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Complex Manifolds 1, reprint with errata Edition James
Morrow Digital Instant Download
Author(s): James Morrow, Kunihiko Kodaira
ISBN(s): 9780821840559, 082184055X
Edition: 1, reprint with errata
File Details: PDF, 8.07 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
COMPLEX MANIFOLDS

JAMES MORROW
KUNIHIKO I(oDAIRA

AMS CHELSEA PUBLISHING

American Mathematical Society· Providence, Rhode Island
 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 32Qxx.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Morrow, James A., 1941-
Complex manifolds / James Morrow, Kunihiko Kodaira.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8218-4055-X (alk. paper)
1. Complex manifolds. I. Kodaira, Kunihiko, 1915- II. Title.

QA331.M82 2005
515'.946---dc22 20051

© 1971 held by the American Mathematical Society.

Reprinted with errata by the American Mathematical Society, 2006
Printed in the United States of America.
§ The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines
established to ensure permanence and durability.
Visit the AMS home page at http://www.ams.org/
10987654321 11 10 09 08 07 06
Preface

The study of algebraic curves and surfaces is very classical. Included

among the principal investigators are Riemann, Picard, Lefschetz, Enriques,
Severi, and Zariski. Beginning in the late 1940s, the study of abstract (not
necessarily algebraic) complex manifolds began to interest many mathe-
maticians. The restricted class of Kahler manifolds called Hodge manifolds
turned out to be algebraic. The proof of this fact is sometimes called the
Kodaira embedding theorem, and its proof relies on the use of the vanishing
theorems for certain cohomology groups on Kahler manifolds with positive
lines fundles proved somewhat earlier by Kodaira. This theorem is analogous
to the theorem of Riemann that a compact Riemann surface is algebraic.
This book is a revision and organization of a set of notes taken from the
lectures of Kodaira at Stanford University in 1965-1966. One of the main
points was to give the original proof of the Kodaira embedding theorem.
There is a generalization of this theorem by Grauert. Its proof is not included
here.
Beginning in the mid-1950s Kodaira and Spencer began the study of
deformations of complex manifolds. A great deal of this book is devoted to
the study of deformations. Included are the semicontinuity theorems and the
local completeness theorem of Kuranishi. There has also been a great deal
accomplished on the classification of complex surfaces (complex dimension
2). That material is not included here.
The outline is roughly as follows. Chapter I includes some of the basic
ideas such as surgery, quadric transformations, infinitesimal deformations,
deformations. In Chapter 2, sheaf cohomology is defined and some of the
completeness theorems are proved by power series methods. The de Rham
and Dolbeault theorems are also proved. In Chapter 3 Kahler manifolds
are studied and the vanishing and embedding theorems are proved. In Chapter
4 the theory of elliptic partial differential equations is used to study the
semi-continuity theorems and Kuranishi's theorem.
It will help the reader if he knows some algebraic topology. Some results
from elliptic partial differential equations are used for which complete
references are given. The sheaf theory is self-contained.
We wish to thank the publisher for patience shown to the authors and
Nancy Monroe for her excellent typing.

James A. Morrow
Seattle, Washington Kunihiko Kodaira
January 1971
v
Contents

Preface v

Chapter 1. Definitions and Examples of Complex Manifolds 1

1. Holomorphic Functions 1
2. Complex Manifolds and Pseudogroup Structures 7
3. Some Examples of Construction (or Description) of
Compact Complex Manifolds 11
4. Analytic Families; Deformations 18

Chapter 2. Sheaves and Cohomology 27

1. Germs of Functions 27
2. Cohomology Groups 30
3. Infinitesimal Deformations 35
4. Exact Sequences 56
5. Vector Bundles 62
6. A Theorem of Dolbeault (A fine resolution of (I)) 73

Chapter 3. Geometry of Complex Maoifolds 83

1. Hermitian Metrics; Kahler Structures 83
2. Norms and Dual Forms 92
3. Norms for Holomorphic Vector Bundles 100
4. Applications of Results on Elliptic Operators 102
5. Covariant Differentiation on Kahler Manifolds 106
6. Curvatures on Kahler Manifolds 116
7. Vanishing Theorems 125
8. Hodge Manifolds 134

Chapter 4. Applications of Elliptic Partial Differential Equations to

Deformations 147
1. Infinitesimal Deformations 147
2. An Existence Theorem for Deformations I.
(No Obstructions) 155
3. An Existence Theorem for Deformations II. (Kuranishi's
Theorem) 165
4. Stability Theorem 173
Bibliography 186
Index 189
Errata 193
vii
Complex Manifolds
 [1]
Definitions and Examples
of Complex Manifolds
I. Holomorphic Functions

The facts of this section must be well known to the reader. We review
them briefly.

