Geometry in Figures

second edition

Arseniy Akopyan

2017
Arseniy Akopyan. Geometry in Figures, Second Edition.
This book is a collection of theorems and problems in classical Euclidean
geometry formulated in figures. It is intended for advanced high school and
undergraduate students, teachers and all who like classical geometry.

Cover art created by Maria Zhilkina.

Copyright @20 17 Arseniy Akopyan

All rights reserved.
ISBN-13: 978-1548710781
ISBN: 1548710784
Contents
Elementary theorems . 6
Triangle centers . . . 10
3 Triangle lines . . . . . 16
Elements of a triangle 19
4.1 Altitudes of a triangle 19
4.2 Orthocenter of a triangle 25
4.3 Angle bisectors of a triangle 29
4.4 The symmedian and its properties 34
4.5 Inscribed circles . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6 Inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle 56
4.7 Circles tangent to the circumcircle of a triangle 60
4.8 Circles related to a triangle 66
4.9 Concurrent lines of a triangle . 80
4.10 Right triangles . . . . . . . . . 91
4.11 Theorems about certain angles 94
4.12 Other problems and theorems . 96
5 Quadrilaterals . . . . 102
5.1 Parallelograms . 102
5.2 Trapezoids . . . 104
5.3 Squares . . . . 109
5.4 Circumscribed quadrilaterals 110
5.5 Inscribed quadrilaterals . . 116
5.6 Four points on a circle . . . 120
5. 7 Altitudes in quadrilaterals . 125
6 Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.1 Tangent circles . . . . . . 128
6.2 Monge's theorem and related constructions . 131
6.3 Common tangents of three circles . . . 136
6.4 Butterfly theorem . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.5 Power of a point and related questions 138
6.6 Equal circles . . . . . . . . 142
6. 7 Diameter of a circle . . . . 143
6.8 Constructions from circles 145
6.9 Circles tangent to lines 151
6.10 Miscellaneous problems . 153
7 Projective theorems 160
8 Regular polygons . . . . . . . 163
 8.1 Remarkable properties of the equilateral triangle . 166
9 Appended polygons . . . . . . . 171
10 Chain theorems . . . . . . . . . . . 179
II Remarkable properties of conics . . . 185
11.1 Projective properties of conics 194
11.2 Conics intersecting a triangle . 201
11.3 Remarkable properties of the parabola 204
11.4 Remarkable properties of the rectangular hyperbola 209
12 Remarkable curves . 211
13 Equal areas . 213
14 Comments . . . . . 218
Preface
This bookis a collection of theorems (or rather facts) of classical Euclidean geometry
formulated in figures.
The figures were drawn in such a way that the corresponding statements can be
understood without any additional text.
We usually draw primary lines of each problem using bold lines. Final conclusions
are illustrated by dashed lines. Centers of circles, polygons and foci of conics are
denoted by points with a hole. Bold lines in the section about conics denote directri-
ces of conics.
It is commonly very hard to determine who the author of certain results is. There are
comments at the end of the book, most of which refer to the sources of results. Some
results were discovered by the author while working on this book, but these constructions
are probably not new.
This is a second, extended edition of the book. It includes new problems from recent
mathematical olympiads and additional problems suggested by readers of the first edi-
tion. It has also been pointed out that several of the statements in the first edition were
wrong. I hope the number of errors in the current version is fewer.
It should be mentioned that Bulgarian geometers Stanislav Dimitrov, Lyuben Lichev,
and Stanislav Chobanov have written the book "555 Geometry Problems" with solutions
for most of the problems from the first edition.
I thank Dmitry Shvetsov, Fedor Petrov, Pavel Kozhevnikov, llya Bogdanov, Ivan
Frolov, Konstantin Ivanov, Pierre Deligne, and Tran Quang Hung for useful remarks.
All unnoticed mistakes and inaccuracies are their responsibility. I'm grateful to Mikhail
Vyalyi for helping me to learn the METAPOST system, which was used to draw all the
figures, except the cover which has been made by the admirable Maria Zhilkina.
If you have any comments or remarks or you spot any mistakes, please send an email
to [email protected].

5
1 Elementary theorems
1.1)

L1\ Z\ c
a2+b2=c2

The inscribed angle theorem

1.4)

"' + (J = 180°
1.7) 1.8) Miquel's theorem

6
 1.10)

1.11) 1.12)

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1.13) 1.14)

a/b = xjy

1.16)

a+c=b+d a+c=b+d

7
1.19) 1.20)

"'
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t'
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1.22)

a·c=b·d
1.23) 1.24)

-----.I~-----
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1.25) 1.26)

9
2 Triangle centers

2.1) 2.2)
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------,' M . . . .
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2.3) 2.4) Gergonne point

2.6) Lemoine point

10
2.7) Nagel point 2.8)

2.9) First Torricelli point 2.10) Second TorriceUi point

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2.11) First Apollonins point 2.12) Second Apollonins point

~A~
~' c
c
a·x=b·y=c·z
a·x=b·y=c·z

11
 2.13) First Soddy point 2.14) Second Soddy point

a+x=b+y=c+z

2.15) 2.16) --------

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2.19) 2.20) Bevan point

2.21) First Brocard point 2.22) Second Brocard point

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2.31)

2.32) First Lemoine circle 2.33) Second Lemoine circle

14
Miquel point and its properties
2.34) Miquel point 2.35)
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2.36) Clifford's circle theorem

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15
3 Triangle lines

3. I) Euler line 3.2) Nagel line

3.6) Soddy line

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3. 7) Aubert line 3.8) Gauss line

3.10) Gauss-Bodenmiller theorem

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The Simson line and its properties

3.15)

3.17)

18
4 Elements of a triangle

4.1 Altitudes of a triangle

4.1.1)
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4.1.3) 4.1.4)

4.1.6)

19
 4.1.8)

4.1.9) 4.1.10)

4.1.11) 4.1.12)

4.1.14)

20
4.1.17) 4.1.18)
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4.1.37) 4.1.38)

4.1.40)

4.1.41) 4.1.42)

4.1.43)

24
4.2 Orthocenter of a triangle

4.2.1)

4.2.3)

4.2.6)

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25
 4.2.7)

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4.2.11) 4.2.12)

26
 4.2. 14)

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4.2.15)

4.2. I 7) Droz-Farny's theorem 4.2.18)

27
 4.2.19)

4.2.20)

4.2.21) 4.2.22) Fuhrmann circle

28
4.3 Angle bisectors of a triangle

4.3.2)

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29
 4.3.6)

a+b=c

1
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4.3.7) 4.3.8)

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 4.3.11)

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4.3.12) 4.3.13)

c=a+b

4.3.14) 4.3.15)

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31
4.3.16)

4.3.17) 4.3.18)

4.3.20)

4.3.22)

32
 4.3.24)

4.3.25) 4.3.26)

4.3.27) 4.3.28)
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 4.3.32)

4.3.31)

4.3.33) 4.3.34)

4.4 The symmedian and its properties

4.4.1) 4.4.2)

34
4.4.4) 4.4.5)

4.4.6) 4.4.7)

4.4.8) 4.4.9)

35
4.4.1 0) 4.4.11)

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4.4.15)

36
4.4.16) 4.4.17)

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4.4.18)

4.4.20)
4.4.19)
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4.4.21) 4.4.22)

4.5 Inscribed circles

4.5.1) 4.5.2)

38
4.5.4)

4.5.6) 4.5.7)

4.5.8)

0 '
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4.5.11)

4.5.12)

4.5.13)

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4.5.14)

4.5.15)

4.5.16)

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41
4.5.17)

4.5.18)

4.5.19)

4.5.20)

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 4.5.21)

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4.5.24)

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 4.5.26)

