(eBook PDF) Steel Structures Design for Lateral

Vertical Forces Second Edition download

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-steel-structures-design-
for-lateral-vertical-forces-second-edition/

Download full version ebook from https://ebookluna.com

 Contents
Preface XVll

Nomenclature XIX

1 Steel Buildings and Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction ........................................... 1
1.2 Types of Steel Buildings ................................. 5
1.3 Building Codes and Design Criteria ....................... 8
1.4 ASD and LRFD Concepts ................................ 9
References .................................................. 12
Problems ................................................... 12

2 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 15
2.2 Dead Loads ............................................ 16
Tributary Area ....................................... 16
Slab Supports ........................................ 16
Dead Load Applied to Beams .......................... 17
Dead Load Applied to Girders ......................... 19
Dead Load Applied to Columns ........................ 21
Two-Way Slabs ...................................... 24
2.3 Live Loads ............................................ 25
Continuous Beam Systems ............................ 25
Influence Area ....................................... 26
Reduction in Floor Live Load .......................... 27
Reduction in Roof Live Load 31
Combined Dead and Live Load 33
2.4 Snow Loads 34
Flat Roof 34
Ground Snow Load 34
Flat Roof Snow Load 34
Exposure Factor ...................................... 35
T hermal Factor ...................................... 35
Importance Factor .................................... 35
Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load ......................... 36
Snow Drifts on Lower Roofs ........................... 38
Leeward Snow Drifts ................................. 38
Windward Snow Drifts ............................... 42
Sloped Roof Snow Load ............................... 44
Slope Factor ......................................... 45
Warm Roof Slope Factor .............................. 45
Cold Roof Slope Factor ................................ 45

VII
VIII Contents

Unbalanced Snow Load for Hip and Gable Roofs ........ 46

Unbalanced Snow Load for Gable Roof with W � 20 ft ..... 47
Unbalanced Snow Load for Gable Roof with W > 20 ft 48
Sliding Snow ........................................ 51
Snow Load on Continuous Beam Systems ............... 54
2.5 Soil Lateral Load ....................................... 55
Earth Pressure at Rest ................................. 55
2.6 Flood Loads ........................................... 55
Loads during Flooding ................................ 55
Hydrostatic Loads .................................... 55
Hydrodynamic Loads ................................ 55
Wave Loads ......................................... 56
Impact Loads ........................................ 56
2.7 Rain Loads ............................................ 56
Design Rain Loads ................................... 56
Ponding Instability ................................... 57
2.8 Wind Loads ........................................... 57
Exposure Category ................................... 59
Basic Wind Speed .................................... 59
Low-Rise Building ................................... 61
Regular Building ..................................... 61
Simple Diaphragm Building ........................... 61
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient .................. 61
Site Topography ..................................... 61
Directionality Factor .................................. 62
Velocity Pressure ..................................... 62
ASCE 7 Chap. 28 Part 1-Envelope Procedure ........... 63
Rigidity of the Structure ............................... 64
Gust Effect Factor .................................... 64
Enclosure Classifications .............................. 64
Design Wind Pressure on MWFRS for
Low-Rise, Rigid Buildings ........................... 65
Design Wind Pressure on Components and Cladding 67
Design of Components and Cladding
Using ASCE 7 Sec. 30.4 .............................. 68
IBC Alternate All-Heights Method ...................... 71
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient .................. 72
Topography Factor ................................... 72
Wind Stagnation Pressure ............................. 72
Wind Importance Factor .............................. 73
Net-Pressure Coefficient .............................. 73
Design Wind Pressure on MWFRS:
IBC Alternate All-Heights Method .................... 73
Design Wind Pressure on Components and Cladding:
IBC Alternate All-Heights Method .................... 76
 Contents IX

2.9 Seismic Loads 78

Ground Motion Parameters ............................ 80
Site Classification Characteristics ....................... 80
Site Coefficients ...................................... 80
Adjusted Earthquake Response Accelerations ............ 81
Design Response Acceleration Parameters ............... 81
Design Response Spectrum ............................ 83
Risk Category and Importance Factors .................. 84
Seismic Design Category .............................. 86
Seismic Force-Resisting System ........................ 87
Response Modification Coefficient ...................... 91
Overstrength Factor .................................. 91
Deflection Amplification Factor ........................ 93
Combinations of Framing Systems ..................... 93
Fundamental Period of Vibration ....................... 95
Seismic Response Coefficient .......................... 99
Effective Seismic Weight .............................. 102
Seismic Base Shear ................................... 103
Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces 103
Overturning ......................................... 105
Diaphragm Loads .................................... 107
Story Drift .......................................... 108
P-Delta Effects and Stability Coefficient ................. 111
Building Separation .................................. 113
Flexible Diaphragms ................................. 114
Horizontal Distribution of Seismic Forces ............... 115
Anchorage of Structural Walls to Diaphragms ............ 117
Rigid Diaphragms .................................... 122
Torsional Effects ..................................... 122
Out-of-Plane Force on Structural Walls 127
Out-of-Plane Force on Parapets ........................ 127
Redundancy Factor ................................... 128
Structural Irregularities ............................... 132
2.10 Load Combinations ..................................... 136
Strength Design Load Combinations .................... 137
Allowable Stress Load Combinations ................... 140
Strength Design Special Load Combinations ............. 142
Allowable Stress Design Special Load Combinations 142
2.11 Serviceability Criteria ................................... 143
Deflection ........................................... 143
Drift ................................................ 144
Vibration ............................................ 144
Durability ........................................... 144
References .................................................. 144
Problems ................................................... 145
x Contents

3 Behavior of Steel Structures under Design Loads ............... 151

3.1 Introduction ........................................... 151
3.2 Gravity Load-Resisting Systems .......................... 151
Simple Connections .................................. 151
Fully Restrained Moment Connections .................. 157
Partially Restrained Moment Connections ............... 162
3.3 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems .......................... 166
Diaphragms ......................................... 166
Collectors ........................................... 167
Collector Design Forces ............................... 170
Steel Deck Diaphragms ............................... 175
Frames Subjected to Lateral Forces ..................... 180
3.4 Approximate Methods for Laterally Loaded Frames ......... 184
Portal Method ....................................... 184
Cantilever Method 187
References 191
Problems 192

4 Design of Steel Beams in Flexure .............................. 195

4.1 Introduction ........................................... 195
Flexural Limit States .................................. 195
Lateral Bracing of Beams .............................. 196
Design Flexural Strength and Allowable
Flexural Strength .................................. 197
4.2 Plastic Moment of Resistance ............................ 199
Shape Factor and ASD ................................ 200
Built-Up Sections ..................................... 201
4.3 Compact, Noncompact, and Slender Sections .............. 203
Compact Section ..................................... 203
Noncompact Section ................................. 205
Slender Section ...................................... 206
4.4 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Modification Factor ............. 206
4.5 Lateral-Torsional Buckling ............................... 209
Plastic Mode: Lb s; L
P
.................................. 209
Plastic Mode Extended: L < Lb s; Lm
P
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Inelastic Mode: L < Lb s; L, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P
212
Elastic Mode: Lb > L, .................................. 214
4.6 Weak Axis Bending ..................................... 215
Compact Flanges ..................................... 215
Noncompact Flanges ................................. 216
4.7 Biaxial Bending ........................................ 218
Overhead Traveling Bridge Crane ...................... 219
4.8 Singly Symmetric Sections in Bending ..................... 222
Plastic Mode ........................................ 223
Lateral-Torsional Buckling ............................ 223
Flange Local Buckling ................................ 223
Stem Local Buckling .................................. 224
 Contents XI

409 Redistribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Beams 225

4010 Deflection Limits 000000000000000000000000000000000000000 228
References 228
Problems 228

5 Design of Steel Beams for Shear and Torsion o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 233

501 Introduction 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 233
502 Shear in Beam Webs 000000000000000000000000000000000000 235
Web Yielding 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 236
Inelastic Buckling 000000000000000000000000000000000000 238
Elastic Buckling 00000000000000000000000000000000000000 240
503 Weak Axis Shear 000000000000000000000000000000000000000 242
5.4 Longitudinal Shear in Built-Up Sections 0000000000000000000 243
505 Block Shear 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 245
Block Shear Strength for Bolted Connections 0000000000000 246
Effective Bolt Hole Diameter and Net Area 00000000000000 247
Block Shear Strength for Welded Connections 000000000000 249
Block Shear Strength for Coped Beams 000000000000000000 250
506 Web Local Yielding 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 252
Bearing on Concrete 0000000000000000000000000000000000 253
Web Yielding at Support 000000000000000000000000000000 255
Web Yielding at Girder Interior 000000000000000000000000 257
507 Web Crippling 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 258
508 Web Sidesway Buckling 000000000000000000000000000000000 259
509 Design for Torsion 00000000000000000000000000000000000000 261
Torsion in Closed Sections 00000000000000000000000000000 261
Torsion in Open Sections 000000000000000000000000000000 262
Specification Provisions 0000000000000000000000000000000 263
Round HSS Subject to Torsion 0000000000000000000000000 264
Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion 000000000000000000000 265
W-Shape Subject to Torsion 0000000000000000000000000000 268
References 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 273
Problems 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 274

