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lecture 11-12, spring semester, AY 25

The document outlines various types of chemical reactions, including combination, decomposition, single-replacement, and double-replacement reactions, along with examples for each. It also discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, defining oxidation and reduction processes, and explaining oxidation states and their applications in real-world scenarios such as corrosion and metabolism. Additionally, it includes practice problems for classifying reactions and assigning oxidation numbers.

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3 views

lecture 11-12, spring semester, AY 25

The document outlines various types of chemical reactions, including combination, decomposition, single-replacement, and double-replacement reactions, along with examples for each. It also discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, defining oxidation and reduction processes, and explaining oxidation states and their applications in real-world scenarios such as corrosion and metabolism. Additionally, it includes practice problems for classifying reactions and assigning oxidation numbers.

Uploaded by

Ghala Butterfly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry for Health Sciences

Four credits
Semester 2, AY 2025
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
Types of Chemical Reactions

• Chemical reactions generally follow one of a few


simple patterns such as :
– Combination
– Decomposition
– Single-replacement
– Double-replacement
Types of Chemical Reactions

Combination Reactions
• The joining of two or more elements or compounds,
producing a product of different composition

A + B  AB

• Examples:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)
MgO(s) + CO2(g)  MgCO3(s)
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O (g)
Types of Chemical Reactions

Decomposition Reactions
• Produce two or more products from a single reactant
• Reverse of a combination reaction

AB  A + B

• Examples:
2HgO(s)  2Hg(l) + O2(g)
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
CuSO4.5H2O(s)  CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O (g)
Types of Chemical Reactions

Single - Replacement Reactions


• One atom replaces another in the compound
producing a new compound

A + BC  B + AC

• Examples:
Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s)+Cu(NO3)2(aq)
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Types of Chemical Reactions

Double- Replacement Reactions


• Two compounds undergo a “change of partners” by
exchanging atoms to produce two new compounds

AB + CD  AD + CB

• Examples:
HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)  PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Types of Chemical Reactions

Practice Equation classification


Classify each of the following reactions as combination,
decomposition, single-replacement , or double replacement

a) HNO3 (aq)+KOH(aq) KNO3 (aq)+H2O(l)


b) Al(s) + 3NiNO3(aq)  Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Ni(s)
c) KCN(aq) + HCl(aq)  HCN(s) + KCl(aq)
d) MgCO3(s)  MgO(s) + CO2(g)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(Redox Reactions)
• Oxidation-reduction processes are responsible for many
types of chemical change

• Oxidation - defined by one of the following


– loss of electrons
– gain of oxygen

• Example: Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-


– Oxidation half-reaction
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• Reduction - defined by one of the following:


– gain of electrons
– gain of hydrogen

• Example: Cl2 + 2e-  2Cl-


– Reduction half-reaction

• Cannot have oxidation without reduction


Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction as Complementary Processes

Mg  Mg2+ + 2e- (oxidation half-reaction)


Cl2 + 2e-  2Cl- (reduction half-reaction)
Mg + Cl2  Mg2+ + 2Cl-

Oxidizing Agent Reducing Agent


• Is reduced • Is oxidized
• Gains electrons • Loses electrons
• Causes oxidation • Causes reduction
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Voltaic Cells
• Voltaic cell – electrochemical cell that converts stored
chemical energy into electrical energy
• Consider the following reaction:
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

• Zn is being oxidized
• Cu2+ is reduced
Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the following
redox reaction?
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Voltaic Cell as an Example
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation States
Oxd. State = Oxid. # = the # of electron gained or lost by an atom of that element
when it forms the compound.

Guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers.


1. The oxidation number of any free, uncombined element is zero such as Na, Cu,
Ag, H2, O2, ..etc

2. The oxidation number of an element in a simple (monatomic) ion is the charge


on the ion such as Na+, Cl-
IA metals have oxidation numbers of +1.
IIA metals have oxidation numbers of +2.
IIIA metals have oxidation numbers of +3.
3. In the formula for any compound, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all
elements in the compound is zero (e.g. overall oxidation number = zero in H2SO4).

4.In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the constituent
elements is equal to the charge on the ion (e.g. overall oxidation number = -2 in
SO42-).
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation States
5. Fluorine, F, has an oxidation number of –1 in its compounds.
6. Hydrogen, H, has an oxidation number of +1 unless it is
combined with metals, where it has the oxidation number -1.
– Examples – LiH, BaH2
7. Oxygen, O, usually has the oxidation number -2.
– Exceptions:
In peroxides O has oxidation number of –1.
• Examples - H2O2, CaO2, Na2O2
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Assigning Oxidation Numbers:


– An atom in its elemental state has an oxidation
number of 0.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Assigning Oxidation Numbers:


– A monatomic ion has an oxidation number equal
to its charge.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Assigning Oxidation Numbers:
– In a molecular compound, an atom usually has the
same oxidation number it would have if it were a
monatomic ion.
• Hydrogen is usually +1.
• Oxygen is usually –2.
• Halogens are usually –1.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example: Assign oxidation numbers to each element in
the following compounds:
NaNO3
• Na = +1
• O = -2
• N = +5
Calculate
+1 + 3(-2) + x = 0
x = +5

General Chem. Chap. 5 18


Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
HClO4
H = +1
O = -2
Cl = +7
HCO3−
O = -2
H = +1
C = +4
Calculate
+1 + 3(-2) + x = -1
x = +4
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
NO2-
• O = -2
• N = +3 Calculate
2(-2) + x = -1
x = +3

HNO3
H = +1
O = -2
N = +5
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Applications of Oxidation and Reduction

A. Corrosion - the deterioration of metals caused by an


oxidation-reduction process
– Example: rust (oxidation of iron)
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

B. Combustion of Fossil Fuels


– Example: natural gas furnaces
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Applications of Oxidation and Reduction
C. Bleaching
• Most bleaching agents are oxidizing agents
• The oxidation of the stains produces compounds that
do not have color
– Example: Chlorine bleach - sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
D. Metabolism
• Break down of molecules into smaller pieces by
enzymes
-Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde
-Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid
-Acetic acid is oxidized to carbon dioxide
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Summary
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Practice: Use oxidation numbers to show that the
production of iron metal from its ore (Fe2O3) by reaction
with charcoal (C) is a redox reaction. Which reactant has
been oxidized, and which has been reduced? Which
reactant is the oxidizing agent, and which is the reducing
agent?
2 Fe2O3 (s) + 3 C (s) → 4 Fe (s) + 3 CO2 (g)

Solution
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• Practice: Assign oxidation states and identify the


oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the
following redox reaction
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)  3Mn(s) + 2Al2O3(s)
-2 -2
0 0
+4 +3

You do it!

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