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The document provides a comprehensive overview of signature examination, defining various types of signatures and forgery, including fraudulent, evidential, and guided signatures. It also discusses the processes involved in making paper money, such as engraving, letterpress printing, and offset printing, along with characteristics that distinguish genuine bills from counterfeit ones. Additionally, it outlines the legal implications of forgery and the different classes of forged signatures.

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Anthony Lota
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4 views

final coverage

The document provides a comprehensive overview of signature examination, defining various types of signatures and forgery, including fraudulent, evidential, and guided signatures. It also discusses the processes involved in making paper money, such as engraving, letterpress printing, and offset printing, along with characteristics that distinguish genuine bills from counterfeit ones. Additionally, it outlines the legal implications of forgery and the different classes of forged signatures.

Uploaded by

Anthony Lota
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signature Examination

• SIGNATURE defined – It is the name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of


acknowledgement. Or, it is a name or a mark that a person puts at the end of a document to attest
that he is its author or that
he ratifies its contents.

Terminologies in Signature

• FRAUDULENT SIGNATURE. A forged signature. It involves the writing of a name as a signature by


someone other.

• CROSS MARK. Historically, many who could not write signed with a cross mark or crude X. This
authenticating mark is still used today by illiterates, and if properly witnessed, it can legally stand
for a signature.

• EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE - Is not simply a signature – it is a signature, signed at a particular time


and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was at particular age, in a particular
physical and mental condition, using particular implements, and with a particular reason and
purpose for recording his name.

• FREEHAND SIGNATURE. A fraudulent signature that was executed purely by simulation rather
than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature.

• GUIDED SIGNATURE. A signature that is executed while the writer’s hand or arm is steadied in
any way. Under the law of most jurisdictions such a signature authenticates a legal document
provided it is shown that the writer requested the assistance. Guided signatures are most
commonly written during a serious
illness or on a deathbed.

• IMITATED SIGNATURE. Synonymous with freehand forgery.


• MODEL SIGNATURE. A genuine signature that has been used to prepare an imitated or traced
forgery.

Types of Signatures

• FORMAL (a.k.a. CONVENTIONAL or COPYBOOK FORM) - complete correct signature for an


important document such as will.

• INFORMAL (CURSORY) - usually for routine documents and personal correspondence.


1. Personalized
2. Semi-personalized

• CARELESS SCRIBBLE - for the mail carrier, delivery boy or the autograph collector.

Forgery

• Forgery is, strictly speaking, a legal term which involves not only a non-genuine document but
also and intent to fraud. However, it is also used synonymously with fraudulent signature or
spurious document.
Classes of Forged Signatures

• SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION FORGERY – executed purely by simulation rather than by


tracing the outline of a genuine signature can be referred as freehand imitation or simulated
forgery. Or it refers to the free-hand drawing in imitation of model signature.

• TRACED FORGERY (TRACED SIGNATURE)


• DIRECT TRACING - tracing is made by transmitted light.
• INDIRECT TRACING - forger uses a carbon paper and place document on which he will trace the
forged signature under the document bearing the model signature with a carbon paper between the
two.

• TYPES OF TRACED SIGNATURE:


– CARBON PROCESS
– INDENTATION PROCESS
– TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS

• SPURIOUS SIGNATURE (SIMPLE FORGERY) - Forger does not try to copy a model but writes
something resembling what we ordinarily call a signature. For this, he uses a false (spurious) name
and makes a rapid stroke, disturbing his usual writing by adopting a camouflage called disguise.

Making of Paper Money

• ENGRAVING – It is the process by which the line to be printed are cut into pieces of metal by hand or with
a machine. Ink is rubbed over the plate to fill the cuts in the metal and the extra ink wiped-off the top. The
pressure of the paper on the plate causes the ink in the holes to be lifted on the surface of the paper. The
ink lines will be felt to be raised above the surface. The engraving process is used for the production of all
genuine bank notes.

• LETTERPRESS PRINTING – is the most common form of printing books, magazine, letterheads and the
usual printing in common uses. In the process, the letters are made on raised pieces of metal which
covered with ink and then impressed upon the paper in the same form as a rubber stamp or cliché. The
serial numbers of a bank note are usually added by this letterpress process after the note has been
produced by an engraving.

• OFFSET PRINTING – is the method a photograph is taken of the desire material and a print is made on a
specially prepared aluminum plate. The plate is kept wet with water. When ink is applied, it sticks only
these parts of the plate where printing is desired. The aluminum plate is then put in contact with rubber
roller which transfers the ink to the papers. The offset process is quite used in small printing plants.
Because
it was photographic process; it is the most common modern used by counterfeiter to make false paper
money

Characteristics of Genuine Bills

Distinctive feel & embossed Generally smooth


effect
1. The fingers will readily feel the main 1. The fingers will hardly feel the main
print on the front & back on fairly new prints of the front & back even on new
notes. notes.

2. This is due to the measurable 2. This is brought about by offset print


thickness of the ink deposited on the the most common process employed
paper which gives the prints an by counterfeiters
embossed effect.
3. The prints are mere stains on the
coating of the sensitized paper which is
glossy.

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