 1
the antiderivative of is − .
𝑥𝑥 3 2𝑥𝑥 2

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We now describe the integration of fundamental functions. We know that
𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛+1 = (𝑛𝑛 + 1) 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The reverse of this process is

1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛+1 + 𝐶𝐶 for 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1.

When 𝑛𝑛 = 0, it is seen that

∫ 𝑥𝑥 0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
When 𝑛𝑛 = −1, let us consider the differentiation of In𝑥𝑥.
𝑑𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 In𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, it follows that ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶, for 𝑥𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 1
For 𝑥𝑥 < 0, ln|𝑥𝑥| = ln(−𝑥𝑥) = (−1) = , , by Chain Rule.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

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1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶 , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0
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Rules of Integration
Suppose 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) are continuous functions and 𝑘𝑘 ∈ ℝ.
1. ∫ 𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝐶𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘 ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
3. ∫[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ± 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ± ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
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Example 2.
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
1 3 (𝑥𝑥−1)2
(a) ∫(4𝑥𝑥 5 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ �2𝑥𝑥 6 − 𝑥𝑥 3 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ 5𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (d) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
3 𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥

Solution:
(a) ∫(4𝑥𝑥 5 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4
= ( 𝑥𝑥 6 + 𝐶𝐶1 ) + ( 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2 ) ; (𝐶𝐶1 and 𝐶𝐶2 are constants of integration)
6
2
= ( 𝑥𝑥 6 + 𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2
3
2
= ( 3 𝑥𝑥 6 + 𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶. ( 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 is another constant of integration)

From now on, we shall write constant of integration only in the answer.
1 3
(b) ∫ �2𝑥𝑥 6 − 𝑥𝑥 3 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 𝑥𝑥
1 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 𝑥𝑥
2 1 4
= 𝑥𝑥 7 − 𝑥𝑥 + 3 ln |𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
7 12

(c) ∫ 5𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 3
= 5 ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 5 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5
2
= 5 ( 𝑥𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶𝐶
5
(𝑥𝑥−1)2
(d) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥+1
=∫ 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥 1
= ∫( 1 − 1 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2
3 1 1
= ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5 3 1
2 4
= 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶
5 3

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Integrating Exponential Functions

𝑑𝑑 1
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑎𝑎 , ∫ 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶, where 𝑎𝑎 > 0, 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 1.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ln 𝑎𝑎

When 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑒𝑒,
𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Example 3.
Find the following integrals.
𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 +1 1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 (b) ∫(𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ �𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 log 5 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (d) ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 ln 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2

Solution:
𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 +1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥

= ∫(1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

(b) ∫(𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶
1
(c) ∫ �𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 log 5 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 log 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑥𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 log 5 − + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥
1
(d) ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 ln 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 3 3𝑥𝑥 ln 3 + 𝐶𝐶 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

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Integrating Trigonometric Functions
𝑑𝑑
sin 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 , ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(− cos 𝑥𝑥) = −(− sin 𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 , ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
tan 𝑥𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥𝑥, ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Example 4.
Evaluate .
(a) ∫(3 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫(𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −√𝑥𝑥
(c) ∫
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (d) ∫(1 + tan2 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
(a) ∫(3 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 5 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
(b) ∫(𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
1 3
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −√𝑥𝑥 1 1 1 1
(c) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶.
2 2 2 2 3

(d) ∫(1 + tan2 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.

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Integrating 𝒇𝒇(𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃)

We have learned the reverse process of differentiation as an integration. Now we consider the
integral of function which used the chain rule for differentiation.
Consider the integral
∫(4𝑥𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
By the chain rule,
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(4𝑥𝑥 + 1)6 = 6 (4𝑥𝑥 + 1)5 (4𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 24 (4𝑥𝑥 + 1)5 .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
Multiplying by on both sides, we get
24
1 𝑑𝑑
(4𝑥𝑥 + 1)6 = (4𝑥𝑥 + 1)5
24 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 1
( (4𝑥𝑥 + 1)6 ) = (4𝑥𝑥 + 1)5 .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 24
1
Therefore, ∫(4𝑥𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 24 (4𝑥𝑥 + 1)6 + 𝐶𝐶 .

