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 Intermediate

CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS

ALGEBRA TENTH EDITION

Bittinger | Ellenbogen | Johnson

 vi Con te n ts

8.6 Quadratic Functions and 9.6 Solving Exponential Equations and

Their Graphs  540 Logarithmic Equations  626
The Graph of f 1x2 = ax2 • Solving Exponential Equations • Solving
The Graph of f1x2 = a1x - h2 2 • Logarithmic Equations
The Graph of f1x2 = a1x - h2 2 + k
Connecting the Concepts   630
8.7 More About Graphing
9.7 Applications of Exponential Functions
Quadratic Functions  549
2
Graphing f 1x2 = ax + bx + c • and Logarithmic Functions   633
Finding Intercepts Applications of Logarithmic Functions •
Applications of Exponential Functions
8.8 Problem Solving and
Visualizing for Success    645
Quadratic Functions  555
Maximum and Minimum Problems • Study Summary    647
Fitting Quadratic Functions to Data Review Exercises    649
Test   651
8.9 Polynomial Inequalities and
Rational Inequalities  565 Cumulative Review: Chapters 1–9    652
Quadratic and Other Polynomial Inequalities •
Rational Inequalities
CHAPTER 10
Visualizing for Success    574
Conic Sections 653
Study Summary    576 10.1 Conic Sections: Parabolas
Review Exercises    578
Test   581 and Circles  654
Parabolas • Circles
Cumulative Review: Chapters 1–8    582
10.2 Conic Sections: Ellipses   663
Ellipses Centered at (0, 0) • Ellipses Centered
CHAPTER 9 at 1h, k2

Exponential Functions and 10.3 Conic Sections: Hyperbolas   670

Hyperbolas • Hyperbolas (Nonstandard Form) •
Logarithmic Functions 583 Classifying Graphs of Equations
9.1 Composite Functions and Connecting the Concepts   676
Inverse Functions  584
Mid-Chapter Review  679
Composite Functions • Inverses and One-to-One
Functions • Finding Formulas for Inverses • 10.4 Nonlinear Systems of Equations   680
Graphing Functions and Their Inverses • Systems Involving One Nonlinear Equation •
Inverse Functions and Composition Systems of Two Nonlinear Equations •
9.2 Exponential Functions  596 Problem Solving
Graphing Exponential Functions • Equations with Visualizing for Success 688
x and y Interchanged • Applications of Exponential
Functions Study Summary    690
Review Exercises    692
9.3 Logarithmic Functions  604 Test   693
The Meaning of Logarithms • Graphs of
Logarithmic Functions • Equivalent Equations • Cumulative Review: Chapters 1–10 694
Solving Certain Logarithmic Equations
9.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions   610 CHAPTER 11
Logarithms of Products • Logarithms of Powers •
Logarithms of Quotients • Using the Properties Sequences, Series, and
Together the Binomial Theorem 695
Mid-Chapter Review  618 11.1 Sequences and Series   696
9.5 Common Logarithms and Sequences • Finding the General Term •
Sums and Series • Sigma Notation
Natural Logarithms  619
Common Logarithms on a Calculator • The Base e 11.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series   702
and Natural Logarithms on a Calculator • Changing Arithmetic Sequences • Sum of the First n Terms
Logarithmic Bases • Graphs of Exponential of an Arithmetic Sequence • Problem Solving
Functions and Logarithmic Functions, Base e

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 Con te n t s vii

11.3 Geometric Sequences and Series   710

Geometric Sequences • Sum of the First n Terms A key to the icons in the
of a Geometric Sequence • Infinite Geometric exercise sets
Series • Problem Solving
 Concept reinforcement exercises, indi-
Connecting the Concepts   715 cated by blue exercise numbers, provide
basic practice with the new concepts and
Mid-Chapter Review  721
vocabulary.
11.4 The Binomial Theorem   722 a!
Aha! Exercises labeled Ah indicate the first
Binomial Expansion Using Pascal’s Triangle • time that a new insight can greatly simplify
Binomial Expansion Using Factorial Notation
a problem and help students be alert to
Visualizing for Success    730 using that insight on following exercises.
They are not more difficult.
Study Summary    732
Review Exercises    733 Calculator exercises are designed to be
Test   735 worked using either a scientific calculator
or a graphing calculator.
Cumulative Review/Final Exam:
Chapters 1–11    736 Graphing calculator exercises are designed
to be worked using a graphing calculator
Answers  A-1 and often provide practice for concepts
­discussed in the Technology Connections.
Glossary  G-1
Writing exercises are designed to be
Index  I-1 answered using one or more complete
Index of Applications  I-9 sentences.
Photo Credits  I-14 ✓ A check mark in the annotated instructor’s
edition indicates Synthesis exercises that
the authors consider particularly beneficial
for students.
The research icon indicates an exercise in
which students are asked to use research
skills to extend or to explore further
applications from the text.

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 Preface
Welcome to the tenth edition of Intermediate Algebra: Concepts and Applications, one of three
programs in an algebra series that also includes Elementary and Intermediate Algebra: Concepts
and Applications, Seventh Edition, and Elementary Algebra: Concepts and Applications, Tenth
Edition. As always, our goal is to present the content of the course clearly yet with enough depth
to allow success in future courses. You will recognize many proven features, applications, and
explanations; you will also find new material developed as a result of our experience in the class-
room as well as from insights from faculty and students.

Understanding and Applying Concepts

Our goal is to help today’s students learn and retain mathematical concepts. To achieve this,
we feel that we must prepare students in developmental mathematics for the transition from
“skills-oriented” elementary algebra courses to more “concept-oriented” college-level math-
ematics courses. This requires the development of critical thinking skills: to reason mathe-
matically, to communicate mathematically, and to identify and solve mathematical problems.

Following are aspects of our approach that we use to help meet the challenges we all face when
teaching developmental mathematics.

Problem We use problem solving and applications to motivate the students wherever possible, and we
Solving include real-life applications and problem-solving techniques throughout the text. Problem solv-
ing encourages students to think about how mathematics can be used, and it helps to prepare
them for more advanced material in future courses.
In Chapter 1, we introduce our five-step process for solving problems: (1) Familiarize, (2)
Translate, (3) Carry out, (4) Check, and (5) State the answer. Repeated use of this problem-
solving strategy throughout the text provides students with a starting point for any type of prob-
lem they encounter, and frees them to focus on the unique aspects of the particular problem. We
often use estimation and carefully checked guesses to help with the Familiarize and Check steps
(see pp. 169 and 394).

Applications Interesting, contemporary applications of mathematics, many of which make use of real data, help
motivate students and instructors. In this new edition, we have updated real-world data examples
and exercises to include subjects such as website design (p. 123), college readiness (p. 195), and
bald eagles (p. 636). For a complete list of applications and the page numbers on which they can
be found, please refer to the Index of Applications at the back of the book.

Conceptual Growth in mathematical ability includes not only mastering skills and procedures but also deepening
Understanding understanding of mathematical concepts. We are careful to explain the reasoning and the principles
behind procedures and to use accurate mathematical terminology in our discussion. In addition, we
provide a variety of opportunities for students to develop their understanding of mathematical con-
cepts, including making connections between concepts, learning through active exploration, applying
and extending concepts, using new vocabulary, communicating comprehension through writing, and
employing research skills to extend their examination of a topic.

ix

A01_BITT7378_10_AIE_FM_ppi-xvi.indd 9 13/01/17 8:16 AM

 x PR eface

Guided Learning Path

To enhance the learning process and improve learner outcomes, our program provides a broad
range of support for students and instructors. Each person can personalize his or her learning or
teaching experience by accessing help when he or she needs it.

PREPARE: Studying the Concepts

Students can learn about each math concept by reading the textbook or etext, watching the
To-the-Point Objective videos, participating in class, working in the MyMathGuide workbook—
or using whatever combination of these course resources works best for him or her.

d! Text The exposition, examples, and exercises have been carefully reviewed and, as appropriate,
ance
Enh revised or replaced. New features (see below) include more systematic review and preparation for
practice, as well as stronger focus on the real-world applications for the math.

ced
! MyMathLab has been greatly expanded for this course, including adding more ways for students
an
Enh to personalize their learning path so they can effectively study, master, and retain the math. (See
pp. xiv–xv for more details.)

To-the-Point Objective Videos is a comprehensive program of objective-based, interactive

videos that can be used hand-in-hand with the MyMathGuide workbook. Video support for
Interactive Your Turn exercises in the videos prompts students to solve problems and receive
instant feedback.

MyMathGuide: Notes, Practice, and Video Path is an objective-based workbook (available in

print and in MyMathLab) for guided, hands-on learning. It offers vocabulary, skill, and concept
review; and problem-solving practice with space for students to fill in the answers and stepped-out
solutions to problems, show their work, and write notes. Students can use MyMathGuide—while
watching the videos, listening to the instructor’s lecture, or reading the textbook or etext—to rein-
force and self-assess their learning.

PARTICIPATE: Making Connections through Active Exploration

Knowing that developing a solid grasp of the big picture is a key to student success, we offer many
opportunities for active learning to help students practice, review, and confirm their understand-
ing of key concepts and skills.

New
! Chapter Opener Applications with Infographics use current data and applications to present
the math in context. Each application is related to exercises in the text to help students model,
visualize, learn, and retain the math. We also added many new spotlights on real people sharing
how they use math in their careers.

Algebraic–Graphical Connections, which appear occasionally throughout the text, draw explicit
connections between the algebra and the corresponding graphical visualizations. (See pp. 154
and 504.)

Exploring the Concept, appearing once in nearly every chapter, encourages students to think
about or visualize a key mathematical concept. (See pp. 171 and 480.) These activities lead into
the Active Learning Figure interactive animations available in MyMathLab. Students can manip-
ulate Active Learning Figures through guided and open-ended exploration to further solidify
their understanding of these concepts.

A01_BITT7378_10_AIE_FM_ppi-xvi.indd 10 04/01/17 7:12 PM

 P re face xi

Connecting the Concepts summarizes concepts from several sections or chapters and illustrates
connections between them. Appearing at least once in every chapter, this feature includes a set of
mixed exercises to help students make these connections. (See pp. 261 and 339.)

Technology Connection is an optional feature in each chapter that helps students use a graphing
calculator or a graphing calculator app to visualize concepts. Exercises are included with many
of these features, and additional exercises in many exercise sets are marked with a graphing cal-
culator icon to indicate more practice with this optional use of technology. (See pp. 77 and 541.)

Student Notes in the margin offer just-in-time suggestions ranging from avoiding common mis-
takes to how to best read new notation. Conversational in tone, they give students extra explana-
tion of the mathematics appearing on that page. (See pp. 22 and 491.)

Study Skills, ranging from time management to test preparation, appear once per section through­
out the text. These suggestions for successful study habits apply to any college course and any level of
student. (See pp. 181 and 224.)

Chapter Resources are additional learning materials compiled at the end of each chapter, mak-
ing them easy to integrate into the course at the most appropriate time. The mathematics neces-
sary to use the resource has been presented by the end of the section indicated with each resource.
• Translating for Success and Visualizing for Success. These are matching exercises that help stu-
dents learn to translate word problems to mathematical language and to graph equations and
inequalities. (See pp. 63 and 213.)
• Collaborative Activity. Students who work in groups generally outperform those who do not, so
these optional activities direct them to explore mathematics together. Additional collaborative
activities and suggestions for directing collaborative learning appear in the Instructor’s Resources
Manual with Tests and Mini Lectures. (See pp. 424 and 575.)
• Decision Making: Connection. Although many applications throughout the text involve deci-
sion-making situations, this feature specifically applies the math of each chapter to a context in
which students may be involved in decision making. (See pp. 272 and 646.)

