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Editors
Gulzar Ahmad Nayik Amir Gull
Department of Food Science & Department of Food Science
Technology & Technology
Government Degree College University of Kashmir
Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

ISBN 978-981-15-7469-6 ISBN 978-981-15-7470-2 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7470-2

# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020

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This book is dedicated to my late
grandparents & great grandfather
Hakeem Mohammad Ismail Damsaaz
Preface

The production and consumption of vegetables have expanded dramatically in the

last decade primarily due to presence of high amount of vitamins, minerals, dietary
fiber, and phytochemicals. Vegetables make up a major portion of the humans diet
and are critical for good health. Higher vegetable consumption reduces the risk of
diseases from diabetes to osteoporosis to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Nuts are nutrient-dense
foods with complex matrices rich in unsaturated fats, high-quality protein, fiber,
minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds. Various chronic
diseases like hypertension, cancer, inflammation, oxidative stress, blood pressure,
coronary heart disease, etc., are positively influenced by nut consumption. Studies
have proved that people who avoid vegetable and nut consumption or consume in
very little are indeed at increased risk of these diseases. Therefore, interest in the
health benefits of vegetable and nut consumption is increasing.
In order to improve vegetable and nut consumption, it is necessary to know and
understand their nutritional and nutraceutical profile. This book provides a compre-
hensive knowledge about the nutritional and nutraceutical profile of a wide range of
popularly consumed vegetables and nuts.
The editors have designed this book for college students, university scholars,
researchers, food scientists, olericulturists, dieticians, and agricultural scientists.
Members of vegetable and nut processing industries, horticultural departments,
and other agricultural departments will also find the comprehensive information
relevant to their work.

Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India Gulzar Ahmad Nayik

Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Amir Gull

vii
Contents

Part I Vegetables
1 Pea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jasmeet Kour, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, Raees ul Haq, Naveen Anand,
Mohammed Shafiq Alam, Breetha Ramaiyan, Renu Sharma,
Nowsheen Nazir, and Swapan Banerjee
2 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Anu Pandita and Deepu Pandita
3 Beetroot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Deepu Pandita, Anu Pandita, Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru,
and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
4 Lemongrass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Jyoti Gaba, Garima Bhardwaj, and Ajay Sharma
5 Pumpkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Imen Tlili, Hela Chikh Rouhou, Riadh Ilahy, Emna Jedidi,
Rym Bouhlel, Leila Romdhane, Samir Ghannem,
Marcello Salvatore Lenucci, Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui,
Thouraya R’him, and Chafik Hdider
6 Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Renu Sharma, Jasmeet Kour, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik,
Mohammed Shafiq Alam, and Naveen Anand
7 Turnip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Mohd Aaqib Sheikh, Nadira Anjum, Amir Gull,
and Charanjiv Singh Saini
8 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Breetha Ramaiyan, Jasmeet Kour, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik,
Naveen Anand, and Mohammed Shafiq Alam

ix
x Contents

9 Bitter Gourd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Bisma Jan, Qurat ul eain Hyder Rizvi, Rafeeya Shams,
Aamir Hussain Dar, Anurag Singh, and Shafat Ahmad Khan
10 Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Amarjeet Kumar, Varun Kumar, Amir Gull, and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
11 Radish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Arashdeep Singh, Savita Sharma, and Dolly
12 Dandelion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jasmeet Kour, Renu Sharma, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, Breetha
Ramaiyan, Sajad Ahmad Sofi, Mohammed Shafiq Alam,
and Naveen Anand
13 Drum Stick (Moringa oleifera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Varun Kumar, Amarjeet Kumar, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik,
and Syed Mansha Rafiq
14 Mushroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Insha Zahoor, Nadira Anjum, Ishfaq Hamid Dar, and Shafaq Javid
15 Yam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Ajay Singh, Ramandeep Kaur, Pradyuman Kumar, and Anju Tanwar
16 Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Prashant Ashok Shelke, Syed Mansha Rafiq, Chavan Bhavesh,
Syed Insha Rafiq, Patange Swapnil, and Rafiya Mushtaq
17 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Vinita Sharma, Loveleen Sharma, and Kawaljit Singh Sandhu
18 Taro (Colocasia esculenta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Seema Sharma, Romee Jan, Ramandeep Kaur, and Charanjit S. Riar

