AS 503 HOUSING

MODULE 2 - HOUSING TYPOLOGY

SEMESTER-9 2024
MODULE -2

OVERVIEW

 Characteristics of Housing in different regions and their typology -

detached housing, row housing, cluster housing, apartments etc.

 Housing density- net density & gross density

 Importance of standards, regulations, laws on contemporary

practices for housing and habitat development - KMBR,NBC, URDPFI
etc.
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INTRODUCTION
 Housing typology refers to the categorization and classification of different
types of housing based on their characteristics and attributes. It involves the
identification and analysis of various factors such as architectural style,
construction materials, spatial layout, and cultural heritage value.

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INTRODUCTION
 The aim of housing typology is to simplify the analysis of housing stock and
identify the main characteristics of different types of housing on a large scale.
 This classification helps in understanding the diversity and commonalities
among different housing units, which can be useful for urban planning,
preservation of cultural heritage, and policy-making.
 Housing typology can also be used to compare and study housing systems in
different countries, considering variables such as housing market context,
housing conditions, and household indebtedness.

4
INTRODUCTION
 By establishing typologies, researchers can better understand housing
phenomena and develop strategies for improving housing quality and
meeting the complex needs of users.
 Urban housing typologies have been changing in time in confronting housing
needs in response to rapid urbanization.
 In the process of the development of civilization and the increase of
population in cities, the functions of housing have changed, and the forms
and components have multiplied in the process of cultural, environmental and
political development.

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FACTORS AFFECTING URBAN RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
 1.Environmental Factors
• Terrain (valleys, hills, and rivers) has a direct impact on housing design,
structure, and building materials. Furthermore, the climate plays a major role in
the emergence and development of residential buildings and in the formation
of their main elements, such as roofs, facades, urban fabric, openings, and
building orientation on site.

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FACTORS AFFECTING URBAN RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE

 2. Demographic, Social, and Cultural Factors

• Dwellings are directly affected by all the human dimensions related to lifestyle,
behavior, culture, and the surrounding environment. In addition, the cultural
level of the residents also plays a role in shaping the housing layout and
structure, as it affects the spaces needed by the residents. Additionally, the
large and rapid increase of the population is one of the most important factors
influencing the shape and type of housing.

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FACTORS AFFECTING URBAN RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
 3. Economic Factors
• The number of the family members, the level of per-capita income, and the
economic and political system adopted by the state have a direct impact on
the structure of housing. Activities like agriculture, trade, and industry affect the
economic level of the population and their general behavior, influence the
emergence and development of traditional residential buildings.

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FACTORS AFFECTING URBAN RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
 4. Legal Factors
• Legal factors play a major role in the emergence of residential buildings
because of their impact on all the previous factors, as well as on the general
identity of the city, where the state’s policies play an important role in housing
typologies and structures. Furthermore, they can affect the affordability and
accessibility of housing for different groups of people, through building codes
and regulations, zoning and land use, and other aspects.

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FACTORS AFFECTING URBAN RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
 5. Technical Factors
• Throughout history, mankind has relied on building materials that are locally
available to build dwellings, with which he formed multiple housing styles with
different techniques. In the industrial age and the development of technology,
new building materials appeared.
• This has changed the form of construction, which had a great impact on
designing new types of buildings. The development of the construction market
is not only linked to the desire for home ownership, but also to rising functional
and economic demands.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
RELEVANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HOUSING TYPOLOGY

 Housing typologies are used to understand and analyze the characteristics

and needs of different types of housing, and are used in a variety of contexts,
including architectural design, urban planning, and building science.

 Building typology is a classification system used to categorize buildings based

on their function, form, and construction. It is a way of grouping similar types of
buildings together and analyzing their characteristics and features.

