COURSE NAME :- WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

COURSE CODE :- BTEC – 601 – 18

ASSIGNMENT NO :- 3

DATE OF ALLOTMENT :- 15-04-2025

DATE OF SUBMISSION :- 18-04-2025

COURSE INSTRUCTOR :- DR. GHANISHTHA

SUBMITTED BY :- HIMANSHU SODHI

REGISTRATION NO. :- 2201651

Question 1 :- Write a note on third generation wireless network and standards.

Answer:- Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks:-

Third Generation (3G) wireless networks represent a significant advancement in mobile

communication technology. Introduced in the early 2000s, 3G networks provided faster data
transmission rates, improved voice quality, and better connectivity compared to the previous
2G networks. These networks enabled the widespread use of mobile internet, video calling, and
multimedia messaging.

Key Features of 3G:-

• Data rates up to 2 Mbps (for stationary or low-mobility users).

• Support for voice, data, video, and multimedia services.

• Enhanced spectral efficiency and network capacity.

• Roaming capabilities across countries.

3G Technologies and Standards:-

Several standards were developed under the 3G umbrella, most of which are part of the
International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) IMT-2000 framework. The primary standards
include:

1. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System):-

• Developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

• Based on W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
• Used widely in Europe and Asia.

2. CDMA2000 :-

• Developed by 3GPP2.
• Based on the earlier CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology.
• Popular in North America and parts of Asia.

3. TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) :-

• Developed and used mainly in China.

• A homegrown 3G standard by Chinese companies.
Applications of 3G :-

• Mobile internet access

• Video conferencing
• Mobile TV
• GPS navigation
• Online gaming

Question 2 :- Short questions

i) What are the advantages of RAKE receiver?

ii) What is IS-136 standard?
iii) Define Dwell time.
iv) What is the role of the power control bit in CDMA?
v) List the GSM channels.
vi) Write the services provided by GSM.
vii) Define reverse CDMA channel.

Answer:-

i) Advantages of RAKE receiver

• Combines multipath signals to improve signal quality.

• Reduces the effects of fading and interference.

• Enhances reception in CDMA systems by using diversity gain.

ii) IS-136 standard

• IS-136 is a second-generation (2G) digital mobile phone standard based on TDMA

(Time Division Multiple Access), used mainly in North America.

• It supports voice, messaging, and limited data services.

iii) Dwell time :-

• Dwell time is the time a mobile device stays on a specific channel or frequency before
switching to another.

iv) Role of the power control bit in CDMA :-

• It helps in adjusting the transmit power of the mobile station.

 • Ensures minimal interference and maintains signal quality.

v) List the GSM channels :-

• Traffic Channels (TCH)

• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

• Common Control Channel (CCCH)

• Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

• Synchronization Channel (SCH)

• Paging Channel (PCH)

• Random Access Channel (RACH)

vi) Services provided by GSM :-

• Voice calls

• SMS (Short Message Service)

• Data services (e.g., GPRS, EDGE)

• Roaming

• Call forwarding and call waiting

• Caller ID and voicemail

vii) Reverse CDMA channel :-

• The reverse CDMA channel refers to the uplink from the mobile station to the base
station.

• It carries voice, data, and signaling information from the user device.

Question 3 :- Draw and Explain IS-95 forward link in detail.

Answer:-

IS-95 Forward Link (Downlink) :- The forward link in IS-95 refers to the transmission from
the Base Station (BS) to the Mobile Station (MS). It uses Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) technology, where multiple users share the same frequency using unique codes.
Block Diagram of IS-95 Forward Link :-

Main Channels on Forward Link:

1. Pilot Channel:

• No data.
• Provides time synchronization and signal strength reference.
• Uses Walsh code 0.

2. Sync Channel:

• Sends system timing and identification information.

• Helps mobile synchronize with the network.

3. Paging Channel:

• Used to send system messages and call setup info.

• Broadcast to multiple users.

4. Traffic Channels:

• Carry user-specific data (voice or data).

• Each user gets a unique Walsh code.
Forward Link Characteristics :-

• Single frequency used for all users.

• Uses Walsh codes for separation of users and channels.
• Orthogonal codes reduce interference between channels.
• Uses QPSK modulation for data transmission.
• Supports soft handoff, allowing a mobile to connect to multiple base stations
simultaneously.

Question 4 :- Draw and Explain GSM signal processing in detail.

Answer:- GSM signal processing involves converting user data (typically voice) into a radio
signal for transmission. The steps ensure compression, error protection, encryption,
multiplexing, and modulation.

1. Speech Coding:

• Converts analog voice to digital using RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excitation - Long
Term Prediction).
• Bitrate: ~13
• kbps.

2. Channel Coding:
 • Adds redundancy for error detection and correction using convolutional coding and
block coding.
• Ensures data reliability in noisy wireless channels.

3. Ciphering (Encryption):

• Data is encrypted using algorithms like A5/1 or A5/2 to protect user privacy.

4. Interleaving:

• Bits are rearranged across multiple bursts to reduce the impact of burst errors.

5. Burst Formatting:

• Data is formatted into GSM bursts (normal burst, access burst, etc.) for time slot
transmission.
• Adds training sequence, guard period, and tail bits.

6. Modulation:

• GSM uses GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying), a type of constant-envelope

modulation ideal for power efficiency.

7. RF Transmission:

• The modulated signal is upconverted to the carrier frequency and transmitted over the
air through the antenna.

Receive Side (Reverse Path) –

The receiver does the reverse:

• Demodulation (GMSK)

• Burst de-formatting

• De-interleaving

• Deciphering

• Channel decoding

• Speech decoding.