For 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1,
𝑑𝑑 1
( (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑛𝑛+1 ) = (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑛𝑛 .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎(𝑛𝑛+1)

1 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏)𝑛𝑛+1
∫(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 (𝑛𝑛+1)
+ 𝐶𝐶, 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1

When 𝑛𝑛 = −1,
𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑎𝑎 1
( ln (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) ) = ( )= , 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
1 1
∫ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 ln |𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏| + 𝐶𝐶.
In general, if 𝑓𝑓 is a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥, then
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝑓𝑓′(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎′(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

and reversing this we get

1
∫ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) + 𝐶𝐶.
For the trigonometric functions of the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏).
1
∫ cos(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) + 𝐶𝐶,
1
∫ sin(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) + 𝐶𝐶,
1
∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 tan(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) + 𝐶𝐶.
For exponential functions of the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞).
1 1
∫ 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝+𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑝𝑝 ln 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝+𝑞𝑞 + 𝐶𝐶 where 𝑎𝑎 > 0, 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 1.

When 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑒𝑒,
1
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝+𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝+𝑞𝑞 + 𝐶𝐶 .

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 5.

Grade 12 Mathematics
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Evaluate the following integrals.

1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ √8𝑥𝑥 − 7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3−4𝑥𝑥

(d) ∫ 23𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ cos2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (f)∫ sin 4𝑥𝑥 cos 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution:
1 1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln |3 − 4𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
3−4𝑥𝑥 4
3
1 2
(b) ∫ √8𝑥𝑥 − 7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ( (8𝑥𝑥 − 7)2 ) + 𝐶𝐶
8 3
1
(c) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥+1 + 𝐶𝐶
2
1 1
(d) ∫ 23𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 23𝑥𝑥+1 + 𝐶𝐶
3 ln 2
1
(e) We use cos2 𝑥𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥𝑥), then
2
1
∫ cos2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 2 ∫(1 + cos 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= ( 𝑥𝑥 + sin 2𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥𝑥 + sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
2 4
1
(f) We use sin 4𝑥𝑥 cos 3𝑥𝑥 = (sin 7𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥 ), then
2
1
∫ sin 4𝑥𝑥 cos 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 ∫(sin 7𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= ( − cos 7𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶
2 7
1 1
=− cos 7𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
14 2

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Exercise 10.1
1. Evaluate the following integrals:
3 3
(a) ∫ 4𝑥𝑥 8 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫(5𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑥𝑥+3 1
(d) ∫ sin2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (f) ∫ � + 5� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
2 1 3
(g) ∫ �𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (h) ∫ � + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (i) ∫ � + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 10� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥

(j) ∫ sin2 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (k) ∫ sin 5𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (l) ∫ cos 7𝑥𝑥 cos 4𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution:
4
(a) ∫ 4𝑥𝑥 8 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 9 + 𝐶𝐶
9
7 10 10
3 3 3 3 3 9
(b) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = . 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝐶
2 2 2 10 20
1
(c) ∫(5𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = . 5𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
ln 5
1 1 1 1 1
(d) ∫ sin2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �𝑥𝑥 − sin 2𝑥𝑥� + 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 − sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2 2 2 2 4
1 1 3 1
𝑥𝑥+3 2
(e) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 −2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶
√𝑥𝑥 3

Grade 12 Mathematics
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1 1
(f) ∫ � + 5� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑥𝑥| + 5𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
2𝑥𝑥 2
2
(g) ∫ �𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2 ln |𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
1 1
(h) ∫ � + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =− + 4𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 5 4𝑥𝑥 4
3
(i) ∫ �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 10� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 ln |𝑥𝑥| + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
1 1 1 1 1
(j) ∫ sin2 3𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 ∫(1 − cos 6𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 �𝑥𝑥 − 6 sin 6𝑥𝑥� + 𝐶𝐶 = 2 𝑥𝑥 − 12 sin 6𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
1
(k) ∫ sin 5𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫(cos 3𝑥𝑥 − cos 7𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1 1 1
= � sin 3𝑥𝑥 − sin 7𝑥𝑥� + 𝐶𝐶
2 3 7
1 1
= sin 3𝑥𝑥 − sin 7𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
6 14
1
(l) ∫ cos 7𝑥𝑥 cos 4𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 ∫(cos 11𝑥𝑥 + cos 3𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 1
= � sin 11𝑥𝑥 + sin 3𝑥𝑥� + 𝐶𝐶
2 11 3
1 1
= sin 11𝑥𝑥 + sin 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
22 6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Evaluate the following integrals:
(a) ∫(1 − 2𝑥𝑥)3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 7)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c)∫ cos(3𝑥𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 sin 2𝑥𝑥
(d) ∫ 35𝑥𝑥−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (f) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
7𝑥𝑥−6 sin 𝑥𝑥