 In architectural design, building typologies help architects to understand the

characteristics and needs of different types of building and make informed
design decisions.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

Source:Tomajian, Haik and Gyergyák, János. "Urban Housing Typologies Through Modern History" YBL Journal of Built
12
Environment, vol.9, no.1, 2024, pp.127-140. https://doi.org/10.2478/jbe-2024-0013
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
HOUSING TYPOLOGY CONSIDERED IN URBAN PLANNING

1.Urban Villas/Single Family homes

 These are typically solitary multi-level single-family homes that are located in
densely populated urban areas, often designed to blend into the existing
urban fabric.
 Urban Villas are designed to provide an alternative to traditional single-family
homes, which often require long commutes to work, schools, and shopping.
They are typically located near public transportation, parks, and other
community amenities, making it easy for residents to access services and
recreational activities without relying on a car.
 The design of Urban Villas can vary widely, but they often feature high-quality
finishes and fixtures, large windows , outdoor spaces, and flexible floor plans
that can accommodate a variety of lifestyles.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
 The design of Urban Villas can vary widely, but they often feature high-quality
finishes and fixtures, large windows , outdoor spaces, and flexible floor plans
that can accommodate a variety of lifestyles.

Villa M, Vienna, by Delugan Meissl, 2023 Le Corbusier's Maison La Roche-Jeanneret 1925

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

2. Row Houses and Terraces

 Terraced dwellings have a rich history and affected housing typologies in
various regions. They were proliferated between the 18th and 19th centuries,
with chaotic backs and facades.
 These houses had no gardens, neither front nor back.
 The terraced dwelling of the 20th century became a better place, with
improvements in sanitation and sealing applications.
 As for the back of the house, it was replaced by the back garden of the house
and a place for rest and entertainment.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

 The street has also changed, with front gardens becoming the standard
model. The idea of the place often extends beyond the boundaries of the
property to the parking space on the street.

The Brookline Brownstones, New York 1840 Berlin Britz, Taut and Wagner

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

3. City Blocks and Slabs

 Slab housing is a type of urban housing typology that is characterized by long,

narrow buildings with a rectangular or square footprint. Slab buildings typically
have a low- to mid-rise height and are often oriented perpendicular to the
street.
 Slab housing can be found in both residential and commercial developments
and is a common feature of modernist architecture. It is often used in dense
urban areas where space is at a premium.
 The buildings are typically designed to maximize the number of units per floor,
and may have balconies or terraces to provide outdoor space for residents.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

 Slab housing can be used for a variety of purposes, from affordable housing to
luxury apartments, and can be found in both public and private
developments.

Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation, in Marseille, France, 1925

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

4. Vertical Houses (Towers and High-rises)

 Vertical housing began to spread as a solution to the shortage of places, due
to the transition from the countryside to the cities, from the industrial revolution
until the height of the modernist movement, when architects began to
propose solutions to contain the working population.
 Since that time, skyscrapers and residential towers have been designed in a
common pattern that treats height as a succession of horizontal projections,
with one vertical axis (the elevator) connecting them.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
 This type of housing is associated with noise, pollution, crime and loss of
privacy, and with great pressure on the infrastructure and the difficulty of
maintenance. Some solutions were founded in order to limit these problems.
 By focusing on a solution to make the dense tower housing create
communities and offer some quality of social life.

Mirador, Madrid, 2005, by MVRDV Vertical Gardens, in Milan, 2009, by Boeri

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

5. Quadrangles and Courtyards

 These are called urban blocks or the perimeter blocks, which consist of row
and corner floor plans. The primary typological characteristic of this type of
block is that it faces simultaneously inwards onto an interior courtyard and
outwards onto the urban surroundings.

The Graham Courtyard

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
6. Narrow Houses and Infill
 This classification is used all over the world for the purpose of densifying the
residential areas of the city in order to create the largest amount of housing
with controlled orientation
 An example is the “Azuma House”, “Tadao Ando”, and the “Karet House”,
“Jacob Schezenzny” in Warsaw, Poland.