6 Design of Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

601 Introduction 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 279
Compression Limit State 000000000000000000000000000000 279
602 Effective Length 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 281
Tabulated Factors 000000000000000000000000000000000000 281
603 Alignment Charts 00000000000000000000000000000000000000 283
Alignment Chart for Braced Frame 000000000000000000000 284
Alignment Chart for Sway Frame 0000000000000000000000 285
Stiffness Reduction Factors 0000000000000000000000000000 287
6.4 Axially Loaded Compression Members 00000000000000000000 288
Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements 000 288
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members
without Slender Elements 000000000000000000000000000 292
XII Contents

Single Angle Compression Members

without Slender Elements ........................... 295
Members with Slender Elements ....................... 297
6.5 Built-Up Sections ....................................... 303
6.6 Column Base Plates ..................................... 306
Concrete Footing Capacity ............................ 306
Base Plate T hickness .................................. 309
6.7 Column Flanges with Concentrated Forces ................. 311
Introduction ......................................... 311
Flange Local Bending ................................. 311
Web Compression Buckling ........................... 314
Web Panel Zone Shear ................................ 316
Transverse Stiffener Requirements ...................... 320
Doubler Plate Requirements ........................... 324
References .................................................. 326
Problems ................................................... 326

7 Stability of Frames 331

7.1 Introduction 331
Beam-Columns ...................................... 331
Second-Order Effects ................................. 332
7.2 Design for Combined Forces ............................. 334
7.3 Stability Analysis ....................................... 336
Approximate Second-Order Analysis ................... 336
Stability Analysis Procedures .......................... 340
References .................................................. 353
Problems ................................................... 353

8 Design by Inelastic Analysis .................................. 357

8.1 Introduction ........................................... 357
General Principles .................................... 357
Ductility ............................................ 358
8.2 Plastic Moment of Resistance ............................ 358
8.3 Plastic Hinge Formation ................................. 360
8.4 Design Requirements ................................... 361
Local Buckling ....................................... 361
Unbraced Length .................................... 362
Limiting Axial Load .................................. 362
8.5 Analysis Requirements .................................. 363
Geometric Imperfections .............................. 363
Residual Stress and Partial Yielding Effects .............. 363
Material Properties and Yield Criteria ................... 364
8.6 Statical Method of Design ............................... 364
8.7 Mechanism Method of Design ............................ 368
Linear Elastic-Plastic Response Curve .................. 371
8.8 Static Equilibrium Check ................................ 373
 Contents XIII

8.9 Beam-Column Design ................................... 375

References .................................................. 381
Problems ................................................... 382

9 Design of Tension Members .................................. 385

9.1 Introduction ........................................... 385
9.2 Tensile Strength ........................................ 385
9.3 Effective Net Area ...................................... 386
Plates with Bolted Connection 387
Plates with Welded Connection 390
Rolled Sections with Bolted Connection 391
Rolled Sections with Welded Connection 394
Round Hollow Structural Sections with
Welded Connection 395
9.4 Pin-Connected Members 398
Dimensional Requirements ............................ 398
Limit States ......................................... 399
9.5 Design of Eyebars ...................................... 401
Dimensional Requirements ............................ 401
9.6 Design for Fatigue ...................................... 404
Design Procedure .................................... 405
References .................................................. 406
Problems ................................................... 407

10 Design of Bolted Connections .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

10.1 Introduction ........................................... 413
Bolt Types ........................................... 413
Bolt Installation ...................................... 413
Connection Types .................................... 414
10.2 Snug-Tight Bolts in Shear and Bearing ..................... 417
Bolt Spacing ......................................... 417
Shear Strength ....................................... 417
Bearing Strength ..................................... 418
10.3 Snug-Tight Bolts in Shear and Tension ..................... 423
Bolts in Tension Only ................................. 423
Bolts in Combined Tension and Shear ................... 424
10.4 Slip-Critical Bolts in Shear and Tension .................... 427
Bolts in Shear Only ................................... 427
Bolts in Combined Shear and Tension ................... 430
10.5 Prying Action .......................................... 432
10.6 Bolt Group Eccentrically Loaded in
Plane of Paying Surface .................................. 436
Elastic Unit Area Method .............................. 436
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method ............... 439
10.7 Bolt Group Eccentrically Loaded
Normal to the Paying Surface ............................ 441
References .................................................. 444
Problems ................................................... 444
XIV Contents

11 Design of Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

11.1 Introduction ........................................... 449
T he Welding Process .................................. 449
Welding Applications ................................. 449
Quality Assurance .................................... 450
Weld Metal Strength .................................. 450
11.2 Weld Types ............................................ 451
Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds ............... 451
Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds .................. 451
Fillet Welds ......................................... 453
11.3 Available Strength of Fillet Welds ......................... 458
Summary ........................................... 458
Linear Weld Group Loaded through
the Center of Gravity ............................... 458
Weld Group with Concentric Loading .................. 459
11.4 Weld Group Eccentrically Loaded in
Plane of Faying Surface .................................. 461
Elastic Vector Analysis ............................... 461
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method ............... 465
11.5 Weld Group Eccentrically Loaded Normal to Faying Surface .... 468
Elastic Vector Analysis ............................... 468
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method ............... 471
References 472
Problems 473

12 Plate Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

12.1 Introduction ........................................... 477
12.2 Girder Proportions ..................................... 478
Girder Depth ........................................ 478
Flange Area ......................................... 478
Flange Width ........................................ 479
Flange T hickness ..................................... 479
Web T hickness ....................................... 479
Intermediate Transverse Stiff eners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
12.3 Postbuckling Strength of the Web ......................... 480
12.4 Design for Shear with Unstiffened Web .................... 481
12.5 Design for Shear with Stiffened Web: Tension Field
Action Excluded ........................................ 483
12.6 Design for Shear with Stiffened Web: Tension Field
Action Included ........................................ 485
12.7 Design of Transverse Stiffeners 486
Tension Field Action Excluded 486
Tension Field Action Included ......................... 488
12.8 Flexural Design of Plate Girders .......................... 490
Compression Flange Yielding .......................... 490
Lateral-Torsional Buckling ............................ 491
 Contents XV

Compression Flange Local Buckling .................... 492

Tension Flange Yielding ............................... 493
12.9 Design of Bearing Stiffeners .............................. 495
References .................................................. 499
Problems ................................................... 499

13 Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

13.1 Introduction ........................................... 503
13.2 Encased Composite Columns ............................ 505
Limitations .......................................... 505
Compressive Strength ................................ 505
Load Transfer ........................................ 509
13.3 Filled Composite Columns .............................. 512
Limitations .......................................... 512
Slenderness Limits ................................... 513
Compressive Strength ................................ 514
Load Transfer ........................................ 517
13.4 Encased Composite Beams ............................... 520
13.5 Composite Beam with Flat Soffit Concrete Slab ............. 522
Effective Slab Width .................................. 522
Nominal Strength .................................... 522
Fully Composite and Partially Composite Beams ......... 523
Nominal Strength of Fully Composite Beam
with PNA in Concrete Slab .......................... 524
Design Tables ....................................... 527
Shored and Unshored Construction ..................... 530
Composite Beam Deflection ........................... 532
Negative Flexural Strength ............................ 534
Steel-Headed Stud Anchors in Composite
Beam with Flat Soffit Concrete Slab ................... 536
Steel-Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Section
with Concentrated Loads ............................ 539
13.6 Formed Steel Deck with Ribs Perpendicular to Beams ....... 541
Requirements ........................................ 541
Steel-Headed Stud Anchors in Formed
Steel Deck with Ribs Perpendicular to Beam 543
13.7 Formed Steel Deck with Ribs Parallel to Beams 546
Requirements ........................................ 546
Steel-Headed Stud Anchors in Formed
Steel Deck with Ribs Parallel to Beam 547
References 550
Problems 550

14 Design of Steel Structures for Lateral Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

14.1 Introduction ........................................... 557
14.2 General Considerations ................................. 558
XVI Contents

Ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Capacity Design and Expected Material Strength ........ . 561
Protected Zones ..................................... . 561
Demand Critical Welds .............................. . 562
Loads and Load Combinations 562
14.3 Concentrically Braced Frames ........................... . 564
14.4 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames .................. . 565
Design of Braces .................................... . 565
Design of Brace Connections and Gusset Plates ......... . 568
Design of Beams in V-Braced and Inverted
V-Braced Configurations ........................... . 571
Design of Columns .................................. . 575
14.5 Special Concentrically Braced Frames .................... . 576
Mechanism Analysis ................................. . 577
Design of Braces .................................... . 578
Design of Brace Connections and Gusset Plates ......... . 581
Design of Beams in V-Braced and Inverted
V-Braced Configurations ........................... . 583
Design of Columns .................................. . 586
14.6 Eccentrically Braced Frames ............................ . 590
Mechanism Analysis ................................. . 591
Link Characteristics ................................. . 591
Link Rotation ....................................... . 593
Design of Links . ..................................... 594
Design of Link Stiffeners and Bracing . .................. 598
Design of Members in an Eccentrically Braced
Frame Other T han the Link . ......................... 602
Design of the Beam Outside the Link . .................. 602
Design of the Diagonal Brace . ......................... 604
Design of Columns . .................................. 606
14.7 Special Moment Frames . ................................ 608
Beam-to-Column Connections . ........................ 608
Design Concepts . .................................... 610
Beam Requirements . ................................. 611
Strong-Column Weak-Beam Concept . .................. 616
Web Panel Zone Design . .............................. 618
Doubler Plates . ...................................... 619
Continuity Plates . .................................... 622
References . ................................................. 626
Problems . .................................................. 627

Index 635
 Preface

F
or the second edition of this book, material has been revised and expanded to
include the most current engineering codes, specifications, and manuals. The text
and examples have been checked and updated so as to be consistent with the new
design standards.
The first edition was based on the final draft of the 2010 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings (AISC 360-10) as the final specification was not yet available. This second
edition provides the opportunity to correct the text for organizational and technical
changes that were introduced in the final specification.
The first edition was based on the 13th edition of the Steel Construction Manual
(AISC 325-05) while this second edition uses the 14th edition (AISC 325-11). The Steel
Construction Manual provides tables and design aids to expedite implementation of
AISC 360-10 regulations. The 14th edition of the manual has been extensively revised to
conform to the requirements of the 2010 specification.
A new edition of the Seismic Design Manual (AISC 327-12) was introduced in 2012 and
provides tables and design aids to expedite implementation of the Seismic Provisions for
Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 341-10) and the Preq ualified Connections for Special and Inter­
mediate Steel Moment Framesfor Seismic Applications (AISC 358-10). The manual is utilized in
the new Chap. 14 that has been added to the second edition of this book.
Finally, this new edition conforms to the requirements of the 2015 International
Building Code which replaced the 2012 International Building Code. The above-mentioned
AISC provisions are adopted by reference in IBC-15. In addition, IBC-15 adopts by ref­
erence Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-10) and this
ASCE standard is covered extensively in the second edition of this book.
New topics have been added to the original text and existing topics have been
expanded, particularly in the following chapters:
• Chapter 2, Sec. 2.9, Seismic Loads, includes new material on design response
spectrum, overstrength factor, deflection amplification factor, seismic force­
resisting systems, overturning, story drift, P-delta effects, stability coefficient,
building separation, and structural irregularities.
• Chapter 3, Sec. 3.3, includes new material on design of collectors.
• Chapter 14 is a new chapter on the design of steel structures for seismic loads
and covers the topics ordinary concentrically braced frames, special concentrically
braced frames, eccentrically braced frames, and special moment frames.

XVII
XVI I I P r e fa c e

The purpose of this edition is to provide comprehensive coverage of the design of

steel structures for both vertical and lateral forces. In this book, the theoretical back­
ground and fundamental basis of steel design are introduced followed by the detailed
design of members and their connections for gravity and seismic loads. This book pro­
vides detailed interpretations of the requirements of AISC Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings, which covers the routine design of steel structures for vertical loads. The
new Chap. 14 deals with the design of lateral load-resisting systems and assists in the
interpretation and application of AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings.
The ASCE standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, provides
live, dead, wind, seismic, and snow design loads and their load combinations. The
examples in this text provide extensive coverage of this standard.
As in the previous edition, this book covers both ASD and LRFD methods and pres­
ents design problems and solutions side-by-side in both formats. This allows the reader
to readily distinguish the similarities and differences between the two methods. The
design principles are illustrated with 190 examples with concise step-by-step solutions.
Each example focuses on a specific issue and provides a clear and concise solution to
the problem.
This publication provides a comprehensive resource document, reference, and
guide for practicing engineers, teachers, professional engineering examination candi­
dates, and undergraduate and graduate students requiring a comprehensive textbook
on structural steel design. It fully covers the NCEES syllabus requirements for the Civil
PE exam and the Structural SE exam.

Alan Williams
 Nomenclature
a Clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in; shortest distance from
edge of pin hole to edge of member measured parallel to direction of
force, in; width of pressure coefficient zone, ft
a.
I
Acceleration at level i obtained from a modal analysis, ft/ s
ap Amplification factor related to the response of a system or component as
affected by the type of seismic attachment
Effective wind area, ft2
Area of concrete, id; area of concrete slab within effective width, id
Effective net area, in2
Summation of the effective areas of the cross section based on the reduced
effective width, be, id
Area of compression flange, in2
Area of tension flange, in2
Gross area of member, in2; gross area of composite member, in2
Gross area subject to shear, in2
Link web area (excluding flanges), in2
Net area of member, in2
Net area subject to tension, in2
Net area subject to shear, in2
Total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure, ff
Sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope not including
A0, ff
Total area of openings in the building envelope, ft2
Projected bearing area, in2
Area of steel cross section, in2
Cross-sectional area of stud shear connector, id
Shear area on the failure path, in2
Area of continuous reinforcing bars, in2
Stiffener area, id
Horizontal cross-sectional area of the link stiffener, in2
Tributary area, ff
Web area, the overall depth times the web thickness, d,w' in2; effective
area of the weld, in2

XIX
XX N o m e n c Ia t u r e

A . WI
Effective area of weld throat of any ith weld element, in2
A X
Torsional amplification factor for seismic loads
A1 Area of steel concentrically bearing on a concrete support, in2
A Maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is
2
geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, in2
b Width of unstiffened compression element; width of stiffened compression
element, in
Width of column flange, in
Reduced effective width, in; effective edge distance for calculation of
tensile rupture strength of pin-connected members, in
Flange width, in
Compression flange width, in
Width of tension flange, in
Factor for lateral-torsional buckling in tees and double angles; horizontal
dimension of building measured normal to wind direction, ft
Factors used in determining Mu for combined bending and axial forces
when first-order analysis is employed
HSS torsional constant
Ratio of required strength to available strength
Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform moment
diagrams when both ends of the unsupported segment are braced
Coefficient relating relative brace stiffness and curvature; deflection
amplification factor for seismic loads
Exposure factor for snow load
Constant based on stress category
Coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame
Net-pressure coefficient based on Kd [(G)(C)- (GCP)l
External pressure coefficient to be used in determination of wind loads
for buildings
Coefficient for web sidesway buckling
Slope factor for snow load; seismic response coefficient
Building period coefficient
Thermal factor for snow load
Web shear coefficient
Vertical distribution factor for seismic loads
Warping constant, in6
Nominal fastener diameter, in; nominal bolt diameter, in; full nominal
depth of the section, in; diameter, in; pin diameter, in
Beam depth, in; nominal diameter (body or shank diameter), in
Column depth, in
Dead load; outside diameter of round HSS member, in; outside
diameter, in
D effect of dead load
Du In slip-critical connections, a multiplier that reflects the ratio of the mean
installed bolt pretension to the specified minimum bolt pretension
e EBF link length, in
enlid-Itt Distance from the edge of stud shank to the steel deck web, measured at
mid-height of the deck rib, and in the load-bearing direction of the stud, in
 N o m e n c Ia t u r e XXI