(g) ∫ sec 2 (2𝑥𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (h) ∫ e7𝑥𝑥−3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (i) ∫(1 + tan2 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution:
1 1 1
(a) ∫(1 − 2𝑥𝑥)3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − . (1 − 2𝑥𝑥)4 + 𝐶𝐶 = − (1 − 2𝑥𝑥)4 + 𝐶𝐶
2 4 8
1
(b) ∫ sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 7)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 7) + 𝐶𝐶
2𝜋𝜋
1
(c) ∫ cos(3𝑥𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 sin(3𝑥𝑥 − 7) + 𝐶𝐶
1 1 35𝑥𝑥−2
(d) ∫ 35𝑥𝑥−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 5 . ln 3 35𝑥𝑥−2 + 𝐶𝐶 = 5 ln 3 + 𝐶𝐶
1 1
(e) ∫ 7𝑥𝑥−6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 7 ln |7𝑥𝑥 − 6| + 𝐶𝐶
sin 2𝑥𝑥 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
(f) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ = 2 ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
sin 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥
1
(g) ∫ sec 2 (2𝑥𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan(2𝑥𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶𝐶
2
1
(h) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 7𝑥𝑥−3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 7𝑥𝑥−3 + 𝐶𝐶
7
1
(i) ∫(1 + tan2 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ sec 2 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 𝐶𝐶
2𝜋𝜋

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.2 Substitution Method

Grade 12 Mathematics
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We use the substitution method when the given integral can be transformed to the simpler
integral by a change of variable.
𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥)
We describe how to get the integrals ∫ 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)�𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 where 𝑔𝑔 is differentiable
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)

and 𝑓𝑓 is continuous.
Then, we apply this method to the integral containing the trigonometric functions.
Let 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) be a differentiable function.
The differential 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 is an independent variable, the differential 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 is given by
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Here, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is dependent variable that depends on 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1. ∫ 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)�𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Suppose the function 𝑔𝑔 is differentiable and 𝑓𝑓 is continuous.
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥). Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Substitute these into ∫ 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)�𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , then
∫ 𝒇𝒇�𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)�𝒈𝒈′ (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = ∫ 𝒇𝒇(𝒖𝒖)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅.
To compute the integral by substitution method, the basic steps are as follows:
Step 1 Select a substitution 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥).
Step 2 Differentiate the substitution and arrange to write 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 in term of 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Step 3 Substitute the expression from step 2, and transform the entire integral from
𝑥𝑥-variable to 𝑢𝑢-variable form.
Step 4 Integrate with respect to 𝑢𝑢.
Step 5 Rewrite the answer in terms of 𝑥𝑥.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 6.
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
3
2 𝑥𝑥 3
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ sin4 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 � 3 + 1� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

(d) ∫ √1 − 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (f) ∫ cos3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution:
2
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 .
1
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
2
∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
= ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2

Grade 12 Mathematics
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1
= 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
2
1 2
= 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 .
2

(b) ∫ sin4 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥.
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
∫ sin4 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢5
= 5
+ 𝐶𝐶
sin5 𝑥𝑥
= 5
+ 𝐶𝐶
3
𝑥𝑥 3
(c) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 � 3 + 1� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 3
Let 𝑢𝑢 = +1.
3

Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

3
𝑥𝑥 3
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 � 3 + 1� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= ∫ 𝑢𝑢3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4
𝑢𝑢4 1 𝑥𝑥 3
= 4
+ 𝐶𝐶 = � 3 + 1� + 𝐶𝐶.
4

(d) ∫ √1 − 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 1 − 5𝑥𝑥.
1
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5

∫ √1 − 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= ∫(1 − 5𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
1
= ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 ( − ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5
3
1 2
= − . 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝐶𝐶
5 3
2 3 2 3
=− 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝐶𝐶 = − (1 − 5𝑥𝑥)2 + 𝐶𝐶
15 15

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥)
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥). Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Thus
𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥) 1
∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶.
𝒈𝒈′(𝒙𝒙)
∫ 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = ln |𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)| + 𝑪𝑪.

