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Frommer s Chicago 2005 Frommer s Chicago Elizabeth
Canning Blackwell Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Elizabeth Canning Blackwell
ISBN(s): 9780764583599, 076458359X
Edition: Book & Map
File Details: PDF, 4.77 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
 Chicago
2005
by Elizabeth Canning Blackwell

Here’s what the critics say about Frommer’s:

“Amazingly easy to use. Very portable, very complete.”
—Booklist

“Detailed, accurate, and easy-to-read information for all price ranges.”

—Glamour Magazine

“Hotel information is close to encyclopedic.”

—Des Moines Sunday Register

“Frommer’s Guides have a way of giving you a real feel for a place.”
—Knight Ridder Newspapers
 Chicago
2005
by Elizabeth Canning Blackwell

Here’s what the critics say about Frommer’s:

“Amazingly easy to use. Very portable, very complete.”
—Booklist

“Detailed, accurate, and easy-to-read information for all price ranges.”

—Glamour Magazine

“Hotel information is close to encyclopedic.”

—Des Moines Sunday Register

“Frommer’s Guides have a way of giving you a real feel for a place.”
—Knight Ridder Newspapers
About the Author
Elizabeth Canning Blackwell began life on the East Coast, but 4 years at North-
western University transformed her into a Midwesterner. She has worked as a writer
and editor at Encyclopedia Brittanica, Northwestern University Medical School, the
Chicago Tribune, and North Shore, a lifestyle magazine for the Chicago suburbs. She
also has written for national magazines on everything from planning the perfect
wedding to fighting a duel. She lives just outside the city with her husband, daugh-
ter, and an extensive collection of long underwear.
Published by:

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

111 River St.
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
Copyright © 2005 Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights
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Wiley and the Wiley Publishing logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of
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ISBN 0-7645-7289-X
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5 4 3 2 1
 Contents
List of Maps vi

What’s New in Chicago 1

1 The Best of Chicago 5

1 Frommer’s Favorite Chicago 2 Best Hotel Bets . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 3 Best Dining Bets . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The Best Chicago Websites . . . . .8 4 Most Overrated Bets . . . . . . . . .13

2 A Traveler’s Guide to Chicago’s Architecture 15

by Lisa Torrance
1 Richardsonian Romanesque Master Builders: Sullivan,
(1870–1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Wright & Mies . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2 Early Skyscrapers 4 Beaux Arts (1890–1920) . . . . . .22
(1880–1920) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 5 Art Deco (1925–33) . . . . . . . . .23
3 Second Renaissance Revival 6 International Style (1932–45) . . .23
(1890–1920) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
7 Postmodern (1975–90) . . . . . . .24

3 Planning Your Trip to Chicago 26

1 Visitor Information . . . . . . . . . .26 Frommers.com: The Complete
2 Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Travel Resource . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3 When to Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 8 The 21st-Century Traveler . . . . .41
Chicago Calendar of Events . . .28 9 Getting There . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Major Convention Dates . . . . . .33 10 Packages for the Independent
Traveler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
4 Travel Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . .35
11 Tips on Accommodations . . . . .47
5 Health & Safety . . . . . . . . . . . .35
12 Recommended
6 Specialized Travel Resources . . .36
Reading & Films . . . . . . . . . . . .48
7 Planning Your Trip Online . . . . .39

4 For International Visitors 50

1 Preparing for Your Trip . . . . . . .50 Fact Facts: For the
2 Getting to the U.S. . . . . . . . . . .56 International Traveler . . . . . . . .58
3 Getting Around the
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
iv CONTENTS

5 Getting to Know the Windy City 63

1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Sky Train: Chicago’s El . . . . . . .75
A River Runs Through It . . . . . .64 How to Get to McCormick
Neighborhoods in Brief . . . . . . .66 Place Conference Center . . . . . .77
2 Getting Around . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Fact Facts: Chicago . . . . . . . . .78

6 Where to Stay 81
1 The Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 4 River North . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
2 South Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 5 The Gold Coast . . . . . . . . . . .102
Family-Friendly Hotels . . . . . . . .90 6 Lincoln Park &
3 Near North & the the North Side . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Magnificent Mile . . . . . . . . . . .91 7 Near McCormick Place . . . . . .105

7 Where to Dine 106

1 Restaurants by Cuisine . . . . . .107 Only in Chicago . . . . . . . . . . .134
2 The Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 5 River North . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Family-Friendly Restaurants . . .119 Breakfast & Brunch . . . . . . . .144
3 The Randolph Street Dining Alfresco . . . . . . . . . . .146
Market District . . . . . . . . . . . .120 6 Lincoln Park & Old Town . . . . .149
Ethnic Dining near the Loop . . .124 Taste of Thai . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
4 The Magnificent Mile & 7 Wrigleyville &
the Gold Coast . . . . . . . . . . . .126 the North Side . . . . . . . . . . . .157
A Spot of Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 8 Wicker Park/Bucktown . . . . . .160
Dessert Tour . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