PRACTICE: Reinforcing Understanding

As students explore the math, they have frequent opportunities to practice, self-assess, and rein-
force their understanding.

Your Turn Exercises, following every example, direct students to work a similar exercise. This
provides immediate reinforcement of concepts and skills. Answers to these exercises appear at
the end of each exercise set. (See pp. 75 and 393.)

New
! Check Your Understanding offers students the chance to reflect on the concepts just discussed
before beginning the exercise set. Designed to examine or extend students’ understanding of one
or more essential concepts of the section, this set of questions could function as an “exit ticket”
after an instructional session. (See pp. 174 and 313.)

Mid-Chapter Review offers an opportunity for active review in the middle of every chapter. A
brief summary of the concepts covered in the first part of the chapter is followed by two guided
solutions to help students work step-by-step through solutions and a set of mixed review exer-
cises. (See pp. 188 and 390.)

A01_BITT7378_10_AIE_FM_ppi-xvi.indd 11 04/01/17 7:12 PM

 xii pre face

Exercise Sets
• Vocabulary and Reading Check exercises begin every exercise set and are designed to encourage
the student to read the section. Students who can complete these exercises should be prepared
to begin the remaining exercises in the exercise set. (See pp. 482 and 559.)
• Concept Reinforcement exercises can be true/false, matching, and/or fill-in-the-blank and appear
near the beginning of many exercise sets. They are designed to build students’ confidence and
comprehension. Answers to all concept reinforcement exercises appear in the answer section at
the back of the book. (See pp. 242 and 417.)
• Aha! exercises are not more difficult than neighboring exercises; in fact, they can be solved more
quickly, without lengthy computation, if the student has the proper insight. They are designed to
encourage students to “look before they leap.” An icon indicates the first time that a new insight
applies, and then it is up to the student to determine when to use that insight on subsequent
exercises. (See pp. 54 and 453.)
• Skill Review exercises appear in every section beginning with Section 1.2. Taken together, each
chapter’s Skill Review exercises review all the major concepts covered in previous chapters in the
text. Often these exercises focus on a single topic, such as solving equations, from multiple perspec-
tives. (See pp. 399 and 719.)
• Synthesis exercises appear in each exercise set following the Skill Review exercises. Students
will often need to use skills and concepts from earlier sections to solve these problems, and this
will help them develop deeper insights into the current topic. The Synthesis exercises are a real
strength of the text, and in the annotated instructor’s edition, the authors have placed a ✓ next
to selected synthesis exercises that they suggest instructors “check out” and consider assigning.
These exercises may be more accessible to students than the surrounding exercises, they may
extend concepts beyond the scope of the text discussion, or they may be especially beneficial in
preparing students for future topics. (See pp. 244, 299, and 372–373.)
• Writing exercises appear just before the Skill Review exercises, and at least two more challeng-
ing exercises appear in the Synthesis exercises. Writing exercises aid student comprehension
by requiring students to use critical thinking to explain concepts in one or more complete sen-
tences. Because correct answers may vary, the only writing exercises for which answers appear at
the back of the text are those in the chapter’s review exercises. (See pp. 186 and 643.)
• Quick Quizzes with five questions appear near the end of each exercise set beginning with the
second section in each chapter. Containing questions from sections already covered in the chap-
ter, these quizzes provide a short but consistent review of the material in the chapter and help
students prepare for a chapter test. (See pp. 129 and 253.)
• Prepare to Move On is a short set of exercises that appears at the end of every exercise set. It
reviews concepts and skills previously covered in the text that will be used in the next section of
the text. (See pp. 179 and 322.)

Study Summary gives students a fast and effective review of key chapter terms and concepts at
the end of each chapter. Concepts are paired with worked-out examples and practice exercises for
active learning and review. (See pp. 141 and 496.)

Chapter Review and Test offers a thorough chapter review, and a practice test helps to prepare
students for a test covering the concepts presented in each chapter. (See pp. 349 and 649.)

Cumulative Review appears after every chapter beginning with Chapter 2 to help students retain
and apply their knowledge from previous chapters. (See pp. 222 and 432.)

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 preface xiii

Acknowledgments
An outstanding team of professionals was involved in the production of this text. Judy Henn,
Laurie Hurley, Helen Medley, Tamera Drozd, and Mike Penna carefully checked the book for
accuracy and offered thoughtful suggestions.
Martha Morong, of Quadrata, Inc., provided editorial and production services of the highest
quality, and Geri Davis, of the Davis Group, Inc., performed superb work as designer, art editor, and
photo researcher. Network Graphics provided the accurate and creative illustrations and graphs.
The team at Pearson deserves special thanks. Courseware Portfolio Manager Cathy Cantin,
Content Producer Ron Hampton, and Courseware Portfolio Management Assistant Alison
Oehmen provided many fine suggestions, coordinated tasks and schedules, and remained involved
and accessible throughout the project. Product Marketing Manager Kyle DiGiannantonio
­skillfully kept in touch with the needs of faculty. Director, Courseware Portfolio Management
Michael Hirsch and VP, Courseware Portfolio Manager Chris Hoag deserve credit for assembling
this fine team.
We thank the following professors for their thoughtful reviews and insightful comments:
Shawna Haider, Salt Lake Community College; Ashley Nicoloff, Glendale Community College;
and Jane Thompson, Waubonsee Community College
Finally, a special thank-you to all those who so generously agreed to discuss their profes-
sional use of mathematics in our chapter openers. These dedicated people all share a desire to
make math more meaningful to students. We cannot imagine a finer set of role models.
M.L.B.
D.J.E.
B.L.J.

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 Resources for Success
MyMathLab® Online Course
The course for Intermediate Algebra: Concepts and Applications, 10th Edition, includes all of
MyMathLab’s robust features and functionality, plus these additional highlights.

New
!
Workspace
Workspace Assignments allow students to work through an
exercise step by step, showing their mathematical reasoning.
Students receive immediate feedback after they complete each
step, and helpful hints and videos are available for guidance,
as needed. When students access Workspace using a mobile
device, handwriting-recognition software allows them to write
out answers naturally using their fingertip or a stylus.

New
!
Learning Catalytics
Learning Catalytics uses students’ mobile devices
for an engagement, assessment, and classroom
intelligence system that gives instructors real-time
feedback on student learning.

!
New Skill Builder Adaptive Practice
When a student struggles with assigned homework, Skill
Builder exercises offer just-in-time additional adaptive practice. The
adaptive engine tracks student performance and delivers questions
to each individual that adapt to his or her level of understanding.
When the system has determined that the student has a high prob-
ability of successfully completing the assigned exercise, it suggests
that the student return to the assignment. When Skill Builder is
enabled for an assignment, students can choose to do the extra
practice without being prompted. This new feature allows instruc-
tors to assign fewer questions for homework so that students can
complete as many or as few questions as needed.

Interactive Exercises
MyMathLab’s hallmark interactive exercises help build
problem-solving skills and foster conceptual understanding. For
this seventh edition, Guided Solutions exercises were added to
Mid-Chapter Reviews to reinforce the step-by-step problem-
solving process, while the new Drag & Drop functionality was
applied to matching exercises throughout the course to better
assess a student’s understanding of the concepts.

www.mymathlab.com

A01_BITT7378_10_AIE_FM_ppi-xvi.indd 14 04/01/17 7:13 PM

 Resources for Success
In addition to robust course delivery, the full eText, and many assignable exercises and
media assets, MyMathLab also houses the following materials to help instructors and
students use this program most effectively according to his or her needs.

Student Resources Instructor Resources

To-the-Point Objective Videos Annotated Instructor’s Edition
• Concise, interactive, and objective-based videos. ISBN: 0-13-450737-1
• View a whole section, choose an objective, or go • Answers to all text exercises.
straight to an example. • Teaching tips and icons that identify writing
• Interactive Your Turn Video Check pauses for the and graphing calculator exercises.
student to work exercises.
• Seamlessly integrated with MyMathGuide: Notes, Instructor’s Solutions Manual
Practice, and Video Path. (download only)
ISBN: 0-13-449747-3
Chapter Test Prep Videos • Fully worked-out solutions to the odd-numbered
• Step-by-step solutions for every problem in the text exercises.
Chapter Tests. • Brief solutions to the even-numbered text exercises.
• Also available in MyMathLab
Instructor’s Resource Manual with
MyMathGuide: Tests and Mini Lectures (download only)
Notes, Practice, and Video Path ISBN: 0-13-449750-3
ISBN: 0-13-449748-1 • Designed to help both new and adjunct faculty with
• Guided, hands-on learning in a workbook format course preparation and classroom management.
with space for students to show their work and • Teaching tips correlated to the text by section.
record their notes and questions. • Multiple-choice and free-response chapter tests;
• Objective-based, correlates to the multiple final exams.
To-the-Point Objective Videos program.
• Highlights key concepts, skills, and definitions; offers PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
quick reviews of key vocabulary terms with practice (download only)
problems, examples with guided solutions, similar • Editable slides present key concepts and definitions
Your Turn exercises, and practice exercises with from the text.
readiness checks. • Also available for download through MyMathLab or
via Pearsonhighered.com/IRC.
Student’s Solutions Manual
ISBN: 0-13-449753-8 TestGen®
• Contains step-by-step solutions for all odd-numbered TestGen (www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables
text exercises (except the writing exercises), as well instructors to build, edit, print, and administer tests
as Chapter Review, Chapter Test, and Connecting the using a computerized bank of questions developed
Concepts exercises. to cover all the objectives of the text.

www.mymathlab.com

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561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

 Chapter 1
Algebra and
Problem Solving
400
G Make Your
Own Music!
Frequency (in hertz)

350 F
E

300
1.1 Some Basics of Algebra
D
1.2 Operations and Properties
Middle C of Real Numbers
250
15 20 25
Length of pipe (in inches)
30
1.3 Solving Equations

Mid-Chapter Review

1.4 I ntroduction to
Data: The Math Behind Music by NutshellEd on youtube.com, liutaiomottola.com
Problem Solving
Formulas, Models,
1.5 
and Geometry

T
he making of music is not restricted to instruments commonly Connecting the Concepts
played in bands or orchestras. Saws, jugs, and pipes, among other
1.6 Properties of Exponents
items, have all been used to create music. In order to design
1.7 Scientific Notation
an instrument, it is important that one understand the relationship
between a note’s pitch and the length and frequency of the wave Chapter Resources

producing the sound. The table above shows the relationship Translating for Success
between several notes, their frequencies, and the lengths of PVC Collaborative Activity
Decision Making: Connection
pipe that produce those sounds when struck. Instrument design
and mathematics can help us understand the science of sound and the Study Summary

connections between music, science, and mathematics. Review Exercises

(See Exercise 57 in Exercise Set 1.5.) Chapter Test

It’s true—even as a musician, I am not exempt from

using math, because music is math.
Myra Flynn, a singer/songwriter from Randolph, Vermont, uses math
in harmonies, time signatures, tuning systems, and all music theory.
Putting an album out requires the use of even more math: calculating
the number of hours worked in the studio, payments for producers
and musicians, hard-copy and digital distribution regionally, and ticket
and concert sales.

ALF SA ALF SA Do the Student Activity in

Active Explore
Studentthe math using the Active Student
Learning Learning
Figure Active Learning Figure in MyMathLab.
Activity
Figure
Activity MyMathLab to see math in action.
1

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 2 CHAPTER 1 a lg e b r a a n d p r o b l e m s o lv i n g

T he principal theme of this text is problem solving in algebra. In this chapter, we

begin with a review of algebraic expressions and equations. The use of algebra
as part of an overall strategy for solving problems is then presented. Additional and
increasing emphasis on problem solving appears throughout the book.