Part II Nuts
19 Coconut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Mamta Thakur, Kirty Pant, and Vikas Nanda
20 Walnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Vidisha Tomer, Ashwani Kumar, Kritika Gupta, Swati Shukla,
and Shafiya Rafiq
21 Almond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Antima Gupta, Rajan Sharma, and Savita Sharma
22 Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Sourav Garg, Noorul Anisha Anvar Hussain, Irshaan Syed,
Niveditha Asaithambi, and Sristi Mundhada
Contents xi

23 Horse Chestnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Syed Insha Rafiq, Khalid Muzaffar, and Syed Mansha Rafiq
24 Sweet Chestnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Touseef Ahmed Wani, Idrees Ahmed Wani, Rahiya Rayees,
and F. A. Masoodi
25 Pistachio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Reshu Rajput, Amarjeet Kaur, and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
26 Peanut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Hradesh Rajput, Deepika Goswami, and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
27 Raisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
R. Thiruchelvi, P. Jayashree, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, Amir Gull,
Tehmeena Ahad, Mamta Thakur, Tajamul Rouf Shah,
Mohd Amir Paray, and Raees ul Haq
28 Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Javid Ahmad Malik and Monika Bhadauria
29 Hazelnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Idrees Ahmed Wani, Aneesa Ayoub, Naseer Ahmad Bhat,
Aamir Hussain Dar, and Amir Gull
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Gulzar Ahmad Nayik is currently working as Assistant Professor (Cont.) at the

Department of Food Science & Technology, Govt. Degree College, Shopian, J&K,
India. He completed his Masters Degree in Food Technology at IUST, Awantipora,
India and his PhD at SLIET, Punjab, India. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed
research / review papers, several book chapters, and one textbook. Dr. Nayik was
shortlisted twice for the prestigious INSPIRE-Faculty Award in 2017 and in 2018
from INSA New Delhi. Dr. Nayik was nominated for India’s prestigious National
Award (INSA Medal for Young Scientists-2019-20). Dr. Nayik is also an Editor,
Associate Editor, Assistant Editor & Reviewer for many journals, and a member of
various associations like WASET, AFSTI, IFERP, IAJC, ASR, ACSE etc. He is a
recipient of the Top Peer Reviewer Award 2019 from Web of Sciences.

Amir Gull is currently working as a Senior Research Fellow at the Department of

Food Science & Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India. He
completed his Masters Degree in Food Technology at Islamic University of Science
& Technology, Awantipora, J&K, India and his PhD at Sant Longowal Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India. Dr. Gull has
published many peer-reviewed research papers and review papers in reputed
journals, together with several book chapters. Dr. Gull’s main research activities
include developing functional food products from millets. In addition to serving as
an editorial board member and reviewer for several journals, he is an active member
of the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists India. He is also a recipient
of the MANF from UGC India.

Contributors

Tehmeena Ahad Department of Food Science & Technology, University of

Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

xiii
xiv Editors and Contributors

Mohammed Shafiq Alam Department of Processing and Food Engineering,

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Naveen Anand Government Degree College, Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Noorul Anisha Anvar Hussain Department of Food Science and Technology,
IIFPT, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
Nadia Anjum Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e- Kashmir Uni-
versity of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Nadira Anjum Division of Food Science and Technology, SKUAST Jammu,
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Aneesa Ayoub Department of Food Science & Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Monika Bhadauria Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of
Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
Garima Bhardwaj Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engi-
neering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Naseer Ahmad Bhat Department of Food Science & Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Chavan Bhavesh National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Rym Bouhlel Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute
of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Aamir Hussain Dar Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Sci-
ence and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ishfaq Hamid Dar Department of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Fac-
ulty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Dolly Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural Univer-
sity, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Jyoti Gaba Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
Punjab, India
Sourav Garg Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
Samir Ghannem Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Insti-
tute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Deepika Goswami Food Grains and Oilseeds Processing Division, ICAR-
CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Editors and Contributors xv