8 Exploring Chicago 166

Suggested Itineraries . . . . . . .166 4 Lincoln Park Attractions . . . . .186
1 In & Around the Loop: 5 Exploring Hyde Park: The
The Art Institute, the Museum of Science and
Sears Tower & Grant Park . . . .167 Industry & More . . . . . . . . . . .189
Oprah in Person . . . . . . . . . . .172 6 More Museums . . . . . . . . . . .197
Museum Free Days . . . . . . . . .177 7 Exploring the ’Burbs . . . . . . . .200
2 The Earth, the Sky & the Sea: Wright’s Oak Park . . . . . . . . .202
The Big Three in the Grant 8 Kid Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Park Museum Campus . . . . . .179
9 Sightseeing Tours . . . . . . . . . .210
The Pride of Prairie Avenue . . .182
10 Staying Active . . . . . . . . . . . .216
3 North of the Loop: The
11 In the Grandstand: Watching
Magnificent Mile & Beyond . . .183
Chicago’s Athletic Events . . . .219
 CONTENTS v

9 Shopping 222
1 Shopping the Magnificent Chic Boutiques . . . . . . . . . . . .234
Mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 3 Shopping A to Z . . . . . . . . . . .236
2 More Shopping
Neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . .228

10 Chicago After Dark 248

1 The Performing Arts . . . . . . . .248 4 The Club Scene . . . . . . . . . . .272
2 Comedy & Improv . . . . . . . . .260 Late-Night Bites . . . . . . . . . . .275
An Escape from 5 The Bar & Cafe Scene . . . . . . .276
the Multiplex . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 6 The Gay & Lesbian Scene . . . .287
3 The Music Scene . . . . . . . . . .262

Appendix: Chicago in Depth 289

1 History 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Chicago & the Great
Dateline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Black Migration . . . . . . . . . . .296
2 The Politics of Clout . . . . . . . .294

Index 299
General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Restaurant Index . . . . . . . . . . .307
Accommodations Index . . . . . .307
 List of Maps

Chicago & Vicinity 6 & Wrigleyville 150

Chicago’s Most Important Dining in Wicker Park/Bucktown
Buildings 16 161
Chicago’s Layout 67 Chicago Attractions 168
Chicago’s Neighborhoods 69 The Loop Sculpture Tour 173
Downtown El & Subway Hyde Park Attractions 191
Stations 73 Oak Park Attractions 201
Where to Stay in Chicago 84 Magnificent Mile Shopping 223
Dining in the Loop & Randolph Lincoln Park & Wrigleyville
Street Market District 113 After Dark 264
The Magnificent Mile, the Gold Wicker Park/Bucktown
Coast & River North Dining After Dark 285
127
Dining in Lincoln Park, Old Town
An Invitation to the Reader
In researching this book, we discovered many wonderful places—hotels, restaurants,
shops, and more. We’re sure you’ll find others. Please tell us about them, so we can share
the information with your fellow travelers in upcoming editions. If you were disappointed
with a recommendation, we’d love to know that, too. Please write to:
Frommer’s Chicago 2005
Wiley Publishing, Inc. • 111 River St. • Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774

An Additional Note
Please be advised that travel information is subject to change at any time—and this is
especially true of prices. We therefore suggest that you write or call ahead for confirma-
tion when making your travel plans. The authors, editors, and publisher cannot be held
responsible for the experiences of readers while traveling. Your safety is important to us,
however, so we encourage you to stay alert and be aware of your surroundings. Keep a
close eye on cameras, purses, and wallets, all favorite targets of thieves and pickpockets.

Acknowledgments
Thanks to Lisa Lebowicz—I couldn’t have done this without you! And thanks also to
nightlife correspondent Jessica Sectzer for contributions to chapter 10.

Other Great Guides for Your Trip:

Frommer’s Memorable Walks in Chicago
Frommer’s Chicago with Kids
Chicago For Dummies
The Unofficial Guide to Chicago
The Irreverent Guide to Chicago
Frommer’s Portable Chicago
Frommer’s USA
Frommer’s Star Ratings, Icons & Abbreviations
Every hotel, restaurant, and attraction listing in this guide has been ranked for quality,
value, service, amenities, and special features using a star-rating system. In country, state,
and regional guides, we also rate towns and regions to help you narrow down your choices
and budget your time accordingly. Hotels and restaurants are rated on a scale of zero (rec-
ommended) to three stars (exceptional). Attractions, shopping, nightlife, towns, and
regions are rated according to the following scale: zero stars (recommended), one star
(highly recommended), two stars (very highly recommended), and three stars (must-see).
In addition to the star-rating system, we also use seven feature icons that point you
to the great deals, in-the-know advice, and unique experiences that separate travelers from
tourists. Throughout the book, look for:

Finds Special finds—those places only insiders know about

Fun Fact Fun facts—details that make travelers more informed and their trips
more fun

Kids Best bets for kids and advice for the whole family

Moments Special moments—those experiences that memories are made of

Overrated Places or experiences not worth your time or money

Tips Insider tips—great ways to save time and money

Value Great values—where to get the best deals

The following abbreviations are used for credit cards:

AE American Express DISC Discover V Visa
DC Diners Club MC MasterCard

Frommers.com
Now that you have the guidebook to a great trip, visit our website at www.frommers.com
for travel information on more than 3,000 destinations. With features updated regularly,
we give you instant access to the most current trip-planning information available. At
Frommers.com, you’ll also find the best prices on airfares, accommodations, and car
rentals—and you can even book travel online through our travel booking partners. At
Frommers.com, you’ll also find the following:
• Online updates to our most popular guidebooks
• Vacation sweepstakes and contest giveaways
• Newsletter highlighting the hottest travel trends
• Online travel message boards with featured travel discussions
 What’s New in Chicago
H as Chicago finally gotten over its
“Second City” inferiority complex?
who” of luxury shopping destinations
along the city’s fabled Magnificent
Sure looks like it. The city is boom- Mile. A busy convention trade has
ing, bursting with restaurants, hotels, sparked hotel construction, and the
and shops in every price range. In city’s eclectic mix of restaurants has
Grant Park, the massive Millennium gained an international reputation,
Park complex—Chicago’s largest pub- with star chefs such as Charlie Trotter
lic-works project in decades—has and Rick Bayless showing that
taken shape. Loft condos and trendy Chicago cuisine goes far beyond deep-
bistros have sprung up in formerly dish pizza and bratwurst (although
deserted industrial areas to the south you find plenty of that, too).
and west of the “Loop,” the down- But the Second City complex still
town business district encircled by lurks just beneath the surface. Chicago
elevated train tracks. Walk around still feels that it has something to
Chicago these days, and you’ll feel an prove, and continues to build great
undeniable energy, a sense that the new parks, hotels, restaurants, and
town is on a roll. stores. Visitors find that Chicagoans
This isn’t the first time Chicago has like myself will readily brag about our
reinvented itself. From the ashes of hometown’s latest and greatest. Get us
the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, talking, and we’ll keep going, full of
Chicagoans not only rebuilt—they suggestions about what you should do
reached for the heavens with the first and eager to help you enjoy your visit.
steel-frame skyscrapers. Before too (Remember, it’s called the “Windy
long, a frontier trading town was City” after our bombastic politicians,
transformed into a center of interna- not our much-maligned weather.) So
tional business, and Chicago proudly without further ado, let me tell you
showed off its new muscle by hosting what we locals consider the best new
the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago experiences.
1893, a massive fair that celebrated PLANNING YOUR TRIP TO
the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s CHICAGO For a free, personalized
arrival in the New World. Legendary tour of the city, sign up for a new pro-
Chicago architect and urban planner gram called Chicago Greeter (& 312/
Daniel Burnham summed up the city’s 744-8000; www.chicagogreeter.com),
attitude at the turn of the 20th cen- which matches tourists with local vol-
tury: “Make no little plans. They have unteer guides. You can request a spe-
no magic to stir men’s blood.” cific neighborhood or theme (Polish
Today Chicago continues to think heritage sites, famous architecture,
big, creating such attractions as an Chicago movie locations, and so on)
easy-to-navigate Museum Campus; for a group of up to six people. Spe-
lively Navy Pier; a resurrected North cific requests should be made at least a
Loop theater district; and a “who’s
2 W H AT ’ S N E W

Impressions
Hog butcher for the world,
Tool maker, stacker of wheat,
Player with railroads and the nation’s freight handler;
Stormy, husky, brawling,
City of the big shoulders.
—Carl Sandburg, “Chicago,” from Chicago Poems (1916)

week in advance, but “InstaGreeters” takes inspiration from the Japanese

are also available on a first-come, first- immigrants who moved to Peru and
served basis at the Chicago Cultural Brazil in the early 20th century, even-
Center, 77 E. Randolph St., Friday tually creating a cuisine that mixed
through Sunday. their native Asian dishes with South
If you plan to travel around town American ingredients. A highlight of
by El (our local subway system) or the menu are the creative “samba
bus, be aware that the fare has gone up rolls,” which combine the traditional
to $1.75 per ride. Buses still only sticky-rice-and-seaweed wrapping with
accept exact change or farecards. unexpected fillings (try the El Topo, a
For more details on planning your mix of salmon, jalapeño pepper, fresh
trip, see chapters 3 and 5. melted mozzarella, and crispy onions).
WHERE TO STAY The new Hard But it’s the restaurant’s dramatic, col-
Rock Hotel Chicago, 230 N. Michi- orful interior that has made this the
gan Ave. (& 312/345-1000) promises current “it” scene for trendy young
to bring some rock-’n’-roll attitude to Chicagoans. At Vermilion, 10 W.
staid Michigan Avenue. A complete Hubbard St. (& 312/527-4060), the
gut rehab of the historic Carbide and menu mixes Indian and Latin Ameri-
Carbon Building (one of the city’s first can dishes (empanadas with mango-
skyscrapers), the Hard Rock plays up coconut chutney, ceviche with Indian
the music theme: pop tunes echo spices, tandoori skirt steak served on
throughout the lobby and TV moni- sautéed garlic spinach with fried plan-
tors show videos. But you’re not likely tain). Don’t expect the usual Indian
to run into too many genuine rock restaurant decor, either; the dining
stars here—so far, the clientele is room is sleek and sophisticated, with-
mostly younger, slightly hipper busi- out a photo of the Taj Mahal in sight.
ness travelers. The lobby bar, Base, The newest star on the fine-dining
comes into its own after dark, with scene is Homaro Cantu, and serious
live music or DJs until 4am—making foodies call weeks in advance to make
it one of the few late-night options in sure they have reservations at his
the Loop. restaurant Moto, 945 W. Fulton Mar-
See chapter 6 for more on Chicago ket Ave. (& 312/491-0058). Cantu
accommodations. believes dining should be a feast for all
the senses—even going so far as using
WHERE TO DINE Two of the custom-designed silverware and serv-
hottest new restaurants in River North ing dishes to ensure that diners experi-
have menus that sound like desperate- ence food in a new way (for example,
to-be-hip gimmicks—until you actu- fresh herbs twisted around corkscrew-
ally taste the food. SushiSamba Rio, shaped spoons allow you to breathe in
504 N. Wells St. (& 312/595-2300), the aroma with every bite).
 W H AT ’ S N E W 3