DEFINITION 1.1. A complex-valued function J(z) defined on a connected

open domain W s;;; en is called hoiomorphic, if for each a = (a1> "', an) e W,
J(z) can be represented as a convergent power series

+00
L ek, ... kn (Z1 - a 1)k, ... (zn - a,,)k"
k,~O.kn~O

in some neighborhood of a.

REMARK. If p(z) = LCk ... k n (Z1 - a1)k, •.• (z" - an)k" converges at z = w, then
p(z) converges for any z such that IZk - akl < IWk - akl for 1 :S k :S n.

Proof We may assume a = O. Then there is a constant C> 0 such that

for all coefficients Ck .... kn '

Iek, .. ·kn W"l1 .•• , ,<

wknl _C
.

Hence

Iek, ... k zk,1 ... zknl

n ,,< - C 2Z Ik' '"
IW1
I2Z
W"
Ik" • (1)

If Izdwil < 1 for 1 :S i:S n, (1) gives

L Ie", "'knZ~' '" zktl n( 1

:S C.1=1
1- -
Zi
I) < + 00. Q.E.D.

Wi

1
2 DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX MANIFOLDS
We have the following picture:

Figure I

n is the region {zllzil < Iwd i ~ n}.

For convenience, we let
P(a,r) = {zllz. - a.1 < r., v = 1, "', n}.
Sometimes we call Pea, r) a po/ydisc or po/ycylinder. A complex-valued func-
tion/(z) = /(x1 + iYI, ... , Xn + iYn), where i = J-
1 can be considered as a
function of 2n real variables. Then:

DEFINITION 1.2. A complex-valued function of n complex variables is con-

tinuous or differentiable if it is continuous or differentiable when considered
as a function of 2n real variables.

We have:

THEOREM 1.1. (Osgood) If fez) = /(Zl' " ' , Zn) is a continuous function
on a domain W £ en, and if / is holomorphic with respect to each z" when
the other variables Zi are fixed, then/is holomorphic in W.

Proof Take any a E Wand choose r so that pea, r) ~ W. We use the

Cauchy integral theorem for the representation for Z E Pea, r)
f( ZI, . . . , ) - _1 f f(w l , z2, ... , Zn) d
Z" - • J, wI>
2Xl Iw,-lId=r, WI - Zl

f( WI> Z2'
... )- 1
,Z" - - .
f. f(w l ,W2 ,Z3,···,z")d
W2,
2x! Iwz-lIzl=rz W2 - Z2

and so on.
 1. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS 3
Substituting we get

We are assuming

Iz.w. -- a'l
a.
< 1.

Hence the series

1 1 [ 1 ] 1
w. - Z. = (w. - a.) + (a. - z.) = 1- (Zy - ay/w. - aJ w. - a.

=( 1 ) L (Z - a )k
00
v v
w. - a. k=O w. - a.
converges absolutely in P(a, r). Integrating term by term we get
00

J(z) = L ct ! ••• kn(zt - a 1 )k! ••• (zn - an)kn, (2)

n=O

where

Then

where M = sup{IJ(w)llw E P(a, r)}. It follows that the representation (2) for
J(z) is valid for Z E P(a, r) and hence the theorem is true.

We now introduce the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Let/(z) be a differen-

tiable function on domain n f; en.

DEFINITION 1.3. The operators a/az a/oz., 1 ~ v ~ n are defined by

y ,

af 1 (aJ . Of)
o~. = 2 ax. - I oY. '

af 1 (a f . OJ)
oz. = 2 OX + I Oy. ' y

where z. = Xy + iy. as usual.

