Future of Electric Vehicles:

Parth Shah
Electric vehicles: Why!!-Technically
• Battery-Induction motor-Wheel arrangement
• Induction motor able to work on large range of RPM. Current
proportional to rotation
• No separate differential transmission required.
• Very large gear ratio for wide speed range
• Direct rotatinal motion availble unlike ICE.
• In ICE, mechanical balancing required as piston generates
linear motion.
• Huge crumple zone.
• Heavy battery on bottom of vehicle-CG of vehicle
downwards-better stability Electric Vehicle Education animation.mp4
Technology: everything will change
disruptively
• How green are electric vehicles really?
• Electric vehicles are not green just because they use electricity rather than fuel, but their green
credentials critically depend on the materials used, the driving conditions and, most importantly, the
carbon intensity of their electricity sources.

• Why are EVs a better option in environmental terms than ICEs? While the obvious answer would be
because of the avoidance of the combustion of fossil fuels, a proper accounting must justify the claim.
Lifecycle Analysis (LCA) is an approach to assess the environmental impact of a product, including the
accounting of all CO2 emissions produced in the whole life cycle of the product.

• Breaking up this accounting of CO2 emissions, in the case of electric vehicles, we could represent it in
mainly two parts: first, the CO2 emissions involved in the production and disposal of the vehicle,
starting from the mining of their constitutive raw materials all the way through to the final disposal of
the vehicle; and second, the emissions during the vehicle’s lifecycle, which depend on its energy
sources and efficiency.

• More CO2 emissions are generated during the production of electric vehicles than ICEs. This can
however be more than compensated during the operational life of a car, provided that electric
vehicles are powered using green energy sources. This suggests that the ultimate green credentials of
EVs will vary from country to country, depending on the specifics of their electricity mix but it is all
the first step in a journey in the right direction.
Market Dynamics

Challenges: One of the main reasons for low adoption of electric cars is in India is the
lack of sufficient charging stations for the vehicles. This challenge poses a kind of catch-
22 situation as on the one hand original equipment manufacturers argue that the
nation needs more charging stations, whilst on the other hand, the entrepreneurs (for
owning or developing charging stations) argue that there is no sufficient demand for
the same.

Technology Trends: Generally an electric car takes around 6 to 8 hours5 to fully charge
the vehicle. However, with recent advancements in technology, this can happen at a
much faster pace. For instance, New Motion’s smart chargers can achieve 80 percent
charge in approximately 30 minutes. Mahindra’s Quick2Charge charging station facilitates
a car to fully charge in one hour. A single Quick2Charge charging station is estimated
tocost approximately INR 3.5 lakh.
Trends and Innovations to Drive Adoption: Provision of installing charging port at
residences. OEMs like Mahindra are offering customers with the option of having a
charging port installed at their home as a means to drive adoption. It offers both a
normal charging and a Quick2Charge port.
Mahindra has also announced providing its customers with Sun2Car solar power
system that charges the car by generating electricity from the sun. However, since
the car be charged only in daytime, it is ideal for office parks. This system called an
off-grid solar charging systemis estimated to cost INR 1.2 lakh.
Batteries for Electric cars
Challenges, opportunities and outlook to 2020
1) What technological challenges must be overcome in order for lithium iron batteries
To meet fundamental market requirements?
2) As battery technologies reach maturity , what their cost profile may look like!
3) What will electric vehicles total Cost of Ownership(TCO) arise to?
4) How are industry players are likely to align themselves as they jockey for position in
The evolving market?
Value chain for Electric car batteries

technological challenges must be overcome in order for lithium iron batteries to meet
fundamental market requirements. – cost, range per charge, ease of
availability,infrastructure to charge
Lithium Iron batteries should be compared along
6 dimensions:

i.e.
NCA-high performance but not safe
LFP-safer but lesser specific energy

No single technology wins along all 6 dimensions.

LFP is 2 times more of focus than LTO and 4 times more in focus than NMC because of its
Promising safety characteristics and higher user capabilities.
Factors:
• Safety: Thermal runaway
– Overcharged battery, too high discharge rate or short circuit

• Lifespan: Cycle stability and Overall Age

– Overcharged battery,too high discharge rate or short circuit.
– Aging accelerates under high ambient temperature.
• Performance: Single battery-wide range of temp.
– Overcharged battery, too high discharge rate or short circuit.
• Specific Energy: 1% that of gasoline
– Battery-140-170 Wh/kg; gasoline-13000 Wh/kg)
– Cell level to battery pack level-sp. Energy of battery pack reduces by 40%
– 250 kg battery with 200 Wh/kg sp. Energy will have 50000 Wh - 300 km.