Azuma House, Keret House, in

in Japan Warsaw Polland

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

 As for the challenges facing this classification, they are the access of light to
the interior and the lack of flexibility, which makes it difficult to control and
change the dwelling due to its narrowness, the common social aspects, the
façade facing the road, the way it is integrated and harmonious with the
neighborhood, as well as the urban overlaps in terms of density, size and
harmony with the neighborhood.
 The piece that joins together two separate buildings has to accommodate the
height and depth of each of its neighbours. In most cases this building has a
front-back orientation due to the presence of firewalls on both sides, in some
cases, however, it is its only aspect

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

7. Conglomerate & Stacked Houses

 Stacked clustered housing is a type of residential development where
individual units are stacked on top of each other to create a clustered housing
arrangement. This type of housing is often referred to as "stacked town houses"
or "stacked flats".
 In stacked clustered housing, individual units are arranged vertically, with each
unit occupying its own floor. Stacked clustered housing is typically designed to
provide residents with the privacy and autonomy of a traditional single-family
home, while still offering the benefits of clustered housing, such as shared
amenities, common spaces, and a sense of community.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
 This type of housing can be particularly attractive in dense urban areas, where
land is limited and traditional single-family homes are not practical.
 Stacked clustered housing can take many forms, but it is typically designed to
maximize living space while minimizing the building footprint. This can be
achieved through the use of compact, efficient floor plans, and by sharing
common spaces and amenities such as parking, laundry facilities, and outdoor
areas.

Habitat 67, Montreal,

by Safdie Architects
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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

8. Informal Houses
 Informal housing refers to housing that is built and/or occupied without legal
recognition or regulatory approval, often in violation of building codes and
zoning regulations.
 This type of housing is also sometimes referred to as "slum" housing, "shanty
towns", "squatter settlements", or "informal settlements". Informal housing is
typically characterized by lack of basic services and amenities.
 According to United Nations estimate, one billion people around the world live
in informal settlements. Despite their often-precarious nature, informal
settlements can also be vibrant and resilient communities, with their own social
and cultural norms, and strong social networks.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
 Many informal settlements are located in urban areas close to jobs and
economic opportunities. Efforts to address informal housing typically involve a
combination of policy and regulatory reforms, increased investment in
affordable housing, and community-based approaches to planning and
development.

Informal Housing on The Edge of Damascus Informal Housing in Mumbai

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HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

9.Lofts and Extensive Houses

 Loft apartments are open-concept living spaces that are typically located in
former industrial or commercial buildings. These spaces often feature high
ceilings, large windows, and exposed brick or ductwork.
 Extensive houses are popular among young professionals and artists who value
the unique character and flexibility of these spaces.

SoHo neighborhood Extensive House,

lofts, New York, Copenhagen, 2005,
1870 by MVRDV

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 URBAN DENSITY
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INTRODUCTION

Population density is a phenomenon related to the

way in which the population is distributed on the
land surface. The population is unevenly distributed
across the land, reaching high concentrations in
large urban areas while large areas of land remain
uninhabited, because people naturally tend to
concentrate in areas with desirable conditions, like
those of urban areas. The differences in population
distribution are high both across countries and
between regions of the same country , and thus the
concept of density of the built environment has
relative connotations when trying to compare
indices of different areas.

30 Source:https://densityarchitecture.wordpress.com/2013/01/18/understanding-density/
DEFINITION

The definition of density in relation to built environment can have different meanings or
different quantification according to the method of analysis and spatial indices taken into
account. There is no universal standard formula, only some of the formulas are being used
more as opposed to others. Usually, in architecture and town planning, two categories of
measurement are used for physical density:

● Population density and

● Building density

Population density is defined as the number of individuals or households per given area,
and the building density is defined as the ratio of building structures related to plot surface.

All those measures are used in urban planning policies..

Source:https://densityarchitecture.wordpress.com/2013/01/18/understanding-density/

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Population density

Building density

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 Impacts of residential density on Urban planning :
Residential density is a key factor in urban planning that refers to the number of people or
housing units in a given area. It plays a crucial role in shaping the character, functionality,
and sustainability of urban environments. Here’s a breakdown of how residential density
impacts urban planning:

● Land Use Efficiency: Higher residential density allows for more efficient use of land,
which is especially important in urban areas where land is scarce and expensive. By
increasing the number of housing units per unit of land, cities can reduce urban sprawl
and preserve open spaces.