4 DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX MANIFOLDS
Let f(z) = u(x, y) + h'(x, y). Then

of = ~ [au + i av + i(au + i av)]

az 2 ox ax ay oy

= ~ [OU _ ov + i(OV + aU)].

2 ox oy ox oy
°
So, af/oz = if and only if ou/ax = oll/ay and or/ax = -ou/ay (the Cauchy-
Riemann equations).

REMARK. If of/oz = 0, then df/dx = of/oz, where df/dx = ou/ox + i(ov/ox).

The following calculation verifies this:

of = ~ [au + i ov _ i(OU + i Ov)]

OZ 2 ax ax ay ay

= ~ [OU + i OV + i (av _ i au)] .

2 ax ax ax ax

THEOREM 1.2. Let fez) be a (continuously) differentiable function on the

open set Q s;;; en. Thenf(z) is holomorphic if and only if of/oz. = 0, i :s v :S n.

Proof This follows easily from Osgood's theorem and the classical
fact for functions of one complex variable. We need another simple calcula-
tion. From now on differentiable will mean having continuous derivatives
of all orders (C"").

PROPOSITION 1.1. Suppose few) =f(w1, ... , wm ) and 9 ..(Z) I:s A.:s mare
differentiable and such that the domain off contains the range of (91' ... , 9 ..)
= 9. Then f[91(Z), .. " 9m(Z)] is differentiable and if w;.(z) = 9;.(z),

of = f (Of ow;. + !L ow;.) (3)

oz. ..= lOW).oz. ow). oz. '

(4)

Proof All statements follow trivially from the chain rule of calculus.
For punishment we calculate (3). Let 11'). = U). + iv). = 9.(z). Then
 I. HOLOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS 5
Making the substitutions,
1
UA = 2(g A + 9 A),
we get

oj[g(Z)] = f
{OJ! (09A + 09A)
OZ, A= I oU A2 oz. oz.

+ OVA
oj (1 )(09A
2i
09A)}
OZ. - OZ.

=
f {2I (OJOUA -
A= I I
. Of) og A
OVA oz.

+-I (oj - A}
. of) 09
-+1-
2 OUA OVA OZ.'
which gives (2).

COROLLARY 1. If f(w) is holomorphic in wand if w = g(z) = [gl(z), "',

gm(z)] where each g;.(z) is holomorphic in z, thenf[g(z)] is holomorphic in z.

COROLLARY 2. The set ()n of all functions holomorphic on n forms a ring.

In order to study complex manifolds we must consider holomorphic
maps. Let U be a domain in en and letfbe a map from U into em,
f(Zl' '.', zn) = [ft(z), ... ,fm(z)].

DEFINITION 1.4. f is holomorphic if each f;. is holomorphic. The matrix

ojl ojm
OZI OZI

= (iz:);.=I . . . m
v= 1, ...• n
ojl ojm
OZn OZn
is called the Jacobian matrix. If m = n, the determinant, det(of;./ozv) is called
the Jacobian. Writing out the real and imaginary parts W;. = U;. + iv;. = f;.,
z. = x. + iy., we have 2n functions U;., V;. of 2n real variables x., y •. We
write briefly
6 DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX MANIFOLDS

REMARK. IfI is holomorphic, a(u, v)/a(x, y) = Idet(al.,jaz.)I Z ~ o.

Proof We write it out for n = 2 and leave the general case to the reader.
We use the Cauchy-Riemann equations and set a. A= aUA/aX. = aVA/ay.,
bVA = aVA/aX. = -au}../ay•. Then
au, av, oU z av z
all b ll al2 bl2
ax, ax, ax, ax,
-b'l all -bJ2 al 2
aUI av, aU 2 av z =
a21 b21 a22 b 22
ay, aYI ay, aYI
-b 21 a2' -b 22 a22

We perform the following sequence of operations: Multiply column 2 by i and

add it to column I ; do the same with columns 4 and 3. Then multiply row 1
by i and subtract it from row 2; do the same with rows 3 and 4. Making use
of the fact that B.A = aIA/aZ. = a. A+ ib. A, we get

gil gl2 * *
a(u, v) gZI g22
--= * * = Idet(g.A)1 2
o(x, y) 0 0 gil gl2
0 0 gz, gZ2

by interchanging columns 2 and 3 and rows 2 and 3. Q.E.D.

