Title : Service Load Design (Variable Tendon Eccentricity)

Intended Learning Outcomes :

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to :
1. Calculate the Required Section Modulus
2. Compute for Extreme Fiber Stresses before and after applying Prestress Losses
3. Compare the Extreme Fiber Stresses to the NSCP 2015 Limits

Discussions :
The required section modulus is calculated for both top and bottom sections. Dead load, live load,
and superimposed dead load must by included in the calculations. The limits of the fiber stresses are fc, fti,
ft and fci. At transfer, the losses in the prestress are not yet taken into account.
A. Required Section Modulus
Top Section
t ( 1−γ ) M D + M SD + M L
S≥
γ f ti−fc
Bottom Section
( 1−γ ) M D+ M SD+ M L
Sb≥
f t−γ f ci

B. Analysis of Stresses at Transfer

( )
Top fiber t
MD
t −Pi ec
f = 1− 2 −≤ t ≤ fti
Ac r S

( )
Bottom Fiber ec M
−Pi
f b= 1+ 2b + D ≤ fci
Ac r Sb

C. Analysis of Stresses at Service Loads

Top fiber

( )
t
−Pe ec M ≤ fc
f t= 1− 2 − tT
Ac r S

( )
Bottom Fiber
−Pe ec b MT
f b= 1+ 2 + ≤ ft
Ac r Sb

C. Uncracked, Transition, Cracked Section

A section is considered uncracked if the tensile fiber stress does exceed 0.62√f'c and it is considered
cracked if the tensile fiber stress is greater than √f'c.

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Service Load Design (Variable Tendon Eccentricity)
P1. Design a girder using an AASHTO I-section with harped tendons with a span length of 18m using
NSCP 2015 allowable stresses. The beam is to carry Live load and a Superimposed Dead Load.
Assume losses equal to 18 % , Use seven-wire strands
Live Load 7 KN/m
Superimposed Dead 4.5 KN/m
Length of beam , L = 18 m

Material Properties
f'c = 35 MPa
f'ci = 0.75f'c = 26.250 MPa at transfer (assumed)
fc = 0.45f'c = 15.750 MPa Transition (Prestress + sustained loads) [Table 424.5.4.1]
fci = 0.60f'ci = 15.750 MPa [Table 424.5.3.1]
fpu = 1860 MPa [Table 420.3.2.2]
ft = √f'c = 5.916 MPa Transition [Table 424.5.2.1]
fti = 0.25√f'ci = 1.281 MPa max. Allowable Tensile Stress in concrete at transfer [Table 424.5.3.2]

Solution :
1. Calculate Losses
γ = 100 - 18 = 82 % or 0.82
1 - γ = 1 - 0.82 = 0.18
2. Calculate Loads
Assume self-weight wD = 5.7 KN/m ( 391 lb/ft) (1 lbf/ft = 0.014.593 KN/m)
MD = (1/8) (5.7)18^2 = 230.85 KN-m
ML = (1/8) (7)18^2 = 283.50 KN-m
MSD = (1/8) (4.5)18^2 = 182.25 KN-m

3. Determine the Required Section Modulus

t ( 1−γ ) M D + M SD + M L
S≥
γ f ti−fc
[(1 - 0.82)230.85 + 283.5 + 182.25 ] (1000^2)
St ≥ = 30,195,852 mm3 ( 1843 in3 )
0.82(1.281) - (-15.75)

( 1−γ ) M D+ M SD+ M L
Sb ≥
f t−γ f ci
[(1 - 0.82)230.85 + 283.5 + 182.25 ] (1000^2)
Sb ≥ = 26,939,666 mm3 ( 1644 in3 )
5.916 - 0.82(-15.75)

By Inspection, choose Type 2 AASTHO Bridge Sections

Section Properties of AASHTO Type 2(Approximate) Type St(in3) Sb(in3) W(lb/ft)
Ac = 238,064 mm2 1 1476 1807 287
St = 41,410,111 mm3 2 2527 3320 384
Sb = 54,405,052 mm3 3 5070 6186 583
c=
t
512.32 mm 4 8908 10544 822
cb = 402.08 mm 5 16790 16307 1055
ee = 170 mm eccentriciy at support, assumed 6 20587 20157 1130
ec = 300 mm eccentriciy at midspan, assumed
r2 = 89130 mm2

