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The document discusses immunity and the role of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, in causing infectious diseases. It outlines methods of disease transmission, control measures, and the body's defense mechanisms, including both mechanical and chemical barriers, as well as the active immune response involving lymphocytes and antibodies. Vaccination is highlighted as a way to stimulate an active immune response and create memory cells for quicker responses to future infections.

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adham.tharwat.abdelgwad
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3 views

5

The document discusses immunity and the role of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, in causing infectious diseases. It outlines methods of disease transmission, control measures, and the body's defense mechanisms, including both mechanical and chemical barriers, as well as the active immune response involving lymphocytes and antibodies. Vaccination is highlighted as a way to stimulate an active immune response and create memory cells for quicker responses to future infections.

Uploaded by

adham.tharwat.abdelgwad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 9 immunity

1 . Pathogen :

Microorganism that live in a host and cause disease


Example : virus ( HIV) , bacteria ( cholera ) , fungi (athletes foot ).

2 . Virus : Non living , not cellular

Protein coat

3 Genetic material( DNA or RNA )

3 . Infectious disease :

Caused by pathogen and can be transmitted from one living organism ( HOST ) to another.

4 . Non Infectious disease :

Not caused by pathogens and cant be transmitted from one organisms to another .
Example CHD , anaemia , scurvy ,……

5 . State the ways of spread of disease :

Indirect

1. By contaminated food / water …….cholera


2. By vector ( animal carrier to the pathogen ) …….malaria
3. In air droplets through sneezing or coughing …..influenza.

Direct

1. By touch …athlete’s foot


2. From pregnant woman to her fetus through placenta / breast feeding
3. Mixing of body fluid …as HIV unprotected sexual intercourse , or blood
transfusion as HIV / hepatitis
6 . Ways to control / reduce the spread of disease :

1. Personal hygiene ; brush your teeth , wash your hands after toilets , after and
before eating , take regular shower .

2. Food hygiene
Cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria
Cover food to be kept away from flies
Separate the uncooked raw meat from raw vegetables
food in fridge ……..slow down growth of bacteria by slowing down the rate of
enzymatic activity
Food in freezer ………stop the growth of bacteria by deactivating their enzymes
Food subjected to high temperature ……….kill bacteria by denaturing their
enzymes

3. Safe land fill

1. Unsafe landfill
2. Safe land fill

1. All kind of rubbish is pilled up


2. Bacteria breed in waste food
3. Houseflies , rats , stray dogs searching for food
4. Decomposers ( bacteria ) will decompose the food and
produce methane gas which is flammable and cause
explosion if allowed to build up .

4. Sewage treatment
5. Drink bottled water, chlorinated water , boiled water ( clean water supply )
6. Vaccinations
💉
7 . Defense mechanism ( barrier or an active immune response ) :

1. First line of defense 1. Mechanical barrier


Barriers 2. Chemical barrier

Mechanical barrier Chemical barrier

1. Hairs in nose 1. Tears containing lysozyme enzyme which destroy the


2. Skin bactrial cell wall cause the bacteria to die
3. Scab 2. Mucus contains enzyme which kill bacteria
3. Saliva has enzyme that digests and kills the
bacteria
4. Acid in stomch to kill bacteria by denaturing the
enzymes

2. Second line of defense


Active Immune response

i &
i Antibodies Memory cells
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• White blood cells called lymphocytes detect the pathogen ( foreign )


• Then white blood cells divide and produce many copies ( clone ) of lymphocytes
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• Release antibodies to destroy the pathogen


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• Leaving memory cells for faster secondary immune response.


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• So you dont fall ill upon secondary infection with same pathogen

• An active immune response occurs


1. After infection with pathogen
2. Vaccination

-Vaccine

• inject weak or dead pathogen


• Stimulate an ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
• Where body’s lymphocytes ( WBCs ) divide and release antibodies
• Leaving memory cells for faster secondary immune

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