THEOREM 1.3. (Inverse Mapping Theorem) Let/: V -+ en be a holomor-

phic map. If det(oJ,./oz.)lz= .. :F- 0, then for a sufficiently small neighborhood N
of a,Jis a bijective map N -+ I(N);J(N) is open and/-'I/(N) is holomorphic
on/(N).

Proof The remark gives o(u, L,)/a(X, y) :F- 0 at a. We then use the inverse
mapping theorem for differentiable (real variable) functions to conclude that
I(N) is open, I is bijective, and I-I is differentiable on I(N). Set qJ(w) =
/-I(W); then z" = cp,,[J(z)]. Computing,

o = a~1l =
az.
± aCPIl a~A
A=I aw}.az.
+ a~" a~A
awAaz.

But det(alA/az.) = det(a/A/az.) :F- O. So by linear algebra, aqJ,,/aWA = 0 and

qJ =/-1 is holomorphic. Q.E.D.
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Title: Memoir of the Services of the Bengal Artillery

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 MEMOIR OF THE SERVICES
OF

THE BENGAL ARTILLERY,

FROM THE

FORMATION OF THE CORPS TO THE

PRESENT TIME,
WITH

SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS INTERNAL ORGANIZATION.

BY THE LATE CAPTAIN E. BUCKLE,

ASSIST. ADJ.-GEN., BENGAL ARTILLERY.

EDITED BY J. W. KAYE,
LATE LIEUT. BENGAL ARTILLERY.

LONDON:
Wm. H. ALLEN & Co., 7, LEADENHALL STREET.

1852.
 PRINTED BY
COX (BROTHERS) AND WYMAN, GREAT QUEEN STREET,
LINCOLN’S-INN FIELDS.

TO
LIEUT.-GEN. SIR GEORGE POLLOCK, G.C.B.
OF THE BENGAL ARTILLERY,
THIS MEMOIR
OF THE SERVICES OF A CORPS
OF WHICH HE IS SO DISTINGUISHED A
MEMBER,
IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY
HIS SINCERE FRIEND AND ADMIRER,
THE EDITOR.
 ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR.