● Infrastructure and Services: Dense neighborhoods can support more efficient and
cost-effective infrastructure and services. For example, higher density can justify
investments in public transportation, as more residents mean a larger customer base
for transit services. Similarly, higher density can support more local amenities like shops,
schools, and healthcare facilities.
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● Environmental Impact: Increased density often leads to reduced per capita resource
consumption. Residents in higher-density areas tend to use less energy for heating and
cooling, and there’s a lower reliance on personal vehicles, which can reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion.

● Economic Viability: Businesses benefit from higher density as it means a larger potential
customer base in a smaller area. This can lead to a vibrant local economy with more
opportunities for shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues.

● Social Interaction: Higher density can foster more social interaction and community
engagement. With more people living in close proximity, there are more opportunities
for neighbors to meet and interact, which can build a stronger sense of community.
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● Design and Planning Challenges: While higher density has many benefits, it also presents
challenges. Urban planners need to address issues such as adequate green spaces,
building design, noise, and ensuring that infrastructure keeps pace with growth. The design
of dense areas must balance the needs for privacy, space, and livability.

● Housing Affordability: Dense development can affect housing affordability. In some cases,
it can lead to more affordable housing options due to economies of scale. However, in
high-demand areas, increased density can sometimes lead to higher property values and
rents, potentially exacerbating affordability issues if not managed carefully.

● Regulatory Framework: Urban planners often use zoning regulations to manage residential
density. These regulations can dictate the types of buildings allowed, the maximum
number of units per area, and other factors to ensure that development is consistent with
the city’s goals and character.
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Residential density in India
Residential density in India varies widely depending on the region, city, and type of area. In
general, India is characterized by some of the highest residential densities in the world,
especially in its urban centers. Here’s an overview of residential density in India:

1. High-Density Urban Areas

● Mumbai: Known for its extremely high density, areas like

Dharavi are among the most densely populated in the
world. As of recent estimates, Dharavi has a density of
around 277,136 people per square kilometer. Overall,
Mumbai's metropolitan area has a density of about
20,000 people per square kilometer.
● Delhi: The national capital also experiences high density,
particularly in older neighbourhoods and slum areas.
Delhi’s urban density is approximately 11,000 people per
square kilometer

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2. Medium-Density Urban Areas

● Bangalore: This city, known for its IT industry, has a lower density
compared to Mumbai and Delhi but still significant. Bangalore’s
density is around 4,000 people per square kilometer.
● Chennai: Similar to Bangalore, Chennai has a moderate residential
density with around 8,000 people per square kilometer in its
metropolitan area.

3. Low-Density Areas

● Rural and Semi-Rural Areas: In contrast to urban centers, rural areas

in India have much lower residential densities. For example, states
like Himachal Pradesh or parts of the North-East have densities
significantly lower than urban areas, sometimes as low as 100-200
people per square kilometer.

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Factors Influencing Residential Density in India

1. Urbanization: Rapid urbanization has led to increased densities in metropolitan areas. Migration
from rural to urban areas has been a significant driver of high-density conditions.
2. Land Use Policies: Zoning regulations and land use policies impact residential density. In some
cities, historical land use patterns and restrictions have contributed to high-density living
conditions.
3. Economic Factors: High real estate prices in major cities push people into smaller living spaces,
contributing to higher density in available residential areas.
4. Infrastructure and Services: The availability and quality of infrastructure and public services also
play a role. High-density areas often face challenges related to transportation, sanitation, and
public amenities.
5. Housing Typologies: The prevalence of multi-story apartment buildings and informal settlements
affects density. High-rise buildings in urban areas increase the number of residents per unit of
land.

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RESIDENTIAL DENSITY

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 TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES

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GROSS DENSITY
● Definition: Gross density measures the total number of people or housing units per unit of
land area, including all types of land uses within that area.

● Land Area Considered: Includes the entire land area, encompassing residential,
commercial, industrial, and public spaces such as streets, parks, and other open spaces.