Another twist on gourmet dining is Zoo and the world-famous Great Ape
Green Zebra, 1460 W. Chicago Ave. House, which was completely rebuilt
(& 312/243-7100), a mostly vegetar- this year to give the zoo’s families of
ian restaurant on the far west fringes gorillas and chimps more outdoor liv-
of River North. The newest spot from ing space.
chef Shawn McClain, who won raves For more details on Chicago’s
at Spring in Wicker Park, Green Zebra attractions, see chapter 8.
features “small plates” of veggie SHOPPING The newest, coolest
delights, from fennel risotto cake with shopping destination is West Divi-
a syrah reduction to Hawaiian heart of sion Street, an up-and-coming stretch
palm with kaffir lime and Thai basil of cafes and one-of-a-kind clothing
chili. Count on ordering at least two boutiques west of Milwaukee Avenue.
miniportions if you want to fill up Shops such as Penelope’s, 1913 W.
(which means this vegetarian doesn’t Division St. (& 773/395-2351), and
come cheap). But it’s a much-needed Public I, 1923 W. Division St.
haven for non-meat eaters with (& 773/772-9088), stock cutting-
sophisticated tastes. edge must-haves for the young trendy
See chapter 7 for more on Chicago types who are steadily moving into the
restaurants. neighborhood.
EXPLORING CHICAGO Millen- In Bucktown, hipsters are heading
nium Park, at the north end of Grant to The T-Shirt Deli, 1739 N. Damen
Park along Michigan Avenue, is the Ave. (& 773/276-6266), for retro-
city’s newest urban showpiece. The cool, one-of-a-kind creations. Flip
architectural highlight of the park is through hundreds of vintage logos
the Frank Gehry–designed Pritzker and slogans to design your own so-
Music Pavilion, home of the free sum- kitschy-it’s-cool look, then wait for
mer music concerts performed by the your “order” to be delivered (all shirts
Grant Park Symphony Orchestra. come in a paper bag with a bag of
Another popular attraction is the huge potato chips).
elliptical sculpture by British artist For more on shopping, see chap-
Anish Kapoor (his first public work in ter 9.
the U.S.). CHICAGO AFTER DARK Chica-
One of the most famous exhibits at go’s dance troupes are now getting the
The Museum of Science and Indus- respect they deserve, thanks to the
try, 57th Street and Lake Shore Drive new Harris Theater for Music and
(& 773/684-1414), is the U-505, a Dance, 205 E. Randolph Dr. (& 312/
German submarine captured at the 334-7777). Dance companies that
end of World War II. Years of sitting previously had to perform at various
outside took their toll; after a year of venues around town now have their
renovations, the sub goes back on dis- own performance space, which should
play in a new, climate-controlled bring higher profiles and more loyal
exhibit. audiences.
Animal lovers should also check out Is it a bar? A place to hear live
the Lincoln Park Zoo (2200 N. Can- music? A home for wacky New Age
non Dr., at Fullerton Pkwy., & 312/ drumming therapy? Rhythm, 1108
742-2000), which has been steadily W. Randolph St. (& 312/492-6100),
upgrading almost all its animal envi- isn’t easy to categorize. Yes, they host
ronments. The latest areas to receive “drumming circles” on weekends, but
makeovers are the Pritzker Children’s the place feels more like a modern
4 W H AT ’ S N E W

cocktail lounge than a hippie hide- sophisticated nightlife options. Paving

away. And the eclectic mix of concerts the way is Tryst, 3485 N. Clark St.
makes this a place for music lovers of (& 773/755-3980), a lounge with a
all types. cool, slick look—but thankfully no
Wrigleyville—a neighborhood attitude.
crammed with sports bars—is finally, For more on Chicago’s after-dark
gradually, making room for more options, see chapter 10.
 1
The Best of Chicago
A city as large and diverse as Chicago offers almost too many options; here
you’ll find hotels, restaurants, and cultural offerings to suit every style (not to
mention budget). But if narrowing down all your choices seems daunting, never
fear. Consider this your cheat sheet to the very best of the city, the places we
natives steer our out-of-town relatives to when they want to experience the “real”
Chicago. Some are well-known tourist attractions; others are insider secrets. But
all are places and experiences that truly sum up our city. Happy exploring!