The circumstances under which the greater portion of this Memoir

was written, are set forth so truthfully in the following passages,
taken from an Indian periodical, that I cannot do better than
transcribe them:—
“It was well known for some years before Captain Buckle, driven
homewards by the pressure of ill-health, resigned the important
regimental office which he had held so creditably to himself and so
advantageously to his corps, that he had long been collecting
materials for a Memoir of the Bengal Artillery, and had been
engaged, in brief intervals of leisure, in their arrangement and
reproduction in the form of an elaborate work of military history. In
the immediate circle of his own private friends it was known,
moreover, how deep was the interest that he took in the progress of
this work; how laboriously he pursued his investigations into the
past history of his regiment; and what gratification it afforded him,
in the midst of much that was necessarily dull and thankless, to
exhume, out of a mass of long-buried records, or a heap of printed
volumes with the damp of years upon them, some neglected
historical fact, some forgotten statistics, or some illustrative
anecdote which had never reached the ears of the present generation.
It was emphatically a labour of love. It was the recreation, after hours
of office drudgery, of the last few years of his sojourn in India,—of
the last few years of his life. His health had been for some time
perceptibly failing; and for many months before he finally
determined to turn his back upon Dum-Dum, he had suffered under
one of the most distressing and most fatal disorders of the country.
Like many others, who have been buoyed up by such delusive hopes,
he thought that he could weather it out a little longer. Intervals of
seeming convalescence gave him new confidence and courage; and
he was disinclined to anticipate the date at which he had originally
designed to visit Great Britain. But the hot weather of 1846 tried him
severely; his disorder was aggravated; and at last he reluctantly
determined to strike his tent, and to seek renewed health beneath the
milder sun of his native country. He embarked on board the steamer
leaving Calcutta in September; and it was hoped that the sea-breeze
would check the progress of his malady; but as the vessel steamed
down the bay, he grew worse and worse, and on the 19th of that
month, off the island of Ceylon, he rendered back his soul to his
Maker.
“It was, we believe, one of his last expressions of earthly solicitude,
that the manuscript of the Memoir of the Bengal Artillery, on which
he had been so long and anxiously employed, should be given over to
his executor, an old brother officer and most esteemed friend, to be
dealt with as might seem best to him. It was the known wish of the
deceased, that the work should be published: indeed, the thought of
laying before the world a fitting memoir of the distinguished
regiment to which he was attached, had often, in hours of sickness
and weariness, been a solace and a stimulant to him. It is an
ambition worthy of any soldier, to be the historian of his corps.”[1]
The manuscript was placed in my hands by Captain Buckle’s
executor, and I undertook to see it safely through the press. The
Memoir was brought down by the author to the close of the Afghan
war; but during the interval which had elapsed since he laid down
the pen, the Sikhs had crossed the Sutlej, and the battles of
Moodkhee, Ferozshuhur, Aliwal, and Sobraon had been fought. It
seemed desirable that some record of these engagements should be
added to the Memoir, and I attempted to supply what was wanting to
complete the work. But whilst the sheets containing the annals of
this campaign were passing through the press, the second Sikh war
broke out, and the further necessity of bringing down the chronicle
to the close of that memorable campaign which resulted in the
annexation of the Punjab, was imposed upon the editor. Others
would have done this more effectively and more expeditiously. My
qualifications for the due performance of the work intrusted to me
were mainly the cheerfulness with which, both from respect for the
memory of the deceased author and affection for the regiment of
which I was once a member, I undertook the labours it entailed; and
such aptitude as may be supposed to result from a life spent in
literary pursuits. For the three last chapters I alone am responsible. I
am indebted to others for the information they contain; but if any
errors should appear in them, they must be laid to the account of my
misuse of the materials placed at my disposal.
That, valuable and interesting as are many of the details of this
Memoir, it would have been more interesting and more valuable if
Captain Buckle had lived to complete it, is no mere conjecture of
mine. The marginal pencil notes which appear on the face of the
manuscript, indicate the writer’s intention of furnishing fuller
information on many important points already touched upon, and of
supplying many additional details which in the progress of the work
had escaped his notice, but which subsequent inquiries, or, in some
instances, the suggestions of friends, had enabled him to introduce,
and which would have been introduced had he lived to superintend
the passage of his Memoir through the press. It is certain, too, that
the details in the concluding chapters would have been more
accurate and more complete. I have followed the original
manuscript, as far as it went, with scarcely the alteration of a word;
and I have endeavoured, in the concluding chapters, as nearly as
possible to retain the manner of the original work.
Some apology is due for the delay which has occurred in placing
the Memoir before the public. This has been occasioned partly by the
necessity of obtaining original information relative to the events of
the Sikh campaign, and partly by the pressure of other literary
engagements which have absorbed the editor’s time. In the record of
the great victory of Goojrat, the history of the achievements of the
Bengal Artillery has a fitting termination; and I can hardly regret the
delay which has enabled me to chronicle, however inefficiently, the
services of so many of my distinguished cotemporaries in the course
of the last few memorable years.
J. W. K.
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Introduction—Artillery previous to 1756—Destruction of 1st

Company in Black Hole—Recapture of Calcutta—Plassey—Re-
formation of 1st Company; 2nd Company and 3rd Company
raised—Campaigns of Colonel Calliaud, Major Adams, &c.—
Massacre at Patna—4th Company raised—Major Munro’s
Campaigns—Artillery attached to brigades—Artillery Companies
formed into a Battalion—Board of Ordnance—Practice-ground
near Dum-Dum—Three Companies of Artillery raised for Nawab
of Oude—Transferred to the Establishment—Artillery formed
into a Brigade, p. 1–53.

CHAPTER II.