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4.5.28)

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 4.5.29) de Longchamps theorem

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4.5.46) 4.5.47)

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 4.5.52) 4.5.53)

4.5.54) 4.5.55)

4.5.56) 4.5.57)

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4.5.58) 4.5.59)

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4.5.66) 4.5.67)

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4.5.71) 4.5.72)

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4.5.77) 4.5.78)

4.5.80)

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4.5.83) 4.5.84)

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4.5.89)

55
4.5.90) 4.5.91)

4.5.92) 4.5.93)

4.6 Inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle

4.6.1)

56
 . . ··c··

4.6.3)

4.6.5) Euler's formula 4.6.6) Carnot's theorem

.... ·,,

h, + h2 + hg = R +r

4.6.7) 4.6.8)

57
4.6.9)

4.6.14,)_- - -

58
4.6.15) 4.6.16) ------

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4.6.17) 4.6.18)

4.6.20)

4.6.19)

59
4.6.21)

4.6.22)

4. 7 Circles tangent to the circumcircle of a triangle

Mixtilinear incircles
4.7.1) Verrier's lemma 4.7.2)

60
4.7.5) 4.7.6)

-----
61
4.7.14) 4.7.15)

62
4.7.16) 4.7.17)

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4.7.22)

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Segment theorem

4.7.23) Sawayama's lemma 4.7.24) -----

64
4.7.29)

65
4.8 Circles related to a triangle
4.8.1) Euler's circle 4.8.2) Feuerbach 's theorem

4.8.3) Fontem!'s theorem 4.8.4) Emelyanovs' theorem

4.8.5)

________ :=:_:; ..

66
4.8.9)

67
 4.8.10)

4.8.1 I)

4.8.12)

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 4.8.17) Conway circle
4.8.18)

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4.8.20) Thcker's Circle

4.8.21) 4.8.22)

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70
4.8.23)

4.8.26)

4.8.28)

71
 4.8.29)
4.8.30)

4.8.31) 4.8.32)

4.8.33) 4.8.34)

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4.8.35)

4.8.37)

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4.8.62)
4.8.63)

77
4.8.64)
4.8.65)

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4.8.66)

78
Common chord of two circles

4.8.67) 4.8.68)

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79
 4.9.14) 4.9.15)

4.9.17) Carnot's theorem

e
a·c·e=b·d·f a2 + c2 + e2 = b2 + d2 + p
4.9.18) 4.9.19) Steiner's theorem

4.9.20) Orthopole theorem

82
4.9.21) 4.9.22)

4.9.23) 4.9.24)

4.9.25)

4.9.27)

83
 4.9.28) 4.9.29)

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4.11 Theorems about certain angles

4.11.1) 4.11.2)

4.11.3)

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4.12 Other problems and theorems

4.12.1) Blanchet's theorem 4.12.2)

4.12.4)

96
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4.12.7)
4.12.9)

4.12.11)

97
4.12.12) 4.12.13)

4.12.14)

4.12.15) Morley's theorem

98
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4.12.21)

99
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4.12.26) 4.12.27)

100
4.12.28) 4.12.29)

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4.12.33)

101
5 Quadrilaterals
5.1 Parallelograms

5.1.5) 5.1.6)

5.1.8)

5.1.9) 5.LIO)

102
5.1.11)
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5.2 Trapezoids

5.2.2)

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5.2.27) 5.2.28)

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 5.3 Squares

5.3.2)
5.3.1)

5.3.3) 5.3.4)

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5.4 Circumscribed quadrilaterals

110
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5.4.9) Newton's theorem

1 1 1 1
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a c b d

Ill
5.4.11) 5.4.12)

5.4.13)
--- ,.
-=-~·
--:---,"'
''
''
'
' ''
'
'-""-"'"''

5.4.14)

------:::::::=;;;;- ...
---

5.4. 15)

5.4. 16)

I 12
5.4.17)

5.4.19) 5.4.20)

5.4.22)

113
 5.4.24)

5.4.23)

,__
'
",
''
''
''
'

5.4.25) 5.4.26)

5.4.27) 5.4.28)

114
5.4.29) 5.4.30)

5.4.31)

5.4.32)

115
5.4.33)

5.5 Inscribed quadrilaterals

5.5.1)
'
''
'

116
5.5.3) 5.5.4)

'
''
''
'
'' '

a·c+b·d=e·f

5.5.7) 5.5.8)

117
5.5.9) 5.5.10)

5.5.11)
'
''
'
''
''
''
'I

''

118
5.5.15)

--0

5.5.17)

119
5.6.21) 5.6.22)

5.6.24)

124
5.7 Altitudes m quadrilaterals
5.7.2)

5. 7 .3) Eight-Point Circle Theorem 5.7.4)

/
''
'
' '
''
'
'

/
/ ''

5.7.6)

125
5.7.8)

'
''
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- =:::: :/~ =:::::: ~: ~ ~-
''
''

5.7.10) 5.7.11)

5.7.13)

126
5.7.14)

5.7.16)

.._
Q'
I I
' ....
'o.-~_..o ....

"
6"

5.7.18)

''
''
''
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........ J '
' ',
''

127
6 Circles
6.1 Tangent circles

'
''
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128
6.1.12)

'
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;'
'' -- _....
' ..:;:- __ _/1

6.1.14) 6.1.15)

129
6.1.16) 6.1.17)

6.1.18) '
'
'

6.1.19)

a·c+b·d=e·f

130
6.1.21) 6.1.22)

6.2 Monge's theorem and related constructions

6.2.1) Eyeball theorem

6.2.2)

131
 6.2.6)

132
 6.2.8)

6.2.10)

6.2.11) 6.2.12)
'
'
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133
6.2.13) 6.2.14)
''
'

''

''
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6.2.15)

134
6.2.16)

6.2.17)

135
6.3 Common tangents of three circles
6.3.1)

6.3.2) 6.3.3)

''

136
6.4 Butterfly theorem
6.4.2)
6.4.1)

137
 6.4.5)

6.4.6) 6.4.7)

6.5 Power of a point and related questions

6.5.1) Radical axis theorem 6.5.2) 6.5.3)

f'
'

138
6.5.4) 6.5.5)

6.5.6) 6.5.7)

139
6.5.10)

6.5.11)

6.5.12)

--- :.---

6.5.14)
6.5.15)

140
6.5.16) 6.5.17)

6.5.18) 6.5.19)

6.5.21)
6.5.20)

141

.· ..
6.5.22)

6.5.24)

6.6 Equal circles

6.6.2)

142
 6.6.4)

,''
''
'' "' '' "' ''
... ___ ....

6.7 Diameter of a circle

6.7.1)

143
 6.7.6)

6.7.9) 6.7.10)

144
6.8 Constructions from circles

145
 6.8.8)

6.8.9) 6.8.10)

146
6.8.15)

147
6.8.19)

6.8.20)

6.8.21)

148
6.8.22)

'
0

149
6.8.24) 6.8.25)

6.8.26)

6.8.28)

!50
 6.8.30) Hart's theorem

6.9 Circles tangent to lines

6.9.1) 6.9.2)

151
6.9.5) 6.9.6)

'' _____ ...