E Modulus of elasticity of steel 29,000 ksi; earthquake load; effect of

=

horizontal and vertical earthquake induced forces

Modulus of elasticity of concrete, ksi
Effective stiffness of composite section, kip-in2
Horizontal seismic load effect including overstrength factor, kips
Modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi
Specified minimum compressive strength of concrete, ksi
Required axial stress at the point of consideration using LRFD or ASD
load combinations, ksi
Required flexural stress at the point of consideration (major axis, minor
axis) using LRFD or ASD load combinations, ksi
frv Required shear strength per unit area, ksi
F Load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
F a
Short-period site coefficient (at 0.2 s-period), s
Fcr Critical stress, ksi
Fere Critical stress calculated from AISC 360 Chapter E using expected yield
stress, ksi
Fe Elastic critical buckling stress, ksi
Fex Elastic flexural buckling stress about the major axis, ksi
FEXX Electrode classification number, ksi
Fey Elastic flexural buckling stress about the minor axis, ksi
Fez Elastic torsional buckling stress, ksi
F II
Nominal stress, ksi; nominal tensile stress F111, or shear stress, F""' from
Table J3.2, ksi
Nominal tensile stress from Table J3.2, ksi
Nominal shear stress from Table J3.2, ksi
Seismic force acting on a component of a structure, lb
Design stress range, ksi
Threshold fatigue stress range, maximum stress range for indefinite
design life, ksi
F u
Specified minimum tensile strength, ksi
Fv Long-period site coefficient (at 1.0-s period)
Fw Nominal strength of the weld metal per unit area, ksi
F . WI
Nominal stress in any ith weld element, ksi
F X
Portion of the seismic base shear, V, induced at level x, lb
Fy Specified minimum yield stress, ksi
Fyf Specified minimum yield stress of the flange, ksi
Fyr Specified minimum yield stress of reinforcing bars, ksi
Fyst Specified minimum yield stress of the stiffener material, ksi
Fyw Specified minimum yield stress of the web, ksi
g Transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines,
in; acceleration due to gravity
Shear modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi; gust effect factor
Gust effect factor for MWFRS of flexible buildings
Product of external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor
Product of the equivalent external pressure coefficient and gust-effect
factor to be used in determination of wind loads for MWFRS of low­
rise buildings
XXII N o m e n c Ia t u r e

Product of internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor

Average roof height of structure with respect to the base; width of
stiffened compression element, in; height of shear element, in; mean
roof height of a building, except that eave height shall be used for roof
angle 8 of less than or equal to 10°, ft
Height of balanced snow load determined by dividing p, by y , ft
Clear height from top of balanced snow load to (1) closest point on
adjacent upper roof, (2) top of parapet, or (3) top of a projection on the
roof, ft; twice the distance from the centroid to the following: the inside
face of the compression flange less the fillet or corner radius, for
rolled shapes; the nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange
or the inside faces of the compression flange when welds are used,
for built-up sections, in
Height of snow drift, ft
Factor for fillers
Distance between flange centroids, in; height of obstruction above the
surface of the roof, for snow load, ft
hp Twice the distance from the plastic neutral axis to the nearest line of
fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the compres­
sion flange when welds are used, in
h r
Nominal height of ribs, in
hX Height above the base to level x
H Height of hill or escarpment, ft; load due to lateral earth pressure; story
shear produced by the lateral forces used to compute llH, kips; overall
height of rectangular HSS member, measured in the plane of the connec­
tion, in
I Moment of inertia in the plane of bending, in4; moment of inertia about
the axis of bending, in4; importance factor
Ic
Moment of inertia of the concrete section, in4
I Component importance factor for seismic loads
fs
Moment of inertia of steel shape, in4
Isr
Moment of inertia of reinforcing bars, in4
IX , Iy Moment of inertia about the principal axes, in4
Iz
Minor principal axis moment of inertia, in4
lye Moment of inertia of the compression flange about y-axis, in4
J Torsional constant, in4
k Distance from outer face of flange to the web toe of fillet, in; distribution
exponent for seismic loads
Coefficient for slender unstiffened elements, in
Slip-critical combined tension and shear coefficient
Web plate buckling coefficient
Effective length factor
Wind directionality factor
Velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z = h
Live load element factor
Effective length factor for torsional buckling; velocity pressure exposure
coefficient evaluated at height z
Topographic factor
 N o m e n c Ia t u r e XXII I

K, Effective length factor in the plane of bending, calculated based on the

assumption of no lateral translation
Effective length factor in the plane of bending, calculated based on a
sidesway buckling analysis
Multipliers to obtain Kz,
Actual length of end-loaded weld, in; length of connection in the direction
of loading, in
Length of bearing, in
Length of channel anchor, in; clear distance, in the direction of the force,
between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge
of the material, in
Length of the roof upwind of the snow drift, ft
Story height, in; length of the member, in; occupancy live load; laterally
unbraced length of a member, in; span length, in; reduced design live
load per ff of area supported by the member, psf; horizontal dimen­
sion of a building measured parallel to the wind direction, ft
effect of live load
Length between points that are either braced against lateral
displacement of compression flange or braced against twist of the
cross section, in
Length of channel shear connector, in
Distance upwind of crest of hill or escarpment to where the difference in
ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, ft
L,
,
Distance between plastic hinge locations, in
L0 Unreduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member, psf
L
r
Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding, in
Lr Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic
lateral-torsional buckling, in; roof live load; reduced roof live load per
ff of horizontal projection, psf
Distance from maximum to zero shear force, in
Required flexural strength, using ASD load combinations, kip-in
Absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced segment,
kip-in
Absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment, kip-in
Absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced
segment, kip-in
Available flexural strength, kip-in
Available flexural-torsional strength for strong axis flexure, kip-in
First-order moment under LRFD or ASD load combinations caused by
lateral translation of the frame only, kip-in
Mmax Absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment, kip-in
M Nominal flexural strength, kip-in
Mn t
II

First-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations assuming

there is no lateral translation of the frame, kip-in
Mp Plastic bending moment, kip-in
Mp*b Moment at the intersection of the beam and column centerlines determined
by projecting the beam maximum developed moments from the column
face, kip-in
XXIV N o m e n c Ia t u r e

M' pc
Moment at beam and column centerline determined by projecting the
sum of the nominal column plastic moment strength, reduced by the
axial stress Puc I Ag , from the top and bottom of the beam moment con-
nection, kip-in
M r
Required second-order flexural strength under LRFD or ASD load
combinations, kip-in; required flexural strength using LRFD or ASD
load combinations, kip-in
Torsional moment resulting from eccentricity between the locations of
center of mass and the center of rigidity
Accidental torsional moment
Required flexural strength, using LRFD load combinations, kip-in
Yield moment about the axis of bending, kip-in
Smaller moment, calculated from a first-order analysis, at the ends of
that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under
consideration, kip-in
Larger moment, calculated from a first-order analysis, at the ends of
that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under
consideration, kip-in
Threads per inch
Number of bolts carrying the applied tension
Number of slip planes
n Number of stress range fluctuations in design life
N
sr

Standard penetration resistance; number of stories

NI Additional lateral load; notional lateral load applied at level i , kips
p Pitch, in per thread; design pressure to be used in determination of wind
loads for buildings, psf
Maximum intensity of snow drift surcharge load, psf
Snow load on flat roofs, psf
Ground snow load, psf
Ratio of element i deformation to its deformation at maximum stress
P11et Net design wind pressure, psf
Net design wind pressure, psf; sloped roof snow load, psf
Wind pressure acting on windward face, psf
Required axial strength of a column using ASD load combinations, kips
Available axial strength, kips
Available compressive strength out of the plane of bending, kip
Elastic critical buckling load, kips
Elastic critical buckling strength of the member in the plane of bending, kips
First-order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations as a result
of lateral translation of the frame only, kips
p Nominal axial strength, kips
pne t
II

Design wind pressure to be used in determination of wind loads on

buildings or other structures or their components and cladding, psf
pno Nominal axial compressive strength without consideration of length
effects, kips
First-order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations, assuming
there is no lateral translation of the frame, kips
Nominal bearing strength, kips
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Our Difficulties with the Language—The Questionable Humour of
Broken Speech—"Do You Striking This Man for That?"—"Companies,
Scholars, and Other Households"—Curious Correspondence—Japanese
Puns—Strange Laughter—The Grotesque in Art—Japanese Colour-Prints
—Famous Print Collections—Monet's Discovery of Prints at Zaandam—
Japanese Prints and French Impressionism

The complete dissimilarity between the Japanese language and our

own, referred to in an earlier chapter, of course adds greatly to the
difficulty of communication in all its various forms.

In Tokyo and other cities I attended many luncheons and dinners

organized for the purpose of discussing relations between the United
States and Japan, and promoting a friendly understanding between the
two nations, but though Japanese statesmen and men of affairs spoke
at these gatherings in fluent and even polished English, I never met
with one American who was equipped to return the compliment in
kind. The Americans, even those who had lived for years in Japan,
always spoke in English, whereafter a Japanese interpreter who had
taken notes on the speech would arise and render a translation.

The linguistic chasm dividing the two peoples is not, however,

entirely a black abyss. If one wall is dark, the other catches the sun.
Practically all Japanese students now study English in their schools, our
language being considered next in importance to their own. And
though, as I have said, many of them have perfectly mastered English
despite the enormous difficulties it presents to them, there are many
others whose English is imperfect, and whose "Japanned English," as
some one has called it, achieves effects the unconscious grotesqueness
of which startles and fascinates Americans and Englishmen.