1 Frommer’s Favorite Chicago Experiences

• Studying the Skyline: The birth- tall-masted schooner. Or, if you
place of the modern skyscraper, feel like putting your own wind in
Chicago is the perfect place to some sails, rent one of the boats
learn about—and appreciate— from the Chicago Sailing Club in
these dramatic buildings that Belmont Harbor. See the “Staying
reach for the sky. A good way to Active” section in chapter 8,
ground yourself in the city’s his- beginning on p. 216.
tory is to take an architectural • Listening to Music Under the
tour—by foot, bus, bike, or boat. Stars: Pack a picnic and take the
See “Sightseeing Tours,” begin- train (or drive) to the Ravinia Fes-
ning on p. 210. tival in Highland Park, summer
• Getting Lost at the Art Institute: home of the Chicago Symphony,
This vast art museum offers myr- or stay in town to enjoy the free
iad places for private meditation. concerts presented in the city’s
Internationally known for its front yard, Grant Park. See p. 207
French Impressionist collection, and 250.
the Art Institute can also transport • Getting the Blues: Here in the
you to Renaissance Italy, ancient world capital of the blues, you’ve
China, or any number of other got your pick of places to feel
worlds. See p. 170. them, from the collegiate atmos-
• Chilling Out on the Lakefront: phere of Kingston Mines in Lin-
It really is cooler by the lake— coln Park, where musicians
meteorologically and metaphori- perform continuously on two
cally. There are 29 miles of stages, to the earthy roadhouse
lakefront for biking, ’blading, or New Checkerboard Lounge on the
simply being, so get out there and South Side, where neighborhood
contemplate Chicago’s very own locals mingle with the tourists,
ocean. To experience Chicago to blues lovers all. See “The Music
its fullest, don’t just sit on the Scene,” beginning on p. 262.
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Right in Tendency and Right in Motive.

Mankind in all ages and in all languages speak of certain acts as

right or wrong in reference to their tendency or their effect on
human happiness, and without reference to the intention of the
author. Thus they affirm that the stealing and selling of men is
wrong, whatever may be the motives of the slave trader.

Again, they speak of acts as right or wrong in reference to the

motive or intention of the author. Thus they say a man who
sacrificed his wealth and reputation, rather than to violate his
conscience, acted right as to motive, although he was mistaken in
his views of duty, so that his act, as it respects its tendency, may
have been wrong.
Right General Purpose.

Again, it has been shown that a man may form a general purpose to
act right in obeying all the laws of God as discoverable by reason or
revelation. This general purpose may be a quiet, abiding principle, so
as to regulate the thoughts and emotions, and may control [pg 138]
most of the specific choices of a whole succeeding life. The main
purpose, or chief end of such a man is to bring all his thoughts,
words, and actions into perfect agreement with the rules of
rectitude. In reference to this and his consequent conduct, his would
be denominated a virtuous character.

No one will deny that this is a correct statement of the use of terms
by mankind in every-day life. Thus then we have gained the
following definitions as established, not by metaphysicians and
theologians, but by the people.
Definitions.

A right moral act, as it respects its tendencies, is one in which the

thing chosen is for the best good of all concerned.

A right moral act, as to motive, is one in which the intention of the

actor is to conform to the rules of rectitude.

A meritorious or praiseworthy act is one in which there is some

sacrifice of feeling, either immediate or remote, in order to conform
to law.

A virtuous act is one in which that which is chosen is right, both in

tendency and in motive.

A virtuous character is one in which a general purpose exists to obey

all the rules of rectitude. The degree of virtue is dependent on a
correct judgment of what is right or wrong, and the strength or
measure of the general purpose in controlling all other purposes.
Some men carry out a general purpose much more steadily and
consistently than others, and some men have much more correct
ideas of what is right and wrong in conduct than others.

[pg 139]
The natural character of a man is that which results from his
constitutional powers and faculties of mind, of which God is the
author.

The moral character of a man is all that results from his own willing.

Our highest idea of a virtuous character, as gained by experience

and observation, is that of a mind so trained to habits of self-control
and obedience to rule, that it has become easier to obey the laws of
rectitude, than to gratify any excited desire, however imperative,
which is seen to violate law.

Thus, then, it is shown that a virtuous character consists, not in the

nature of the mind which is given by God, but in the purposes,
habits, and feelings generated by voluntary acts, of which the man
himself is the author; God being the cause or author, of this virtue
only as he is the Creator of mind and of all its circumstances of
temptation and trial.

In regard to the formation of a virtuous character, as a matter of

experience, it usually results from a slow and gradual process of
training and development. The general purpose to obey all the laws
of rectitude originates, as a general fact, not as a definitely formed
purpose, whose time of inception can be distinctly marked. Yet it is
not unfrequently the case that persons who have passed a life of
unrestrained indulgence, by some marked and powerful influence,
are suddenly led to a decided and definitely marked purpose of
virtuous obedience, and carry out this purpose with great success.

Any such sudden change, in popular language, would be called “the

commencement of a new life.” And when this sudden change takes
place under the [pg 140] influence of motives presented in the Bible,
it is called by one class of theologians the “new birth” or
“regeneration.”
Is True Virtue Possible before Regeneration?