'

6.9.11) 6.9.12)

152
6.10 Miscellaneous problems

6.10.1) 6.10.2) ' '

'
''

''

6.1 0.3) 6.10.4)

6.10.5) 6.10.6)

'
'' '
''

6.10.7)

!53
6.10.9) 6.10.10)

6.10.11) 6.10.12)

6.10.13)

154
 6.10.14) 6.10.15)

6.10.17)

6.10.19)

6.10.20) 6.10.21)

!55
6.10.22) 6.10.23)

6.10.24) 6.10.25)

.... __ _
''

6.10.26) 6.10.27)

156
 6.10.29)

6.10.30)
--------
' ' ' '
' '' ' ' ''
''
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-------
!57
 a·c·e=b·d·f
a·c·e=b·d·f

6.1 0.34) --------

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''
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---
!58
6.10.37) 6.10.38)

6.10.39) 6.10.40)

-----

159
7 Projective theorems

7 .I) Desargues' theorem

160
 7.5) t
"'
',,
'' '''

161
_/

162
8 Regular polygons

8.1) 8.2)

'' '
' ''
' ' 'X," '
...... -..
,.,..'...'__
I;
........
,.,.
\

\ ........
'' "'.,." \

''
''
''

8.3) 8.4)
''
'' ''
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~}( '
' ' '' , '
-----------~~-----
' ' '
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8.5) 8.6)

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,' "' ,',
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''

163
8.7) 8.8)
''
',,
----~- '
--- --- ,....' ........ . . '. .'t\'. .
'' '
'
'''
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''
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'

8.9) 8.10)

' ' -->·-...... \:\, ,_"... -

---,. ,::: ....
.._I I ...... -:::.. ....

' ' ' ---~---

"/, .......::_- .... \

' '' ' '

'''
' '' ' '
'' ' ''
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8.12) ~

8.11) '"'
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130°1
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164
~15) 8.1~

165
8.1 Remarkable properties of the equilateral triangle

8.1.2)
''
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8.1.1) '
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''
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''
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'' ' ''
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'' ''
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8.1.3) Pompeiu's theorem 8.1.4)

a+b=c

166
 Q

a+c+e=b+d+f

8.1.9)
'
'' 8.1.10)
''
' '' ''
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8.1.11) 8.1.12)

_,.- '
''
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167
 8.1.13) 8.1.14)

,
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8.1.15) Napoleon's theorem 8.1.16)

8.1.17) 8.1.18)
'
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''
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8.1.19) Thebault's theorem 8.1.20) Thebault's theorem

,' _v--

'
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'
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168
8.1.22) 8.1.23)

8.1.24)

------

8.1.26) 8.1.27)

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169
8.1.28) 8.1.29)

,
,,
8.1.31)
8.1.30) ,'
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8.1.32)
8.1.33)

170
9 Appended polygons
9.I) Napoleon point 9.3)

''
'b

9.4) 9.5)

9.6) 9.7)

''

171
9.10) •'
/

''
''
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172
9.12)
' 9.13)
''

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9.14) 9.15)
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6

173
9.19) Thebault's theorem 9.20) Van Aubel's theorem

'
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9.22)

9.23)

175
9.26) 9.27)

9.28) 9.29)

9.30)
''
''

9.32) Neuberg's theorem 9.33) Neuberg's theorem

176
9.34) 9.35)

9.36) The Asymmetric Propeller

~.::,..""--­
r
''
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'

9.37)

177
10 Chain theorems
10.1) 10.2)

''.l." .... - \
_;,
-""" \
--.~, ,..., ___

"'
).
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(' '>
''~"t;,. . ''?-
10.4)

'-
<-
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--,
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--._..:_\\,_ I

I , - - - •....

' '\ '

''
(
c:
> < -
1,''\ -\,, I~_..!.------_.._.._..

10.5)

10.6)
'
==~-------,
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1
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179
 10.7)
'•
''
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10.8)
'' ' '' '' ' '
' ' '' '' ' '
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''

10.9)
------
::--....- ....
' ...............
'
'' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' '' ' ' ' ' ''
'' '' ''
' ------ '' ' ' ' '' ' '
'' ' ''
' ' ''
'' '' ' '
' '' 'I ' ''
'
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''

10.10)

180
I 0.11)
'"
' '''
'
'
'
' ' '
'' ' ' ''
' ' ''
'

''
,,
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'' ' '
' ',
'' '
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/
' ' ' --- ' ''
'' ''
--- ''
---' '

10.12)

181

.... ··
10.13)
'
'' '"
I f ... - - - - -
,1,

10.14)
' '
-- -;---<,~'--""-----"--"""'---'""'">\"" ...
- - ,."'"' I \ --~,-
/ I I '

' '' ------ '

'
'
''
'
'I
''
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''
10.15) Six circles theorem

I 0.16) Nine circles theorem

182
Steiner's porism

Poncelet's porism

10.19) 10.20)

183
10.21) 10.22)

The Zigzag theorem

10.23) 10.24)
,' '
'' '

184
11 Remarkable properties of conics

11.1) 11.2)
b

a+b=c+d ajb = cjd

11.3) Optical property of an ellipse 11.4)

a+b=const
11.5) Poncelet's theorem 11.6)

185
 "' + /1 + /' = 180°

11.12)

''
'
' 'o
''
''
---
11.14)
' .; <_.l
' ' '
''

186
 11.15) 11.16)

11.18)

11.19) 11.20) Optical property of a hyperbola

'
'0

a-b=d-c

187
11.21) 11.22)
'-'
'' ''
'' ' ''
''
' ' '''' ''
>, ''
'' '' ''

11.23)
'
'' ''
''
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11.24)

'
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'

11.25)

'' ''
'

11.26)

188
11.27) 11.28) Ivory's theorem

11.31)

11.32)

189
11.33) 11.34)

11.37)

11.38)

190
I 1.39) I 1.40)

I 1.42)

I 1.43) IL44)

'
''
''
'
''
''
''
''
''
'

I9I
11.45)

11.47) 11.48)

0
''
''

-- '

192
11.51) 11.52) Fregier's theorem

11.53) Joachimsthal's Circle 11.54)

-----
' '

''
'
b
'
''
''
''
' ' afb = const
------ ' 11.56) ------
------

'' ''
' , .... ______ ... ' '
'
' ''
''
11.57) -----
' ' ' 11.58)
''
'
' ''

193
11.1 Projective properties of conics

Pascal's theorem

11.1.1) 11.1.2)

11.1.3) ''

' ''
''
''
''

' '
''
''
''

194
Brianchon's theorem

11.1.6)

11.1.5)

'
'
'' ''
'
''
'
'' ' ' '
------~~-----------
'
''
'
''

11.1.7)

11.1.9)

195
11.1.11) 11.1.12)
~~:~~
''
'
--
':::6:::: ....
'
'

11.1.13)

11.1.15)

11.1.17)

196
11.1.18)

11. 1.19) Three conics theorem 11.1.20)

11.1.22)
''
' ' ' '' '
--------'K~----
,-" I ',

'
'' '' ' '
'
/, 1 ...

''

197
 11.1.23) Dual three conics theorem

11.1.24) Four conics theorem 11.1.25)

198
 I I. I .28) Five conics theorem

I 1.1.29)
'
''
'
''
''

I I. 1.30)

---

II.l.3I)
---
''
''
''

Il.l.33)

199
Il.l.34)

'
'
'''

I 1.1.36)

I 1.1.37)

' '
'' ' '
\ I I ..-
-----'1'.-'
. . ----;:f~----
I ' ' '1' ' ' ',,

200
11.2 Conics intersecting a triangle

11.2.1) 11.2.2)

-----
11.2.3) 11.2.4)

11.2.5) 11.2.6)

11.2.7) 11.2.8)

''

------
201
11.2.9) 11.2.10)

11.2.11) Carnot's theorem

---

11.2.13)

202
11.2.15)

203
11.3 Remarkable properties of the parabola
11.3.1) 11.3.2) Optical property

11.3.4)
I 1.3.3)

11.3.5) I 1.3.6)

I 1.3.7)

204
11.3.9) 11.3.10)

11.3.11)

11.3.12) 11.3.13)

11.3.15)