4. Design of Seven-Wire Strands

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 wD = 384 lb/ft = 5.604 KN/m
MD = 226.96 KN-m
MT = MD + MSD + ML = 226.96 + 182.25 + 283.5 = 692.71 KN
fpi = 0.70fpu = 0.7(1860) = 1302 MPa [Table 420.3.2.5.1]
fpe = 0.82fpi = 0.82(1302) = 1068 MPa (losses of 18 %)

5. Analysis of Stresses
a. Analysis of Stresses at Transfer

( )
t
t −Pi ec MD
f = 1− 2 − t ≤ fti
Ac r S
at midspan use e = ec

ft = -Pi/238064( 1 -300(512.32)/89130) - 226.96(1000^2)/41410111 ≤ fti = 1.281 MPa

(-Pi/238064)(-0.7244) - 5.4808 = 1.281 MPa
Solve for Pi
Pi = 2,222,175 N
Seven-wire strand 1/2 in. diameter (low relaxation)
A1 = 98.71 mm2 (0.153 in2)
P1 = A1 fpi = 98.71(1302) = 128520 N
Required Number of Strands = Pi/P1 = 2222175/128520 = 17.3

Try 14 Pcs 1/2 in. diameter strands

Aps = 14(98.71) = 1382 mm2
Pi = 1382(1302) = 1,799,364 N ft = -0.01 MPa < fti = 1.281 MPa
Pe = 1382(1068) = 1,475,976 N

f b=
−Pi
Ac ( )
ecb
1+ 2 +
r
MD
Sb
fb = -1799364/238064(1 + 300(402.08)/89130 ) + 226.96(1000^2)/54405052
fb = -13.62 MPa < fci = 15.750 MPa , OK

b. Analysis of Stresses at Service Load (Midspan)

t
f =
−Pe
Ac ( )
ect MT
1− 2 − t
r S
at midspan use e = ec
ft = -1475976/238064(1 - 300(512.32)/89130 ) - 692.71(1000^2)/41410111
ft = -12.24 MPa < fc = 15.750 MPa , OK

f b=
−Pe
Ac ( )
ec M
1+ 2b + T
r Sb
at midspan we use e = ec
fb = -1475976/238064(1 + 300(402.08)/89130 ) + 692.71(1000^2)/54405052
fb = -1.86 MPa < ft = 5.916 MPa , OK

c. Analysis of Stresses at Transfer (End Support)

fti = 0.5√f'ci = 2.56 MPa (end support) [Table 424.5.3.2]

( )
t
t −Pi ec MD
f = 1− 2 − t
Ac r S
at end support use e = ee , MD = 0
ft = -1799364/238064(1 - 170(512.32)/89130 ) - 0
ft = -0.17 MPa < fti = 2.56 MPa , OK

f b=
−Pi
Ac ( )
ecb
1+ 2 +
r
MD
Sb

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 f b=
−Pi
Ac( )ec M
1+ 2b + D
r Sb

fb = -1799364/238064(1 - 170(402.08)/89130 ) - 0
fb = -1.76 MPa < fci = 15.750 MPa , OK

d. Analysis of Stresses at Service Load (End Support)

f =
t −Pe
Ac ( )
ect MT
1− 2 − t
r S
at end support use e = ee , MT = 0
f =
t
-1475976/238064(1 - 170(512.32)/89130 ) - 0
ft = -0.14 MPa < ft = 5.916 MPa , OK

f b=
−Pe
Ac ( )
ec M
1+ 2b + T
r Sb
fb = -1475976/238064(1 + 170(402.08)/89130 ) - 0
fb = -10.95 MPa < fc = 15.750 MPa , OK

Not to Scale

Section at Midspan

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Self Assessment(Problem Set) :
Service Load Design (Variable Tendon Eccentricity)
PS1. Design a girder using an AASHTO I-section with harped tendons with a span length of 18m using
NSCP 2015 allowable stresses. The beam is to carry Live load and a Superimposed Dead Load.
Assume losses equal to 18 % , Use seven-wire strands
Live Load 9 KN/m
Superimposed Dead Load 8KN/m
Length of beam , L = 18 m

Material Properties
f'c = 35 MPa
f'ci = 0.75f'c
fc = 0.45f'ci
fci = 0.60f'ci
fpu = 1860 MPa
ft = √f'c
fti = 0.25√f'ci

References :
1. ASEP, Inc. (2015), National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015
2. Nawy, E.G. (2003), Prestressed Concrete Design : A fundamental Approach 4rth Edition,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA
3. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (2006), PCI Design Handbook Precast and Prestressed
Concrete 6th Edition. USA

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