Grade 12 Mathematics
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𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
∫ 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = ∫ 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = − ln | 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙| + 𝑪𝑪.
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙
∫ 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = ∫ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = ln | 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙| + 𝑪𝑪.
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Example 7.
Evaluate the following integrals.
2𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−1 1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−6 𝑥𝑥 2 −1 1+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

Solution:
2𝑥𝑥−1
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−6

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

2𝑥𝑥−1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|u| + C = ln|𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6| + 𝐶𝐶.
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−1 2𝑥𝑥
(b) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �1 +
𝑥𝑥 2 −1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−1 2𝑥𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �1 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢

= 𝑥𝑥 + ln|u| + 𝐶𝐶
= 𝑥𝑥 + ln|𝑥𝑥 2 − 1| + 𝐶𝐶.
1
(c) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

We can rewrite by multiplying and dividing by 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 .

1 1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
∫ 1+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 1+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 + 1. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
∫ 1+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= −ln|𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶
= −ln|𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶𝐶.
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We now explain some integrals involving the trigonometric functions using method of
substitution.
(a) ∫ sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln | sec 𝑥𝑥 + tan 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
Proof
We have
sec 𝑥𝑥+tan 𝑥𝑥 sec2 𝑥𝑥+sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥
∫ sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ sec 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥+tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ sec 𝑥𝑥+tan 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = sec 𝑥𝑥 + tan 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
So,

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1
∫ sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 = ln | sec 𝑥𝑥 + tan 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶.
(b) ∫ csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln | csc 𝑥𝑥 + cot 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶
Proof
We have
csc 𝑥𝑥+cot 𝑥𝑥 csc2 𝑥𝑥+cot 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥
∫ csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ csc 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥+cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ csc 𝑥𝑥+cot 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = csc 𝑥𝑥 + cot 𝑥𝑥 .Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −(cot 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

So,
1
∫ csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 = − ln |csc 𝑥𝑥 + cot 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶.
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Exercise 10.2
1. Integrate the following functions using the given substitutions.
(a) 4𝑥𝑥 3 √𝑥𝑥 4 − 1; 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 1 (b) cos 3 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑥
1
(c) ; 𝑢𝑢 = ln|𝑥𝑥| (d) sin5 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 ln |𝑥𝑥|
ln 𝑥𝑥 4
(e) ; 𝑥𝑥 > 0; 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥 (f) 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 4
𝑥𝑥

Solution:
(a) ∫ 4𝑥𝑥 3 √𝑥𝑥 4 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 1. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1 3 3
2 2
∫ 4𝑥𝑥 3 √𝑥𝑥 4 − 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝐶𝐶 = 3 (𝑥𝑥 4 − 1)2 + 𝐶𝐶

(b) ∫ cos 3 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1 1
∫ cos3 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑢𝑢3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 4 𝑢𝑢4 + 𝐶𝐶 = − 4 cos 4 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
1
(c) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 ln |𝑥𝑥|
1
Let 𝑢𝑢 = ln|𝑥𝑥|. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
𝑥𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 ln |𝑥𝑥| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 = ln �ln|𝑥𝑥|� + 𝐶𝐶

(d) ∫ sin5 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1 1
∫ sin5 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 6 𝑢𝑢6 + 𝐶𝐶 = 6 sin6 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
ln 𝑥𝑥
(e) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
1
Let 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑥𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝐶𝐶 = (ln 𝑥𝑥)2 + 𝐶𝐶 .
𝑥𝑥 2 2
4
(f) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 4 .Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .

4 1 1 1 4
∫ 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 = 4
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

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2. Use the substitution method to evaluate the following integrals.
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥)7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
sec2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
(d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 3 − 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (f) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
tan 𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥+1

Solution:
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫(1 − 𝑢𝑢)𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 3
= − ∫ �𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 5
2 2
= − �3 𝑢𝑢2 − 5
𝑢𝑢2 � + 𝐶𝐶
5 3
2 2
= (1 − 𝑥𝑥)2 − (1 − 𝑥𝑥)2 + 𝐶𝐶.
5 3

(b) ∫(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥)7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (2𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
∫(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥)7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢7 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= 𝑢𝑢8 + 𝐶𝐶
8
1
= 8 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥)8 + 𝐶𝐶.