205
I 1.3. I6) II.3.I7)

_... _
'' ' '
''
''
''
'
'

I 1.3.I8) II.3.I9)

I 1.3.20) II.3.2I)

206
11.3.22) 11.3.23)

'
'

The parabola as the circle

11.3.24) 11.3.25)

''
''
11.3.26) 11.3.27)

'
'

207
11.3.28) 11.3.29) Feuerbach's theorem for parabolas

+ +

11.3.30) 11.3.31)

11.3.32) Miquel's theorem 11.3.33) Miquel point

208
11.4 Remarkable properties of the rectangular hyperbola
I 1.4.2) I 1.4.3)

11.4.1)

11.4.4) 11.4.5)

I 1.4.6) I 1.4.7)

''

209
I 1.4.8) I 1.4.9)

1 1.4.10)

'
' ''
' ''
'' ' ''
'' I

''
''

210
12 Remarkable curves
Lemniscate of Bernoulli
12.1) 12.2)

--~---
0 0

Cissoid of Diodes
12.4) 12.5)

''
''
''
'' 12.7)
''
''

211
Cardioid
12.8) 12.9)

''
''
'

12.11)

12.13)

'
'

212
13 Equal areas
In this section the polygons looking like trapezoids, parallelograms or regular are as-
sumed to be such, the bold lines looking parallel are parallel.

13.1) Pythagorean theorem

13.2)

213
13.5)
13.6)

13.13)

13.15)

214
 13.16) 13.17)

13.18)

13.20)

215
13.24) 13.25)

13.26)

216
13.30) 13.31)

13.33)

217
 14 Comments
1.26) Personal communication from L. Shteyngarts.
2.8) A. G. Myakishev, Fourth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2008, Corre-
spondence round, Problem I 0.
2.27) A. Karlyuchenko, Ninth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Final
round, Grade 10, Problem 3.
2.33) Lemoine point is the center of the dashed circle.
3.9) Here it is shown that the Aubert line is perpendicular to the Gauss line.
4.1.2) M. Panov, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2015, Grade 10--11, Problem 2.
4.1.3) A. A. Polyanskii, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2007--2008, Final round, Grade I 0,
Problem 6.
4.1.5) L. A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical-Olympiad, 2009--2010, Regional round,
Grade 9, Problem 6.
4.1.9) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.1.10) F. A. lvlev, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Grade 10, Problem 5.
4.1.11) M. Etesarni Fard, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2014, Senior level, Problem 4.
4.1.12) D. V. Prokopenko, XI Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2015, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 6.
4.1.13) V. V. Astakhov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2006--2007, Final round, Grade 10,
Problem 3.
4.1.15) M. Plotnikov, Ninth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Final
round, Grade 9, Problem 8.
4.1.16) A. V. Akopyan, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2004--2005, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 7 and Grade I 0, Problem 6.
4.1.17) C. Bradley, IMO Shortlist 2010.
4.1.18) S. Chobanov, Bulgarian National Olympiad, 2017, Problem 6.
4.1.24) E. V. Bakaev, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, Grade 9, Problem 4.
4.1.28) See also 5.7.14.
4.1.30) A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Second round, Grade 10,
Problem 6.
4.1.32) D. V. Prokopenko, Fifth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofi. F. Sharygin, 2009, Cor-
respondence round, Problem 20.
4.1.33) Personal communication from D. Khilko.
4.1.34) D. V. Prokopenko, Ninth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Final
round, Grade I 0, Problem 6.
4.1.35) A. A. Polyanskii, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2010--2011, Final round, Grade I 0,
Problem 6.
4.1.38) M. Chirija, Romanian Masters 2006, District round, Grade 7, Problem 4.
4.1.40) M.A. Didio, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2014--2015, Final round, Grade 10,
Problem 7.
4.1.41) D. V. Shvetsov, Eight Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2012, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 7.
4.1.42) D. Vakili, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2016, Advanced level, Problem 2.

218
4.1.43) D. Vakili, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2015, Medium level, Problem 2.
4.1.44) M. Etesami Fard, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2015, Medium level, Problem 3.
4.2.2) Personal communication from M. A. Kungozhin.
4.2.4) D. Khilko, International Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Problem 3.
4.2.5) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.2.1 0) China Western Mathematical Olympiad, 2009, Problem 3.
4.2.11) United Kingdom, IMO Shortlist 1996.
4.2.12) K. Honik, Czech and Slovak Mathematical Olympiad, 20 II, Final round, Problem 5.
4.2.13) Iberoarnerican Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Problem 5.
4.2.14) D. Vakili, Iranian Math Olympiad, 2016, Third round, Geometry, Problem 2.
4.2.15) D. V. Prokopenko, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2014, Grade 8-9, Problem 5.
4.2.16) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2012, First round, Problem 3.
4.2.18) A. Golmakani, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2015, Advance level, Problem 2.
4.2.21) A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Team Selection Test for
All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, Grade II, Problem 7.
4.3.6) R. Kozarev, Bulgarian National Olympiad, 1997, Fourth round, Problem 5.
4.3.8) M.A. Kungozhin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2014-2015, Final round, Grade II,
Problem 7.
4.3.9) and 4.3.1 0) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.3.11) Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 1994, Grade 11, Problem 5.
4.3.14) D. ~erbanescu and V. Vornicu, International Mathematical Olympiad, 2004, Problem I.
4.3.15) D. Burek, Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2017, Final round, Problem I.
4.3.16) Iberoarnerican Mathematical Olympiad, 2008, Problem 2.
4.3.19) L.A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2009-2010, Final round, Grade I 0,
Problem 6.
4.3.22) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
4.3.23) Argentina Cono Sur Team Selection Test, 2014, Problem 5.
4.3.24) K. S. Ivanov, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 18.
4.3.25) I. I. Bogdanov, Sixth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2010, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 4.
4.3.27) D. V. Prokopenko, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2009-2010, Regional round,
Grade 10, Problem 3.
4.3.28) and 4.3.29) D. V. Prokopenko, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin,
2013, Correspondence round, Problem 19.
4.3.31) M.G. Sonkin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 1999-2000, District round, Grade 8,
Problem 4.
4.3.33) A. Karlyuchenko, XI Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2015, Final
round, Grade I 0, Problem 1.
4.3.34) Personal communication from D. Kaner. The bold line is parallel to the base of the
triangle.
4.4.6) A. A. Zaslavsky and F. K. Nilov, Fourth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin,
2008, Final round, Grade 8, Problem 4.
4.4.8) Personal communication from A. A. Zaslavsky.
4.4.9) S. Novikov, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2016, Correspondence
round, Problem 12.
4.4.1 0) Yu. A. Blinkov, Savin Summer Tournament, 2008, Grade 9.