● Calculation: Gross Density=Total Population or Housing Units / Total land area

● Purpose: Provides an overall view of population or housing density across the entire area,
reflecting the density including all land uses. This can be useful for understanding the
general intensity of development in a region.
Example: If a city covers 100 hectares and has a population of 10,000 people, the gross
density is: Gross Density=10,000/100=100 people per hectare

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 NET DENSITY

● Definition: Net density refers to the number of people or housing units per unit of land area that is
actually used for residential purposes, excluding streets, parks, and other non-residential land uses.
● Calculation: Net density is calculated by dividing the total number of housing units or population by the
land area available for residential use only. This excludes non-residential areas like streets, sidewalks, and
open spaces.
● Use: Net density provides a more precise measure of how densely populated the residential areas are,
excluding land used for non-residential purposes. It is useful for understanding the intensity of land use in
areas designated for housing.
Formula: Net Density=Total Population or Housing Units / Land Area for Residential Use

Example: If the same neighborhood has 500 housing units but the area designated for residential use
(excluding streets and parks) is only 8 hectares, the net density would be 62.5 housing units per hectare.

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 Key Differences
1. Scope of Land Area:
○ Gross Density: Considers the total land area, including all types of land use (residential,
commercial, industrial, and public spaces).
○ Net Density: Focuses only on the land used for residential purposes, excluding streets, parks,
and non-residential areas.
2. Usage:
○ Gross Density: Provides an overview of how densely populated an entire area is, including all
land uses.
○ Net Density: Provides insight into the density within areas specifically used for housing, giving a
clearer picture of residential land use efficiency.
3. Applications:
○ Gross Density: Useful for broad planning and understanding the overall population distribution
in a region.
○ Net Density: Useful for detailed residential planning and evaluating the effectiveness of land
use in residential zones.
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NUMERICAL PROBLEM

Question : A community comprising 120 hectares is having 60% of the land put to
residential plot and a population of 30,600. Calculate the net residential density.
(GATE 2003)

Answer :

• Gross area = 120 hectares

• Net area = 60% of 120 = 72 hectares

• Net density = Total population divided by net area = 30,600 / 72

= 425 persons/hectare or 425 pph

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 STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND LAW
45
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health
Standards, regulations, and Environmental Protection
laws play a crucial role in
habitat development and Quality of Life
urban planning and habitat
development. Consistency and Predictability
Their importance can be
Equitable Development
understood through various
dimensions such as: Economic Stability

Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
46
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Regulations ensure that buildings Quality of Life

and infrastructure meet minimum
safety and health standards. Consistency and Predictability

Equitable Development
This includes structural integrity, fire
safety, sanitation, and accessibility, Economic Stability
which are essential for protecting
the well-being of residents. Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
47
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Standards help mitigate the Environmental Protection

impact of urban development
on the environment. Quality of Life

Consistency and Predictability

Regulations might cover land
use, pollution control, and Equitable Development
conservation efforts, promoting
sustainable practices and Economic Stability
protecting natural resources.
Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
48
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life
Urban planning standards
contribute to a high quality of life Consistency and Predictability
by ensuring that developments
Equitable Development
include adequate green spaces,
recreational areas, and essential Economic Stability
services like transportation and
healthcare. Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
49
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life
Rules provide a framework for
consistent and predictable Consistency and Predictability
development, helping to avoid
conflicts and ensure that projects Equitable Development
align with broader community goals Economic Stability
and master plans.
Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
50
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life
Regulations can help ensure that
development benefits all Consistency and Predictability
community members fairly,
Equitable Development
addressing issues like affordable
housing, accessibility, and the Economic Stability
prevention of discriminatory
practices. Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
51
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life
Standards and regulations can
help maintain property values and Consistency and Predictability
foster a stable real estate market
by ensuring that developments are Equitable Development
well-planned and adhere to Economic Stability
established norms.
Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
52
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life
Effective urban planning requires
coordination of various Consistency and Predictability
infrastructure components,
including transportation, utilities, Equitable Development
and public services.
Economic Stability
Regulations ensure that these
elements are integrated and Infrastructure Planning
managed efficiently.
Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
53
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life