(c) ∫ sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫(1 − cos 2 𝑥𝑥) sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = cos 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
∫ sin3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫(1 − 𝑢𝑢2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= − ( 𝑢𝑢 − 3 𝑢𝑢3 ) + 𝐶𝐶
1
= cos 3 𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
3

(d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 3 − 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1
1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 3 − 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3
3
1 2
= . 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝐶𝐶
3 3
3
2
= (𝑥𝑥 3 − 2)2 + 𝐶𝐶.
9
sec2 𝑥𝑥
(e) ∫ tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = tan 𝑥𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sec 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

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sec2 𝑥𝑥 1
∫ tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶
= ln|tan 𝑥𝑥| + 𝐶𝐶 .
𝑥𝑥
(f) ∫ 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢−1
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√𝑥𝑥+1 √𝑢𝑢
1 1
= ∫ �𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑢−2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 1
2
= 3 𝑢𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑢2 + 𝐶𝐶
3 1
2
= (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶𝐶
3

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𝑥𝑥
3. Evaluate the integral ∫ (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 .
+1)ln(𝑥𝑥 2 +1)

Solution:
𝑥𝑥
∫ (𝑥𝑥 2 +1)ln(𝑥𝑥2 +1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥
Let 𝑢𝑢 = ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1). Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝑥𝑥 2 +1
𝑥𝑥
∫ (𝑥𝑥 2 +1)ln(𝑥𝑥2 +1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 = ln |ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)| + 𝐶𝐶.
2 𝑢𝑢 2 2

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10.3 Integration by Parts
We use the method of integration by parts to integrate the product of two functions.
In Section 10.1, we explain that the integral of the sum of functions is the sum of respective
integrals.
But the integral of the product function is not the product of respective integrals.
Therefore, we use another technique and it is called the integration by parts.
It is based on product rule of differentiation,
(𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)′ = 𝑢𝑢′𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢′
where 𝑢𝑢 and 𝑣𝑣 are functions of 𝑥𝑥. Then integrating both sides, we get
∫(𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Applying the antiderivative in left hand side, we get
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Since 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, we get ∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
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To compute the integral of product of two functions using integration by parts, the basic steps are
as follows:
Step 1 Choose 𝑢𝑢 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Step 2 Differentiate 𝑢𝑢 and integrate 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Step 3 Substitute the expression from step 2 in
∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Step 4 Simplify.
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Example 8
Evaluate the following integrals.
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (f) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution:
(a) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 .
(b) ∫ ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 .
1
∫ ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑥 . 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
𝑥𝑥

= 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶.
(c) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥.
∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
=𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥+ 𝐶𝐶 .
(d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑥𝑥.
∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ (−cos 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
= − 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥+ 𝐶𝐶 .
(e) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑥𝑥.
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ (−cos 𝑥𝑥)𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
= − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
Let 𝐼𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . Then we have
𝐼𝐼 = − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1)
𝐼𝐼 = − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1)
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝑥𝑥
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥.
Thus
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1), we get
𝐼𝐼 = − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (sin 𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝑥𝑥) − 𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (sin 𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶.
2

Therefore
1
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (sin 𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶.
2

(f) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
1 𝑥𝑥 3
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = .
𝑥𝑥 3
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 3 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3
ln 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (∫ 𝒖𝒖 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 − ∫ 𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅)
𝑥𝑥 3 1 𝑥𝑥 3
= 3
ln 𝑥𝑥 −
3 3
+ 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 3 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 3
= 3
− 9
+ 𝐶𝐶.

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Exercise 10.3
1. Use the integration by parts to evaluate the following integrals.
(a) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b) ∫ ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (c) ∫ 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (e) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (f) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Solution:
(a) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑠𝑠, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
−2
1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 + 2 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠
= − 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 + . + 𝐶𝐶
2 2 −2
1 1
= − 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 − 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝐶
2 4

(b) ∫ ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1), 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥+1
𝑥𝑥
∫ ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − ∫ 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥+1−1
= 𝑥𝑥 ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − ∫ � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥+1
1
= 𝑥𝑥 ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − ∫ �1 − 𝑥𝑥+1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= 𝑥𝑥 ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥𝑥 − ln |𝑥𝑥 + 1|) + 𝐶𝐶

= 𝑥𝑥 ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥𝑥 + ln |𝑥𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶𝐶
(c) ∫ 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ sin 2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 2 cos 2𝑡𝑡
1 1
∫ 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝑡𝑡 + ∫ cos 2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2
1 1
= − 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝑡𝑡 + sin 2𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶
2 4