219
 4.4.12) N. I. Beluhov, Bulgaria Team Selection Test, 2012.
4.4.13) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.4.15) V. A. Shmarov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2013-2014, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 4.
4.4.16) M.A. Kungozhin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2015-2016, Final round, Grade 10,
Problem 8.
4.4.17) P. A. Kozhevnikov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-2013, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 2.
4.4.19) A. Zertsalov and D. Skrobot, Sharigin olympiad 2014, Final round, Problem 10.2, Tenth
Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2014, Final round, Grade 10, Problem 2.
4.4.20) France, IMO Shortlist 1970.
4.5.6) USA, IMO Shortlistl979.
4.5.7) D. V. Prokopenko, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2016, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 20.
4.5.10) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
4.5.11) M. Plotnikov, XIII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2017, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 3.
4.5.12) P. Ambroszczyk, Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2017, Second round, Problem 4.
4.5.16) Personal communication from V. V. Volkov.
4.5.18) Twenty-first Tournament of Towns, 1999-2000, Fall round, Senior A-Level, Problem 4.
4.5.20) L. A. Emelyanov and A. A. Polyanskii, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-
2013, Final round, Grade 10, Problem 7.
4.5.22) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
4.5.24) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
4.5.25) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
4.5.26) Personal communication from G. Raveh.
4.5.30) Based on problem from IMO Shortlist 2012, proposed by Hong Kong.
4.5.31) M.A. Kungozhin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2010--2011, Final round, Grade 11,
Problem 8.
4.5.32) Personal communication from L. A. Emelyanov.
4.5.34) A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2013, Second round, Grade 11,
Problem 6.
4.5.35) Mediterranean Mathematics Olympiad, 2011, Problem 4.
4.5.36) D. V. Shvetsov, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofl. F. Sharygin, 2013, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 7.
4.5.37) L. A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2014--2015, Regional round,
Grade 9, Problem 4.
4.5.38) D. V. Shvetsov, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2013, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 10.
4.5.39) F. A. Ivlcv, Romanian Masters, 2015, Problem 4.
4.5.40) Iberoarnerican Mathematical Olympiad, 2007, Problem 2.
4.5.46) Bulgaria, IMO Shortlist 2002.
4.5.47)--4.5.52) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
4.5.53) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.5.54) Based on problem of N. A. Polyanskii and D. Skrobot, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in
Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Correspondence round, Problem 21.

220
4.5.56) F. L. Bakharev, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Second round, Grade I 0,
Problem 6.
4.5.58) Brazil, IMO Shortlist2006. The bold line is parallel to the base of the triangle.
4.5.59) A. A. Polyanskii, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2006--2007, Final round, Grade II,
Problem 2. The bold line is parallel to the base of the triangle.
4.5.60) F. A. lvlev, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2013, Correspondence
round, Problem 16.
4.5.64) Russia, IMO Shortlist 2006.
4.5.65) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
4.5.67) Special case of 6.3.4.
4.5.72) D. V. Shvetsov, Sixth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2010, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 8.
4.5.73) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2012, Final round, Problem 3.
4.5.74) M. G. Sonkin, From the materials of the Summer Conference Tournament of Towns
"Circles inscribed in circular segments and tangents", 1999.
4.5.75) and 4.5.76) Based on Bulgarian problem from IMO Shortlist 2009.
4.5.77) D. Djukic and A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Second
round, Grade 9, Problem 6. N. I. Beluhov's generalization.
4.5.78) and 4.5.79) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.5.80) K. Aleksiev, XIII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 15.
4.5.81) L.A. Emelyanov, Twenty-third Tournament of Towns, 2001-2002, Spring round, Senior
A-Level, Problem 5.
4.5.82) Iberoamerican Mathematical Olympiad, 1997, Problem 2.
4.5.84) V. A. Shmarov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2007-2008, Final round, Grade II,
Problem 7.
4.5.85) Personal communication from P. E. Dolgirev.
4.5.86) Personal communication from M. Gringlaz and L. V. Radzivilovsky.
4.5.87) A. S. Kuznetsov and S. L. Berlov, XX The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2016, First round,
Senior league, Problem 9.
4.5.88) Personal communication from N. I. Beluhov.
4.5.93) China Western Mathematical Olympiad, 2011, Problem 7.
4.5.94) L.A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2011-2012, Final round, Grade 10,
Problem 8.
4.5.95) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.6.2) A. I. Badzyan, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2004--2005, District round, Grade 9,
Problem 4.
4.6.3) V. P. Filimonov, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2008, Grade II, Problem 4.
4.6.7) V. Yu. Protasov, Third Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2006, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 15.
4.6.9) and 4.6.11) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.6.13) Personal communication from L. A. Emelyanov.
4.6.14) L.A. Emelyanov, Open Olympiad of Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, 2004, Grade 10-11,
Problem 5.
4.6.15) V. Yasinkiy, Open Olympiad of Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, 2014, Grade 8-9, Prob-
lemS.
4.6.16) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2011, Final round, Problem 2.

221
 4.6.17) Based on the problem ofTai Wai Ming and Wang Chongli, IMO Shortlist 2010.
4.6.18) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.6.20) Based on the problem 6 from Peruvian Team Selection Contest, 2007.
4.6.19) M.G. Sonkin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 1998-1999, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 3.
4.6.21) USA Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, Problem 5.
4.6.22) S. Ilyasov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-2013, Final round, Grade 10,
Problem 7.
4.7.6) Generalization of 4.7.1.
4.7.8) Iranian National Mathematical Olympiad, 1999.
4.7.9) Iranian National Mathematical Olympiad, 199'/, Fourth round, Problem 4.
4.7.13) Personal communication from S. Boev.
4.7.17) Personal communication from F. A. Ivlev.
4.7.18) Based on the problem of I. Majcen and K. Stopar from IMO Shortlist 2011.
4.7.19) S. L. Berlov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2014, Second round, Grade 11,
Problem 7.
4.7.21) Yu. I. Zaytseva, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2012, Grade 10-11, Problem 6.
4.7.22) D. Djukic, Serbia National Math Olympiad, 2016, Problem 3.
4.7.26) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
4.7.28) Nguyen Van Linh, From forum www.artofproblemsolving.com, Theme: "A concyclic
problem" at 27 May 2010.
4.8.5) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov and I. I. Frolov.
4.8.6) Personal communication from L. A. Emelyanov and T. L. Emelyanova.
4.8.8) Personal communication from F. A. Ivlev.
4.8.9) China Team Selection Test, 2011.
4.8.1 0) Personal communication from L. A. Emelyanov.
4.8.11) Personal communication from A. G. Myakishev.
4.8.12) I. I. Frolov, XI Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2015, Final round,
Grade 9, Problem 8.
4.8.13) Japan, International Mathematical Olympiad, 2011, Problem 6.
4.8.14) A. A. Zaslavsky, Thirty-sixth Tournament of Towns, 2014--2015, Fall round, Senior
A-Level, Problem 4.
4.8.15) L.A. Emelyanov, Journal "Matematicheskoe Prosveschenie", Tret'ya Seriya, N 7, 2003,
Problem section, Problem 8.
4.8.22) A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2009, Second round, Grade 10,
Problem 7.
4.8.24) G. B. Feldman, Seventh Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2011, Cor-
respondence round, Problem 22.
4.8.25) Personal communication from I. M. Isaev and M. I. Isaev.
4.8.26) I. M. Isaev and M. I. Isaev, IMO Shortlist 2011.
4.8.27) China Team Selection Test, 2015, Day I, Problem I.
4.8.28) L. A. Emelyanov and T. L. Emelyanova, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2010-
2011, Final round, Grade 9, Problem 2.
4.8.29) M. Djikic, Serbia National Math Olympiad, 2013, Problem 3.
4.8.35) A. V. Gribalko, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2007-2008, District round, Grade I 0,
Problem 2.