To be honest, I have been in some doubt as to whether I should

touch upon this theme or not; for it has always seemed to me that
humour based upon the efforts of an individual to express himself in a
language not his own was meretricious humour, inasmuch as it makes
fun of an attempt to do a creditable thing. It is a kind of humour which
is enjoyed in some measure by the French and the British but which is
relished infinitely more by us than by any other people in the world, as
witness entertainments in our theatres, and stories in our magazines,
depending for comedy upon dialect: German, French, Italian, Irish,
Jewish, Cockney, Negro, or even the several purely American dialects
characteristic of various parts of the country.

This dubious taste of ours doubtless springs, to some extent at

least, from the polyglot nature of our population; but whatever its
origin it is a bad thing for us in one important respect. We find the
English dialect of foreigners so funny that we ourselves fear to attempt
foreign tongues, lest we make ourselves ridiculous. Wherefore we are
the poorest linguists in the world.

Even after the foregoing apology—for that, frankly, is what it is—I

should still hesitate to present examples of "Japanned English" had I
not discovered that Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain, perhaps the
greatest of modern authorities on Japan, a man whose writings reveal
an impeccable nicety of taste, had already done so in his most valuable
book, "Things Japanese."

One of the examples given by Professor Chamberlain is quoted from

a work entitled: "The Practical Use of Conversation for Police
Authorities," which assumes to teach the Japanese policeman how to
converse in English. The following is an imaginary conversation
intended to guide the officer in parley with a British bluejacket:

What countryman are you?

I am a sailor belonged to the Golden Eagle, the English man-of-

war.

Why do you strike this jinricksha-man?

He told me impolitely.

What does he told you impolitely?

He insulted me saying loudly, "the Sailor the Sailor" when I am

passing here.
 Do you striking this man for that?

Yes.

But do not strike him for it is forbidden.

I strike him no more.

One curious aspect of the matter is that so much of this weird

English creeps into print, appearing in guidebooks, advertisements,
and on the labels of goods of various kinds manufactured in Japan.

Thus in the barber shop of the ship, going over, I found a bottle
containing a toilet preparation called "Fulay," the label of which bore
the following legend:

"Fulay" is manufactures under chemical method and long years

experience with pure and refined materials. It is, therefore, only
the article in the circle as ladies and gents daily toilet.

And on a jar of paste I found this label, which will be better

understood if the tendency of the Japanese to confuse the letters l and
r is kept in mind:

This paste is of a pureness cleanliness and of a strong cohesion,

so that it does not putrefy even when the paste grass is left open.
Though written down on paper or the like immediately after
pasting, the character is never spread. This paste has an especial
fragrance therefore all of pasted things after using this are always
kept from the frys and all sorts of bacteria, and prevents the
infectious diseases. This paste is an indispensable one for the
banks, companies, scholars and other households. Please notice
for "Kuchi's Yamato-Nori" as there are similar things.

The circular of one firm, advertising "a large assortment of ladies'

blushes," might have been misinterpreted as having some scandalous
suggestion, had it not gone on to discuss the ivory backs and high-
grade bristles with which the "blushes" were equipped.
 Another circular was that of a butcher who catered to foreigners in
Tokyo. After stating that his meats were sold at "a fixed plice" this
worthy merchant mentioned the various kinds of beef he could supply.
There were, "rosu beef, rampu beef, pig beef, soup beef, and beard
beef"—which being interpreted signified roast beef, rump beef, pork,
soup meat and poultry—the word "beard" being intended for "bird."

In the admirable hotel at Nara I saw the following notice posted in a

corridor:

REMARQUE

Parents are requested kindly to send their children to the Hotel

Garden for when weather is fine. When it is bad weather I will
offer the children the small dining-room, except meal hours, as
playing room for them, therefore please don't let them run round
upstairs and downstairs at all. Please kindly have the children after
dinner in a manner quiet and repose.

Manager, Nara Hotel.

From a friend, an official of a large company, I got a number of

letters revealing the peculiarities of "English as she is wrote"—at least
as she is sometimes wrote—in Japan. All these letters are authentic,
having come to him in connection with his business.

The first one, written by a clerk to the office manager, refers to an

admirable Japanese custom which in itself is worthy of brief mention.

Throughout Japan there is housecleaning twice a year under police

supervision. Certain districts have certain days on which the cleaning
must be done. The shoji are removed, the furniture is carried out, and
the mats are taken up and beaten. The streets are full of activity and
dust when this is going on, and there is a pile of rubbish in front of
every residence. Meanwhile police officers pass up and down, wearing
gauze masks over their noses and mouths to protect them from the
dust, and at the end they inspect each house to see that the work has
been properly done, after which they affix an official stamp over the
door.

Wherefore wrote the clerk to the office manager:

Mr. S——:

Excuse my absent of this morning. All of my neighbourhood

have got instruction to clean out nest.

Sida.

A more serious dilemma is revealed in the following:

To General Manager.

Dear Sir,

My wife gave birth this noon and as it happened nearly a month

ahead than I expected, I much rather find myself in painful
situation, having not yet prepared for this sudden ocurrence.

Up to this day, unfortunate enough, I am destined most

unfavourably for the monetary circumstance, and consequently
have no saving against worldly concerns, I am forced to ask you
for a loan of ¥ 25.00 to get rid of the burden befallen on me by
the birth.

I know it is the meanest of all to ask one's help for monetary

affair but as I am being unable to find any better way than to
solicit you, I have at last come to a conclusion to trouble you but
against my will. I deem it much more shamefull to advertise my
poor condition around my relatives or acquaintances no matter
wheater it will be fruitfull or fruitless.

Yours obediently,
Y——.
 The subjoined was received from one of the company's agents in
another city:

Dear Sir,

We have the honour to thank you for your having bestowed us

a Remington typewriter which has just arrived via railway express.
We will treat her very kindly and she will give us her best service
in return. Thus we can work to our mutual satisfaction and
benefit.

Thanking you for your kindness we beg to remain,

Yours very truly,

O—— I——.

The porter in a Japanese office not infrequently sleeps on the

premises. But he must have the necessary equipment, as the following
letter from an agent to a principal reveals:

Dear Sir,

In accordance to your esteemed conversation of other day for

lodging the servant at this office, we consider we must provide to
him the bed or sleeping tools. Please inform us that you could
approve the expense to purchase this tool.

Awaiting your esteemed reply we are, dear sir,

Yours faithfully,
T—— A——.

The next letter is from a man who wished to establish business

relations with my friend's company:

Dear Sir,

I am a trader at Kokura city in Kyushu, always treating the

various machines or steels and the architectural using goods.
 I have known of your great names at Tokyo. Therefore I want
to open the connection with each other so affectionately.
Accordingly I beg to see your company's inside scene so clearly,
please send me the catalogue and plice-list of good samples of
your company. I am a baby on our commercial society, because
you will lead me to the machinery society I think.

I trusted,

Yours affectionately,
I am,
K—— M——.

One thing which sometimes makes these letters startling is the fact
that they are couched in English which is perfectly correct save in one
or two particulars. Thus the errors or strange usages pop out at one
unexpectedly, adding an element of surprise, as in the case of a man
who wrote to my friend applying for work:

Dear Sir,

I beg leave to inquire whether you can make use of my services

as a salesman and correspondent in your firm. I have had
considerable experiences as a apparatus, and can furnish
references and insurance against risk.

Awaiting your reply, I am

Yours respectfully,
K—— S——.

I have often been asked whether the Japanese possess the gift of
humour.

They do—though humour does not occupy a place so important in

their daily life as it does in ours.

A light touch in conversation is uncommon with them, and those

who have it do not generally exhibit it except to their intimates. Yet
they are great punsters, and some of their puns are very clever. A case
in point is the slang term narikin which they have recently adopted to
describe the flashy new-rich type which has come into being since the
war.

To understand the derivation of this word, and its witty connotation,

you must know that in their game of chess, called shogi, a humble
pawn advanced to the adversary's third row is, by a process
resembling queening, converted into a powerful, free-moving piece
called kin. The word nari means "to become"; hence nari-kin means
literally "to become kin"—which gives us, when applied to a flamboyant
profiteer, a droll picture of a poor little pawn suddenly exalted to power
and magnificence. The pun, which adds greatly to the value of this
term, comes with the word kin. Kin is not only a chessman; it also
means "gold." Which naturally contributes further piquancy in the
application to a nouveau riche.

