Chapter 9:

Network Addressing

9.1.1: Purpose of the IP Address

 An IP address is a logical network address that identifies a
particular host on a network
 The IP address is assigned to the Network interface connection
for a host.
 All hosts need a IP address to participate and communicate with
other devices on the Internet.
◦ This includes workstations, servers, network printers and IP phones
◦ Some servers can have more than one NIC and each of these has its
own IP address.
◦ Router interfaces that provide connections to an IP network will also
have an IP address.
 Every packet sent across the Internet has a source and
destination IP address.
 This information is required by networking devices to insure the
information gets to the destination and that any replies are
returned to the source.

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 9.1.2: IP Address Structure
 IP Addresses are 32 bit addresses written in dotted
decimal notation
◦ The address is represented by 32 bits (zeros and ones)
◦ The 32 bits are grouped into four 8-bit bytes called
octets.
 Example: 192.168.1.5
◦ This represents the address:
11000000101010000000000100000101
◦ The dotted decimal format is much easier to use
 The 32-bit IP address is called IP version 4 (IPv4)
addressing and is currently the most common form of
IP address on the Internet.
 There are over 4 billion possible IP v4 addresses

Converting IP Addresses
 When a host receives an IP address, it reads
it as bits as they are received on the NIC.
 Humans, on the other hand, need to convert
those 32 bits into their four octet decimal
equivalent.
 Each octet can be converted just like any
other 8 bit binary number
 The maximum values for each octet are:
◦ Binary : 11111111
◦ Decimal: 255

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 Conversion of an IP Address

9.1.3: Parts of an IP Address

 IP addresses are hierarchical and re made up
of two parts.:
◦ The Network Portion: identifies the network
◦ The Host Portion: identifies a host on that
network
 Example: The IP host address192.168.18.57
◦ The 1st 3 octets are the Network portion:
192.168.18
◦ The last octet is the Host portion: 57

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 Network Addresses
 The Network address is not a usable host IP
address
 Network addresses are only used by routers to
decide how to get packets to their destination

Usable Host Addresses

 The Network address is not a usable host
address
 Only a usable host IP address can be assigned
to a host device
 Example: on the network 192.168.18.0, the
usable host IP addresses are:
◦ 192.168.18.1 to 192.168.18.254

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 Host vs. Network Portion

Network Number

Host Number

Network vs. Host Portion

Network Addresses

Host IP Addresses

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 9.1.4: Subnet Masks
 When a host sends a packet, it uses the Subnet mask to decide if the
packet is destined for a host on the local network or on a different
network.
 The subnet mask is a special address that tells devices which part of
the IP address is network and which part is host
◦ A subnet mask is assigned to devices at the same time as the IP address
 Example Subnet Masks:
◦ 255.255.255.0
◦ 255.255.0.0
◦ 255.255.255.128
◦ 255.254.0.0

Using the Subnet Mask

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 9.2.1: IP v. 4 Address Classes
 As we have seen, the IP address and subnet
mask work together to determine which
portion of the IP address represents the
network address and which portion
represents the host address.
 IP v. 4 addresses are grouped into 5 classes:
◦ Classes A, B and C are commercial addresses and
are assigned to business, organizations and
individuals to be used for hosts on the Internet
◦ Class D is reserved for multicast use
◦ Class E is for experimental use.

Commercial IP Address Classes

 Class C addresses are usually assigned to small networks
◦ Use 3 octets for the network and 1 for the hosts N.N.N.H
◦ The default subnet mask is 24 bits: 255.255.255.0
◦ 254 (2 ^ 8 – 2) available host addresses per network
 Class B addresses are typically used for medium-sized
networks
◦ Use 2 octets for the network and 2 for the hosts N.N.H.H
◦ The default subnet mask is 16 bits: 255.255.0.0
◦ 65, 534 (2 ^ 16 – 2) available host addresses per network
 Class A addresses are typically assigned to large
organizations.
◦ Use 1 octet for the network and 3 for the hosts N.H.H.H
◦ The default subnet mask is 8 bits: 255.0.0.0
◦ 16, 777, 214 (2 ^ 24 – 2) available host addresses per network

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 The value of the 1st Octet
 The class of an address can be determined by the
value of the first octet
Class Decimal Value of 1st Octet
◦ Class A 1 - 126
◦ Class B 128 – 191
◦ Class C 192 – 223
◦ Class D 224 – 239
◦ Class E 240 – 255

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 9.2.2: Public vs. Private Addresses
 All hosts that connect directly to the Internet
require a unique public IP address.