Reduction of Golundaz Battalion—Formation of Regiment into

Two European Battalions with Ten Battalions of Lascars—
Goddard’s Expedition—Popham’s Capture of Gwalior—
Insurrection at Benares—Attacks on Pateeta, Luteefpoor, and
Siege of Bidgegurh—Colonel Pearse’s Expedition to the Coast—
Reduction of Golundaz Companies—Transport Train, Foundry,
Powder-works—Reduction in Establishment—Pay—Artillery
formed into One European Battalion of Ten Companies—Lascar
Battalions abolished—Battalion Guns—Artillery formed into
Three European Battalions, Lascars into Thirty Companies, p.
54–106.

CHAPTER III.
Artillery, one of the brigades of the army—An Infantry Officer,
Brigade-Major—Succeeded by an Artillery Officer—Dress—
School orders—School—Inoculation—Companies numbered by
seniority—Method of exploding mortar-shells on reaching the
ground—Fire in the arsenal—Death of Colonel Pearse—Lieut.-
Colonel G. Deare, Commandant—War in the Carnatic—Second
Battalion of Artillery sent—Sattimungulum—Bangalore—Retreat
from Seringapatam—Nundydroog—Savendroog—Attack on
fortified camp at Seringapatam—Return to Bengal, p. 107–162.

CHAPTER IV.

Matériel organization, and its successive changes—Guns and

carriages first used—Royal pattern—Madras pattern—
Ammunition-carriages—Tumbrils—Horse Artillery ammunition-
carriage—Elevating-screws—Ordnance in use—Siege-carriages—
Howitzer and Mortar combined carriage—Gribeauval’s pattern—
French caisson—Hardwicke’s pattern—Horse Artillery guns—
Mountain-train carriages—Siege-carriages and ordnance—Royal
pattern (block trail)—Gun and Ammunition carriages
introduced, p. 163–198.

CHAPTER V.

Reorganization in 1796 of the army—Successive additions to

Artillery companies—Ceylon—Seringapatam—Introduction of
Horse Artillery—Egypt—Deficiency of Artillery—Organization of
1801–2—Composition of the regiment—Foreign service—Sieges
of Sarsnee, Bidgygurh, and Cutchwarah, p. 199–248.

CHAPTER VI.

Lord Lake’s Campaigns—Captain Hutchinson’s proceedings in the

neighbourhood of Rampoorah—Sieges of Komona, Gunnourie,
and Adjeegurh—Augmentation by adding Golundaz—Increase of
Horse Artillery—Ordnance-drivers organized—Colonel Horsford,
Commandant—Expeditions to the Isle of France and Java—
 Bundlecund Campaigns—Callingur—Gribeauval pattern
carriages introduced—Additional Golundaz companies—Head-
quarters removed to Dum-Dum, p. 249–311.

CHAPTER VII.

Campaigns against the Goorkhas—Rocket Troop raised—

Bombardment of Hattrass—Death of Sir John Horsford—
Ordnance General Officers debarred the General Staff—
Conceded to them—Guns formed into Batteries—Organization of
1818—Pindarrie and Mahratta Campaigns—Gun Carriage Agency
—Ordnance Commissariat Department—Commandants’ position
improved—Model Department—Select Committee formed—
Reduction of Lascars—Increase to Golundaz—Battalion system
introduced into Bengal—Burmese War—Siege of Bhurtpoor—
Increase to the Regiment, p. 312–391.

CHAPTER VIII.

Reductions—Half-batta order—Further reductions—Brevet of

Colonel given to Lieutenant-Colonels Commandant—Alterations
in uniform—Shekawuttee Campaign—Establishment of Retiring
Fund—The Afghan Campaign—Capture of Ghuznee—Services of
the Artillery—March to Bamean—Our disasters at Caubul—
Nichol’s troop—The Army of Retribution—Pollock’s force—
Honours to the Artillery, p. 392–451.

CHAPTER IX.

State of affairs at Gwalior—The Army of Exercise—The battle of

Maharajpore—Want of heavy ordnance—The Battle of Punniah—
The Gwalior contingent—Honours conferred on the Artillery—
The Ordnance Commissariat remodelled—The Artillery in Sindh
—Reorganization of the Regiment—Increase of horse-batteries,
p. 452–466.
 CHAPTER X.