Guidelines can help preserve Consistency and Predictability

the aesthetic and cultural
heritage of a community by Equitable Development
regulating the design and
Economic Stability
scale of new developments,
ensuring they complement Infrastructure Planning
existing architectural styles
and historical sites. Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
54
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life
Building codes and land-use
regulations can enhance a Consistency and Predictability
community's resilience to natural
disasters, such as floods, Equitable Development
earthquakes, or hurricanes, by
Economic Stability
mandating appropriate
construction practices and land-use Infrastructure Planning
strategies.
Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
55
Importance of Standards and Regulations
Safety and Health

Environmental Protection

Quality of Life

Standards often require public Consistency and Predictability

consultation and engagement in
Equitable Development
the planning process, ensuring that
community needs and preferences Economic Stability
are considered and incorporated
into development plans. Infrastructure Planning

Aesthetic and Cultural Preservation

Disaster Resilience

Public Participation
56
 STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND LAW
-
EXAMPLES

57
KMBR :Kerala Municipality Building Rules

RULES, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND LAWS

58
INRODUCTION
 The Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR) are a set of regulations
established by the Government of Kerala to govern building construction
within municipalities in the state. These rules aim to ensure orderly urban
development, structural safety, and compliance with environmental and
safety standards.

 The Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR) were first notified in 1968 and
came into effect in 1999, replacing the Kerala Building Rules (KBR) of 1984. The
KMBR apply to all municipalities in the state of Kerala.

 In 2011, the KMBR were further divided into two, adding the Kerala Panchayat
Building Rules (KPBR).

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Purpose and Objectives--------------------------------------------->
 Regulate Construction: KMBR provides a framework for regulating building
design, construction, and land use to promote orderly urban growth.
 Ensure Safety: The rules are designed to ensure the safety of structures,
including compliance with structural and fire safety standards.
 Environmental Considerations: They include guidelines for managing
environmental impacts, such as waste disposal and water conservation.

<--------------------------------Building Permissions and Approvals

 Plan Approval: Builders must submit detailed plans for approval to the local
municipal authority before commencing construction. These plans must
comply with KMBR guidelines.
 Permits: Various permits are required, including a building permit and possibly
others depending on the project's scope.

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Design and Construction Standards--------------------------------->
 Land Use and Zoning: Regulations specify allowable land uses and building
types in different zones (residential, commercial, industrial).
 Setbacks and Height Restrictions: Rules define setbacks from property
boundaries and permissible building heights to ensure adequate light,
ventilation, and privacy.
 Structural Safety: Requirements for structural integrity include proper
foundations and construction materials to withstand natural forces.

<-------------------------Environmental and Social Considerations

 Sustainability: Guidelines often promote sustainable practices such as
rainwater harvesting and energy efficiency.
 Accessibility: Provisions must be made for accessibility, including ramps and
elevators for people with disabilities.

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Compliance and Enforcement-------------------------------------->
 Inspections: Regular inspections are conducted at various stages of
construction to ensure compliance with approved plans and KMBR
standards.
 Documentation: Builders must maintain proper documentation, including
proof of land ownership, structural certificates, and no-objection certificates
from neighbors.

<--------------------------------Amendments and Updates

 Dynamic Regulations: KMBR is subject to periodic updates to address
emerging urban challenges and incorporate new technologies and
practices.

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Timeline of Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR)

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Timeline of Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR)

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Timeline of Kerala Municipality Building Rules (KMBR)

2024 to present
Ongoing Updates: The Kerala Municipal Building
Rules continue to evolve, with ongoing revisions
to incorporate new technologies, address
urban challenges, and promote sustainable
development. Authorities are focusing on
digitalization and improving the regulatory
framework to better support urban growth and
development.

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 NBC : National Building Code of India

RULES, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND LAWS

66
INRODUCTION
 The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is
a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building
construction activities across the country.

 It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building

construction works be they Public Works Departments, other government
construction departments, local bodies or private construction agencies.

 The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control

rules and general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations
regarding materials, structural design and construction (including safety);
building and plumbing services; approach to sustainability; and asset and
facility management.