In the discussions which are to follow, it will be found that almost

every point debated involves, as a foundation question, “what is true
virtue?” And the grand question at issue between the system of
common sense and the teachings of all theologians who uphold the
Augustine theory, is this: is true virtue possible to an unregenerate
mind? Theology says no, common sense says yes. Theology teaches
that previous to regeneration every voluntary act of every human
mind is “sin, and only sin.” Common sense maintains, on the
contrary, that every voluntary act which is in agreement with the
best good of all concerned, when the intention is to act right, is
virtuous without any regard to the question of the regeneration of
the mind. In other words, theology teaches that true virtue is the
right voluntary action of a mind after its “nature” is changed by God,
and common sense teaches that true virtue is the right voluntary
action of any mind without any change in its nature.

The discussion of this point involves the further consideration of

certain mental experiences which will shed some light on the
subject. It will be found that in case of all persons who are said to
“act on principle,” or to be “conscientious persons,” that, in the
greater portion of their voluntary acts, they have no conscious
immediate reference to the rules of rectitude. There seems to be an
unconscious general purpose to [pg 141] act right on all occasions,
which becomes obvious only when a case occurs involving a
seeming violation of the rules of rectitude. At such times the mind
becomes conscious of its ruling purpose. But the greater portion of
all the daily acts of life have been decided upon as in agreement
with the all-controlling general purpose, and a man chooses to do
many things in which he has no conscious reference to rule. And still
such acts have, in past time, been subjects of reflection in reference
to the question of right and wrong, and have been decided to be
right, and it is in consequence of this decision that the mind no
longer considers these questions with a conscious reference to rule.

The distinction between what is denominated “a man of principle”

and an “unprincipled man,” is simply this, that the former is one who
has formed habits of self-regulation by the rules of rectitude, and
the latter has not.

This mental analysis is important in reference to deciding the

character of a virtuous action.

A virtuous act, as defined above, is one in which the thing chosen is

right and the motive is right. But it is not indispensable that the
person who performs the act should be immediately conscious of a
reference to rule in each right specific volition. It is sufficient that
the mind be under the control of a ruling purpose of rectitude, so
that all the subordinate minor purposes are in fact regulated, though
unconsciously, by this purpose.

It is at this point that the class of theologians who make

regeneration to include a voluntary act on the part of man, are in
antagonism with the experience [pg 142] and common sense of
mankind. Such maintain that every act of every human being is “sin,
and only sin,” until a ruling purpose is formed to obey God as the
chief end, and one also which is actually more efficient and stronger
in controlling the ordinary acts of life than the purpose to gratify self.
Previous to the existence of this general purpose, they maintain that
every act of self-denial or self-sacrifice for the good of others is “sin,
and only sin.” According to their theory, choosing that which is right
because it is right, is not a virtuous act until a ruling purpose of
universal obedience to God is formed.

That is to say, it is the ruling purpose, or the want of a ruling

purpose to obey God in all things, which decides the character of
every specific act of choice. Thus if a child is trained to be honest,
truthful, and self-denying, and succeeds very often in conforming to
such instructions, there is no true virtue in any such acts until a
ruling purpose of obedience to God is generated, which is habitually
more controlling than the impulses of self-indulgence. This is the
point where the people and theologians are at issue.

The people insist that every act is virtuous when the thing chosen is
right and the intention is right, even before the mind of a child has
attained a ruling purpose of universal obedience. Theologians say
no; such acts are “sin, and only sin,” in the sight of God.8

It will be shown hereafter that the theory of theology on this subject

is not carried out consistently in practice, but that in the early
training of little children theologians contradict their own theory and
adopt that of the people.

[pg 143]
Perfectness in Construction and Perfectness in Action
and Character.

In a previous chapter we have seen [p. 103] that our idea of

perfectness in moral character and action always has reference to
power. In a system where evil is actually existing, we regard a
contrivance or an action as perfect when there is no power in God or
man to make it better, even when evil is involved. A being is perfect
in character and in action when his purpose is to do the best
possible for all concerned, and when this purpose is carried out to
the full extent of his power.

We have shown in the preceding chapter that the mind of man is

perfect in nature or construction as being better fitted to its place in
the best possible system of mind than it would be by any change
possible either to God or man.

The preceding pages of this chapter enable us to point out what is

the perfect moral character of minds which are perfect in
construction. It consists in a ruling purpose to discover and to obey
all the laws of the Creator, which is carried out to the full extent of
power in the one who thus purposes.

It has been shown that the Creator himself is limited by the eternal
nature of things to a system which, though the best possible, makes
him, in one sense, the author of some evil, both natural and moral.
He is the author only as the Creator of all things, and thus the
author of all the consequent results of creation, even of those that
are morally evil. In this sense alone is he the author of either natural
or moral evil.
The infinite and eternal mind of God is limited, not [pg 144] by want
of wisdom and knowledge, but by the eternal nature of things of
which his own existence and natural attributes are a part. But finite
minds are limited by a want of knowledge and wisdom which can be
the result only of experience and training. For the want of this
knowledge and training every finite mind, so far as we can discover
by reason and experience, must inevitably violate the laws of God.
And yet any mind may be perfect in moral character and action in
exactly the same sense as God is perfect, (i.e.) it may form and
carry out a purpose to conform to the laws of the existing system of
things to the full extent of its knowledge and power. When this
purpose is formed and carried out to the full measure of ability, the
finite creature becomes “perfect, even as our Father which is in
heaven is perfect.”
Common Sense Theory of the Origin of Evil.