The Sikh invasion—Battle of Moodkee—Services of the Artillery—

Battle of Ferozeshuhur—Scarcity of ammunition—Measures
taken for its prevention—The Artillery reinforced—Affair at
Buddowal—Battle of Aliwal—Battle of Sobraon—Honours
conferred on the Artillery—The Occupation of Lahore, p. 467–
516.

CHAPTER XI.

Kote Kangra—Use of Elephant-draught—Interval of Peace—

Reassembling of the Army—Mooltan—Ramnuggur—
Chillianwallah—Fall of Mooltan—Goojrat—Close of the Sikh War
—Honours to the Artillery—Medals—Concluding Remarks, p.
517–571.
 MEMOIRS

OF

THE BENGAL ARTILLERY.

 CHAPTER I.

Introduction—Artillery previous to 1756—Destruction of 1st

Company in Black Hole—Recapture of Calcutta—Plassey—Re-
formation of 1st Company; 2nd Company and 3rd Company
raised—Campaigns of Colonel Calliaud, Major Adams, &c.—
Massacre at Patna—4th Company raised—Major Munro’s
Campaigns—Artillery attached to Brigades—Artillery Companies
formed into a Battalion—Board of Ordnance—Practice-ground
near Dum-Dum—Three Companies of Artillery raised for Nawab
of Oude—Transferred to the Establishment—Artillery formed
into a Brigade.
Adepts in natural history, from a few fossil bones and teeth, are
able to delineate the animal to which they belonged, and from
comparing the analogy of the parts, to clothe their skeleton with
appropriate covering, thus making, as it were, the animal kingdom of
by-gone ages pass in review before the present generation.
A similar talent would be necessary, effectively to rake up the early
history of a regiment. Old records preserved in public offices form
the fossil bones; and the “fleshy tenement” with which these are to be
clothed must be culled from many a quarter ere the “animal” can be
completed; and when this is done, there still remains the difficult
task of giving him life and spirit, or, to drop the metaphor, of
rendering the record useful and entertaining.
Much difficulty besets the undertaking; and, though we are
conscious of our want of ability to do full justice to the present task,
yet, as we believe that a good deal of information not generally
known, and collected from sources inaccessible to the majority, is
contained in the following pages, and which will be acceptable for its
own sake, without reference to the form in which it appears, we have
been induced to give publicity to our rough notes.
 The first company of Bengal Artillery was raised in 1749; the
orders were received, it is believed, from Bombay, then the chief
presidency. A company was ordered, at the same time, at each
presidency, in the Court of Directors’ general letter of 17th June,
1748. A copy of the warrant for that at Madras will be found in the
“Artillery Records” for October, 1843, and for Bombay in one of a
series of papers entitled “Three Years’ Gleanings,” which appeared in
the E. I. United Service Journal in 1838, and some extracts from
which are made hereafter in these pages: the entire warrants are too
voluminous for insertion. A similar one was most probably sent to
Bengal, but all records perished when Calcutta was taken.
Admiral Boscawen was requested to supply such aid in raising the
companies as he could spare from the fleet, for gunners; and the
master gunner was appointed to the Bombay company. The
companies were to be completed as early as possible, and all the gun-
room’s crew, who were qualified, were to be included.
The “gun-room’s crew” appears to have been the denomination
given to a certain number of men set apart for the duties of the
artillery; their officers were called gunners, gunners’ mates, &c., and
combined the magazine duties with the more properly-called duties
of artillerymen.
The new company was to consist of one captain, one second
captain, one captain-lieutenant, and three lieutenant-fireworkers;
four serjeants, four corporals, three drummers, and one hundred
gunners; the established pay was as noted below:—
Captain and chief engineer £200 per annum.
2nd captain and 2nd engineer 150 per annum.
Captain-lieutenant, and director of laboratory 100 per annum.
1st lieutenant fireworker 75 per annum.
2nd lieutenant fireworker 60 per annum.
3rd lieutenant fireworker 50[2] per annum.
Serjeant 2s. per diem.
Corporal 1s. 6d. per diem.
Gunner 1s. per diem.
The want of artillery during the wars on the coast from 1746 to
1754, and the impossibility of forming a sufficient number on the
spot, induced the Court of Directors to obtain and send out two
companies of Royal Artillery to Bombay; and, when the war broke
out in 1756, three companies more were sent, with the
reinforcements under Clive, to Bombay, and were afterwards