(d) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 2
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 2 −
ln 2
∫ 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
= − (ln 2)2 + 𝐶𝐶
ln 2

(e) ∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ cos 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 5𝑥𝑥
5
1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 5 𝑥𝑥 sin 5𝑥𝑥 − 5 ∫ sin 5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= 5 𝑥𝑥 sin 5𝑥𝑥 + 25 cos 5𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

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(f) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 --- (1)
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −cos 𝑥𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 --- (2)
From (1) and (2),
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (sin 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶
2

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10.4 Partial Fraction Method
We use the partial fraction method to integrate the rational functions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 9.
1
Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3

Solution:
1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
We rewrite the rational fraction as
1 1
=
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3 (𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥−1)

However, we want this fraction as the sum of linear fractions as below

1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= +
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3 (𝑥𝑥+3) (𝑥𝑥−1)

where 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are constants that will determined later. Then, it can be rewrite as
1 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥−1)+𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥+3)
=
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3 (𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥−1)

Therefore,
1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥 + 3)
1 = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)𝑥𝑥 + (−𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐵𝐵).
Equating the coef�icients of corresponding powers of 𝑥𝑥, we get
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 0
−𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐵𝐵 = 1
1 1
which give 𝐴𝐴 = − 4 and 𝐵𝐵 = 4 .

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Therefore,
1 1
1 −
= (𝑥𝑥+3)
4
+ 4
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3 (𝑥𝑥−1)

Thus
1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =− ∫
4 𝑥𝑥+3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫
4 𝑥𝑥−1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= − ln |𝑥𝑥 + 3| + ln |𝑥𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶𝐶
4 4
1 𝑥𝑥−1
= ln � �+ 𝐶𝐶.
4 𝑥𝑥+3

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Example 10.
1
Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1

Solution:
1
∫ 2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
First we write
1 1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= = +
2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1 (2𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+1) (2𝑥𝑥+1) (𝑥𝑥+1)

and so
1 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥+1)+𝐵𝐵(2𝑥𝑥+1)
=
2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1 (2𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+1)

Therefore,
1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝐵(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)
When 𝑥𝑥 = −1, 1 = 𝐵𝐵(−1), so 𝐵𝐵 = −1.
1 1
When 𝑥𝑥 = − , 1 = 𝐴𝐴 ( ) , so 𝐴𝐴 = 2.
2 2
1
∫ 2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 −1
= ∫ 2𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= ln |2𝑥𝑥 + 1| − ln |𝑥𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶𝐶
2𝑥𝑥+1
= ln � �+ 𝐶𝐶 .
𝑥𝑥+1

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Example 11.
𝑥𝑥 3 +𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥
Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝑥𝑥 2 −4

Solution:
𝑥𝑥 3 +𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −4

We can write as
𝑥𝑥 3 +𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥 4
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �𝑥𝑥 + 1 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −4 𝑥𝑥 2 −4

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First we write
4 4 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= = +
𝑥𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥𝑥+2)(𝑥𝑥−2) 𝑥𝑥+2 𝑥𝑥−2

and so
4 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥−2)+𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥+2)
=
𝑥𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥𝑥+2)(𝑥𝑥−2)

Therefore,
4 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥 + 2)
When 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 4 = 𝐵𝐵(4), so 𝐵𝐵 = 1.
When 𝑥𝑥 = −2, 4 = 𝐴𝐴(−4), so 𝐴𝐴 = −1.
𝑥𝑥 3 +𝑥𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −4
−1 1
= ∫(𝑥𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑥𝑥+2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑥𝑥−2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2
= 2
+ 𝑥𝑥 − ln|𝑥𝑥 + 2| + ln|𝑥𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥−2
= 2
+ 𝑥𝑥 + ln �
𝑥𝑥+2
�+ 𝐶𝐶.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 12.
2𝑥𝑥+1
Evaluate the integral ∫ (𝑥𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Solution:
2𝑥𝑥+1
∫ (𝑥𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

We can write as
2𝑥𝑥+1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
(𝑥𝑥−1)2
= +
𝑥𝑥−1 (𝑥𝑥−1)2

and so
2𝑥𝑥+1 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥−1)+𝐵𝐵
(𝑥𝑥−1)2
=
(𝑥𝑥−1)2