1.1 Some Basics of Algebra

A. Translating to Algebraic Expressions   B. Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
C. Sets of Numbers

The primary difference between algebra and arithmetic is the use of variables.
A letter that can be any one of various numbers is called a variable. If a letter
always represents a particular number that never changes, it is called a constant.
If r represents the radius of the earth, in kilometers, then r is a constant. If a rep-
resents the age of a baby chick, in minutes, then a is a variable because a changes,
or varies, as time passes. In this text, unless stated otherwise, we assume that all
letters represent variables.
An algebraic expression consists of variables and/or numerals, often with
­operation signs and grouping symbols. Some examples of algebraic expressions are:
t + 37; This contains the variable t, the constant 37, and the opera-
tion of addition.
1s + t2 , 2.  This contains the variables s and t, the constant 2, ­grouping
symbols, and the operations addition and division.
Multiplication can be written in several ways. For example, “60 times n” can
be written as 60 # n, 60 * n, 601n2, 60 * n, or simply (and usually) 60n. Division
can also be represented by a fraction bar: 97, or 9>7, means 9 , 7.
When an equals sign is placed between two expressions, an equation is
formed. We often solve equations.
For example, suppose that you collect $744 for group tickets to a concert. If
you know that each ticket costs $12, you can use an equation to determine how
many tickets were purchased.
One expression for total ticket sales is 744. Another expression for total
ticket sales is 12x, where x is the number of tickets purchased. Since these are
equal expressions, we can write the equation
12x = 744.
To find a solution, we can divide both sides of the equation by 12:
x = 744 , 12 = 62.
Thus, 62 tickets were purchased.
Using equations to solve problems like this is a major theme of algebra.

M01_BITT7378_10_AIE_C01_pp001-070.indd 2 30/12/16 12:50 PM

 1.1  S o m e B a s i c s o f A l g e b r a 3

A. Translating to Algebraic Expressions

To translate phrases to expressions, we need to know which words correspond to
which operations, as shown in the following table.

Key Words

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

add subtract multiply divide

sum of difference of product of quotient of
plus minus times divided by
increased by decreased by twice ratio
more than less than of per

When the value of a number is not given, we represent that number with a
variable.

Phrase Algebraic Expression

Five more than some number n + 5

1 t
Half of a number t, or
2 2
Five more than three times some number 3p + 5
The difference of two numbers x - y
Six less than the product of two numbers rs - 6
76
Seventy-six percent of some number 0.76z, or z
100

Example 1 Translate to an algebraic expression:

Five less than forty-three percent of the quotient of two numbers.
Solution We let r and s represent the two numbers.

10.432 #
r
- 5
s
1. Translate to an algebraic
expression: Half of the
&+1%+1$ &+1+1%+1+1$ &+1+
1 111+1%11+
+111+1$
Five less than forty-three percent of the quotient of two numbers
difference of two numbers.
YOUR TURN

Some algebraic expressions contain exponential notation. Many different

kinds of numbers can be used as exponents. Here we establish the meaning of an
when n is a counting number, 1, 2, 3, c .

Exponential Notation
The expression an, in which n is a counting number, means
# # #
$1++
# #
g a+a& .
a a a1%+1
n factors
In an, a is called the base and n is the exponent. When no exponent
appears, the exponent is assumed to be 1. Thus, a1 = a.

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 4 CHAPTER 1 a l g e b r a a n d pr o b l e m s o l v i n g

The expression an is read “a raised to the nth power” or simply “a to the

nth.” We read s2 as “s-squared” and x 3 as “x-cubed.” This terminology comes from
the fact that the area of a square of side s is s # s = s2 and the volume of a cube
of side x is x # x # x = x 3.

3
Area 5 s2 s x Volume 5 x

s x
x

B. Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

When we replace a variable with a number, we say that we are substituting for the vari-
h
able. The calculation that follows the substitution is called evaluating the expression.
Geometric formulas are often evaluated. In the following example, we use the
b formula for the area of a triangle with a base of length b and a height of length h.
1
Area 5 A 5 –– bh
2 Example 2 The base of a triangular sail is 3.1 m and the height is 4 m. Find
the area of the sail.

4m

3.1 m

Solution We substitute 3.1 for b and 4 for h and multiply to evaluate the
expression:
2. The base of a triangle is 5 ft 1
2
#b#h = 12 # 3.1 # 4
and the height is 3 ft. Find the
area of the triangle. = 6.2 square meters 1sq m or m22.
YOUR TURN

Exponential notation tells us that 52 means 5 # 5, or 25, but what does

1 + 2 # 52 mean? If we add 1 and 2 and multiply by 25, we get 75. If we multiply
2 times 52 and add 1, we get 51. A third possibility is to square 2 # 5 to get 100
and then add 1. The following convention indicates that only the second of these
approaches is correct: We square 5, then multiply, and then add.

Student Notes
Rules for Order of Operations
Step (3) states that when divi-
sion precedes multiplication, the 1. Simplify within any grouping symbols such as 1 2, 3 4, 5 6, work-
division is performed first. Thus, ing in the innermost symbols first.
20 , 5 # 2 represents 4 # 2, or 8. 2. Simplify all exponential expressions.
Similarly, 9 - 3 + 1 represents 3. Perform all multiplication and division, working from left to right.
6 + 1, or 7. 4. Perform all addition and subtraction, working from left to right.

M01_BITT7378_10_AIE_C01_pp001-070.indd 4 05/12/16 4:45 PM

 1.1 Some Basics of Algebra 5

Example 3 Evaluate 5 + 21a - 12 2 for a = 4.

Solution
5 + 21a - 12 2 = 5 + 214 - 12 2  Substituting
= 5 + 2132 2   Working within parentheses first
= 5 + 2192   Simplifying 32
= 5 + 18   Multiplying
3. Evaluate 21x + 12 2 - 10 for
= 23   Adding
x = 5.
YOUR TURN

Step (3) in the rules for order of operations tells us to divide before we mul-
Caution! tiply when division appears first, reading left to right. This means that an expres-
6 , 2x = 16 , 22x, sion like 6 , 2x means 16 , 22x.
6
6 , 12x2 = , Example 4 Evaluate 9 - x 3 + 6 , 2y2 for x = 2 and y = 5.
2x
6 , 2x does not mean Solution
6 , 12x2. 9 - x 3 + 6 , 2y2 = 9 - 23 + 6 , 2152 2  Substituting
= 9 - 8 + 6 , 2 # 25   Simplifying 23 and 52
= 9 - 8 + 3 # 25   Dividing
= 9 - 8 + 75   Multiplying
= 1 + 75   Subtracting
4. Evaluate 8a2 , 5b - 4 + a
= 76   Adding
for a = 5 and b = 2.
YOUR TURN

Check Your C. Sets of Numbers

Understanding When evaluating algebraic expressions, and in problem solving in general, we
often must examine the type of numbers used. For example, if a formula is used
Choose from the following to determine an optimal class size, fractions must be rounded up or down, since
expressions an appropriate it is impossible to have a fraction part of a student. Three frequently used sets of
algebraic translation of each numbers are listed below.
phrase.
a) 0.06 x + 1 Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, and Integers
b) x + y - 6 Natural Numbers (or Counting Numbers)
c) 3(x + y) Those numbers used for counting: 51, 2, 3, c6
d) 2(x - y)
1
Whole Numbers
e) 3x The set of natural numbers with 0 included: 50, 1, 2, 3, c6
x
f) - 3 Integers
y
The set of all whole numbers and their opposites:
1. One-third of a number
2. Six less than the sum of two 5c , -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, c6
numbers The dots are called ellipses and indicate that the pattern continues
3. Twice the difference of two without end.
numbers
4. One more than six percent of
a number Integers correspond to the points on the number line as follows:
5. Three less than the quotient
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
of two numbers
6. The product of three and the The set containing the numbers -2, 1, and 3 can be written 5 -2, 1, 36. This
sum of two numbers set is written using roster notation, in which all members of a set are listed. Roster
notation was used for the three sets listed above. A second type of set notation,

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 6 CHAPTER 1 a lg e b r a a n d p r o b l e m s o lv i n g

set-builder notation, specifies conditions under which a number is in the set. The
following example of set-builder notation is read as shown:
5x  x is a number between 1 and 56

&+1%+1$ &+
11++111+1%111+
++11+1$
“The set of x is a number between 1 and 5”
   all x ˛˝¸
such
that
Set-builder notation is generally used when it is difficult to list a set using roster
notation.

Example 5 Using both roster notation and set-builder notation, represent

the set consisting of the first 15 even natural numbers.
Solution
5. Using both roster notation Using roster notation: 52, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 306
and set-builder notation, Using set-builder notation: 5n  n is an even number between 1 and 316
represent the set of all
multiples of 5 between Note that other descriptions of the set are possible. For example, 52x  x is an
1 and 21. integer and 1 … x … 156 is a common way of writing this set.
YOUR TURN

The symbol ∈ is used to indicate that an element or a member belongs to a

set. Thus if A = 52, 4, 6, 86, we can write 4 ∈ A to indicate that 4 is an element
of A. We can also write 5 o A to indicate that 5 is not an element of A.

Example 6 Classify the statement 8 ∈ 5x  x is an integer6 as either true or false.

6. Classify the statement
1 Solution Since 8 is an integer, the statement is true. In other words, since 8
2 ∈ 5x x is a whole number6
as either true or false. is an integer, it belongs to the set of all integers.
YOUR TURN

Using set-builder notation, we can describe the set of all rational numbers.

Rational Numbers
Numbers that can be expressed as an integer divided by a nonzero
integer are called rational numbers:
p
b ` p is an integer, q is an integer, and q ≠ 0 r.
q

Rational numbers can be written using fraction notation or decimal notation.

Fraction notation uses symbolism like the following:
5 12 -17 9 39 0
, , , - , , .
8 -7 15 7 1 6
In decimal notation, rational numbers either terminate (end) or repeat a block of
digits.
For example, decimal notation for 58 terminates, since 58 means 5 , 8, and long
division shows that 58 = 0.625, a decimal that ends, or terminates.
6
On the other hand, decimal notation for 11 repeats, since 6 , 11 = 0.5454 c,
a repeating decimal. Repeating decimal notation can be abbreviated by writing a
bar over the repeating part—in this case, 0.54.