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 The Code was first published in 1970 at the instance of Planning Commission
and then first revised in 1983. Thereafter three major amendments were issued
to the 1983 version, two in 1987 and the third in 1997. The second revision of the
Code was in 2005, to which two amendments were issued in 2015.

 Due to large scale changes in the building construction activities, such as

change in nature of occupancies with prevalence of high rises and mixed
occupancies, greater dependence and complicated nature of building
services, development of new/innovative construction materials and
technologies, greater need for preservation of environment and recognition of
need for planned management of existing buildings and built environment,
there has been a paradigm shift in building construction scenario.

68
 Considering these, a Project for comprehensive
revision of the Code was taken up under the aegis
of the National Building Code Sectional
Committee, CED 46 of BIS and its 22 expert Panels;
involving around 1 000 experts.

 As a culmination of the Project, the revised Code

has been brought out in 2016 as National Building
Code of India 2016 reflecting the state-of-the-art
and contemporary applicable international
practices.

 The comprehensive NBC 2016 contains 12 Parts

some of which are further divided into Sections
totalling 33 chapters.

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OBJECTIVES
 Ensure Safety: The NBC aims to protect the health and safety of occupants by
setting standards for structural stability, fire safety, and disaster resilience.
 Promote Quality: It establishes norms for materials, construction methods, and
design to ensure high-quality and durable buildings.
 Foster Uniformity: The code provides a uniform set of guidelines applicable
across different regions of India, ensuring consistency in construction practices.
 Encourage Sustainability: The NBC includes provisions for energy efficiency,
environmental sustainability, and resource conservation.

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STRUCTURE OF NBC

71
STRUCTURE OF NBC
 Part 1: Administrative Instructions
• Guidelines: Provides instructions on the application and implementation of the code,
including administrative procedures.
 Part 2: Definitions
• Terminology: Contains definitions of key terms used throughout the NBC to ensure clarity
and consistency.
 Part 3: Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements
• Zoning and Land Use: Regulations related to land use, development control, and
general requirements for building construction.
• Building Specifications: Guidelines on setbacks, coverage, and floor area.
 Part 4: Building Materials and Construction
• Materials: Standards for the quality and types of materials used in construction.
• Construction Techniques: Best practices and methods for construction to ensure
durability and safety.

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STRUCTURE OF NBC
 Part 5: Structural Design
• Design Criteria: Standards for structural design to ensure stability and safety under
various loads and conditions.
• Structural Safety: Guidelines for ensuring the structural integrity of buildings.
 Part 6: Construction Safety
• Safety Measures: Protocols for ensuring safety during the construction process,
including worker safety and site management.
 Part 7: Fire and Life Safety
• Fire Safety: Regulations for fire protection, including fire-resistant materials, fire
detection systems, and emergency exits.
• Life Safety: Measures to ensure the safety of occupants in case of emergencies.

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STRUCTURE OF NBC
 Part 8: Building Services
• Electrical Systems: Standards for electrical installations and safety.
• Plumbing and Sanitation: Guidelines for water supply, drainage, and sanitation
systems.
• HVAC Systems: Standards for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
 Part 9: Accessibility
• Accessibility Standards: Guidelines to ensure that buildings are accessible to
people with disabilities, including ramps, elevators, and accessible facilities.
 Part 10: Sustainability
• Environmental Impact: Guidelines for sustainable building practices, including
energy efficiency, waste management, and environmental impact reduction.

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Adoption and Implementation

 Local Adaptations: While the NBC provides national guidelines, states and
municipalities may adapt and implement these standards based on local
needs and conditions.
 Compliance: Builders, architects, and engineers are expected to adhere to
the NBC to ensure compliance with safety and quality standards.

The National Building Code of India is a crucial tool for maintaining high standards
in building construction, promoting safety, quality, and sustainability in the built
environment.