Therefore,
2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝐵,
= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + (−𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵).
Equating the coef�icients of corresponding powers of 𝑥𝑥, we get
𝐴𝐴 = 2 and −𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 1
which gives 𝐵𝐵 = 3.
Therefore,
2𝑥𝑥+1 2 3
(𝑥𝑥−1)2
= +
𝑥𝑥−1 (𝑥𝑥−1)2

Thus,
2𝑥𝑥+1 2 3
∫ (𝑥𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =∫
𝑥𝑥−1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +∫
(𝑥𝑥−1)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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3
= 2 ln|𝑥𝑥 − 1| − + 𝐶𝐶.
𝑥𝑥−1

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Example 13.
Find the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) satisfying the equations
𝑥𝑥−1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = with 𝑓𝑓(1) = 0.
√𝑥𝑥

Solution:
𝑥𝑥−1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) =
√𝑥𝑥

By integrating we get
1 1
𝑥𝑥−1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 −2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√𝑥𝑥
3 1
2
= 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶.
3

Since 𝑓𝑓(1) = 0, it follows that

3 1
2
𝑓𝑓(1) = (1)2 − 2(1)2 + 𝐶𝐶
3
2
0 = 3 −2 + 𝐶𝐶
4
𝐶𝐶 =
3
3 1
2 4
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + .
3 3

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Example 14.
Find the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) satisfying the equations
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2
with 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = 1 and 𝑓𝑓(0) = 1.

Solution:
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2

By integrating we get
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 −𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) =∫
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶.
2

Since 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = 1, it follows that

1
𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) = (𝑒𝑒 0 + 𝑒𝑒 0 ) + 𝐶𝐶
2

1 = 1 + 𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 = 0.
1
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 2 (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 )

Again, by integrating we get

𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 +𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =∫ 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶.
2

Since 𝑓𝑓(0) = 1, it follows that

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1
𝑓𝑓(0) = (𝑒𝑒 0 − 𝑒𝑒 0 ) + 𝐶𝐶.
2

1 = 0 + 𝐶𝐶.
𝐶𝐶 = 1.
1
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) + 1.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 10.4
1. Use the partial fractions method to evaluate the following integrals.
1 2𝑥𝑥−1
(a) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (b)∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥 +5𝑥𝑥+3 (𝑥𝑥−3)2

𝑥𝑥+1 2𝑥𝑥 2 −1
(c) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (d) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(2𝑥𝑥+5)(𝑥𝑥+4) 𝑥𝑥 2 −1

Solution:
1 1
(a) ∫ 2 +5𝑥𝑥+3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥+1)
1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= +
(2𝑥𝑥+3)(𝑥𝑥+1) 2𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥+1

1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝐵(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)
3
𝑥𝑥 = − ⟹ 𝐴𝐴 = −2
2

𝑥𝑥 = −1 ⟹ 𝐵𝐵 = 1
1 −2 1
∫ 2𝑥𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑥+3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �2𝑥𝑥+3 + 𝑥𝑥+1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥+1

= − ln |2𝑥𝑥 + 3| + ln |𝑥𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥+1
= ln � �+ 𝐶𝐶
2𝑥𝑥+3
2𝑥𝑥−1
(b) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥−3)2
2𝑥𝑥−1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= +
(𝑥𝑥−3)2 𝑥𝑥−3 (𝑥𝑥−3)2

2𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵𝐵
= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + (−3𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)
∴ 𝐴𝐴 = 2, − 3𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = −1
∴ 𝐵𝐵 = 5.
2𝑥𝑥−1 2 5
∫ (𝑥𝑥−3)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �𝑥𝑥−3 + (𝑥𝑥−3)2
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
=2∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +5∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥−3 (𝑥𝑥−3)2
5
= 2 ln |𝑥𝑥 − 3| − 𝑥𝑥−3 + 𝐶𝐶.
𝑥𝑥+1
(c) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(2𝑥𝑥+5)(𝑥𝑥+4)
𝑥𝑥+1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= +
(2𝑥𝑥+5)(𝑥𝑥+4) 2𝑥𝑥+5 𝑥𝑥+4

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𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝐵(2𝑥𝑥 + 5)
5
𝑥𝑥 = − 2 ⟹ 𝐴𝐴 = −1