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 1.1 Some Basics of Algebra 7

Many numbers, like p, 12, and - 115, are not rational numbers. For exam-
Technology Connection ple, 12 is the number for which 12 # 12 = 2. A calculator’s representation of
12 as 1.414213562 is an approximation since 11.4142135622 2 is not exactly 2.
Technology Connections are To see that 12 is a “real” point on the number line, we can show that when
activities that make use of fea- a right triangle has two legs of length 1, the remaining side has length 12. Thus
tures that are common to most we can “measure” 12 units and locate 12 on the number line.
graphing calculators. Students
]
may consult a user’s manual 2
]
1 2
for exact keystrokes. Most
graphing calculators share the 1 ]
following characteristics. 22 21 0 1 2 2

Screen. The large screen can Numbers like p, 12, and - 115 are said to be irrational. Decimal notation
show graphs and tables as well for irrational numbers neither terminates nor repeats.
as the expressions entered. The set of all rational numbers, combined with the set of all irrational num-
Computations are performed bers, gives us the set of all real numbers.
in the home screen. On many
calculators, the home screen
is accessed by pressing F Real Numbers
o. The cursor shows loca- Numbers that are either rational or irrational are called real numbers:
tion on the screen, and the
­contrast (set by F h or 5x  x is rational or x is irrational6.
F e) determines how dark
the characters appear.
Every point on the number line represents some real number, and every real
Keypad. To access options number is represented by some point on the number line.
written above the keys, we
] ] }
press F or I and Real Irrational numbers 2 2 2 p 15
then the key. Expressions Numbers 5 1 5
Rational numbers 22 22 21 22 0 1 1.4 2 2 3 22
2 4
are generally entered as they 3 2 2 7

would appear in print. For

The following figure shows the relationships among various kinds of num-
example, to evaluate 3xy + x
bers, along with examples of how real numbers can be sorted.
for x = 65 and y = 92, we
press 3 b 65 b 92 a
Real numbers:
65 and then [. The value } 4 2 }
219, 2 10, 21, 22 , 0, 2
3 , 1, p, 15, 17.8, 39
of the expression, 18005, will 7

appear at the right of the

screen.
Rational numbers: Irrational numbers:
3∗65∗92165 4 2 } }
18005 219, 21,227 , 0, 2
3 , 1, 17.8, 39 2 10, p, 15

Evaluate each of the Integers: Rational numbers

following. that are not integers:
219, 21, 0, 1, 39 4 2
1. 27a - 18b, for a = 136 22,
7 3
2, 17.8
and b = 13
2. 19xy - 9x + 13y, for
x = 87 and y = 29
Negative integers: Whole numbers:
219, 21 0, 1, 39

Zero: Positive integers

or natural numbers:
0
1, 39

M01_BITT7378_10_AIE_C01_pp001-070.indd 7 30/12/16 1:35 PM

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
thunder and lightning had not come at that moment to clear the
streets and damp the fury of the citizens.
Meanwhile all seemed to sleep in the Albaicin; but behind the
barred doors and shut windows the Moors were watching in
ambush, prepared for defence, and, knowing that night the risk they
ran if they let the Christians be beforehand, resolved to hasten the
atrocious undertaking that they were meditating. They met in the
house of a wax chandler of the Albaicin named Adelet, and there
discussed their doubts and laid their plans.
They decided to strike the blow on New Year's Day and not at
Christmas as they had intended, because there existed a prophecy
that the Moors would regain Granada on the same day as that on
which the Christians took it, which was the 1st of January, 1492. It
was determined to make a register among the farms of the Vega
and the villages of Decrin and Orgiba of 8000 men, who were to be
ready, at a signal made to them from the Albaicin, to attack the
town by the gate of the Vega, wearing coloured caps and Turkish
head-dresses so as to inspire confidence in some and terror in
others, passing themselves off as Turks or Berbers who had come to
help the Moors.
This register was well filled by two saddle-makers, who, making a
pretext of their trade, went through all these places without awaking
anyone's suspicions. They also enrolled among the mountains
another 2000 picked men, who, hidden in a bed of reeds, should
wait the signal of the Albaicin to scale the wall of the Alhambra,
which looks towards the Generalife, with seventeen ladders which
were being made in Quejar and Quentan; they were ladders of
hempen rope with rungs of wood so wide that three men could
easily mount at the same time. The attack which was to be made on
Granada from outside being arranged, they then settled that which
the Moors of the Albaicin were to make from within. They divided
themselves into three parties each with a head. Miguel Acis with the
inhabitants of the parishes of St. Gregory, St. Christopher and St.
Nicholas and a flag of crimson silk with a silver half-moon and a
fringe of gold were to take the gate of Frax el Leuz on the top of the
Albaicin; Diego Miqueli with the dwellers of St. Salvador, St. Elizabeth
and St. Luis and a yellow silk flag the square of Bib-el-Bonut; and
Miguel Moragas with the people of St. Michael, San Juan de los
Reyes, and St. Peter and St. Paul and a flag of turquoise-blue
damask the gate of Guadix.
When united all were to fall first on the Christians who lived on
the Albaicin, beheading them without truce or pity. Then the first
group would descend to the town to the prisons of the Holy Office to
release the Moorish prisoners, killing and burning all in their path.
The second group was to go to the town prisons to liberate the
prisoners, then to murder the Archbishop and burn his palace. The
third group was to attack the Royal Courts, murder the President,
and set free the Chancery prisoners, all reuniting in the square of
Bibarrambla, whither the 8000 Moors of the Vega were also to repair.
From there they would go all over the city, as it seemed best, to put
everything to fire and sword. The principal instigator of these plans
was the sanguinary Farax Abenfarax, an African renegade, of the
house of the Abencerrajes, a bandit of the kind the Moors call
"monfies." To this fierce and brutal man the Moorish conspirators
entrusted the work of making known this decree in the Alpujarras,
and the summoning of a numerous assembly to elect a king,
assuring them that from that moment the choice of the Alpujarras
should be confirmed in the Albaicin.
This chosen man was D. Hernando de Valor, a very rich Moor of
the Alpujarras, a descendant of Mahomet through the families of
Aben-Humeyas and Almanzores, Kings of Córdoba and Andalucia. D.
Hernando's ancestors, as they lived in a place in the mountains
called Valor, had taken the name. He was a youth of twenty-four,
swarthy, with scanty beard, big black eyes, eyebrows that joined,
and a very fine figure; sensual, vindictive, sly and false, and, as he
showed himself later, extremely wicked.
He was elected according to the ancient ceremony of the Kings of
Andalucia, widowers at one end, those going to be married at the
other, the married on one side, the women on the other: in the
midst the priest, an "alfaqui," who read an ancient Arab prophecy,
that a youth of royal lineage who was baptized and a heretic to his
law, because in public he professed that of the Christians, should
liberate his people.
They all shouted that these signs were found united in D.
Hernando; the alfaqui assured them that according to his
observations the courses of the stars testified to the same thing and
hastened to clothe him in rich purple, and to put round his neck and
shoulders a coloured badge, like a sash, and on his head a crown
with a cap also of purple. They spread four flags on the ground, for
the four quarters of the world, and D. Hernando prayed, leaning
over them, with his face to the east, and swearing to die in his law
and his kingdom, defending them and his vassals. Then he lifted one
foot and, as a sign of general obedience, Farax Abenfarax prostrated
himself in the name of all and kissed the ground where the new king
had stood. Then he was lifted up on their shoulders and all shouted,
"May God exalt Mahomet Aben-Humeya, King of Granada and of
Córdoba."
This act made him King, and he named officers and gave
appointments, among others that of Chief Magistrate to Farax
Abenfarax and that of Captain-General to his uncle D. Fernando el
Zaguer, called in Arabic Aben Jauher. He sent his ambassadors to the
Kings of Algiers and Tunis, notifying his election and asking for
brotherly help: to which they replied with great promises and
demonstrations, offering to send galleys with men, arms, and
provisions, which should be known by their red-dyed sails.
Meanwhile the month of December had arrived and Farax
Abenfarax went secretly to Granada, leaving the sedition prepared
behind him, like a train of powder which can be fired in a second
when the moment arrives.
But the covetousness and ill-contained hatred of the Moors took
fire before the time. On the 28th of December seven clerks of the
Courts of Ujijar of Albacete set out for Granada guided by a Moor;
they were going to spend Christmas with their wives and were
taking a large quantity of fowls, chickens, honey, fruits and money.
 Entering a vineyard at the boundary of Poqueira, they met, lying in
wait for them, a band of armed Moors, who spoiled them of
everything and put them to a cruel death. One called Pedro de
Medina escaped with the guide, and they went to raise the alarm in
Albacete de Orgivar. The same day five squires of Motril, also going
to Granada with Christmas presents, met with a similar fate. That
night there arrived to sleep at Cadiar the captain Diego de Herrera
with his brother-in-law Diego de Hutado Docampo, of the order of
Santiago, and fifty soldiers who were carrying arquebuses for the
fort of Adra. D. Fernando el Zaguer, Captain-General and uncle of
the new King, was hiding in the place, and he arranged with the
other conspirators this blackest treason. He made all his neighbours
give hospitality to one soldier, and at midnight, at a preconcerted
signal, beheaded them all, from the captain downwards, so that only
three remained to return to Adra.
These tidings did not alarm the authorities of Granada as they
should have done; on the other hand, the Moors of the Albaicin
mistrusting them, and fearing lest the hasty rashness of their
brothers in the country should have compromised their plans,
hastened to send messengers everywhere to say that nothing was to
be done without fresh orders from the Albaicin, which was,
according to them, the head-quarters.
But the impetuous Farax was not of this mind, and thinking, on
the contrary, that everything would be lost if the events were not
pushed forward, decided to enter the Albaicin that same night and
either rouse the Moors or compromise them.
He then recruited as best he could 180 men from the nearest
villages, and with them went round Granada, defying the cold and
the snow which fell that night, the 25th of December, a Saturday,
the first day of Christmas.
Punctually at twelve o'clock he reached the gate of Guadix, which
was in the wall of the Albaicin; breaking down a mud wall, closed by
a small door, with pikes and implements that they had taken by force
from some mills on the Darro, they entered the town and went
straight to his house, joining the parish church of St. Elizabeth,
leaving his people to guard the door, wearing coloured Turkish caps
and over them white gauze head-dresses, so that they might appear
to be Turks.
Farax summoned the principal leaders of the rebellion there and
tried to persuade them of the necessity of rising as one man that
same night; but they of the Albaicin, false and disloyal even to their
own brothers, thinking that enough had already been done to
frighten the Christians without further exposing their lives or
properties, excused themselves on the score of lack of time and of
men, as of the 8000 men who were to accompany him he had only
brought 180.
Then Farax, in a fury and mad with rage, insulted them, and, two
hours before dawn, assembled his people and with horns, drums
and "dulzainos," went through all the streets of the Albaicin, giving
mournful cries. They carried two unfurled flags, between which went
Farax Abenfarax, a lighted candle in his hand, the white Turkish
head-dress stained and the thick, unkempt beard covered with fresh
gore. He was small, fat, with an enormous stomach and such long,
powerful arms that they seemed deformed. The sight of him
certainly inspired terror in the flickering light of the candle; when he
stopped from time to time he threw back his enormous head, turned
up his bloodshot eyes and cried in Arabic, in a hoarse and mournful
voice, "There is no God but the one God, and Mahomet is his
prophet. All Moors who wish to revenge the injuries which Christians
have done to their law and persons will be revenged by joining this
banner, because the King of Algiers and the Cherif, whom God exalt,
favour us and have sent all these people and those who are waiting
for us up there."
And all the rest answered in a chorus, "Well! Well! Come! Come!
as our hour has arrived and all the land of the Moors has risen."
Nobody, however, responded to the call, nor did a single door or
window open, nor was any noise heard, as if the quarter was a real
city of the dead. Only, they say, an old man shouted to them from a
housetop, "Brothers! Go with God, you are few and come out of
season."
 They reached the square of Bib-el-Bonut, where was the house of
the Jesuits, brought there by the Archbishop D. Pedro Guerrero, and
called by name for the famous Padre Albotodo, who was of Moorish
origin, insulting him and calling him a renegade dog, who, being the
son of Moors, had made himself the alfaqui of the Christians, and as
they could not break the door, which was strong and well barred,
they contented themselves with destroying a wooden cross which
was placed over it.
Now the bells of Salvador began to sound the alarm, because the
Canon Horozo, who lived at the back of the sacristy, had got in by a
hidden door and was ringing them. Farax then returned to the slope
by which the tower of the Aceituno is reached, and from there made
another proclamation; and as nobody flocked here either, he began
to insult those of the Albaicin, crying, "Dogs! Cowards! You have
deceived the people and do not wish to fulfil your promise." And
with this outburst he left, as dawn had come, and was lost in the
distance amid the tempest, like the coming and going of the
threatening storm which discharges itself elsewhere.
Next day the hypocritical Moors of the Albaicin descended to the
Alhambra and begged the Marqués de Mondejar to help and protect
them against the "monfies" who the night before had come to their
quarter inciting them to rebel, and putting to the test their loyalty to
religion and the King, endangering their lives and property. The
Marqués gave more credit to their words than they deserved, and
these bad men remained satisfied that they had unchained the
storm without risk to themselves. In truth the storm was afterwards
let loose, fierce and terrible, as few other in history.
In less than a fortnight the Moors of Farax had burned more than
300 churches, destroying their images, profaning the Blessed
Sacrament, and killing more than 4000 Christians, men, women and
children, putting them to such dreadful deaths and refined tortures
that they find no parallels in the annals of the martyrs. And it was a
great marvel and glory that not one of these victims apostatised, but
all died with the name of our Lord and His Holy Mother on their lips;
which so exasperated these true Mahomedans that to avoid these
saintly cries, which sounded as blasphemies to their impious ears,
they filled the victims' mouths with gunpowder and lighted it. The
renegade Farax Abenfarax ordered these cruelties, and the new King
Aben-Humeya took such advantage of them, that in a short time he
found himself master of more than 300 villages in which he
proclaimed Mahomedanism; the leader of more than 20,000 men
who acclaimed him King, and having within his reach the port of
Almeira, which, as in other times Gibraltar, could well be the key of
all Spain.
Then Philip II really grasped the situation, and to stifle the
rebellion and do away with the rivalry between the Marquéses de
Mondejar and de los Vélez, so dangerous before such formidable
enemies, he sent his brother D. John of Austria to Granada.
 CHAPTER XIV