What then is the cause or origin of evil as taught by reason and

experience?

It is the eternal nature of things existing independently of the will of

the Creator or of any other being.

What is the cause of the existence of this created system? It is the

will of the Creator.

What is the cause or reason why God willed that this system should
be as it is, with all the evil that exists? It is because it is the best
system possible in the nature of things.

What is the cause or reason that any given event, however evil, is
not prevented by God? It is because any change that would prevent
it, would alter the best possible system, and thus make more evil
than the one thus prevented.

[pg 145]
Chapter XXIII. Laws and Penalties—Sin
and Holiness.

The laws of God, in regard to voluntary action, are those invariable

arrangements in mind and matter by which happiness or pain are
connected with certain feelings and actions.

Thus it is an invariable arrangement that pain shall be connected

with touching fire, and pleasure with seeing the light. So in regard to
the intellect; pleasure is invariably connected with the exercise of wit
and humor, and disgust with folly and fatuity. So the moral sense is
invariably pleased with truth, justice, and integrity, and pained by
the opposite.

Whenever, therefore, we discover what invariably affords pleasure or

pain, we discover one of the laws of God.

To discover these laws, and to believe in them, is as indispensable to

the right action of mind as light is indispensable to perfect eyes in
order to see.

The first lesson of every new-born spirit is to discover the laws that
relate to its own enjoyment. Whenever a child chooses any thing
which secures enjoyment without harm to itself or to others, it is
acting as its Creator designed, and this action is therefore right. And
whenever it chooses what will cause needless pain to itself or to
others, it acts wrong. Most of the choices of a little child are of what
is right as giving enjoyment without harm.
The grand law of God, as learned by experience, is that every mind
must sacrifice the lesser for the greater [pg 146] good in gratifying
its own desires. When the interests of others are not concerned, the
child must always choose not what it desires the most, but what is
best for itself. It is the first labor of the educator to make a child
understand and obey this first part of the law of sacrifice.

But where the feelings and interests of others are involved, the law
of God is, that the lesser good of the individual shall always be
sacrificed to the greater good of the many. Each mind of the great
commonwealth is to act, not to make self-gratification the first thing,
but to make the greatest possible happiness with the least possible
evil for the whole commonwealth the predominant purpose. And
such is the system of the Creator that whatever is for the best good
of the whole is for the best good of each individual.

Thus it appears that obedience to the laws of God, physical,

intellectual, social, and moral, is to be chosen as the ruling purpose
of each mind. And this is the mode by which all rational beings are
to promote the end or design for which all things are made, (i.e.,)
happiness-making on the greatest possible scale for the great
commonwealth.

Now it is very certain that no human mind is able, by its own solitary
investigations, to discover all the physical, intellectual, social, and
moral laws of God.

Many of these laws we can learn by experience, but for the greater
portion we are dependent on the instruction of others. Therefore
truth on the part of educators, and faith on the part of the learners
are as indispensable to the right action of mind as is light to the
right action of the eye in seeing. Not a “dead,” [pg 147] merely
intellectual belief, but a “saving faith” that controls the feelings and
conduct.
We now are enabled to define the kind of inability as to obeying the
laws of God, which inevitably attends every mind that commences its
existence in this world. As yet there have never been perfectly true
educators of young minds, while perfect faith, that is to say, “saving
faith,” in the teachings that are true is as much wanting. The young
child can not be made to understand, and therefore can not believe,
or have faith in many of the laws of God and the penalties
connected with them. This no one will deny.
Several Classes of Moral Actions.

There are several classes of moral actions. The first class includes
those which in all cases destroy the best good of man. Of these are
wanton cruelty to helpless creatures, and ingratitude in returning
needless evil for good. In regard to such the mind, by its very
constitutional impulses, revolts from them and feels them to be
wrong without any process of reasoning. So also all those actions
that in all cases cause enjoyment without evil, are instinctively felt to
be right without any reflection.

But there are many actions that are entirely dependent on

circumstances for their moral character. Thus to punish a little child
in one case would be cruel and wrong, in another it might be
benevolent and right. To take a woman, when not married to
another, for a wife is right, but wrong if she is married. And so with
thousands of other actions.

Again, some actions that do no harm to any individual at a given

time, are wrong because they would [pg 148] be destructive to
general happiness, if generally allowed; or, in other words, they are
wrong in tendency. Thus, in a given case, a lie might do a great deal
of good and no immediate harm. And yet it would be wrong,
because leaving it to every man's discretion when it was best to lie
would in the end destroy all confidence in human testimony.

Again, many of the laws of God can be discovered only by long

experience of many communities. As soon as experience has shown
that any practice will do more harm than good, then the law of God
is discovered and it becomes obligatory. Thus the question of
polygamy has been settled. Thus, too, the vending of alcoholic
drinks has been decided to be wrong as a general practice.