𝑥𝑥 = −4 ⟹ 𝐵𝐵 = 1
𝑥𝑥+1 −1 1
∫ (2𝑥𝑥+5)(𝑥𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �2𝑥𝑥+5 + 𝑥𝑥+4
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
=−∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥+5 𝑥𝑥+4
1
= − ln |2𝑥𝑥 + 5| + ln |𝑥𝑥 + 4| + 𝐶𝐶
2
𝑥𝑥+4
= ln � � + 𝐶𝐶
√2𝑥𝑥+5
2𝑥𝑥 2 −1 1
(d) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �2 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
1 1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= = +
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥−1) 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥−1

1 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑥𝑥 = − 1 ⟹ 𝐴𝐴 = −
2
1
𝑥𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝐵𝐵 =
2
1 1
2𝑥𝑥 2 −1 −
∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �2 + 2
+ 2
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥−1

1 1 1 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 𝑥𝑥+1 2 𝑥𝑥−1
1 1
= 2𝑥𝑥 − ln |𝑥𝑥 + 1| + ln |𝑥𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶𝐶
2 2
1 𝑥𝑥−1
= 2𝑥𝑥 + ln � �+ 𝐶𝐶
2 𝑥𝑥+1

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2. Find the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) that satisfying the equation
𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = sin 4𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑥 with 𝑓𝑓 ( ) = 0.
2

Solution:
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = sin 4𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ sin 4𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= 2 ∫(sin 6𝑥𝑥 + sin 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 1
= ( − cos 6𝑥𝑥 − cos 2𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝐶
2 6 2
1 1
=− cos 6𝑥𝑥 − cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
12 4
𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓 ( ) = 0
2
1 1
− cos 3𝜋𝜋 − cos 𝜋𝜋 + 𝐶𝐶 = 0
12 4
1 1
+ + 𝐶𝐶 = 0
12 4
1
+ 𝐶𝐶 = 0
3

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1
𝐶𝐶 = −
3
1 1 1
∴ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − cos 6𝑥𝑥 − cos 2𝑥𝑥 −
12 4 3

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3. Find the function 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) that satisfying the equation
3 2
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 with 𝑔𝑔(0) = − .
3

Solution:
3
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
3
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 3 . Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 1 1 1 3
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
3 3 3
2
𝑔𝑔(0) =−
3
1 2
𝑒𝑒 0 + 𝐶𝐶 = −
3 3
2 1
𝐶𝐶 = − 3 − 3 = −1
1 3
∴ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 1

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4. Find the function ℎ(𝑥𝑥) that satisfying the equation
𝑥𝑥 1
ℎ′ (𝑥𝑥) = with ℎ(2) = .
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 2

Solution:
𝑥𝑥
ℎ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2
𝑥𝑥 −1
𝑥𝑥
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 −1

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1. Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥.

𝑥𝑥 1 1 1 1
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) =∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln |𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 = ln |𝑥𝑥 2 − 1| + 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑢𝑢 2 2
1
ℎ(2) =
2
1 1
ln 3 + 𝐶𝐶 =
2 2
1 1
𝐶𝐶 = − ln 3
2 2
1 1 1
∴ ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = ln |𝑥𝑥 2 − 1| + − ln 3
2 2 2

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5. Find the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) that satisfying the equation
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 with 𝑓𝑓(0) = −1 and 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 2.
Solution:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 − 1

Grade 12 Mathematics
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𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = ∫(2𝑥𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

𝑓𝑓 ′ (1) = 2
1 − 1 + 𝐶𝐶 = 2
𝐶𝐶 = 2
∴ 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2
1 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ∫(𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
3 2

𝑓𝑓(0) = −1
𝐶𝐶 = −1
1 1
∴ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 1
3 2

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6. Find the function 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) that satisfying the equation
𝜋𝜋
𝑔𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 with 𝑔𝑔 ( ) = 0 and 𝑔𝑔′ (0) = 0.
2

Solution:
𝑔𝑔′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= −𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑔𝑔′ (0) = 0
0 + sin 0 + 𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ∫(−𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 + sin 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑣𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −(𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) + ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2 ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥
= −2 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝜋𝜋
𝑔𝑔 ( ) = 0
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
−2 cos − sin + 𝐶𝐶 = 0
2 2 2
𝜋𝜋
− + 𝐶𝐶 = 0
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝐶𝐶 = ∴ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 +
2 2

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Grade 12 Mathematics