D. John of Austria arrived on the 12th of April, 1568, at Hiznaleuz,

where he halted to arrange his solemn entry on the next day
into Granada, which was only five leagues off. He was accompanied
by a great number of gentlemen, who formed his suite, and at the
head of them was Luis Quijada, placed at D. John's side by the King,
as adviser and counsellor. The Duque de Sesa, who also had
received the King's orders to help D. John, in the same way as Luis
Quijada, was to follow in a few days. The same day the Marqués de
Mondejar came, with many captains and kinsmen, to visit D. John;
he stayed the night at Hiznaleuz to report about the state of the war,
and went back early in the morning to Granada, to fill his post in the
solemn reception.
The King had written very minute details to the President, D.
Pedro Deza, notifying even how many of the officials of the Courts
and Chapter were to go to meet his brother. But the King could not
regulate the enthusiasm of the neighbours, or the joy of the troops,
some of whom had become slack through the indolence of the
Marqués de Mondejar, and others discontented through the
harshness and severity of the Marqués de los Vélez. So there was
universal hope and joy that day in Granada, and all went to meet the
new leader through the fields of the Vega, which were as fresh and
as full of sunshine and flowers as were their hopes.
The first to set out was the Conde de Tendilla, eldest son of
Mondejar, and he reached the village of Alboloto, a league and a half
from Granada; with him were 200 men, 100 of the troop of Tello
Gonzalo de Aguilar, and 100 of his own, whose lieutenant was
Gonzalo Chacón, shortly afterwards the hero of a certain noisy
adventure in the capital. The latter were all finely turned out in
Moorish costume, the others wearing crimson silk and satin in the
Spanish fashion, and all well armed with cuirasses, helmets, shields
and lances, as if they wished to show by their dress that it was a day
of rejoicing though a time of war. In the same manner came D. John
and his men; he wore a breastplate, shoulder-piece, and gorget of
burnished steel, garnished with golden nails, "cuxotes" or wide
breeches of cloth of silver and gold, over mulberry-coloured silk,
caught in by strings of pearls; crimson stockings, high white leather
boots with golden spurs, cuffs and ruff of rich Flemish point, and a
high hat of cut velvet with a tuft of feathers, fastened with a
magnificent jewel of emeralds; on his breast hung the Golden
Fleece, and on his left arm he wore a crimson cockade, the badge of
his command, which was afterwards changed for a flowing red sash.
They met at Alboloto and exchanged compliments, and together
returned to Granada, forming a brilliant squadron. First came D.
John of Austria between Luis Quijada and the Conde de Miranda,
behind them followed the gentlemen and the troops. Meanwhile, at
the Royal Hospital, outside the gates, were waiting the President D.
Pedro Deza, the Archbishop, and the Corregidor; the first had
brought four judges and the magistrates; the second four canons
and the dignitaries of the Chapter; and the Corregidor four aldermen
and their deputies.
These were those specified by the King in his letter to D. Pedro
Deza, but the entire nobility of the town, the principal citizens and
the whole neighbourhood were also assembled, without anyone
being able or wishing to stop them. The Moors of the Albaicin,
discarding their own dress for that prescribed by the much-discussed
decree, came from all parts, mixing with their neighbours, making
false sounds of joy and gladness, which, according to the
subsequent declaration of some, were mingled with curses under
their breath on D. John and the Christians in Arabic. The crowd
stretched from the gate of Elvira to the stream of Beyro, where the
reception was to take place; in the plain of this name were drawn up
all the infantry, which formed a body of 10,000 men, the Marqués de
Mondejar at their head. When D. John came in sight, the President
and the Archbishop pressed forward to the stream, riding powerful
mules with fine trappings, followed by their friends and the
Corregidor on horseback with his following, and behind them all the
gentlemen and citizens. The first to alight was the President, who
very humbly made his compliments to D. John, who promptly threw
himself off his horse, receiving the President, hat in hand, in his
arms, where he held him a while. He did the same to the
Archbishop, and then passed before him, according to their seniority,
the judges and the Alcaldes, the dignitaries of the Chapter, the
Corregidor and the notable citizens. The President, standing on D.
John's right hand, presented them all by name, and to each he said
something kind or appropriate, and pleased them all; as besides his
natural good heart, which made D. John courteous without
affectation or study, he possessed a priceless quality for princes, that
of making himself sympathetic and winning affection at first sight.
This ceremony over, Luis Quijada and the Conde de Miranda
passed in front of D. John, to leave their places at his right and left
hand to the President and Archbishop. In this way they walked to
the town, with an incredible crowd of people who filled all the fields.
As the suite came up to the first rows of the troops formed up in the
plains of Beyro, all the bells of the town began pealing, and the
drums to roll; trumpets and clarions sounded, and the arquebuses
were fired without intermission, making an impressive salute, the
thick smoke of which covered everything as with a transparent
cloud, giving to the manly figure of D. John something warlike and
supernatural, which charmed the gaze and fired the imagination.
But, suddenly, within the city arose the sound of loud cries and
wailing, and D. John saw, leaving by the gate of Elvira, more than
400 women, with dishevelled hair, and torn mourning garments, who
filled the air with groans, and running towards him in a disorderly
troop, threw themselves under his horse's feet, plucking their hair,
beating their breasts, tearing their clothes, covering themselves with
dust, and uttering lamentations and shrill cries. Till at last one of
them, an old woman, lifting herself up, with her grey hair flying and
her mourning garments rent, extended her trembling, withered arms
towards D. John, and in a hoarse, disconsolate voice addressed him
in these words. "Justice, my lord, Justice is that for which these poor
widows and orphans beg, who now must love tears in the place of
husbands and fathers; who did not feel so much pain when they
heard the cruel blows of the arms with which they were being killed
by the heretics, as on hearing that these should be pardoned."
D. John was first taken aback, and then touched, when he learned
that these poor women were the widows and orphans of those
Christians who lately had been killed and martyred by the Moors,
and extending his hand towards them, he performed the miracle of
silencing them, and consoled them, as much as he could, by
promising to see justice done. Then the lamentations ceased in the
city, and D. John saw nothing but hangings and awnings of brocade
and cloth of gold, and a crowd of richly adorned dames and
maidens, who threw flowers from the windows as he passed and,
according to the Moorish custom, glass balls filled with scent. D.
John alighted at the door of the "Audiencia," where his lodging was
prepared; the house of ill fortune, as the Moors called it, because
from it was to come their ruin.
Two days later, D. John being still covered, as one may say, with
the dust of the journey, the Moors of the Albaicin sent four of their
number on an embassy to him, the most crafty among them, says a
chronicler. They wished to sound the new leader and deceive what
they presumed to be the inexperience of his youth, as they had
deceived the sordid nature of the Marqués de Mondejar, and the
fervent piety of the Archbishop. They presented themselves
consequently as injured, instead of humbling themselves as
offenders, enumerated the injuries that they had received, asking for
justice and proclaiming their innocence, and with the greatest
effrontery clamoured for the help and protection of D. John for their
lives, honour and property.
 Photo Anderson

DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA

Attributed to Sir Antonio More

In possession of Don Fernan de Fernandez de Velasco

 D. John let them talk freely, giving the sustained and courteous
attention which all judges should show to the prisoner who is
defending himself; but, when they had finished, he began to speak
gravely and firmly, his face so impassive that not all the quickness of
the Moors could guess his intentions, answering them in these
studied words:
"The King, my Lord, has ordered me to come to this kingdom, for
its quiet and pacification; be certain that all those who have been
loyal to the service of God, Our Lord and his Majesty, as you say you
have been, will be looked on favourably, and honoured, and you will
keep your liberties and freedom. But also I wish you to know, that as
well as using equity and clemency to those who deserve it, those
who have not so behaved will be punished with the utmost rigour.
And, as regarding the injuries which your spokesman says that you
have received, give me your writing so that I may send and have
them remedied, and I wish to warn you that what you say had
better be true, as otherwise you will bring trouble on yourselves."
The Moors left crestfallen on hearing this, understanding that they
had not succeeded in taking the youth by surprise, and already
fearing his resolution and prudence. And they were right to be
afraid, as from the first moment D. John was convinced that the
mainspring of the rebellion was the Albaicin, that from there it was
always being stirred up with help and news, and sustained and
animated by well-grounded hopes of being assisted by Turks and
"Berberiscos" from the coast. He, therefore, resolved at once to
guard the coast in a way that should make landing impossible, and
to clear out the Albaicin, that sink of treason and espionage, at one
blow casting forth all the Moors from Granada. So D. John put these
two proposals before his Council of War, and without a murmur they
approved of the first one, agreeing that the Knight Commander D.
Luis de Requesens, Lieutenant-General of D. John at sea, should
assist, with the galleys he had in Italy, to guard and defend the
coasts. As regards the expulsion of the Moors from the Albaicin, their
opinions were divided, and each defended his own with more or less
reason and courage. But D. John, firm in his purpose, which was
upheld by the authority of the President, D. Pedro Deza, sent the
advice to the King, begging him, if he approved, to give instructions
about the villages, and how to settle these dangerous people beyond
the radius of the rebellion.
D. John did not waste time while the King was arranging the
business. He first applied himself with great activity and energy to
repress the excesses of the captains and soldiers as to lodging, taxes
and rapine of all kinds, and to reduce the war to a plan, under one
leader, a thing hitherto impossible, owing to the rivalry and mutual
dislike of the Marquéses de Mondejar and de los Vélez, and the want
of discipline and cupidity of the officers and soldiers, who were more
occupied with pillage and booty than in gaining victories or taking
positions. They did not fight to win, but to rob, and at times,
overburdened with their plunder, they let themselves be killed rather
than abandon it; others, already having enough booty to satisfy their
greed, fled with it inland, deserting their colours.
Luis Quijada unfailingly helped D. John with his sound judgment
and his great experience in the art of war, without sparing him
arguments or grumblings, as in other times he had not spared the
Emperor, D. John's father, and a month after Quijada's arrival at
Granada, the 16th of May, he wrote the following disconsolate letter
to the Prince of Évoli, which gives an idea of the sad state of the
campaign.
"I owe an answer to your lordship's letter of the 7th of this
month: for three or four days I have had no fever and have
endeavoured to get up, but I could only do so for a few
hours, as my weakness is great, and I return to bed tired
out; I eat and sleep with scant pleasure. I will go as I can
and not as I should wish, because if ever I felt ill it is now,
and I do not want to make myself out such a great soldier
that I could have remedied everything; but I do think that
much might have been done at the beginning. These
damned soldiers, volunteers and citizens, live in a way never
before known; they have no discipline and behave in a way
that is not reasonable or right for men of war, because they
think not of fighting, but of robbing God and everyone. God's
Will be done, but I tell you that such a disaster at such a
time has never been known as the one that befell the Knight
Commander;[9] we placed our hopes in him to hold the sea,
not less than on the soldiers he was bringing us, to produce
the good effect that could be brought about. This is over,
and so entirely over that for hours at a time and without any
difficulty the arms and ammunition these dogs expect, which
it is said is a great quantity, can be landed: to receive them
there are more than enough people, but not enough to carry
them away; according to report the galley slaves will arrive
at a signal, and will go to the mountains, to which those of
the plain have already retired, taking the remainder of their
property, determined to die, and I have no doubt that they
will do so if the soldiers were to press them, although the
formation of the ground will protect them; but, sir, it grieves
me much that these are not soldiers any more than their
captains and officers. Then the galleys which came from
Italy and the soldiers in them were of so little use that it was
best to order them to return, and until Gian Andrea arrives,
as D. Álvaro de Bazán is in Sardinia, I do not know if it would
be wise to order him to join D. Sancho, that they should not
dare to disembark in such a barefaced way, but they will
know what is best there. I am afraid we shall pay for the
delay of Gian Andrea and the haste of the Knight
Commander. These dogs have been making signals for eight
days and have assembled 12,000, among whom are 6000
marksmen, the rest with weapons, swords, and slings, and in
other parts 8000 are assembled. I do not believe that they
are as well armed as they tell us, or that they have as much
powder as they make out. Through my illness I have not
been near a Council or heard anything for days. You will
know what is happening by what the Lord D. John writes;
my opinion is that it will be best to press them and bring this
business to an end. It might be wrong according to how long
the people tarry that we have sent for and whether they are
as good as we could wish. The horse soldiers are very good,
and wherever they go, however few they be, the Moors do
not wait for them, nor please God will they do so unless they
alter the order which has been kept here hitherto, as with
theirs they can hope for no success; for bad as we are, they
are worse, as we at all events try to be more or less worthy
men. The Lord D. John does all he can with the assistance of
those you know of with all possible care and diligence and in
finding out bribes and swindling and wrongs which the
officers have done, but it requires great skill, as many
arrange that if they lose their money, they have still more left
as they give it to the others: they say it is beyond all words,
even after they have heard that D. John has named an
auditor to look into the matter. It was the wisest thing to
have sent the Licentiate Biguera, for many reasons, but
specially to see what belongs to His Majesty, which is a great
quantity, if it is well looked after, but it is much for one man
to do. Oh, my lord! What land to buy! What is worth ten to-
day in ten years will be worth a hundred; I should not be
sorry to hear you were thinking and finding out about it; for
much less than what you gave D. Diego you could buy a
better estate: His Majesty must sell and at a good price, and
the profit will be great for him who buys. I beg Y.L. to forgive
such a long letter, but it is after two o'clock, and I cannot
sleep; if it pleases you that I should tell you tittle-tattle I
have certainly done so. That Pastrana so much pleases the
Princess now it is hers I can well believe: may your lordship
and ladyship enjoy it for many long years. I kiss your
lordship's hands many times. From Real before the Moors.
16th of May, 1569."
 CHAPTER XV

P hilip II approved of his brother's proposal and authorised him to

expel all Moors over ten and under sixty from Granada.
They were to be assigned places of habitation in the villages of
Andalucia and Castille, which the King indicated, and handed over
lists to the justices there, that they might know about them.
The King also desired, to avoid scandal and to perform the matter
more gently, that the exile should not be inflicted as a punishment,
but that they were to be given to understand that they were taken
away from danger for their own good and peace, and that, quiet
being restored, they would be taken care of, and that the loyal and
innocent would be rewarded. Few were so in their acts and none
were so in their feelings.
As D. Philip said, it was a dangerous piece of work for two
different reasons. It was to be feared that the Moors, seeing
themselves found out, would try some last and supreme stroke; and
it was equally probable that the populace of Granada, on seeing
them captured and without arms, would rise against them and
commit some barbarous injury to their persons and property. D.
John foresaw all; with great prudence and secrecy he sent to warn
first of all, the armed men in the towns and villages of the plain, and
on the 23rd of June, the Eve of St. John's Day, he suddenly issued a
proclamation, ordering that in two hours' time all the Moors who
dwelt in the town of Granada, or its castle, and in the Albaicin,
citizens as well as strangers, should repair to their respective parish
churches.
The terror of the Moors was great, and fear and surprise stopped
all idea of resistance; they knew themselves to be criminals worthy
of the extreme penalty, and they were afraid that they were going to
be imprisoned in order that they might be beheaded.
With a great tumult of groans and tears they all ran to the square
of Bib-el-Bonut, to the residence of the Jesuits, and, giving mournful
cries, called for Father Juan de Albotodo, a Moor by origin, who was
so often their protector, helper, and also their dupe. The Father
appeared at a window, without cap or cloak, as he was in the house,
and heard the cries of these shameless ones, who already did not
dare to demand justice, but only craved for mercy from the King,
and charity and help to save their lives from the Father. Albotodo
was truly a saint, a man of about forty, worn in body and face, very
sunburnt and with such black eyes and hair that they proclaimed his
Arab origin at once.
Albotodo descended to the square, and these wretched people did
and said such things that they touched the Jesuit's very tender
heart, and he ran off to the Audiencia without stopping to get hat or
cloak, hoping to soften President Deza's heart, or, if necessary, D.
John of Austria's. All the people followed him with groans to the
entrance of the Albaicin, but no one dared to descend the hill, as the
danger and their bad consciences had made cowards of them, as
always happens to criminals.
Breathless the Jesuit arrived at the Audiencia, and the President
received him as if he saw an angel coming down from heaven.
Nothing could have been more opportune than his intervention,
because no one could quiet the Moors as he could, and convince
them that their lives were not in danger. In such good faith did D.
Pedro Deza act, that he spontaneously offered to give a paper,
signed with his name, to the Jesuit, assuring their lives to the Moors.
The Father accepted his word: and wrote the document himself,
which D. Pedro Deza signed, and the Jesuit, satisfied with this, ran
back to the Albaicin, waving the parchment above his head, as if to
quicken the hopes of the unhappy men he detested as criminals, but
whom he cordially pitied as brothers and doomed men.
Father Albotodo read the parchment from the window: they
believing it as he was a priest, says a chronicler, decided to go to
their parish churches, depressed, gloomy and suspicious, because as
soon as their hopes for their lives were confirmed, their anger and
spite were rekindled, which only death could extinguish.
D. John ordered the parish churches to be guarded with several
companies of infantry, and, having managed to establish order as
regarded the Moors, he anticipated any trouble on the part of the
Christians by issuing a proclamation, in the name of the King, to the
effect that the confined Moors were under the royal protection and
care, and had been promised that no harm should befall them, and
that they were being taken from Granada out of danger from the
soldiers.
Everyone in Granada, however, awoke the next morning uneasy
and full of anxiety, because the Moors had to be moved from the
parish churches, where they had spent the night, to the Royal
Hospital beyond the gates, and there given over to the charge of the
clerks and royal enumerators in order that the former should make a
list of them, and that the others should undertake to assign them
residences in those villages in Castille and Andalucia settled
beforehand. Rebellion and mutiny were feared on both sides, and
such would have been the case had not D. John foreseen
everything. He ordered that all the soldiers should form up at
daybreak in the plain between the gate of Elvira and the Royal
Hospital, which was the most open and dangerous place. He
commanded the first of the companies himself, and the other three
were led by the Duque de Sesa, Luis Quijada, and the Licentiate
Briviesca de Muñatones.
D. John took up his position at the door of the hospital, which was
the most critical post. His standard of Captain-General, which was of
crimson damask, much adorned with gold and having a figure of
Christ on one side and of His Blessed Mother on the other, was
carried in front of him to give him more authority. Pity towards these
unarmed wretches was, however, stronger in the inhabitants of
Granada than hatred and the desire for vengeance, and all the
Moors were able to descend from the Albaicin, cross the town, and
enter the hospital without being molested by anyone.
 "It was a miserable sight," says Luis de Marmol, an eye-witness,
participator in and chronicler of all these events "to see so many
men of all ages, hanging their heads, their hands crossed, and their
faces bathed with tears, looking sad and sorrowful, having left their
comfortable houses, their families, their country, their habits, their
properties and everything they had, and not even certain what
would be done with their heads."
Twice, however, they were on the verge of a catastrophe, as it
occurred to a certain captain of infantry from Seville, called Alonso
de Arellano, from a stupid wish to be remarkable, to put a crucifix
covered with a black veil on the top of a lance, and to carry it as a
trophy in front of his company, which was guarding the Moors of two
parishes. Seeing this token of mourning, some Moorish women in
the street of Elvira thought that D. John had broken his word, and
that their husbands were being taken to be beheaded; they began to
weep and cry out in their Arabic dialect (aljamia), tearing their hair,
"Oh, unlucky ones! they are taking you like lambs to be slaughtered.
How much better for you to have died in the houses where you were
born!" This inflamed the feelings of all, and Christians and Moors
would have come to blows, had not Luis Quijada arrived in time to
calm them, assuring the Moors afresh of their safety, and ordering
the crucifix to be taken away.
At the door of the Royal Hospital there was another great
commotion. A "barrachal" or captain of the alguaciles, named
Velasco, gave a blow to a Moorish boy, an imbecile, who threw half a
brick that he was carrying under his arm at the captain's head,
wounding an ear; in the confusion it was thought that the injured
man was D. John of Austria, as he wore blue like the "barrachal";
the halberdiers fell on the Moor and cut him to pieces, and the same
thing would have happened to those that followed, had not D. John
urged his horse into the middle of the throng and, stopping
everything, said in a voice burning with indignation and with a
commanding look, "What is this? Soldiers! Do you not realise that if
misdeeds displease God in the infidels, how much more they do so
in those who profess His laws, because they are the more obliged to
keep faith with all sorts of people, especially in matters of
confidence. Have a care, then, about what you are doing, that you
do not break the pledge I have given them, because once broken it
would be difficult to renew it, and if God tarries in their punishment
it is not for me to forestall His justice."
Having spoken thus, he ordered D. Francisco de Solis and Luis del
Marmol, who saw and relate all this, to have the gates guarded and
to let no one enter, that the report should not spread, and he told
the "barrachal" to go and get his wound dressed and to say that no
one had hurt him, but that his own horse had kicked him.
Once out of Granada, that dangerous focus of the rebellion, D.
John determined, with his native energy, to finish the barbarous war,
the continual drain of blood, honour and money, at all costs and as
quickly as possible; but far from dying out it only went on growing,
owing to the quarrels and plunderings of the Christians, to such a
point that the Moors no longer fell back and defended themselves in
the fastness of the mountains, but attacked and took places as
strong as those on the River Almangora or the castle of Serón,
where they killed 150 Christians and took as many captive, including
the Alcaide Diego de Mirones.
These victories puffed up the kinglet Aben-Humeya, and his pride
increased quicker than his power, so that he even dared to write as a
king to D. John asking that his father D. Antonio de Valor should be
set at liberty, who for a common offence had been shut up in the
Chancellery of Granada before the rebellion. He sent the letter by a
Christian boy, a captive in Serón, and gave him a safe conduct which
said, "In the name of God, the merciful and pitiful. From his high
state, exalted and renewed by the grace of God, the King Muley
Mahomet Aben-Humeya, by him may God comfort those afflicted,
and sorrowful through the people of the West. Let all know that this
boy is a Christian and goes to the city of Granada on my business,
concerning the welfare of Moors and Christians, in the way it is usual
for kings to treat with each other. All who see and meet him are to
allow him to go safely on his way and to give him all aid in carrying
this out; those who do otherwise and stop or take him will be
condemned to lose their heads." Underneath was, "Written by order
of the King Aben Chapela." On the left hand, underneath, in big
letters, apparently written by his own hand, was, "This is true," in
imitation of the African Moorish Kings, who, for greater grandeur,
were accustomed to sign in this way.
D. John did not consent to receive either the messenger or the
letter of the rebel heretic; the one, however, was read and the other
examined by the Council, who decided to send no reply; but the
father of Aben-Humeya, D. Antonio de Valor, wrote that he was
being well treated in prison; that he had not been tortured as had
been falsely put about, and that he, as a father, deplored his son's
rebellion and counselled submission and repentance.
Shortly afterwards Aben-Humeya wrote again to both D. John and
his father, this time sending the letters by Xoaybi, Alcaide of Guejar.
This traitor read and kept them, in order to accuse and take him, as
he in fact did.
 CHAPTER XVI

