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CE765-Lect-4-combustion

The lecture discusses industrial waste management focusing on combustion processes and emissions, particularly NOx and SO2. It explains the formation of thermal and prompt NOx during combustion, the significance of air-fuel ratios, and methods for estimating fugitive emissions. Additionally, it covers various fuel types and their characteristics, emphasizing the importance of complete combustion to minimize pollution.

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0 views

CE765-Lect-4-combustion

The lecture discusses industrial waste management focusing on combustion processes and emissions, particularly NOx and SO2. It explains the formation of thermal and prompt NOx during combustion, the significance of air-fuel ratios, and methods for estimating fugitive emissions. Additionally, it covers various fuel types and their characteristics, emphasizing the importance of complete combustion to minimize pollution.

Uploaded by

aditya.ballal9866
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 765B

Industrial Waste Management


Lecture 4

By
Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IIT Kanpur
Combustion

• The best method to reduce the pollution in local issue is to


do the complete combustion.
General Equation:
y y
Cx Hy + x+ 𝑂2 + … … … . → xCO2 + ( )H2 O +………
4 2

(A/F)actual  (A/F)stoichiometric → Lean mixture


(A/F)actual < (A/F)stoichiometric → Rich mixture
Example: A/F ratio for n-heptane
y y y y
C x H y + (x+ )O2 + 3.76(x+ )N 2 → xCO2 + ( )H 2 O + 3.76(x+ )N 2
4 4 2 4

HC Moles Moles Mass of Mass A/F ratio


of O2 of N2 O2 of N2 (mass/m
ass)
C7H16 11 41.4 352 1158 1510/10
Mol wt 0=15.1
=100

(Fuel-Air ratio)actual
Equivalence ratio=
(Fuel-Air ratio)stoichiometric
NOx Formation

First Route: Thermal NOx (formed during the combustion of


all fuels in the regions of peak flame temperature)
Second route: Fuel NOx (during the oxidation of nitrogen-
containing compounds in the fuel)
Most of the NOx are from thermal route. High temperature
and high O2 concentration favor NO formation and
preventing one or both of the conditions is the basis of
most thermal NOx control technology.
Zeldovich mechanism
• Extremely high activation energy due to enormous strength of NN bond
(≈ 220 kcal/mole)
(1) O + N2 → NO + N (E1 = 76,500 cal/mole) (slow)
(2) N + O2 → NO + O (E2 = 6,300 cal/mole) (faster)
-------------------------
N2 + O2 → 2 NO
• Zeldovich NO occurs in the burned gases downstream of the flame
front, not in the flame front itself.
• …but this doesn’t tell the whole story - experiments show that some NO
forms inside the flame (“Prompt” NO)
• Plot [NO] vs. distance from flame, extrapolate back to flame front
location, [NO] there is defined as prompt NO
• Experiments show that prompt NO is more prevalent in hydrocarbon
flames (not CO, H2), and for fuel-rich flames (even though less O in rich
mixtures, thus Zeldovich less important)
Equilibrium NO
NO

Thermal
NO

Prompt
NO

0 Distance (or time) from flame front

Figure showing the formation of thermal and prompt NOx

Prompt mechanism
Fenimore (1971) proposed either
•(a) CH + N2 → HCN + N followed by (e.g.) N + O2 → NO + O
(E = 20,130 cal/mole; much faster than N2 + O due to lower E)
Or
• (b) C2 + N2 → 2CN followed by CN + O2 → CO + NO
Fuel NOx Formation

• Fig 1 → the correlation


between NOx emissions and fuel
nitrogen content for liquid fuels
burned under fuel lean
conditions.
• The lower lower curve shows
the fuel nitrogen conversion as
determined by substituting an
argon/oxygen mixture for the
combustion air.
• The difference between the two
curves in the Fig. represents
the thermal NOx.
SO2 Emission ?

Example….
1200 Petrol Diesel

NOx
1200
7

CO2
800
NOx HC CO
H2O 5
(ppm) (ppm) (%)
800
Stoichiometric O2
air-fuel ratio
CO 3
400
HC
200
1

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

A/F ratio

Fig: Exhaust hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitric oxides etc as a function


of air-fuel ratio.
Heating % by
value, Btu/lbg wieght
of U.S.
Average
electric
Ultimate analysis, weight %, dry basis, typical values wet
generat
basis, as
Material C H O N S Ash Dry ion
delivere
basish coal,
d,
1997a
U.S,1991
a

Woodb 52.3 6.3 40.5 0.1 <0.1 0.8 9050

Peatc 57.0 5.5 31.0 1.5 0.2 4.8 9300

Lignite (also 55.0 4.4 13 1.0 1.7 24.9 9727 6372 8.4
called brown
coal)4
Subbituminou 72.5 6.1 17.2 0.7 0.4 3.1 13006 8741 40.3
s caole
Bituminous 75.8 5.0 7.4 1.5 1.6 8.7 13600 11964 51.2
coalf

Anthracite 82.1 2.3 2.0 0.8 0.6 12.2 13258 0.1


h The dry basis heating values are computed from the equation
coal
(Higher heating value, Btu/lb) = 14544C+62028(H-O/8)+4050S

Solid Fuel
Fugitive Emissions
Pollutants generated from open sources exposed to air

and are discharged in to atmosphere without confined


flow stream

•Difficult to quantify
•No specific regulations
•Needs attention
Approach for estimation of fugitive emissions
Identification of potential sources (in
depth dry survey of plant

Identification of suitable method for each source

Identification of suitable Identification of


Materials
sampling methods, sample suitable
required
size, types of samples etc.) Mathematical
Models (if required)

Sampling and data collection

Estimation of fugitive emissions


and interpretations
Methods for emission estimates

• Upward Flux
• D/W and U/W
• Quasi Stack/Roof Monitoring (sampling through vent/ temporary hood)
• Road Dust – Silt Load Method
Methods for emission estimates

• Upward Flux

Area

Velocity

Emission (Kg/hr) = 3.6×10-6 ×PM concen. (µg/m3) ×area (m2)×vertical vel. (m/s)

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