Here comes up the distinction between wrong choices that deserve

blame and punishment, and those that do not. In the natural system
of the Creator all violations of law are followed by the natural
penalties without any reference to the motives, knowledge, or ability
of the agent. All questions among men, as to blame and retribution,
have reference to the adding of other penalties and rewards in the
present or future state. It is only in regard to such that the questions
of blame, of justice, and of mercy are to be debated. Without
revelation we have no evidence that the natural penalties of law are
ever suspended, either as a matter of justice or mercy. In the case
of great crimes and wrongs, that additional penalties are to follow in
a future state is what all men fear, and this it is which induces self-
inflictions to secure pardon for sin.

Now these are distinctions existing in all rational minds, and are
continually referred to in every-day [pg 149] life. But it is impossible
for any but an omniscient being to decide on all the motives that
regulate the actions of others, while even our own motives are often
so hidden and complex that we are blinded as to their true character.

The language of common life does not always recognize these

distinctions. When a wrong action is done the actor is called a
wrong-doer, and is blamed for the deed. And the fact that he
believed that he was acting right, and even that he practices self-
denial in performing what is imagined to be a duty, though it
palliates, does not ordinarily end all displeasure. For in multitudes of
cases the ignorance of duty results from pride or selfish neglect of
inquiry. And few are competent to decide how far the ignorance is a
misfortune and not a fault.

It is owing to this fact that most of the language of life assumes that
all violations of law are blamably wrong, and are to be punished
here or hereafter. In the most common use of the term, “sin is the
transgression of law.” At the same time men recognize the distinction
between sins of ignorance and willful sin.
Sin and Holiness.

The preceding, then, warrants the definition of sin as “the

transgression of law,” whether known or unknown. The question of
the rectitude of penalties added to the natural consequences of
violated laws, is confined to those sins which are attended by a
knowledge of law and ability to understand and obey.

These distinctions and definitions are important because a large

class of theologians maintain that sin is [pg 150] the voluntary
transgression of known law, and make this definition the foundation
of their assertion that all men have power to be perfect in
conformity to all law, meaning by this all the laws of God that they
know and believe. On this theory sin is the transgression of known
law, and not of that which is unknown. And on this theory one way
to keep children from sin would be to keep them in ignorance of
God's laws.

The writer maintains that this limited use is not the common
meaning. Mankind do not stop to settle the question whether men
were ignorant of what was right, before they decide that they sin.
Often such ignorance results from an unwillingness or indolence that
prevents attention, and few can decide how far our ignorance of law
results from guilty neglect. It is true that when a perfect and
innocent inability to know law is proved, the added penalties of
statute law are remitted. But still the natural penalties are
unremitted.

The word holy in its original use signifies set apart or consecrate to
the special service of some deity. Thus the vessels of a temple, the
priests and the building are called holy in this sense. In reference to
moral acts or choices, this term is used as recognizing the fact that a
mind may be voluntarily consecrated or devoted to the service of
God by right action, or obedience to his laws. God himself is called
holy on the supposition that there are rules of right and wrong in the
nature of things, independent of his will, and that his will is
conformed to these rules, while men are called holy in reference
chiefly to the will or service of their Creator.

In the Creator holiness signifies perfect voluntary conformity to that

which is for the best according to the [pg 151] eternal nature of
things. In men perfect holiness is perfect conformity of will to the
laws or will of God, both absolutely and in motive or intention. A
mind is consecrated to God when its ruling purpose is to obey him in
all things. In this use of the term holiness in man, is what can not be
created, as it is a voluntary act of his own mind.

The question whether Adam was created with “a holy nature,” while
his posterity begin existence here with an “unholy nature,” must be
settled by a clear definition of the words employed.

If the term “nature” refers to the construction of the mind itself as

made by God, a holy nature must signify that organization and
combination of the natural powers of mind, which is the best
possible for a mind in its appointed place in the best possible
system.

If, on the contrary, the term “nature” refers to that character of mind
consequent on its own volitions, then a holy nature can be caused or
created only by man himself as the sole producing cause of his own
volitions, God being the author or cause of this nature only in the
sense in which men are causes of voluntary action in other minds,
viz., occasional causes by the use of motives or objects that excite
desires.
Chapter XXIV. Love to God And Love to
Man.

In a former chapter we have noticed the analysis of the principle of

love. It is needful to refer to this [pg 152] again, as intimately
connected with the question of the right moral action of finite minds.

We have seen that love is a complex exercise, its first element being
agreeable emotions in view of certain qualities and actions.
Combined with these emotions co-exists a desire of reciprocated
regard, that is to say, a desire to be the cause of similar agreeable
emotions to the one loved. These are constitutional impulses not at
all consequent on any volition or choice, and as the involuntary
element of love, are properly called involuntary love. Such love can
not be justly demanded except where those qualities are, or can be,
perceived which naturally awaken agreeable emotions. In cases
where the qualities exist that would naturally awaken affection if
noticed, and the want of it is owing to inattention, a proper regard
to such qualities can be justly demanded. But this is the only
particular in which involuntary love can be made the subject of law
and penalties.

But the main element of love, as practically estimated among men,

is such a desire of good to the one loved as involves the good willing
or voluntary effort to please and gratify. If a friend simply is pleased
with our good qualities, and wishes to please us with his naturally
agreeable traits in return, it is of little value in comparison with the
truer love which is shown in voluntary efforts to please and make
happy. This last is the main element of true affection, and properly is
called voluntary love or good willing. Theologians express this
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