A t length D. John set out on his campaign with all his native
energy, according to his wishes so long kept in check by his
continual struggle with his advisers, all quarrelling, as D. Diego
Hurtado de Mendoza so graphically paints in his laconic and
celebrated letter to the Prince de Évoli. "Very illustrious sir—Truly
nothing happens in Granada; the Lord D. Luis listens; the Duque
(Sesa) fusses; the Marqués (Mondejar) discourses; Luis Quijada
grumbles; Munatones submits; my nephew is there and is not
missed here."
D. John sent one company of the army towards the Alpujarras,
with the Duque de Sesa at their head, and himself attacked with the
other, first, Guejar, a formidable place in which the Moors had one of
their centres of operations, then reinforced with Berberiscos and
Turks. By the clever manœuvre arranged by D. John they fell upon it
unawares, and took the place and the castle with fewer losses and
less difficulty than was feared.
The first to fly was the Alcaide Xoaybi, and he went proclaiming
everywhere, to spite Aben-Humeya, that the latter was in treaty with
the Christians to end the war and to give up the Moors, and in proof
of this he showed a wrongly interpreted letter, kept by him at Guejar.
They all believed the evil deeds of Aben-Humeya, which were many,
and most of all a certain Diego Alguacil, a native of Albacete de
Ujijar, who owed him a bitter grudge, because Aben-Humeya had, by
evil intrigue, decoyed away a widowed cousin who was the mistress
of Diego Alguacil. The kinglet took her by force, but she always kept
up a correspondence with her cousin, to whom she told all Aben-
Humeya's doings and plans.
 Diego Alguacil made use of these advantages, and with a nephew
named Diego de Rojas, and the renegade Diego Lopéz Aben Aboo, a
dyer of the Albaicin, and the Turkish captains Huscein and Carafax,
who had come from Algeria, contrived a plot, which would have
been iniquitous had it not been against such a scoundrel as Aben-
Humeya. They forged letters from him to Aben Aboo, ordering him
to kill all the Turks treacherously, and then they went to Laujar de
Andarax, where Aben-Humeya was, intending to take him and kill
him. He, however, had had warning of what was happening, and
decided to fly to Valor at daybreak on the 3rd of October, but he was
kept that night by a festival, and tired by merry-making, put off the
journey until the next day, though the horses were already saddled.
This was his ruin, as with the dawn Diego Alguacil, Aben Aboo and
the others arrived and assaulted the house, taking him unawares.
Aben-Humeya went to the door half dressed, with a crossbow in his
hand, followed by the Moorish widow; but, as this bad woman saw
at a glance what was happening, she clung to him, as if frightened,
but in reality to stop him using his arms or the crossbow, and to
make it easy for the others to capture him. This Aben Aboo and
Diego Alguacil did, tying his hands with an "almaijar" (turban of
gauze) and his legs very tightly with a hempen cord.
They were then joined by the Turkish captains, and in the
presence of the Moorish woman began to hold his trial and to judge
him. They produced the forged letters, which he, innocent and
surprised, repudiated with energy, but they felled him to the ground
with a blow, as one already sentenced and executed, and began in
his presence to sack the house, and divide among themselves his
women, money, clothes and goods, ending by designating Aben
Aboo as the poor wretch's successor, who saw in his lifetime his
most mortal enemies dividing his whole property. From the corner in
which he lay bound, Aben-Humeya watched them and followed them
with bitter speeches, which revealed the depth of his fury and the
blackness of his heart. That he never intended to be a Moor except
to avenge himself on one or the other. That he had hanged his
enemies, friends and relations; cut off their heads, taken their
women, stolen their property, and as he had fulfilled his desires and
vengeance, now they were taking theirs, but not for all this could
they take away his heartfelt satisfaction. When he heard that Aben
Aboo was designated to succeed him, he said that he died content,
because Aben Aboo would soon find himself in the same situation as
he was in at the moment.
At daybreak Diego Alguacil and Diego de Rojas took him to
another room and there strangled him with a cord, each pulling an
end. In the morning they took him out and buried him in a dunghill,
as something despicable.
Meanwhile D. John of Austria was driving the Moors from place to
place, and from rock to rock, towards the Alpujarras, where the
other wing of the army was to cut them off. And such were his
ardour, forethought, and wish to participate as much in the
responsibilities of a leader as in the fatigues and dangers of a
soldier, that the then veteran D. Diego Hurtado de Mendoza says of
this, "And those of us who were in the engagements of the Emperor
seemed to see in the son an image of the courage and forethought
of the father, and his desire to be everywhere, especially with the
enemy." Luis Quijada never left him for a moment, restraining at
each step D. John's imprudent rashness in what concerned his own
person, as he exposed his life with dangerous frequency. However,
on this path of triumph, D. John met with desperate resistance from
the town of Galera, where even the women fought with the vigour of
valiant men. It was a very strong place, situated on a long ridge like
a ship, whence its name, and on the summit it had an old castle
surrounded by high mounds of rock, which supplied the lack of the
fallen walls. In the town were more than 3000 Moorish fighting men,
with a good handful of Turks and Berberiscos; so safe did they think
the place that they had stored there wheat and barley to last more
than a year, and great treasure of gold, silver, silks, pearls and other
costly things.
D. John made a careful survey of the place from one of the high
hills which dominated it, with Luis Quijada, the Knight Commander
of Castille, and other renowned captains, and then ordered the
batteries and trenches to be prepared for the assault. D. John
personally inspected this work as Captain, General, and soldier, and,
because it was necessary to go for the esparto grass of which the
gabions were made to a distant hill, he went on foot in front of the
soldiers to encourage them to work, and carried his load on his back
like the rest, even to placing it in the trench. They began, as soon as
it was light, to fire at the tower of the church with two big cannon,
and in a few shots they opened a high, though small breach,
through which to make the assault, and D. Pedro de Padilla, the
Marqués de la Favara, and D. Alonso de Luzón entered with others
of the courageous gentlemen who followed D. John with his people
from simple love of him.
The artillery went on firing at some houses, seemingly of earth,
which were beside the church; but when they tried a second assault,
so great was the fury with which the Moors repulsed them, and so
strong was the resistance these miserable hovels offered, that the
Christians had to retire with great damage, leaving several gallant
gentlemen who had clamoured to advance penned in. One of them
was D. Juan de Pacheco, a knight of Santiago, who was
dismembered limb by limb, on account of the rage which the red
cross on his breast inspired in the Moors. He had only arrived at the
camp two hours before, from his home, Talavera de la Reina, and
without more than just kissing D. John's hand entered the fray
where he met with his death.
D. John, nothing daunted by this defeat, ordered new mines to be
laid and fresh batteries placed, and settled another assault for the
20th of January, which, from the mines exploding prematurely,
ended in a second disaster. Both sides fought with great valour, and
ensign D. Pedro Zapata succeeded in planting his flag on the
enemy's wall with such boldness that, if the entrance had permitted
others to help him, the town would have been gained that day; but
the narrowness of the place prevented all help, and the Moors fell on
him and threw him, badly wounded, down from the battery, still
holding his flag, which he never let go, nor could anyone tear it from
him, pull as they might. That day died more than 300 soldiers,
among them many captains and men of worth, and more than 500
were wounded.
D. John's sorrow changed to ill-concealed rage, and he swore that
day to level Galera to the ground and to sow it with salt, and to put
all its dwellers to the sword; which he soon afterwards
accomplished, as at the third assault, with new mines laid to the
foundations of the castle, and enormous breaches made by heavy
artillery brought from Guescar, almost the whole village blew up with
a dreadful noise and earthquake, which made the hill tremble, and
the Christians dashed forward and gained the town inch by inch,
until they penned up more than 1000 Moors in a little square, where
they slew them without mercy or pity. The streets ran with blood
and it made the roads slippery, covering the bushes and brambles as
if with crimson flowers. They took great booty of things of much
value, and D. John ordered that the great quantity of wheat and
barley which the Moors had stored there should be seized; he also
ordered D. Luis del Mármol, who relates all these events, to raze the
town and sow it with salt, as he had sworn.
D. John of Austria left Galera and went straight to lay siege to the
town and castle of Serón, where awaited him the first real sorrow
which embittered his life. He encamped his troops at Canilles, and
from there he wished to go personally to reconnoitre the place,
taking with him the Knight Commander of Castille and Luis Quijada,
with 2000 picked arquebusiers and 200 horses.
The Moors of Serón saw them coming, and hurriedly began to
make signals from the castle, asking for help. Many went to take
shots at the Christians from the slope and then fled, pursued by the
Christians, all of whom entered the place, which seemed deserted;
the women could be seen running to take refuge in the castle, and
from there were making signals. The soldiers gave themselves up in
a shameless manner to sacking the houses, and better to secure the
plunder many shut themselves up in them. Suddenly there appeared
more than 1000 Moors from Tijola, Purchena, and other villages on
the river, in response to the signals, and the panic of the Christians
was then boundless.
 They fled in a disorderly way, and unwilling to leave the booty
they had already in their hands, and encumbered with the loads,
they stumbled, fell one on the top of the other, affording a good
mark for stones, arrows, and bullets. D. John, from the hill where he
was, saw all this confusion, and angry at the danger to his soldiers
and at their want of discipline, fearlessly plunged his horse into the
midst of them, crying with heroic force:
"What is this? Spaniards! Whom are you flying from? Where is the
honour of Spain? Have you not your captain D. John of Austria in
front of you? What do you fear? Retire in order like men of war with
your faces to the enemy, and you will soon see these barbarians
terrified at your arms." But Luis Quijada also saw the danger D. John
ran within reach of shot, and he went with all speed to make him
retire. At the same moment a ball from an arquebus struck the
Prince's helmet, and, had it not been so solid, would have killed him.
Like a lion whose cubs are being hurt, Luis Quijada turned and urged
his horse on as if he would annihilate the marksman. He then
received a shot in the shoulder, and they saw him first stagger and
then fall heavily from his horse, among the cries of grief and shrieks
of rage of those who were near. D. John covered him with his
person, and with wonderful presence of mind, ordered him to be
taken to Canilles with an escort by Tello de Aguilar and the horses
from Jerez la Fontera.
 CHAPTER XVII

