Lesson 1: Nature and Process of Communication

What is Communication?
 It is a message understood
 A social interaction through messages
 A process
 Occurs between 2 or more people
 Can be written or spoken words

Context
 Also known as situation

Sender
 The person who sends the message

Message
 Key element that Is transmitted in the communication

Channel
 The pathway through which the message travels
 Also known as the medium

Receiver
 Person who receives the message

Feedback
 Return process of communication
 Noise
 Anything that hinders the transmission

THE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION (Summarized)

 Inform Express
Inspire Question
Persuade Deny
Motivate Affirm
Advise Learn

Lesson 2: Models of Communication

3 Categories of Models of Communication

 Linear Model
I. Aristotle’s model
II. Berlo’s Model
III. Shannon-Weaver’s model
 Interactive Model
I. Schramm’s model
II. Helical Model
 Transactional Model
I. White’s Model

Linear Model
 One way communication
 Focused on the transmission of message
 Has no feed back
Shannon-Weaver Model
 Based on the experience of using the telephone
 Mother of all communication models
 STRCD – Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, Destination
Aristotle Model
 Aristotle – a teacher of rhetoric
  More focused on public speaking
 Speaker, Message, Audience
Berlos Model
 Takes into account the emotional aspect
 SMCR – Source, Medium, Channel, Receiver
 Interactive model of communication
 Feedback indicates comprehension
 Source – Where the message originates
 Communication skills – skill of an individual to communicate
 Attitudes – attitude towards the audience
 Knowledge – must be knowledgeable about the topic
 Social System – it is where the communication takes place
 Culture – culture of a particular society
 Content – the body of a message
 Elements – various things like language
 Treatment – packing of the message
 Structure – refers to how the message was arranged
 Code – in what form the message was sent
 Channel – refers to the five senses
 Hearing – use of ears
 Seeing – Visual channels
 Touching – Sense of touch
 Smelling – use of nose
 Tasting – use of a muscular organ called tongue
Schramm Model of Communication
 Interactive model of communication
 Both the sender and receiver must have the same field of experience
 Field of experience – what’s mutually understood.
Helical Model of Communication
 Communication is similar to helix
 Continuity of the communication if important
  Communication is a dynamic process
Transactional Model of Communication
 Communication is dynamic
 Circular process
 Senders and receivers are both communicators
Eugene White’s Model of Communication
 Communication is circular and continuous
 Communication begins with thinking

Lesson 3A: Communication Breakdown

Communication Breakdown
 When one element is absent
 Message is not understood

Barriers to Communication
1. Physical Barriers:
 Natural or environmental conditions that hinders the communication.
2. Psychological Barriers:
 Refers to social and personal issues
 Mental Barriers
3. Cultural Barriers:
 Problems due to intrinsic values, or beliefs
4. Linguistic Barriers:
 Conflicts due to language and word meanings.
Classification of Noise (Verdeber 1991)
1. External Noise
 Sight, sound. And other stimulis
2. Internal Noise
 Thoughts, and feelings
3. Semantic Noise
 Alternative manings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.

Lesson 3B: Strategies to avoid Communication Breakdown

5 Ways to avoid communication breakdown:

1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking
2. Learn to listen
3. Take care of your body language and tone
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others
5. Communicate face to face on the important issues

Some Strategies to avoid Communication breakdown

1. Keep Focused
2. Speak intelligibly
3 Listen with your ears and eyes
4. Minimize distractions
5. Be specific
6. Do not jump to conclusions

7Cs of Effective communication

1. Completeness – should include everything
2. Conciseness – should be direct or straight to the point
3. Consideration – should give high regard
4. Concreteness – backed up by facts
5. Courtesy – respect to his/her receivers
6. Clearness – simple and specific words
7. Correctness – avoid mistakes in grammar

Lesson 4: Functions of Communication

Functions of Communications
1. Regulation/Control
2. Social Interaction
3. Motivation
4. Emotional Expression
5. Information Dissemination
6. Verbal Cues
7. Non-Verbal Cues

Regulation/Control
 To control human behavior
Social Interaction
 To socialize or interact
Motivation
 To express desires
Emotional Expression
 To express love, fear, anger, joy, hope
Information Dissemination
 Enables to disseminate facts

Verbal Cues
  Communicators must not only use words, but also their actions
 Basic Forms of Verbal Cues:
 Pause – pauses between words
 Loudness/Softness – emphasis can be achieved by loudness or softness
 Rhythm – refers to the speed and flow
 Repetition and Rephrasing – helps the listener understand
 Tone – shows the attitude of the speaker
 Appropriate form of language – it depends on the given setting
Nonverbal Cues
 Without the use of words
 Basic forms of Nonverbal Cues:
 Kinesics – study of hand arm body and face movements
 Posture – beneficial not only for your health
 Gestures – help express a speaker’s point better
 Facial Expression – must match the topic of discussion
 Oculesics – maintains eye contact
 Olfactics – through smell
 Haptics – through touch
 Chronemics – refers to time
 Gustorics – refers to taste
 Chromatics – refers to colors
 Proxemics – make use of the space

Lesson 5: Types of Speech Context

Speech Context – a way that people use to communicate and transmit messages.
Types of Speech Context:
1. Intrapersonal – speaker acts both as the sender and receiver, internal dialouge
2. Intrapersonal - takes place among people
3. Public Communication – deliver a message in front of the group
4. Mass Communication – transmits information to a large audience /newspaper /radio
Types of Interpersonal:
1. Dyad Communication – between 2 people
2. Small Group – 3 but not more than 12 people

Lesson 6: Types of Speeches and Speech Style

Speech – to express thoughts and emotions

Types of Speech according to delivery:
1. Manuscript Speech – word-for-word iteration
2. Memorized Speech - committed to memory
3. Extemporaneous Speech – speaking with limited preparation, conversation-style
4. Impromptu Speech – on the spot speaking, short message without preparation

Types of Speech According to Purpose:

1. Informative Speech – purpose of educating the audience
2. Persuasive Speech – convincing the audience
3. Entertainment Speech – to share laughter and enjoyment

Speech Styles
1. Intimate Style – reserved for close family members
2. Casual Style – between group or peers
3. Consultative Style – third level of language, used in semi-formal communication
4. Formal Style – one-way straightforward speech
5. Frozen Style – most formal communicative style