• Charging time:
– 15 kWh battery takes 10 hours to charge with 120 V outlet(12.5 A current)
– Commercial 3 phase charging station- 20 min. BUT additional cost of investment.
Cost Aspect:

Cost of automobile batteries is 1000-1200 USD/kWh compared to 250 USD/kWh of

consumer battery cost.- Technological advancements required.
Battery cost forecast:

The cost target of 250 USD / kWh is unlikely to achive either at cell level or pack level by
2020.
Cost of Ownership:

The cost target of 250 USD / kWh is unlikely to achive either at cell level or pack level by
2020. Purchasers want to break even on cost of EV in 3 years.
Government Initiatives:

India, though, has issues related to charging infrastructure, range anxiety and actual
vehicle cost. Besides charging infrastructure, the need for fast chargers, parking spots,
and swappable batteries are areas that require robust solutions and public-private
partnerships.
Complete electrification by 2030:
Norway government initiatives:

The market leader in EV adoption, Norway has implemented a mix of initiatives to

promote

Lower tax: EVs are subject to reduced circulation or road tax, and are exempt from VAT
and other charges like registration fees. Moreover, tax on company EV cars is 50 percent
lower than for traditional cars23. Annual motor vehicle tax/road tax is lower too.
Free parking: Municipality-owned parking lots offer free parking for EVs.
Free or discounted road tolls and ferry costs: EV owners can use most toll roads and
ferry connections for free. They may have to pay a fee in the future, but rates could still
be discounted.
ƒSpecial transport lanes: EVs enjoy access to dedicated, fast-moving lanes for public
transport.
Free battery-charging points: An increasing number of publicly-funded charging
stations allow EV users to charge their cars for free.
Analysis:
• Biggest explosion seems to be in the 2-wheeler market
• Supplies are majorly from China as SKDs, Electric Components come from Taiwan also
• 2-wheeler industry is looking at technology for motor controllers, battery & Charging
• Systems
• Hybrids might enter Indian market sooner and more easily than e-vehicles because hybrids
• do not require new refueling infrastructure
• Indian people do not appreciate the concept of vehicle lifecycle costs and how these
• compare among different alternatives
• The battery technology needs to progress to meet the commuter expectations of range,
• recharging and affordability, for them to switch over to EVs
• In India most of the EVs run on Lead Acid batteries, Li-on batteries are the need of the hour
• to improve the EV’s efficiency
• At present the components and Li-on batteries come from China, Taiwan & Japan; Power
• controllers come from US
• Battery leasing options are being considered by the manufacturer, for reducing ownership
• costs
• Future technologies for EVs – Diagnostic Monitor System (DMS), Vehicle Information Data
• Download, Portable Electronic Tools, Climate Control Seats and Energy Management
• Systems
Summary:
• In India EV is going to be a huge game changer for the automotive industry.
• Considering the fast growing automotive market with such a huge population, the EV is the better
alternate to overcome energy and emission related concerns.
• Also India Government is keen to bring environmental friendly vehicles to the country to manage
growing environmental conditions. Various timeline is being discussed.
• Already several OEMs geared up for EV in their current models to be first in the market.
• Obviously the success factors are going to be low cost, high range with high battery and electric
components life and importantly with better charging support across the country.
• Also maintenance of the vehicles will be a huge challenge for the customers and OEMs. But there lies
more business opportunity across the country.
• The Transition from Internal Combustion Engines to EV will be a challenging phase for the
manufacturers, Users and Service providers.
• The regulatory requirements for EVs to be of high order to ensure safety of the occupants.
• The current student generation have got very exciting and challenging opportunity to prove how IND
can emerge as EV market in next 10 to 20 years.

Email id: [email protected]

Thank you
 Points:
1. Privilege to be here at the same hall where I bunked the most number of
classes.
2. Future is great. Huge technological change is happening-last time such thing
happened in automobile industry happened in 1900-Ford assembly line
3. Interactive session-In some of the challenges I will need your opinion to solve
the issues at hand.
4. EV packaging with video
5. Give example of PD work. Give them scenario and ask to give inputs on
required features on EV.
6. General manufacturing troubles with ICE.
7. Types of EV vehicles
8. Troubles : technologial, Managemement
9. Start with battery troubles and challenges
10.Govt policies
11.Thank you