Moreover, through a play on the word narikin there has been

evolved a second slang term: narihin—hin meaning "poor"—"to
become poor." And alas, this term as well as the other is useful in
Japan to-day. War speculation has made some fortunes, but it has
wiped out others.

My friend O——, a truly lovable fellow, once spent the better part of
an afternoon explaining a lot of Japanese puns to me, and I was hardly
more pleased by the jests themselves than by my friend's infectious
little chuckles over them. At parting we made an engagement for the
evening, but about dinner time O—— returned to say that he could not
spend the evening with me.

"I have just heard that my best friend died last night," he said, "It is
very unexpected. I must go to his house." So speaking he emitted
what appeared to me to be precisely the same little chuckle he had
uttered over the puns.

The suppression of one's feeling is a primary canon of Japanese

etiquette. To show unhappiness is to make others unhappy; wherefore,
when one suffers, it is good form to laugh or smile. The foreigner who
comprehends this doctrine must, if he be a man of any delicacy of
feeling, respect it. But if he does not grasp the underlying principle he
is likely to misjudge the Japanese and consider their laughter, in some
circumstances, hard-hearted, apologetic, or inane.

The supreme proof of Japanese humour is to be found in the

grotesqueries and whimsicalities of Japanese Art. You see it revealed
everywhere—in the shape of a gnarled, stunted pine, carefully trained
to a pleasing deformity; in the images of cats left in various parts of
Japan by Hidari Jingoro, the great left-handed wood-carver of the
sixteenth century; in the famous trio of monkeys adorning the stable of
the Ieyasu Shrine at Nikko—those which neither hear, see, nor speak
evil; in a thousand earthenware figures of ragged, pot-bellied Hotei,
one of the Seven Gods of Luck, sitting, gross and contented in a small
boat, waiting for some one to bring his abdominal belt; in the countless
representations of the Buddhist god Daruma, that delightful egg-
shaped comedian who will run out his tongue and his eyes for you, or,
if not that, will refuse to stay down when you roll him over; in figurines
without number, of ivory or wood; in sword-guards embellished with
fantastic conceits; in those carved ivory buttons called netsuké,
treasured by collectors; and perhaps most often in Japanese colour-
prints.

The hundred years between 1730 and 1830 was the golden age of
wood-engraving in Japan.

During the lifetime of this art it was regarded as distinctly plebeian.

Many of the fine prints were made to be used as advertisements or
souvenirs. Some, it is true, were issued in limited editions, and these
cost more than the commoner ones, but generally they were sold for a
few cents.

Unfortunately, before the art-lovers of Japan perceived that the

finest of these prints were masterpieces representing wood-engraving
at its highest perfection, the best prints had got out of Japan and gone
to Paris, London, Boston, New York, Chicago, and other foreign cities,
whence the Japanese have lately been buying them back at enormous
prices.

From a friend of mine in Tokyo, himself the owner of a very valuable

collection, I learned that the collection of 7,500 prints assembled by M.
Vever, of Paris, has long been considered by connoisseurs the finest in
the world. This collection was recently purchased intact by Mr. Kojiro
Matsukata, of Kobe, president of the Kawasaki shipbuilding firm. It is
said that Mr. Matsukata paid half a million dollars for it. My Tokyo
friend tells me that the collection belonging to Messrs. William S., and
John T. Spalding, of Boston, is probably next in importance to the
Matsukata collection, and that it is difficult to say whether the Boston
Museum collection or the British Museum collection takes third place.
For primitive prints, the Clarence Buckingham collection, housed in the
Chicago Art Institute, is also very important.

How does it happen that it was in Europe that Japanese prints first
came to be highly appreciated as works of art?

Octave Mirbeau, in his delightful book of automobiling adventures,

"La 628-E8" (which, I believe, has never been brought out in English)
tells the story.

The great impressionist, Claude Monet, went to Holland to paint.

Some groceries sent home to him from a little shop were wrapped in a
Japanese print—the first one Monet had ever seen.

"You can imagine," writes Mirbeau, "his emotion before that

marvellous art.... His astonishment and joy were such that he could
not speak, but could only give vent to cries of delight.

"And it was in Zaandam that this miracle came to pass—Zaandam

with its canals, its boats at the quay unloading cargoes of Norwegian
wood, its huddled flotillas of barks, its little streets of water, its tiny red
cabins, its green houses—Zaandam, the most Japanese spot in all the
Dutch landscape....
 "Monet ran to the shop whence came his package—a vague little
grocery shop where the fat fingers of a fat man were tying up (without
being paralyzed by the deed!) two cents' worth of pepper and ten
cents' worth of coffee, in paper bearing these glorious images brought
from the Far East along with groceries in the bottom of a ship's hold.

"Although he was not rich at that time, Monet was resolved to buy
all of these masterpieces that the grocery contained. He saw a pile of
them on the counter. His heart bounded. The grocer was waiting upon
an old lady. He was about to wrap something up. Monet saw him reach
for one of the prints.

'No, no!' he cried. 'I want to buy that! I want to buy all those—all
those!'

"The grocer was a good man. He believed that he was dealing with
some one who was a little touched. Anyway the coloured papers had
cost him nothing. They were thrown in with the goods. Like some one
who gives a toy to a crying child to appease it, he gave the pile of
prints to Monet, smilingly and a bit mockingly.

"'Take them, take them,' he said. 'You can have them. They aren't
worth anything. They aren't solid enough. I prefer regular wrapping-
paper.'"

So the grocer enveloped the old lady's cheese in a piece of yellow

paper, and Monet went home and spent the rest of the day in
adoration of his new-found treasures. The names of the great
Japanese wood-engravers were of course unknown in Europe then, but
Monet learned later that some of these prints were by Hokusai,
Utamaro, and Korin.

"This," continues Mirbeau, "was the beginning of a celebrated

collection, but much more important, it was the beginning of such an
evolution in French painting that the anecdote has, besides its own
savour, a veritable historic value. For it is a story which cannot be
overlooked by those who seriously study the important movement in
art which is called Impressionism."
 CHAPTER XXVIII
Living in a Japanese House—The Priceless Yuki—The Servants in the
House—The Red Carpet—Our Trunks Depart—Tokyo's Night-time
Sounds—Tipping and Noshi—The Etiquette of Farewells—Sayonara

My last days in Japan were my best days, for I spent them in a

Japanese home, standing amid its own lovely gardens in Mita, a
residential district some twenty minutes by motor from the central part
of Tokyo.

Through the open shoji of my bedroom I could look out in the

mornings to where, beyond the velvet lawns, the flowers and the
treetops, the inverted fan of Fuji's cone was often to be seen floating
white and spectral in the sky, seventy miles away.

After my bath in a majestic family tub I would breakfast in my room,

wearing a kimono, recently acquired, and feeling very Japanese.

While I was dressing, Yuki sometimes entered, but I had by this

time become accustomed to her matutinal invasions and no longer
found them embarrassing. She was so entirely practical, so useful. She
knew where everything was. She would go to a curious little cupboard,
which was built into the wall and had sliding doors of lacquer and silk,
and get me a shirt, or would retrieve from their place of concealment a
missing pair of trousers, and bring them to me neatly folded in one of
those flat, shallow baskets which, with the Japanese, seem to take the
place of bureau drawers.

Thus, besides being my daughter's duenna and my wife's maid, she

was in effect, my valet. Nor did her usefulness by any means end
there. She was our interpreter, dragoman, purchasing-agent; she was
our steward, major domo, seneschal; nay, she was our Prime Minister.
 The house had a large staff, and all the servants made us feel that
they were our servants, and that they were glad to have us there. With
the exception of a butler, an English-speaking Japanese temporarily
added to the establishment on our account, all wore the native dress;
and there were among them two men so fine of feature, so dignified of
bearing, so elegant in their silks, that we took them, at first, for
members of the family. One of them was a white-bearded old
gentleman who would have made a desirable grandfather for anybody.
If he had duties other than to decorate the hall with his presence I
never discovered what they were. The other, a young man, was clerk
of the household, and enjoyed the distinction of being Saki's husband.

Saki, the housekeeper of some Japanese friends we visited,

obligingly posed for me. The mattress is stuffed with floss silk,
the pillow is hard and round, and the covering is a sort of
quilted kimono

Saki was the housekeeper, young and pretty. She and her husband
lived in a cottage near by, and their home was extensively equipped
with musical instruments, Saki being proficient on the samisen and
koto, and also on an American melodeon which was one of her chief
treasures. She was all smiles and sweetness—a most obliging person.
Indeed it was she who pretended to be asleep in a Japanese bed, in
order that I might make the photograph which is one of the
illustrations in this book.