L uis Quijada arrived at Canilles very much exhausted on a stretcher

made of poles, carried by four soldiers who were continually
changed; they took him to his inn, poor and bare, it being war-time
and in an enemy's country, and there D. John's doctors hastened to
dress the wound. He was consumed with thirst and continually
asked for water, and, above all, was anxious about D. John, whom
he had left in such a dangerous situation. At last Juan de Soto
arrived, D. John's new secretary, good Juan de Quiroga having died
months before in Granada. He said that D. John had been able to
effect a retreat with great loss, and that he had received such a blow
from a stone on his shield that the pebble remained fixed in the
metal: a wonderful performance, but by no means unique,
considering the strength of those terrible Moorish slingers, who
could do as much harm with a stone as with an arquebus.
D. John returned to Canilles after dark, his left arm somewhat hurt
by the terrible rebound of the shield on receiving the blow; he went
direct to Luis Quijada's room and shut himself up with the doctors.
These all declared the veteran's wound to be mortal; but they did
not think that death was imminent, and without hope of saving him,
they nevertheless believed that they could ward it off for at least a
few days. D. John was profoundly grieved, and thought first of all of
Doña Magdalena. This lady was in Madrid, in order to have the
quickest and most reliable news about the war, and that same night
D. John sent a messenger there with a true and detailed account of
what had happened. Knowing the great heart and courage of the
lady, he did not doubt for a moment that on hearing the news she
would at once fly to her husband's side, so he also sent an itinerary,
written by his own hand, marking the safest route by which to make
this undoubtedly brave journey considering the roughness of the
road, the coolness of the season, and even the age of the lady, who
was already fifty, and, above all, the continual risk of being surprised
and attacked by the Moorish highwaymen, scattered all over that
part of the kingdom of Granada, which was then the seat of war.
To prevent great dangers, D. John wrote to all the places where
there were garrisons, which most places had, ordering them to give
Doña Magdalena a strong and safe escort on her way, and he also
ordered that daily two messengers might leave, one at daybreak and
one in the evening, so that she should have frequent reports,
whether she was in Madrid or on the journey, at the close of each
day. D. John wrote these dispatches daily with his own hand after
having consulted the doctors and heard their opinion. The first news
D. John sent to Doña Magdalena by his favourite and confidential
valet Jorge de Lima. He had not judged the intrepid lady wrongly; as
no sooner did she hear the terrible news than she at once arranged
her journey, without hesitation or foolish hurry, but with the
calmness and prudent activity which carry superior souls through
difficult situations. She was accompanied by her brother the
Marqués de la Mota, D. Rodrigo de Ulloa, several relations and
friends, and a good many armed and trusty servants. Doña
Magdalena performed this journey as far as Granada in a litter, and
from there to Canilles she rode strong mules lent her by the
Archbishop; so long were the stages and so short the rests, that in
five days she had traversed the sixty leagues which separated her
from her lord and husband Luis Quijada. Meanwhile he felt that he
was dying little by little, as he had himself said of the Emperor on
the eve of his death. D. John had suspended operations, and looked
after and helped Luis Quijada by himself as long as possible. These
filial cares touched the old soldier, and he gave him counsels and
warnings, and warmly commended good Doña Magdalena to him,
although he did not really believe that he was actually dying.
But when he heard from D. John himself that Doña Magdalena
was already on the way, and knew of all the loving precautions he
had taken to protect her journey, the veteran's eyes filled with tears,
and putting his only available hand on D. John's head, he pressed it
with a manly and supreme effort. The advent of death laid bare the
tenderness of his heart and smoothed his rugged nature. On the
20th of February, 1570, he was very much exhausted, and for the
first time realised that his end was near. He at once asked for the
sacraments, and D. John brought a Franciscan friar, one of those
who followed the army, and was at the convent of Canilles. He was
the then celebrated Fr. Christóbal de Molina, the hero of Tablate,
whose dreadful gorge he was the first to cross, on a fragile plank,
his frock turned up, a sword in one hand and a crucifix in the other.
Owing to the great terror inspired in the Moors, and the heroic
emulation of the Christians, to the daring of the friar was due the
defeat of the former and the victory of the latter, and the relief of
Orgiva, sorely pressed by Aben-Humeya. Fr. Christóbal was small
and ill-looking, and at his first visit Luis Quijada did not like him.
When D. John, who revered him much, asked the reason, Quijada
answered candidly, "He distracts me and makes me worry, thinking
how such a wretched little man could do so brave a deed."
Quijada, however, confessed to him with great contrition for his
sins, and the same day they brought the Viaticum from St. Mary's
and he received extreme unction, waited on by D. John, who most
lovingly uncovered his hands and feet to be anointed with the holy
oils. The next day, before the auditor of the army, Juan Bravo, he
made a long codicil whose clauses all breathe the same simple piety,
at times rude, of the great warriors of former times, in which, no
doubt, lay the secret of their courage. A celebrated, but by no
means devout author, says, "Heaven smiles on the soldier who can
dash into the fray uttering the holy war cry 'I believe.'"
Luis Quijada left the poor heirs of all his considerable wealth that
was not entailed, and the usufruct of it to Doña Magdalena. He
founded granaries and "monts de piété" in his four towns of
Villagarcia, Villanueva de los Caballeros, Santofimia and Villamayor,
founded schools, endowed hospitals with a special income that the
dying should want for nothing, and added clauses referring to Doña
Magdalena in this tender way: "And if Doña Magdalena thinks it best
to join our estates and found some convent of friars or nuns,
provided that they are not the bare-footed nuns, as it is so cold at
Campos that they could not live there, in this case I give power to
Doña Magdalena and my executors, that joined, she may dispose of
and order them, as our wishes have both been to make a perpetual
foundation with her property and mine, and that we should be
buried together and have in death the same good companionship we
had in life."
On the morning of the 23rd Luis Quijada was rather restless from
fever, and a little before noon Jorge de Lima arrived saying that
Doña Magdalena was only one hour behind. D. John went to meet
her at the entrance of the village, and led her himself to Quijada's
bedside. In his delirium Quijada did not know her, but at dawn this
disappeared as the fever lowered, and he had long, loving talks with
her. He again wandered in the afternoon of the 24th, and never
again came to himself; this strong life was ebbing away, little by
little, and on the 25th of February at dusk he quietly expired, as one
who passes from the natural to the eternal sleep. D. John held the
hand which grasped the candle of the dying, Doña Magdalena, on
the other side, showed him the crucifix, and Fr. Christóbal de Molina,
kneeling at his feet, commended the passing soul.
At the moment of death D. John embraced Doña Magdalena,
pressing her to his heart, as if he wished to show that he still
remained to love and care for her; the lady hid her face for a
moment in that loyal breast, and three or four dry, hoarse sobs
escaped from her, signs rather of manly sorrow than of feminine
weakness; but she recovered herself at once, and with great
calmness and devotion closed the dead man's eyes, according to the
custom of the times, sealing them with drops of wax from the candle
of the dying; keeping the lids closed with her fingers and D. John
dropping the wax. There were present the Knight Commander D.
Luis de Requesens, the Marqués de la Mota, and the other captains
and gentlemen who filled the poor habitation, the rest grouping
themselves in the street, waiting sorrowfully for the fatal conclusion.
 They dressed the corpse in his war armour, and, as a sign of piety,
in a Franciscan's cloak; the hands were crossed over the breast, on
which rested his sword, whose handle was a cross. D. John arranged
that the corpse should be exposed all the morning before the army,
on a litter adorned with trophies and flags, and that in the afternoon
they should carry it and bury it in the convent of the Heronimites at
Baza, which was the place Quijada had himself chosen, until Doña
Magdalena could carry it elsewhere.[10] All the army were on the
march with arquebuses reversed, the lances, pikes and flags trailing,
the drums muffled, the clarions and pipes untuned. The oldest
captains carried the litter alternately, and behind them went D. John,
riding a mule, covered to the ground with mourning, he wearing a
cloak with a hood which covered him to the eyes, his standard of
Generalissimo in front, not reversed like the other flags, but carried
high as usual; the Knight Commander followed and all the leaders of
the army, more or less wearing mourning, according to what black
cloth they could procure in that wretched place.
Doña Magdalena stayed on three days in the camp and then went
to the convent of Abrojo, where she intended retiring for a few
weeks. She travelled in a very comfortable mourning litter which D.
John had provided for her, and he accompanied her for two leagues
beyond Canilles, riding by the side of her litter. There they
separated: she sad as one having left behind all she loved; he sad
too—as sad as one can be at twenty-three.
 CHAPTER XVIII

D uring these days of encampment at Canilles D. John reformed his

army, and falling again on Serón with great force and good
fortune, the Moors had no choice but to fly, first setting fire to the
village and castle. Then he entered Tijola, Purchena, Cantoria, and
Tahali, and went from victory to victory all along the River
Almanzora, and so great was the dread of the Moors that on only
hearing of his coming they fled incontinently, abandoning without
resistance places and fortresses; which was due not only to D.
John's great reputation for valour and energy, but also because this
youth of twenty-three was already one of those valiant and
honoured leaders who only make war to gain peace, and while on
one side he terrified the enemy with the renown of his victories, on
the other he secretly held out his hand to arrive at a just judgment,
which would spare bloodshed, although it might detract some rays
of fame from his glory.
For some time D. John had contemplated making a truce with the
Moors, and with the greatest secrecy he had put this matter into the
hands of the captain Francisco de Molina, a friend from childhood of
the Moorish leader in that land, Hernando el Habaqui. With much
secrecy, then, the two friends had an interview, and the proposals
did not displease the Habaqui; he was a very discreet man and,
unlike most of his race, loyal and frank.
They discussed the conditions, and at last the Habaqui agreed,
and promised to do all that he could to make the kinglet Aben Aboo
agree also. D. John had not sufficient confidence in these treaties to
make him suspend operations; on the contrary, the war went on,
cruel and sanguinary, at Terque, the River Almanzora, and the
Padules de Andarax. But on arriving at Santa Fé, on the 17th of
April, the negotiations were so far advanced that he decided to issue
a proclamation, whose principal articles were as follows: "It is
promised to all Moors who have been in rebellion against His
Majesty, men as well as women, of whatever rank and condition
they may be, if within twenty days, counting from the date of this
proclamation, they will come and give themselves up, and deliver
their persons into the hands of his Majesty and of the Lord D. John
of Austria in his name, he will grant them their lives and will order
that they shall be heard, and justice done to those who afterwards
desire to prove the violence and oppression they have suffered to
force them to rebel; and he will act towards the rest with his usual
clemency, to these, as to those, who besides giving themselves up,
render some signal service, such as beheading or taking prisoner
Turks or Berberiscos of those who joined the Moors or other natives
of the kingdom who have been captains or leaders of the rebellion
and who still persist, not caring to enjoy the grace and mercy that
his Majesty offers them.
"Furthermore; to all those who are above fifteen and under fifty
who come within the said time to give themselves up and who give
into the keeping of his Majesty's ministers, each one a gun or a
crossbow with ammunition."
Thousands of this proclamation were scattered throughout the
kingdom of Granada, and from the first minute Moors began to
present themselves in the camps of D. John and the Duque de Sesa,
craving for pardon. All had a cross of red cloth or linen sewn on the
left sleeve, so that they might be known from afar and not hurt, as
was ordered in one of the articles of the proclamation. Meanwhile
the Habaqui fulfilled his promise to obtain leave from Aben Aboo to
submit, and he begged D. John to name commissioners to arrange
the form in which the kinglet and he should make their submissions,
as well as the other leaders for whom they were acting. On Friday,
the 19th of May, the gentlemen named by D. John conferred in
Fondon de Andarax with the Habaqui and his men, and it was settled
that the Habaqui, in the name of all, should throw himself at the feet
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