distributed among the presidencies.
With Colonel Aldercron’s regiment (39th Foot,—“primus in Indis”)
at Madras, there were also forty artillerymen, on its arrival in 1754;
these he considered part of his regiment, and they were most
probably borne on its rolls, and allotted to the duties of the field-
pieces attached.
At Madras, attention seems to have been earlier paid to the
military establishment than in Bengal. A field train had been
organized in 1755, to which Lieutenant Jennings was appointed
adjutant (this officer was afterwards transferred to the Bengal
presidency), but in Bengal in 1756, on the war with France breaking
out, the whole force amounted to only 300 European troops,
including the company of artillery raised in 1749.
In 1756 the company of artillery was commanded by Captain
Witherington, and stationed in Fort William, with detachments at
the smaller factories, such as Dacca, Balasore, Cossimbazar, Patna,
&c. On the siege of Fort William by Sooraj-ul-Dowlah, only forty-five
artillerymen were in the garrison, and these, with their commanding
officer, perished in the Black Hole.
The character of Capt. Witherington is sketched in Mr. Holwell’s
interesting “Narrative” as “a laborious active officer, but confused.
There would have been few objections to his character, diligence, or
conduct, had he been fortunate in having any commander-in-chief to
have a proper eye over him, and take care that he did his duty.” One
point, however, is clear—that whatever his talents or character may
have been, he perished at his post, whilst others deserted theirs.
An instance of devotion highly honourable is also recorded by Mr.
Holwell of a man named Leech, an artificer, most probably of the
artillery, “and clerk of the parish, who had made his escape when the
Moors entered the fort, and returned just as it was dark to tell me he
had provided a boat, and would insure my escape if I would follow
him through a passage few were acquainted with, and by which he
had entered. I thanked him in the best terms I could, but told him it
was a step I could not prevail on myself to take, as I thereby should
very ill repay the attachment the gentlemen and garrison had shewn
me; that I was resolved to share their fate, be it what it would, but
pressed him to secure his escape without loss of time, to which he
gallantly replied that ‘then he was resolved to share mine, and would
not leave me.’”[3]
The remnants of the company were probably collected together at
Fultah, and joined the force with which Clive afterwards avenged our
disgrace on its reaching the Hooghly. In the arrangements made for
retaking Calcutta, it was intended that the guns sent from Madras on
the Marlborough should have been worked by the artillerymen of
Aldercron’s regiment. This plan was, however, frustrated by the
colonel refusing to allow them to go, unless he accompanied with his
regiment, or, in other words, unless the command of the expedition
was vested in him. The want of artillerymen was therefore supplied
by a detail from the Madras company under Lieutenant Jennings.
The actual strength is not known; but as in February 1757, in the
attack on the Nawab’s troops near Omichund’s garden, we find from
Orme that Clive mustered about 100 artillerymen, and as not more
than 20 or 30 of the old company can be supposed to have escaped, it
must have been at least half a company.
The expedition reached Fultah on the 20th December, 1756, and
met with but little opposition (a night attack on the troops landed
near Fort Marlborough being the chief) in the progress to Calcutta,
which was retaken, after a short cannonade from the shipping, on the
2nd January, 1757.
To protect Calcutta from the incursions of the Nawab’s army, Clive
formed a fortified camp, with outposts around it, about a mile north
of the town, and half a mile from the river, on the spot now called
Chitpore. This situation was well chosen, as it was impossible for the
enemy, when coming from the northward, to enter Calcutta without
passing between the camp and salt-water lake (then more extensive
than at present), within sight of the camp. Towards the end of
January the field artillery was completed by the arrival of the
Marlborough,[4] which had the greatest part on board.
On the 3rd February the Nawab’s army passed along the Dum-
Dum road, leaving it near the turning at the Puckah-bridges, and
spreading irregularly over the plain to the eastward of the Mahratta
ditch, the Nawab’s own camp being pitched in Omichund’s garden,
the ground now called “Nunden Bagh.”
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