Four or five coolies, excellent fellows, wearing blue cotton coats

with the insignia of our host's family upon the backs of them, worked
about the house and grounds; and several little maids were continually
trotting through the corridors; with that pigeon-toed shuffle in which
one comes, when one is used to it, actually to see a curious prettiness.

Sometimes we felt that the servants were showing us too much

consideration. We dined out a great deal and were often late in getting
home ("Home" was the term we found ourselves using there), yet
however advanced the hour, the chauffeur would sound his horn on
entering the gate, whereupon lights would flash on beneath the porte-
cochère, the shoji at the entrance of the house would slide open, and
three or four domestics would come out, dragging a wide strip of red
velvet carpet, over which we would walk magnificently up the two
steps leading to the hall. But though I urged them to omit this regal
detail, because two or three men had to sit up to handle the heavy
carpet, and also because the production of it made me feel like a
bogus prince, I could never induce them to do so. Always, regardless
of the hour, a little group of servants appeared at the door when we
came home.

Even on the night when, under the ministrations of the all-wise and
all-powerful head porter of the Imperial Hotel, our trunks were spirited
away, to be taken to Yokohama and placed aboard the Tenyo Maru,
even then we found it difficult to realize that our last night in Japan
had come.
 The realization did not strike me with full force until I went to bed.

I was not sleepy. I lay there, thinking. And the background of my

thoughts was woven out of sounds wafted through the open shoji on
the summer wind: the nocturnal sounds of the Tokyo streets.

I recalled how, on my first night in Tokyo, I had listened to these

sounds and wondered what they signified.

Now they explained themselves to me, as to a Japanese.

A distant jingling, like that of sleigh-bells, informed me that a

newsboy was running with late papers. A plaintive musical phrase
suggestive of Debussy, bursting out suddenly and stopping with
startling abruptness, told me that the Chinese macaroni man was
abroad with his lantern-trimmed cart and his little brass horn. At last I
heard a xylophone-like note, resembling somewhat the sound of a New
York policeman's club tapping the sidewalk. It was repeated several
times; then there would come a silence; then the sound again, a little
nearer. It was the night watchman on his rounds, guarding the
neighbourhood not against thieves, but against fire, "the Flower of
Tokyo." In my mind's eye I could see him hurrying along, knocking his
two sticks together now and then, to spread the news that all was
well.

Then it was that I reflected: "To-morrow night I shall not hear these
sounds. In their place I shall hear the creaking of the ship, the roar of
the wind, the hiss of the sea. Possibly I shall never again hear the
music of the Tokyo streets."

My heart was sad as I went to sleep.

Fortunately for our peace of mind, we had learned through the

experience of American friends, visitors in another Japanese home,
how not to tip these well-bred domestics—or rather, how not to try to
tip them. On leaving the house in which they had been guests, these
friends had offered money to the servants, only to have it politely but
positively refused.

Yuki cleared the matter up for us.

"They should put noshi with money," she explained in response to

our questions. "That make it all right to take. It mean a present."

Without having previously known noshi by name, we knew

immediately what she meant, for we had received during our stay in
Japan enough presents to fill a large trunk, and each had been
accompanied by a little piece of coloured paper folded in a certain way,
signifying a gift.

In the old days these coloured papers always contained small pieces
of dried awabi—abelone—but with the years the dried awabi began to
be omitted, and the little folded papers by themselves came to be
considered adequate.

Fortified with this knowledge I went, on the day before our

departure, to the Ginza, where I bought envelopes on which the noshi
design was printed. Money placed in these envelopes was graciously
accepted by all the servants. Tips they would not have received. But
these were not tips. They were gifts from friend to friend, at parting.

The code of Japanese courtesy is very exact and very exacting in

the matter of farewells to the departing guest. Callers are invariably
escorted to the door by the host, such members of his family as have
been present, and a servant or two, all of whom stand in the portal
bowing as the visitor drives away.

A house-guest is dispatched with even greater ceremony. The entire

personnel of the establishment will gather at with profound bows and
cries of "Sayonara!" the door to speed him on his way Members of the
family, often the entire family, accompany him to the station, where
appear other friends who have carefully inquired in advance as to the
time of departure. The traveller is escorted to his car, and his friends
remain upon the platform until the train leaves, when the bowing and
"Sayonaras" are repeated.

Tokyo people often go to Yokohama with friends who are sailing

from Japan, accompanying them to the ship, and remaining on the
dock until the vessel moves into the bay. How Tokyo men-of-affairs can
manage to go upon these time-consuming seeing-off parties is one of
the great mysteries of Mysterious Japan, for such an excursion takes
up the greater part of a day.

To the American, accustomed in his friendships to take so much for

granted, a Japanese farewell affords a new sensation, and one which
can hardly fail to touch the heart.

Departing passengers are given coils of paper ribbon confetti, to

throw to their friends ashore, so that each may hold an end until the
wall of steel parts from the wall of stone, and the paper strand strains
and breaks. There is something poignant and poetic in that breaking,
symbolizing the vastness of the world, the littleness of men and ships,
the fragility of human contacts.

The last face I recognized, back there across the water, in Japan,
was Yuki's. She was standing on the dock with the end of a broken
paper ribbon in her hand. The other end trailed down into the water.
She was weeping bitterly.

Wishing to be sure that my wife and daughter had not failed to

discover her in the crowd, I turned to them. But I did not have to point
her out. Their faces told me that they saw her. They too were weeping.

So it is with women. They weep. As for a man, he merely waves his

hat. I waved mine.

"Sayonara!"
 I turned away. There were things I had to see to in my cabin.
Besides, the wind on deck was freshening. It hurt my eyes.

THE END

INDEX

INDEX
Abalone, diving for, 304

Actresses, increase of, 96

Architecture, democracy in, 40

Architecture and sculpture, horrors in, 27

Art, grotesqueries and whimsicalities, 330

Athletic sports, popularity of, 103

Back-end-formost methods and customs, 48

Bathing customs, 52, 65, 289

Beauty, artistic conceptions, 163

Beds, how arranged, 299

Bill of fare, luncheon, 127

Boasting, a cardinal sin, 173

Brides, outfitted for life, 36

Burglars, feared next to fire and earthquake, 42;

what to do when visited by, 45

Bushido, doctrine of, 76

Business methods, placidity in, 228

Butokukai—Association for Inculcation of Military

Virtues, 195

Calendar, Chinese, adopted by Japanese, 316

California, Japanese issue in, 244

Calligraphy, a fine art, 55

Chafing-dish, cooking in, 149

Cherry Dance of Kyoto, 144

Children, in profusion, 23

China, American engineer among brigands in, 10;

compared with Japan, 266

Chinnung, Emperor, discoverer of tea, 69

Chop-sticks, lesson in use of, 120

Class, the distinctions of, 140

Colonization, efforts in, 233

Concubinage, still practised, 85

Cooking, chafing-dish, 149

Costume, regulated by calendar, 33

Courtesans, segregated, 154

Courtesy, the code of, in making farewells, 340

Crest, family, as used on kimono, 34

Customs changed to fit Western ideas, 174

Dancing girls, or maiko, 119, 135, 137, 141

Daruma, mythological creator of tea, 69

Divorce customs, 85

Dress of women, uniformity of, 31;

cost of, 35

Earthquakes, influence of, in building construction,

38, 42;
frequency and extent, 39;
best course to pursue during, 43

Efficiency and non-efficiency of the people, 235

Elder Statesmen, the, 185

Eliot, Sir Charles, on understanding Japan, 75

Ema, efficacy of an, 320

English as she is wrote, 323

Eri, neck piece worn with kimono, 34

European dress not popular with women, 31, 37

Fashions, little variation in, 36

Feudal Era, the, 70

Films, kissing scenes cut, 98

Finley, Dr. John H., on reverential attitude of the

Japanese, 280

Flower Arrangement, the study of, 66;

origin of, 68;
in connection with display of paintings, 72

Folk dances by maiko, 137

Foods and delicacies, 129

Foreign customs adopted, 174

Fortune tellers, well patronized, 318

Fujiyama, as seen from the sea, 13;

the "Honourable Mountain," 14

Gardens, history and theory, 167, 177

Gardens, diminutive, 21

Geisha, the best dressers, 37;

at a luncheon, 116;
various grades in, 119;
no rhythm in their dancing, 132;
what they really are, 132;
 in Japanese romances, 146;
cost of entertainment, 151

Geisha, male, or comedian, 156

Great Britain's attitude toward Japan, 268.