222
 4.8.42) V. P. Filimonov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2007-2008, District round, Grade 9,
Problem 7.
4.8.44) Personal communication from N.J. Beluhov.
4.8.45) China Team Selection Test, 2010.
4.8.46) W. Suksompong and P. Suteparuk, International Mathematical Olympiad, 2013, Prob-
lem4.
4.8.47) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.8.48) Greece, International Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Problem 4.
4.8.49) China South East Mathematical Olympiad, 2011, Problem 4.
4.8.50) Romania, IMO Shortlist 2012.
4.8.51) R. V. Krutovskiy and I. I. Frolov, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin,
2016, Correspondence round, Problem 13.
4.8.52) T. L. Emelyanova, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2010-2011, Regional round,
Grade 10, Problem 2.
4.8.53) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Final round, Problem I.
4.8.55) D. Monk, Romanian Masters, 2012, Problem.2.
4.8.56) A. V. Akopyan, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, Final round, 2007-2008, Grade I 0,
Problem 3.
4.8.57) D. Skrobot, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2007-2008, District round, Grade I 0,
Problem 8.
4.8.58) N. V. Chemega, XIX The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2015, Individual olympiad, Senior
league, Problem 6.
4.8.59) Personal communication from F. N. Dubrovsky and A. A. Zaslavsky.
4.8.60) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
4.8.61) Based on problem from Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Second round, Problem 6.
4.8.62) M.A. Kungozhin, Kazakhstan Mathematical Olympiad, 2017, Grade 10, Problem 3.
4.8.63) Personal communication from M. A. Kungozhin.
4.8.64) M.A. Kungozhin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2013-2014, Final round, Grade 10,
Problem 4.
4.8.66) Personal communication from P. A. Kozhevnikov.
4.8.71) F. K. Nilov, Special case of problem from Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofl. F. Shary-
gin, 2008, Final round, Grade 10, Problem 7.
4.8.72) V. P. Filimonov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2006-2007, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 6.
4.9.1) The obtained point is called the isogonal conjugate with respect to the triangle.
4.9.3) The obtained point is called the isotomic conjugate with respect to the triangle.
4.9.22) This point will be the isogonal conjugate with respect to the triangle. See 4.9.1.
4.9.25) Personal communication from V. Kalashnikov.
4.9.30) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
4.9.32) A. A. Zaslavsky, Third Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2007, Final
round, Grade 9, Problem 3.
4.9.34) J. R. Musselman.
4.9.36) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
4.9.38) J. L. Ayme
4.9.39) and 4.9.40) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.9.41) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
4.9.43)-4.9.47) Based on problems of S. Ilyasov

223
 ·-·- .. -.· .. - ..

4.9.48) and 4.9.49) Personal communication from I. I. Frolov.

4.9.50) Jin-ichi Itoh and Jamsran Buyant.
4.9.51) and 4.9.52) Construction ofN. I. Beluhov, see Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour
of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Final round, Grade 9, Problem 7.
4.10.5) E. V. Bakaev, Thirty-sixth Tournament of Towns, 2014-2015, Fall round, Junior A-Level,
Problem 5.
4.10.6) D. V. Shvetsov, Sixth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2010, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 2.
4.10.7) A. A. Zaslavsky, Xlli Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 9.
4.10.8) D. V. Shvetsov, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2013, Grade 8-9, Problem 3.
4.1 0.9) G. K. Zhukov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2013-2014, Regional round, Grade II,
Problem 6.
4.10. I I) A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Second round, Grade 10,
Problem 2.
4.10.12) M. A. Volchkevich, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2007, Grade 8, Problem 4.
4.10.13) N. Kh. Agakhanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-2013, Regional round,
Grade 9, Problem 2.
4.10.14) M.A. Kungozhin, Kazakhstan Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Grade 9, Problem 4.
4.10. I 9) R. K. Gordin, Thirty-fifth Tournament of Towns, 2013-2014, Fall round, Junior A-Level,
Problem 3.
4.10.20) D. V. Shvetsov, XI Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2015, Final
round, Grade 10, Problem 5.
4.10.21) Tran Quang Hung, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014,
Final round, Grade 8, Problem 8.
4.10.22) D. V. Shvetsov, Eighth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofl. F. Sharygin, 2012, Cor-
respondence round, Problem 8.
4.1 0.23) China South East Mathematical Olympiad, 2006, Problem 2.
4.10.24) D. V. Shvetsov, Ninth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 3.
4.10.25) D. Vakili, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2016, Medium level, Problem 4.
4.1 0.26) Twenty-fourth Tournament of Towns, 2002-2003, Spring round, Senior A-Level, Prob-
lem4.
4.10.27) D. V. Shvetsov, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2016, Grade 8-9, Problem 4.
4.10.28) China South East Mathematical Olympiad, 2007, Problem 6.
4.11.2) D. V. Prokopenko, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2009-2010, Regional round,
Grade 9, Problem 4.
4. I 1.3) L. Shteyngarts, XI Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofl. F. Sharygin, 2015, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 4.
4.11.4) D. V. Shvetsov, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Final
round, Grade 9, Problem 5.
4.1 1.8) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.11. II) L.A. Emelyanov, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofl. F. Sharygin, 2016, Corre-
spondence round, Problem I 8.
4.11.12) Personal communication from D. V. Shvetsov.
4.1 I .14) S. L. Berlov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2007, Second round, Grade 9,
Problem 2.

224
4.11.16) L. Shteyngarts, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 2.
4.12.3) A. V. Smirnov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2004, Second round, Grade 9,
Problem 6.
4.12.4) The bold line is parallel to the base of the triangle.
4.12.7) USSR, IMO Shortlist 1982.
4.12.12) L. A. Emelyanov, IMO Shortlist 2007.
4.12.14) P. A. Kozhevnikov, S. Boev, and A. V. Akopyan, 2014, XXI International olympiad
''Tuymaada", Senior league, Problem 2
4.12.17) D. Yu. Kuznetsov, Mathematical olympiad ofNizhny Novgorod, 2010, Grade 8, Prob-
lem4.
4.12.20) Poland, IMO Shortlist 1997.
4.12.21) N. Moskvitin, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour ofl. F. Sharygin, 2014, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 3.
4.12.22) I. Maghsoudi, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2016, Elementary level, Problem 2.
4.12.23) A. S. Kuznetsov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, First round, Grade 9,
Problem 5.
4.12.24) E. V. Bakaev, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2014, Grade 10, Problem 3.
4.12.25) F. A. Ivlev and F. K. Nilov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2013-2014, Final
round, Grade I 0, Problem 6.
4.12.26) A. S. Golovanov and A. G. Yakubov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2014--2015,
Final round, Grade 9, Problem 7.
4.12.27) L.A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-2013, Regional round,
Grade 9, Problem 7.
4.12.28) F. A. Ivlev, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-2013, Regional round, Grade II,
Problem 4.
4.12.30) P. Bak, Czech-Polish-Slovak Match, 2016, Problem 6.
4.12.31) China South East Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Problem 2.
4.12.32) F. A. Ivlev, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Grade 11, Problem 3.
4.12.33) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
5.1.1) M.A. Volchkevich, Eighteenth Tournament of Towns, 1996--1997, Spring round, Junior
A-Level, Problem 5.
5.1.2) E. V. Bakaev, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2015, Grade 8, Problem 2.
5.1.3) M.A. Volchkevich, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2012, Grade 8, Problem 4.
5.1.4) L.A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2000-2001, District round, Grade 9,
Problem 3.
5.1.6) I. I. Bogdanov, XIII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 10.
5.1.7) M. V. Smurov, Nineteenth Tournament of Towns, 1997-1998, Spring round, Junior A-Level,
Problem 2.
5.1.8) R. S. Efremov, XX The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2016, Second round, Second league,
Problem 8.
5.1.9) V. Yu. Protasov, Second Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2006, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 3.
5.1.13) L. A. Emelyanov and T. L. Emelyanova, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2010-
2011, Final round, Grade 11, Problem 2.
5.1.16) M. Djikic, Serbia National Math Olympiad, 2012, Problem 1.