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 URDPFI : Urban and Regional Development
Plans Formulation and Implementation
RULES, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND LAWS

76
INRODUCTION
 Urban and Regional Development Plans
Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI)
Guidelines represent a significant framework
issued the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
(MoHUA), Government of India to guide the
planning and execution of development
activities across urban and regional areas.
 These guidelines aim to address the complex
challenges of urbanization and regional
growth, ensuring that development is carried
out in a structured, sustainable, and inclusive
manner.
 The URDPFI Guidelines are crucial for managing
India's rapid urban expansion, balancing
growth with environmental sustainability, and
improving the quality of life for its citizens.

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URDPFI- VOLUMES
 The URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 comprise two Volumes: Volume‐I contains
planning process, contents of the plans suggested in the planning
system, resource mobilization for plan implementation including land and
finance as the primary resources for sustainable development, institutional
reforms particularly at State level, and approaches and strategies for
regional and urban planning. For addressing sustainability, various sections
focus on land suitability and urban renewal norms and provide a
framework for Crisis/Disaster Management Plans as part of Development
Plan.
 To speed up the process of plan formulation, simplified planning techniques,
and norms and standards for social and physical infrastructure planning are
detailed along with simplified development promotion regulations. Various
cities of all classes across the country from different regions have been
covered as best practices for review. The overall recommendations for future
actions have also been included

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80
URDPFI- VOLUMES
 A separate volume (Volume‐II A) on legal aspects covers the
implications of 74thCAA, 1992; Land Acquisition, Resettlement &
Rehabilitation Act, 2013; a review of the Model Town & Country Planning and
Development Law, Model Municipal Law, legal requirements for industrial
development, State level planning framework and other National level
requirements for heritage and environment conservation with the relevant
Acts/ Law/ Notifications/ Guidelines etc. Volume II B consists of
Appendices.

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82
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of the URDPFI Guidelines is to provide a comprehensive
framework for urban and regional planning that ensures consistency, efficiency,
and sustainability. The guidelines aim to:
 Structured Planning: Offer a systematic approach to formulating and
implementing development plans. This structure helps in addressing various
facets of urban and regional growth, from land use to infrastructure.
 Sustainable Development: Emphasize the integration of environmental
considerations into planning practices. The guidelines promote the use of
sustainable practices to minimize ecological impact and enhance the
resilience of urban areas.
 Integrated Approach: Encourage a holistic view of development that
considers multiple factors such as land use, infrastructure, housing, and
environmental management. This integrated approach ensures that different
aspects of planning are harmonized to achieve overall development goals.

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 Key Components of URDPFI Guidelines

The URDPFI Guidelines encompass

a broad range of components
designed to address the
multifaceted challenges of urban
and regional planning.
These components work together
to ensure comprehensive and
effective development strategies.

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Key Components of URDPFI Guidelines

1.Land Use Planning

The guidelines provide a framework for zoning and land use, helping to
optimize land resources and prevent conflicts between different land uses.
Effective land use planning ensures that residential, commercial, industrial,
and recreational areas are appropriately allocated.

2. Infrastructure Development

Proper planning of infrastructure such as transportation

networks, utilities, and public services is essential for
supporting urban growth. The guidelines outline strategies for
developing and maintaining infrastructure to enhance
connectivity and service delivery.

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 3.Housing

Addressing the need for affordable and adequate housing is a

significant focus. The guidelines promote the development of
housing solutions that meet the needs of various income groups
and improve urban living conditions.

4. Environmental Management

Sustainable development practices are central to the URDPFI

Guidelines. They include measures for environmental protection,
resource conservation, and disaster resilience. Planning for
environmental sustainability helps in mitigating the effects of climate
change and reducing the ecological footprint of urban areas.

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 5. Public Participation

Engaging citizens and stakeholders in the planning process is

crucial for ensuring that development plans are responsive to local
needs. The guidelines emphasize transparency and inclusivity,
fostering greater public trust and involvement in decision-making.

URDPFI guidelines offer a robust framework that enhances the consistency, efficiency,
and effectiveness of urban and regional planning. By integrating comprehensive
planning practices, promoting sustainability, engaging stakeholders, and ensuring
effective implementation, URDPFI contributes to more well-rounded and successful
development outcomes.

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THANK YOU.