Haori, how worn, 35

Hara-Kiri, privileges associated with, 192

Hearn, Lafcadio, on the Japanese language, 56;

on Japanese women, 75, 82;
on the Tea Ceremony, 81;

Hiratsuka, Mrs. Raicho, efforts to improve marriage

laws, 84

Honesty, Japanese and Chinese, 278

Hospitality, New York and Japan compared, 258

House cleaning, under police supervision, 325

Humour, extent of native, 328

Imperial Bureau of Poems, duties of, 165

Inouye, Jakichi, attributes bearing of Japanese

ladies to study of Tea Ceremony, 81

International Affairs ignored by Americans, 242

Intoxication, prevalence of, 123

Italy, compared to Japan, 163

Japanese-American relations, letter from President
Roosevelt to Baron Kaneko, 223

Jesuits, expulsion of, 201

Jiu-jutsu, in wrestling, 112;

taught to samurai, 192;
renascence of, 193

Jiudo, development of, 193

Johnson, Senator Hiram, agitator on Japanese

question, 256

Kakemono, method of hanging the, 72

Kamogawa, visit to, 288

Kaneko, Viscount Kentaro, preparing history of

Meiji Era, 29;
interviews with, 212;
visits at Roosevelt's home, 213;
Roosevelt's letters to, 222, 223, 226, 227

Kano, Jigoro, revives art of jiu-jutsu, 193

Kashima Maru, voyage on, 1

Katsuura, visit to, 284

Kimono, use of, 34

Kipling, Rudyard, on understanding Japan, 75

Kissing, attitude toward, 98

Kodokwan, school of jiu-jutsu, 194

Kokugikwan, the national game building, 104, 107

Korea, conditions under Japanese control, 9

Korean Emperor, anecdotes on, 8

Kyoto, Cherry Dance at, 144

Labor, abundance of, 19;

waste of, 236

Landscape gardening, history of, 169

Language, peculiarities of the, 53;

difficulties with, 321

Leprosy, extent of, 90

Lunch, the railway, 276

Maple Club, luncheon at, 116

Marquis, Don, on reformers, 151

Marriage customs, 85, 93

Meiji Tenno, "Emperor of Enlightenment,", 29

"Melting Pot," overloading of the, 251

Militarism, slowly waning, 232

Mirbeau, Octave, on discovery of Japanese prints

by Claude Monet, 332

Morris, Roland S., address on Japanese issue in

California, 244
Mothers-in-law, dutifulness toward, 93

Mourning, costume for, 36

Muko-yoshi, adopted son-husbands, 94

Music, unmelodious to foreign ear, 131

Nabuto, visit to, 302

Naginata, the woman's weapon, 196

Namazu, "cause" of earthquakes, 40

Nara, luncheon party in, 137, 141

Nesan, serving maids, 117

Nitobe, Doctor, on bushido, 76

No drama, masks used in, 49;

knowledge of, necessary in study of the
people, 75

Nogi, Count, story of his death, 197

Nurses' occupation popular, 96

Obi, chief treasure of woman's costume, 35;

how worn, 36

Okuma, Marquis, Japan's "Grand Old Man,", 185

Old age, deference to, 50

Oriental Mind, the, 57

Partitions, removable, 118

Period of transition, beginning of, 184

Perry, Commodore, "knocking at Japan's door,",

28;
opens door to progress, 184

Physicians, women as, 96

Picture brides, no longer allowed to come to

America, 244

Pipes, diminutive, 130

Placidity in business and home life, 228

Poems, annually submitted to the Imperial Bureau,

165

Politeness, Japanese ideas of, 260

Politics, lack of interest in, 103

Population, excess in, 231, 233;

must be balanced by industrial expansion,
234

Prints, Japanese, important collections of, 331;

discovery of in Europe by Claude Monet, 332

Privacy, lack of in Japanese homes, 298

Public utilities, inefficiency in, 238

Race, unassimilability of, 253

Race problems of America, 249

Railroads, under government management, 274

Restaurant, cost of food and entertainment, 151

Riddell, Miss H., work with lepers, 90

Roosevelt, Quentin, Baron Kaneko's regard for,

213, 219, 227

Roosevelt, Theodore, on reign of Emperor Meiji,

29;
interest in jiu-jutsu, 193;
visit of Viscount Shibusawa to, 210;
Viscount Kaneko's regard for, 213;
letter to Baron Kaneko on our Japanese
question, 223;
wise attitude toward Japan, 270

Sake, how served, 121

Samurai, strength of the, 70;

customs and privileges, 192

Sculpture and architecture.

Self-made men, 187.

Segregation of vice, 154

Servants, courtesy of and to, 117, 336

Shibusawa, Viscount Eiichi founder of school for

actresses, 96;
interview with, 188, 201;
anecdote of President Roosevelt, 210;
visit to grave of Townsend Harris, 280

Shimabara, courtesan district, Kyoto, 160

Suicide, prevalence of, 51;
the Oriental view of, 199

Sunday, as a holiday, 114

Superstition, prevalence of, 318

Tails, wild men with, 7

Tai-no-ura, and the Nativity Temple, 287

Tea, significance of, 68;

origin, 69

Tea Ceremony, or cha-no-yu, 71, 74, 81.

Tea Masters, veneration of the, 73

Teahouse, entertainment expensive, 143, 151

Teaism, as a study, 68

Telephone service, inefficiency of, 238

Tipping, proper procedure in, 339

Tobacco industry, a monopoly, 130

Tokugawa, Prince, interest in wrestling, 105

Tokyo, growth, 26;

architecture and sculpture, 27;
adopting steel for building construction, 38

Tourists welcomed to Japan, 263

Tray landscapes, art of making, 67

Tuberculosis, extent of, 90

Vandalism at historic places, 280

Vice, commercialized, 154

Waseda University, now open to women, 95;

founded by Marquis Okuma, 186

W. C. T. U., activities, 97

Women, costume of, 32;

sedate gracefulness of, 81;
suffrage, 83
legal status, 84;
condition slowly improving, 95;
in business and professions, 95;
the "new woman," 97;
husbands' attitude toward wives, 100;
position higher in early times, 100

Wood engraving, era of, 331

World, New York, editorial on Japanese issue in

California, 244

Wrestling, the national sport, 103

Yajima, Mrs., leader in W. C. T. U., 97

"Yellow Peril," the true, 246

Yokohama, the landing, 16

Yoritomo, legend of, 303

Yoshinobu, becomes shogun, 202;

held prisoner after conflict with Emperor, 205;
battle neither sought nor desired, 207
Yoshioka, Dr. G. founder of Tokyo School for
Women, 96

Yoshiwara, courtesan district, Tokyo, 154

Yuasa, Commander, heroism at Port Arthur, 195

Zodiac, belief in the signs of the, 317

THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
 Transcriber Notes:
Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic
accents of the speakers. Those words were retained as-is.

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break

up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they
illustrate.

Some of the original illustrations were pairs of illustrations

related to different topics. Those pairs were separated and
moved to text they illustrate. The list of illustrations refer to the
revised locations of those illustrations. In the paired
illustrations, references to "(above)" and "(below)" have been
removed.

Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were

not corrected unless otherwise noted.

On the first image after the cover, there is an image of

calligraphy that is pronounced in romanji "shinpi na nihon" that
translates as "Mysterious Japan". The two block characters
seem to be the author's name as written in Japanese.

On page 29, "to day" was replaced with "today".

On page 86, "mutally" was replaced with "mutually".

On page 87, "bethrothal" was replaced with "betrothal".

On page 113 a comma at an end of a sentence was replaced

by a period.

On page 138, "pantomine" was replaced with "pantomime".

On page 149, "chafing-fish" was replaced with "chafing-

dish".

On page 160, "Tokugowa" was replaced with "Tokugawa".

On page 163 a comma was added after the word

"fascinating".
 On page 168, "sensui" was replaced with "sansui".

On page 172, "Distate" was replaced with "Distaste".

On page 176, "daimio" was replaced with "daimyo".

On page 185, "Marquise" was replaced with "Marquis".

On page 202, "Hizan" was replaced with "Hizen".

On page 203 a period was added after "Highness".

On page 219 a comma at an end of a sentence was replaced

by a period.

On page 230 a period was added after "60,000,000".

On page 254, "overwhemingly" was replaced with

"overwhelmingly".

On page 264, "supicious" was replaced with "suspicious".

On page 273, "the Little Train" was replaced with "The Little
Train".

On page 275, "pratice" was replaced with "practice".

On page 284, "orginally" was replaced with "originally".

On page 285, "af" was replaced with "of".

On page 292, "summond" was replaced with "summoned".

On page 306, "event" was replaced with "events".

On page 318, "Superstitition" was replaced with

"Superstition".

On page 323 a comma was added after "Basil Hall

Chamberlain".

On page 327 a space was added between "O——" and "I".

On page 328 a space was added between "K——" and "S".

On page 340, "despatched" was replaced with "dispatched".

In the index, some commas are missing before numbers.

Those missing commas were added.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookluna.com