225
5.1.17) E. V. Bakaev, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2016, Final round,
Grade 8, Problem 2.
5.1.18) and 5.1.19) A. A. Zaslavsky, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2014, Grade 11, Prob-
lem3.
5.1.20) Personal communication from M. M. Elkind.
5.2.2) The more general construction is illustrated in 5.4.26.
5.2.3) S. V. Markelov, Sixteenth Tournament of Towns, 1994-1995, Spring round, Senior A-Level,
Problem 3.
5.2.5) and 5.2.6) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
5.2.7) S. L. Berlov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, First round, Grade 10,
Problem 2.
5.2.8) A. A. Zaslavsky, First Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2005, Final
round, Grade l 0, Problem 3.
5.2.9) V. Yu. Protasov and A. A. Zaslavsky, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2013, Grade
l 0--11, Problem 6.
5.2.11) B. Obukhov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2015-2016, Regional round, Grade 10,
Problem 6.
5.2.12) A. S. Kuznetsov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2016-2017, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 2.
5.2.13) F. A. Ivlev, Open Olympiad of Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, 2012, Grade 10--ll, Prob-
lemS.
5.2.14) F. A. Ivlev, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2011-2012, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 3.
5.2.15) I. I. Bogdanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2013-2014, Final round, Grade 9,
Problem 6.
5.2.18) Personal communication from V. B. Mokin.
5.2.19) A. A. Zaslavsky, Third Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2007, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 14.
5.2.21) A. V. Akopyan, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2011, Grade 9, Problem 5.
5.2.22) E. V. Bakaev, XIII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 8.
5.2.24) M. Yu. Timokhin, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2016, Final
round, Grade 9, Problem 6.
5.2.25) D. V. Shvetsov, IX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 14.
5.2.26) V. A. Shmarov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2011-2012, Regional round, Grade 10,
Problem 8.
5.2.28) Personal communication from P. A. Kozhevnikov.
5.3.2) United Kingdom, IMO Shortlist 1979.
5.3.5) M. Plotnikov, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 11.
5.3.6) A. V. Khachaturian and Z. Ilyuchenkova, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2017,
Grade 10--ll, Problem I.
5.3.9) L. Shteyngarts, XIII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 2.
5.3.10) A. A. Gargkaviy, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2014, Grade 8, Problem 4.
5.4.1-5.4.4) Special case of 5.4.5.

226
 5.4.8) M.G. Sonkin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 1998-1999, Final round, Grade II,
Problem 3.
5.4.10) Personal communication from A. A. Zaslavsky.
5.4.13) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
5.4.15) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
5.4.17)1. Wanshteyn.
5.4.16) A. A. Zaslavsky, Fourth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2008, Cor-
respondence round, Problem I 0.
5.4.18) .Elao Thanh Oai.
5.4.23) This construction is dual to the butterfly theorem. See 6.4.3 and 6.4.4.
5.4.30) S. L. Berlov, L. A. Emelyanov, and A. V. Smirnov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad,
2003-2004, Final round, Grade 10, Problem 3.
5.4.31) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2013, Final round, Problem 3.
5.4.32) L.A. Emelyanov, Seventh Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2011,
Final round, Grade 10, Problem 2.
5.4.33) A. A. Zaslavsky, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 18.
5.5.4) F. V. Petrov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2006, Second round, Grade II,
Problem 3.
5.5.6) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, Second round, Problem 5.
5.5.7) W. Pompe, International Mathematical Olympiad, 2004, Problem 5.
5.5.9) Hlnh Hgc.
5.5.13) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
5.5.14) Personal communication from D. S. Babichev.
5.5.15) M. I. Isaev, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2006-2007, District round, Grade 10,
Problem 4.
5.5.17) N. I. Beluhov, Bulgarian National Olympiad, 2014, Problem 6.
5.5.18) P. A. Kozhevnikov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2009-20 I 0, Final round, Grade II,
Problem 3.
5.5.20) D. Monk, IMO Shortlist 2012.
5.5.21) T. Zimanov and P. A. Kozhevnikov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2015-2016,
Regional round, Grade 10, Problem 3.
5.6.2) and 5.6.4) I. F. Sharygin, International Mathematical Olympiad, 1985, Problem 5.
5.6.1 0) Personal communication from L. A. Emelyanov.
5.6.13) M.A. Kungozhin, Romanian Masters, 2013, Problem 3.
5.6.19) A. A. Zaslavsky, Twentieth Tournament of Towns, 1998-1999, Spring round, Senior
A-Level, Problem 2.
5.6.21) R. R. Sakhipov, Open Olympiad of Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, 2006, Grade 10-11,
Problem 3.
5.6.23) I. I. Frolov, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2016, Final round,
Grade 9, Problem 8.
5.6.24) F. K. Nilov, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2014, Final round,
Grade 9, Problem 2.
5.6.25) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2007, Second round, Problem 5.
5.6.26) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2011, Second round, Problem 2.
5.7.8) Poland, IMO Shortlist 1996.

227
5.7.16) M. Panov, Xlli Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Correspondence
round, Problem 22.
5.7.17) A. A. Zaslavsky, XI Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2015, Final
round, Grade 9, Problem 7.
5.7.18) A. A. Zaslavsky, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2016, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 7.
5.7.19) Personal communication from A. A. Zaslavsky.
6.1.8) P. A. Kozhevnikov, International Mathematical Olympiad, 1999, Problem 5.
6.1.11) F. K. Nilov, IIX Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2012, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 8.
6.1.12) M.A. Kungozhin, Kazakhstan Mathematical Olympiad, 2013, Grade 10, Problem 3.
6.1.13) I. Mahgsoudi, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2016, Medium level, Problem 2.
6.1.14) M. Etesami Fard, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2016, Medium level, Problem 5.
6.1.15) D. V. Shvetsov, Ninth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2013, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 2.
6.1.16) I. Makarov, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 12.
6.1.17) D. Khilko, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2016, Correspondence
round, Problem 17.
6.1.18) I. I. Bogdanov and A. Kungozhin, Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad, 2014, Prob-
lemS.
6.1.21) L. A. Emelyanov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2011-2012, Regional round,
Grade 9, Problem 2.
6.2.3) V. A. Yasinsky, Tenth Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2014, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 6.
6.2.10) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
6.2.12) Personal communication from Y. Krauz.
6.2.13) Personal communication from Y. Krauz and L. V. Radzivilovsky. See also 11.31.
6.2.14) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
6.2.16) R. Gologan, Rumania Tearo Selection Test, 2004.
6.3.7) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
6.4.7) China Western Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Problem 2.
6.5.12) A. A. Zaslavsky, Xlli Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2017, Corre-
spondence round, Problem 13.
6.5.13) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
6.5.14) S. Ilyasov, Kazakhstan Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, Grade II, Problem 3.
6.5.15) V. B. Mokin, XIV The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2010, Personal competition, Senior
league, Problem 5.
6.5.18) A. V. Akopyan, XVI The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2012, First round, Senior league,
Problem 7.
6.5.19) A. V. Akopyan, XVI The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2012, Third round, Senior league,
Problem I.
6.5.22) A. V. Akopyan, 2011, XVIII International olympiad ''Tuymaada", Senior league, Prob-
lem2.
6.5.23) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
6.6.3) A. A. Zaslavsky, Second Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2006, Final
round, Grade 8, Problem 3.

