PRESENTATION OF

DATA
➢ Line diagram (line graph) :- This is most common method of representing statistical data, especially
used in business and commerce . It is graph represents quantitative data between two changing variable with a
line or curve that joint a series of successive data points.

Ex. :- Draw a line diagram of the following data, relating to cheque clearance

month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

50 65 70 55 56 75 66 59 60 71 58 56

80 75
70 71
Cheque clearance( Rs. Crores)

70 65 66
59 60 58
60 55 56
50
50
40
30
20
10
0
jan. feb. mar. apr. may jun. jul. aug. sep. oct. nov. dec.
month

2
➢ Bar diagram :-
• A bar graph is the representation of numerical data by rectangles of equal width and varying height.
• The gap between one bar and another should be uniform throughout.
• It can be either horizontal or vertical.
• The height or length of each bar relates directly to its value.

Ex. :- construct a bar diagram for the following data .

number of students present a week

Mon. 36
Tue. 42
Wed. 46
Thu. 45
Fri. 50
Sat. 52

3
 Vertical bar diagram
60

50
50
46
45
42

40
36
Number of students

30
30

20

10

0
Month

mon. Tue. wed Thu Fri Sat Linear (mon.)

4
 Horizontal bar diagram

Sat 30

Fri 50

Thu 45

Wed 46

Tue 42

Mon 36

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Number of student a week

5
➢ Pie diagram :- A pie diagram is a circular graph which represents the total value with its components. The
area of circle represent total value and different sectors of the circle represent the different parts. The area of the
sectors are proportional to the angles at the Centre. In pie diagram, the data are expressed as percentages. Each
component is expressed as percentage of the total value.
Ex. :- Construct a pie chart for the following data :
Principal Exporting Countries of Cotton (1000 bales ) 1955-56
U.S.A. India Egypt Brazil Argentina
6367 2999 1688 650 202

Country Exports (000 bales) Percent of total Angle at the Centre

of pie Chart
U.S.A. 6367 (6367/11906)*100 194.4
=54
India 2999 25 90.0
Egypt 1688 14 50.4
Brazil 650 5 18.0
Argentina 202 2 7.2
6 Total 11906 100 360.0
 Pie chart showing principal Exporting
Argentina
Brazil
2%
5%

Egypt
14%

U.S.A.
54%

India
25%

U.S.A. India Egypt Brazil Argentina

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❑ Graphical representation of frequency distribution
The diagrams commonly used to depict statistical data, given in the form of a frequency distribution, are :
1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon
3. Cumulative frequency polygon or Ogive
1. Histogram
Let us consider a frequency distribution having a number of class intervals with their respective frequencies. The
horizontal axis is marked to represent the Class interval and on these markings rectangles are drawn by taking the
Class interval as breadth and corresponding frequencies as heights. Thus a series of rectangles are obtained whose
total area represents the total of the class frequencies. The figure thus obtained is known as histogram.
• Class interval must be continuous form .
• Each rectangle is adjacent to other to given a continuous picture.
• The histogram may be used to find the mode graphically.

Ex. :- Draw a histogram of the following frequency distribution showing the number of boys in the register of a school.

8
 Age(in years) No. of boys
2-5 15
5-8 20
8-11 30
11-14 40
14-17 25
17-20 10

9
2. Frequency polygon :-
• Frequency polygon is the graphical representation alternative to histogram and may be looked upon as derived
from histogram by joining the mid-points of the top of consecutive rectangles.
• Frequency polygon can be constructed either for discrete series or continuous series.
• The frequency polygon has the same area as the histogram, provided the width of all classes is the same. The
frequency polygon is particularly useful in representing simple frequency distribution of a discrete variable.
Ex.- The following data shows number of rooms in 64 houses of a colony construct a frequency polygon.

No. of 1 2 3 4 5 6
rooms
No. of 10 15 20 10 5 4
Houses

10
 Frequency polygon

25

20
Frequency (No. of Houses)

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of Rooms

11
3. Ogive (Cumulative frequency polygon) :- Cumulative Frequency polygon is a curve of a data set obtained by an
individual through the representation of cumulative frequency distribution on a graph.
There are two types :
1. Less than Ogive :- it is representation of less than cumulative frequency distribution .
2. More than Ogive :- it is representation of more than cumulative frequency .
Ex.:- Draw a ‘less than ‘ Ogive curves from the following distribution of the marks of 50 students in a class.
Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of 5 7 13 6 7 9 3
Students

Marks Cumulative frequency Marks Cumulative frequency

Less than 20 5 More than 10 50
Less than 30 12 More than 20 45
Less than 40 25 More than 30 38
Less than 50 31 More than 40 25
Less than 60 38 More than 50 19
Less than 70 47 More than 60 12
Less than 80 50 More than 70 3
12
 Less than Ogive More than Ogive
60 60

50 50 50 50
47
45
40 40
No. of Students

38 38

No. of Students
30 31
30
25 25
20 20 19

12 12
10 10
5
3
0 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Marks Marks

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