 Private IP Addresses allow hosts within an

organization to communicate with one another
without needing a unique public IP address.

Private Network Addresses

Private Network
Addresses

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 Private IP Addresses
 Private addresses can be used internally by hosts in
an organization as long as the hosts do not connect
directly to the Internet.
 This allows multiple organizations to use the same
set of private addresses internally.

Private IP Addresses

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 9.2.3: Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast
 In addition to address classes, we
also categorize IP addresses as :
◦ Unicast - one-to-one
◦ Broadcast - one-to-many
◦ Multicast- one-to-all

Unicast Addresses
 A unicast address is the most common type on
an IP network.
 A packet with a unicast destination address is
intended for a specific host.
◦ Example: a host with IP address 192.168.1.5 (source)
requests a web page from a server at IP address
192.168.1.200 (destination)
 For a unicast packet to be sent and received, a
destination IP address must be in the IP packet
header.
 A corresponding destination MAC address must
also be present in the Ethernet frame header.
 The IP address and MAC address combine to
deliver data to one specific destination host.

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 Unicast Addresses

Multicast IP Address
 Multicast IP addresses allow a source device to
send a packet to a group of devices.
 Devices that belong to a multicast group are
assigned a multicast group IP address.
 The range of multicast addresses is:
◦ 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
 Since multicast addresses represent a group of
addresses (sometimes called a host group), they can
only be used as the destination of a packet.
 The source will always have a unicast address.
 Examples:
◦ Remote gaming, with many players connected remotely to
the same server
◦ Distance learning through video conferencing, with many
students connected

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 Multicast MAC Addresses
 A packet with a destination multicast IP address
needs a corresponding multicast MAC address to
actually deliver the packet on the local network.
 The multicast MAC address is a special value
that begins with 01-00-5E in hexadecimal.
 The rest of the address is a result of converting the
lower 23 bits of the IP multicast group address into
the remaining 6 hexadecimal characters of the
Ethernet address.
 Example:
◦ Multicast IP Address: 224. 15.100.197
◦ Multicast MAC Address: 01-00-5E-0F-64-C5

Multicast MAC Address Example

 Multicast IP Address: 224.15.100.197
 Multicast MAC Address: 01-00-5E-0F-64-C5
◦ 01-00-5E - Standard Multicast MAC prefix
◦ 0F-64-C5 = The last 23 bits of the Multicast IP
address in HEX
 Conversion:
◦ The last 23 bits of the IP address are:
◦ 0001111.01100010.11000101
◦ Those bits in Hex are:
◦ 000 = 0 1111= F (15) 0110 = 6
0010 = 4 1100 = C (12) 0101 = 5

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 Multicast Addresses

Broadcast IP Address
 A Broadcast IP Address has all ones (1s) in the
host portion.
 A Broadcast packet will be received and looked at
by every host in the local network, or in the
broadcast domain
 Many network protocols, such as ARP and DHCP
use broadcasts.
 Examples:
◦ The Class C network 192.168.1.0 uses the Broadcast
address 192.168.1.255
◦ The Class B network 172.16.0.0 uses the broadcast
address 172.16.255.255
◦ The Class A network 10.0.0.0 uses the broadcast address
10.255.255.255.

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 Broadcast MAC Address
A packet with a broadcast IP address
needs a corresponding broadcast MAC
address in the Ethernet frame.
 On Ethernet networks, the broadcast
MAC address is FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

Broadcast Addresses

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 5.3.1: Static IP Addresses
 With static IP assignment, the network administrator must
manually configure the network information for a host.
 At a minimum, this includes the host IP address, subnet mask
and default gateway.
 Static addresses have some advantages:
◦ Useful for printers, servers and other networking devices that need
to be accessible to clients on the network.
◦ Can provide increased control of network resources,
 Static Addresses have some disadvantages:
◦ Time Consuming
◦ Errors are more likely to occur.
 When using static IP addressing, it is important to maintain
an accurate list of which IP addresses are assigned to which
devices.