228
 6.6.7) P. A. Kozhevnikov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2012-2013, Regional round,
Grade II, Problem 6.
6.8.18) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
6.8.20), 6.8.21), and 6.8.22) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
6.8.23) Jin-ichi Itoh and Jamsran Buyant.
6.8.24) Constructions satisfying the condition of the figure are not rare (see 10.8).
6.8.27) Based on the problem ofGeza K6s from IMO Shortlist, 2010.
6.8.28) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
6.8.29) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
6.9.1) I. F. Sharygin, International Mathematical Olympiad, 1983, Problem 2.
6.9.4) I. I. Bogdanov, Seventh Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2011, Final
round, Grade 9, Problem 7.
6.9.7) P. A. Kozhevnikov, Ninteenth Tournament of Towns, !997-1998, Fall round, Junior A-Level,
Problem 4.
6.9.11) M.A. Volchkevich, Seventeenth Tournament of Towns, 1995-1996, Spring round, Junior
A-Level, Problem 2.
6.9.12) Iberoamerican Mathematical Olympiad, 2000, Problem 2.
6.1 0.1) M.G. Sonkin, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, Regional round, 1994--1995, Grade 9,
Problem 6.
6.10.3) A. A. Zaslavsky, P. A. Kozhevnikov, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 1999, Grade 10,
Problem 2.
6.10.4) P. A. Kozhevnikov, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 1997-1998, District round,
Grade 9, Problem 2.
6.10.6) France, IMO Shortlist, 2002.
6.10.8) China Western Mathematical Olympiad, 2013, Problem 6.
6.10.10) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
6.1 0.11) D. ~erbanesku, Romanian Team Selection Test for Balkanian Mathematical Olympiad.
6.10.12) F. K. Nilov, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2013, Grade 10-11, Problem 2.
I
I 6.10.13) F. K. Nilov, Xll Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of!. F. Sharygin, 2016, Final round,
Grade 9, Problem 5.
6.1 0.15) Twenty-fifth Tournament of Towns, 2003-2004, Spring round, Junior A-Level, Problem 4.
6.10.17) China Team Selection Test, 2009.
6.10.18) I. Nagel, Fifteen Tournament of Towns, 1993-1994, Spring round, Junior A-Level,
Problem 2. See also 4.3.20.
6.10.19) Personal communication from Tran Quang Hung.
6.10.21) Polish Mathematical Olympiad, 2006, Second round, Problem 5.
6.10.26) V. Yu. Protasov, Third Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2007, Final
round, Grade I 0, Problem 6.
6.10.27) Iranian Math Olympiad, 20 I 0, Second round, Problem 3.
6.10.28) USA, IMO Longlist 1984.
6.10.30) Personal communication from E. A. Avksent'ev. This construction is a very simple way
to construct the Apo11onian circle.
6.10.35) V. E. Adler.
6.1 0.36) Personal communication from A. A. Zaslavsky.
6.10.37) and 6.10.38) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
6.10.39) A. V. Akopyan, XVIII International olympiad "Tuymaada", 2011, Junior level, Prob-
lem 6.

229
 6. 10.40) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
7.2) The obtained line is called the trilinear polar with respect to the triangle.
7.7) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
8.12) A. A. Skutin, XII Geometrical Olympiad in Honour of I. F. Sharygin, 2016, Correspon-
dence round, Problem 19.
8.17) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
8.18) M. Mamino and L. Ghidelli, XX The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2016, Third round, Senior
level, Problem I.
8.1.1) Here the points are reflections of the given point with respect to the sides of the triangle.
8.1.4) Bulgaria, IMO Longlist 1966. See also 6.1.20.
8.1.11) Hungary, IMO Longlist 1971.
8.1.12) E. Przhevalsky, Sixteenth Tournament of Towns, 1994-1995, Fall round, Junior A-Level,
Problem 3.
8.1.13) I. Nagel, Twelfth Tournament of Towns, 199(}-1991, Fall round, Senior A-Level, Problem 2.
8.1.22) Yu. A. Blinkov, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2015, Grade 8-9, Problem 2.
8.1.23) E. Jose Garcia.
8.1.24) A. V. Akopyan, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2012, Grade 8-9, Problem 3.
8.1.25) A. V. Akopyan, All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 2016--2017, Regional round, Grade 11,
Problem 4.
8.1.26) A. A. Zaslavsky, Thirty-fifth Tournament of Towns, 2013-2014, Fall round, Senior
A-Level, Problem 3.
8.1.30) A. A. Zaslavsky, XX The A. N. Kolmogorov Cup, 2016, Second round, Senior level,
Problem 10.
9.1) If we construct our triangles in the direction of the interior, then we similarly obtain a point
called the second Napoleon point.
9.2) See also 2.9 and 2.10.
9.3) I. Belenkiy.
9.4) Columbia, IMO Shortlist 1983. See also Neuberg's theorem 9.33.
9.7) A. A. Zaslavsky, Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 2016, Grade 10, Problem 2.
9.8) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
9.9) Personal communication from L. V. Radzivilovsky.
9.14) Hungary-Israel Binational Olympiad, 1997, Second Day, Problem 2.
9.21) Belgium, IMO Longlist 1970. See also 4.12.10.
9.28) and 9.29) A. A. Zaslavsky, Iranian Geometry Olympiad, 2015, Advance level, Problem 4.
9.30) Twenty-seventh Tournament of Towns, 2005-2006, Spring round, Junior A-Level, Problem 3.
9.31) Belgium, IMO Shortlist 1983.
9.34) S. Sinitsin, K. A. Knop, and V. Voronov, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2013, Grade
IG-11, Problem 4.
10.4) This construction is equivalent to that of the Pappus theorem.
I 0.7) Personal communication from F. V. Petrov.
10.13) Personal communication from V. A. Shmarov.
10.14) Generalization of the previous result.
11.4) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
11.11) Personal communication from A. P. Zimin.
11.15) Personal communication from V. B. Makin.
11.17) Personal communication from P. A. Kozhevnikov.
11.25) Personal communication from P. E. Dolgirev.

230
 11.26) A. V. Pastor, Open Olympiad of Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, 2012, Grade 8-9, Prob-
lem?.
11.31) Personal communication from Y. Krauz and L. V. Radzivilovsky.
11.45) and 11.46) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
11.47) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
11.48) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
11.49) and 11.50) Personal communication from Y. Brodsky, L. V. Radzivilovsky, and 0. Solan.
11.57) Personal communication from V. V. Volkov.
11.58) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
11.1.15) This line is called the polar line of a point with respect to the conic.
11.1.17) Personal communication from I. I. Bogdanov.
11.1.28)-11.1.32) Tran ThuLe and Kien Trung Nguyen.
11.1.36) Dao Thanh Oai.
11.1.37) The same statement holds for any inscribed circumscribed polygon with an even number
of sides.
11.2.1) and 11.2.2) Personal communication from A. A. Zaslavsky.
11.2.12)-11.2.15) Personal communication from A. A. Skutin.
11.3.1 0) K. A. Sukhov, Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2005, Team Selection Test for
All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad, Grade 10, Problem 1.
11.3.12) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
11.3.17) Personal communication from F. K. Nilov.
11.3.23) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov.
12.14) Personal communication from K. S. Ivanov and P. Pamfilos.
13.24) V. Rastorguev, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2017, Grade 8-9, Problem 5.
13.25) L. Shteyngarts, Moscow Oral Geometrical Olympiad, 2016, Grade 1G-11, Problem 3.

Constructions taken from the Schnittpunkte collection of Hans Walser: 4.9.6) 432, 4.10.17) 431,
5.7.4) 629, 6.1.10) 337, 8.1.31) 354, 8.1.32) 352, 8.1.33) 353, 9.6) 468, 9.16) 370, 9.17) 371,
9.18)215, 9.27) 305, 9.38) 319, 9.39) 306, 9.40) 307, 9.41) 332.

Constructions the author discovered while working on this book: 3.11), 4.1.36), 4.5.33), 4.5.44),
4.5.62), 4.5.63), 4.5.66), 4.5.83), 4.5.89), 4.6.10), 4.12.8), 5.1.21), 5.4.7), 5.4.14), 5.4.20), 5.4.27),
5.6.22), 6.5.17), 6.8.8), 6.8.9), 6.8.10), 6.8.13), 6.8.14), 6.8.25), 6.10.34), 10.8), 10.9), 10.11),
10.14), 11.29), 11.30), 11.32), 11.34), 11.37)-11.44), 11.1.33), 11.1.34), 11.1.35), 11.3.20),
11.4.2).
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