Amir Gull Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Kashmir,

Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Antima Gupta Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Kritika Gupta Department of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The Univer-
sity of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
Raees ul Haq Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Chafik Hdider Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Insti-
tute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Riadh Ilahy Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of
Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Bisma Jan Department of Food Technology School of interdisciplinary Sciences,
Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Romee Jan Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Shafaq Javid Division of Food Science and Technology, SKUAST, Jammu,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
P. Jayashree Department of Bio-Engineering, School of Engineering, Vels Insti-
tute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Emna Jedidi Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute
of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Amarjeet Kaur Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Ramandeep Kaur Department of Food Science & Technology, Punjab Agricul-
ture University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Department of Food Technology, Eternal University, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh,
India
Shafat Ahmad Khan Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of
Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Jasmeet Kour Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Amarjeet Kumar Department of Home Science, Rohtas Mahila College, Sasaram,
Bihar, India
Ashwani Kumar Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Profes-
sional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
xvi Editors and Contributors

Pradyuman Kumar Department of Food Engineering & Technology, SLIET,

Sangrur, Punjab, India
Varun Kumar Department of Home Science, Ramesh Jha Mahila College,
Saharsa, Bihar, India
Marcello Salvatore Lenucci Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed
Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Lecce, Italy
Javid Ahmad Malik Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of
Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
F. A. Masoodi Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sristi Mundhada Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Food Technology,
Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Rafiya Mushtaq Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST-
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Khalid Muzaffar Department of Food Science & Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Vikas Nanda Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Gulzar Ahmad Nayik Department of Food Science and Technology, Government
Degree College, Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Nowsheen Nazir Department of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agri-
cultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Niveditha Asaithambi Department of Food Process Engineering, National Insti-
tute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru Department of Biochemistry, Yogi Vemana Uni-
versity, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
Anu Pandita Vatsalya Clinic, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Deepu Pandita Government Department of School Education, Jammu, Jammu and
Kashmir, India
Kirty Pant Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Mohd Amir Paray Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Governmentt of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Thouraya R’him Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Insti-
tute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Editors and Contributors xvii

Shafiya Rafiq Department of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir

University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Syed Insha Rafiq National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Syed Mansha Rafiq Department of Food Technology, National Institute of Food
Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India
Hradesh Rajput Department of Food Technology, ITM University, Gwalior,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Reshu Rajput Department of Food Science and Technolog, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Breetha Ramaiyan Athletebit Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., R&D Office, CSIR-CFTRI
Campus, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Rahiya Rayees Department of Food Science & Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Charanjit S. Riar Department of Food Engineering & Technology, SLIET,
Sangrur, Punjab, India
Qurat ul eain Hyder Rizvi Dr. Khim Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture,
Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India
Leila Romdhane Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agricultural Research Insti-
tute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Hela Chikh Rouhou Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agricul-
ture Biologique, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
Charanjiv Singh Saini Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant
Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Kawaljit Singh Sandhu Department of Food Science and Technology, Maharaja
Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
Tajamul Rouf Shah Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant
Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Rafeeya Shams Division of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir Uni-
versity of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ajay Sharma Division of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab, India
Loveleen Sharma Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rajan Sharma Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
xviii Editors and Contributors

Renu Sharma Department of Applied Sciences, Bhai Gurdas Degree College,

Sangrur, Punjab, India
Savita Sharma Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Seema Sharma Department of Food Technology, Jaipur National Unversity,
Jaipur, India
Vinita Sharma Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal
University, Sirsa, Haryana, India
Mohd Aaqib Sheikh Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant
Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Prashant Ashok Shelke National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Swati Shukla Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui Department of Food Science and Postharvest Tech-
nology, Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
Ajay Singh Department of Food Technology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh
Sahib, Punjab, India
Anurag Singh Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of
Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Sonipat,
Haryana, India
Arashdeep Singh Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricul-
tural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Sajad Ahmad Sofi Department of Food Science and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Patange Swapnil National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Irshaan Syed Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
Anju Tanwar Department of Botany, Government PG College, Ambala, Haryana,
India
Mamta Thakur Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
R. Thiruchelvi Department of Bio-Engineering, School of Engineering, Vels Insti-
tute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Imen Tlili Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of
Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Editors and Contributors xix

Vidisha Tomer Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Profes-

sional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Idrees Ahmed Wani Department of Food Science & Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Touseef Ahmed Wani Department of Food Science & Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Insha Zahoor Department of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Faculty of
Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India