Static IP Addressing

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 Dynamic IP Addresses
 Dynamic Assignment of IP Addresses is achieved
using a protocol known as Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
 DHCP can provide the automatic assignment of
addressing information such as IP address, subnet
mask, default gateway, and other configuration
information.
 Advantages:
◦ On local networks the user population changes frequently
◦ It reduces the network support staff
◦ It eliminates IP Address entry errors
◦ Addresses are not permanently assigned to a host but are
only leased for a period of time. If the host is powered
down or taken off the network, the address is returned to
the pool for reuse.

Dynamic IP Addressing

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 5.3.2: DHCP Server
 How does a Host receive an IP Address with DHCP?
◦ The host acts as a DHCP client and contacts the local DHCP
server
◦ The DHCP server assigns an IP address to your laptop.
 A DHCP Server is a device that is running the DHCP
service software.
◦ A dedicated PC or server (medium to large networks)
◦ An Integrated Router (home networks)
◦ A dedicated Router (an ISP)
 Many home networks and small businesses use an
integrated router to connect to the ISP modem.
◦ In this case, the integrated router is both a DHCP client and a server.
◦ The integrated router acts as a client to receive its IP configuration
from the ISP and
◦ It then acts a DHCP server for internal hosts on the local network.

DHCP Services

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 5.4.1: Default Gateway
 A router provides a gateway through which hosts on one
network can communicate with hosts on different networks.
 Each interface on a router is connected to a separate
network.
 The IP address assigned to the router interface identifies
which local network is connected directly to it.
 Every host on a network must use the router as a gateway
to other networks.
 Therefore, each host must know the IP address of the
router interface connected to the network where the host
is attached.
 This address is known as the default gateway address.
◦ It can be either statically configured on the host, or received
dynamically by DHCP.

Address Management
 There are several ways hosts can be connected to an ISP and the Internet.
 Whether or not an individual host is assigned a public or private address depends on how
it is connected.
 Direct Connection
◦ A single host with a direct connection from the ISP through a modem
◦ A public address from the ISP’s DHCP server is assigned to the host
 Connection Through an Integrated Router
◦ More than one host that needs access to the Internet
◦ The ISP modem and hosts are attached directly to an ISR
◦ The ISR receives a public address from the ISP
◦ Internal hosts receive private addresses from the ISR
 Connection Through a Gateway Device
◦ Gateway devices combine an integrated router and a modem in one
unit
◦ The Gateway is directly connected to the ISP service
◦ The gateway device receives a public address from the ISP
◦ Internal hosts receive private addresses from the gateway device

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 Address Management

5.4.3: NAT
 When a network is using one or a few Public IP address and
Private IP addresses internally, a process is needed to
translate private addresses into unique public addresses
◦ The hosts on the internal network must share the single Public
Internet routable addressed assigned to the network or household
 The process used to convert private addresses to Internet-
routable addresses is called Network Address
Translation (NAT).
◦ Internal private source IP addresses are translated to one or more
public IP address.
◦ Only packets destined for other networks need to be translated.
 NAT Servers provide this translation process
◦ A NAT server is a device like an ISR or a dedicated PC server
configured with NAT software
◦ NAT servers are able to translate many internal IP addresses to the
same public address

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 NAT Translation
 So how do NAT servers keep track of which private IP
addresses sent or should receive a packet?
 The NAT server adds a port number to the IP Packet, in
order to keep track of which internal private IP address sent
the message
 Each internal Private IP Address is assigned a different port
number, to keep track of which packets go to which address
 The internal Private IP addresses are called Inside Local
Addresses
 The public IP address that all hosts must use to connect to
the internet is called the Inside Global Address

NAT Inside Global Address

(Public IP Address)

Inside Local Addresses

(Private IP Address)

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 Network Masking Calculations

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