Title: Matrices

Chapter: Matrices
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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Determinant of a square matrix :

To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex) called
determinant of the square matrix.
Let A = [a]1×1 be a 1×1 matrix. Determinant A is defined as |A| = a.
e.g. A = [– 3]1×1 |A| = – 3
a b 
Let A =   , then |A| is defined as ad – bc.
 c d
 5 3
e.g. A=   , |A| = 23
 −1 4 

Minors & Cofactors :

Let  be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij, is defined as the determinant
of the submatrix obtained by deleting ith row & jth column of . Cofactor of element aij, denoted
by Cij, is defined as Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
e.g. 1 =
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22

a b c
e.g. 2 = p q r
x y z
q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C11.
y z
a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y

Determinant of any order :

Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix (n > 1). Determinant of A is defined as the sum of products of elements
of any one row (or any one column) with corresponding cofactors.

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  a11 a12 a13 
 a 23 
e.g.1 A = a 21 a 22
a31 a32 a33 
|A| = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
= a11 – a12 + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
|A| = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32C32 (using second column).
a21 a23 a11 a13 a11 a13
= – a12 + a22 – a32
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23

Transpose of a determinant : The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of the

corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
D = a2 b2 c2  DT = b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

Properties of determinant :
(1) |A| = |A| for any square matrix A.
i.e. the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2 = b1 b2 b3 = D
a3 b3 c 3 c1 c 2 c 3
(2) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is
changed in sign only.
a1 b1 c 1 a2 b2 c2
e.g. Let D1 = a 2 b 2 c 2 & D2 = a1 b1 c1 Then D2 = – D1
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3

(3) Let  be a scalar. Than  |A| is obtained by multiplying any one row (or any one column)
of |A| by 
a1 b1 c 1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
D = a2 b2 c 2 and E = a 2 b2 c2 Then E = KD
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
(4) | AB | = | A | | B |.
(5) |A| = n |A|, when A = [aij]n.
(6) A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order has determinant value zero.
(7) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column, then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(8) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical (or proportional), then its value
is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

(9) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.

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 a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(10) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 b1 c 1 a1 + ma2 b1 + mb2 c1 + mc 2
i.e. D1 = a 2 b 2 c 2 and D2 = a2 b2 c2 . Then D2 = D1
a3 b3 c 3 a3 + na1 b3 + nb1 c 3 + nc1

(11) Let A = [aij]n. The sum of the products of elements of any row with corresponding
cofactors of any other row is zero. (Similarly the sum of the products of elements of
any column with corresponding cofactors of any other column is zero).

a b c
Example # 9 Simplify b c a
c a b
Solution : Let R1 → R 1 + R 2 + R 3
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c 1 1 1
 b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
Apply C1 → C 1 – C2 , C2 → C2 – C3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b − c c − a a
c −a a−b b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)  3abc – a3 – b3 – c3

a b c
Example # 10 Simplify a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
Solution : Given determinant is equal to
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1
= a3 b3 c 3 = a3 b3 c3
abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
Apply C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
a −b
2 2
b −c
2 2
c 2

= a −b 3 3
b −c
3 3
c3
0 0 1
a+b b+c c2
= (a – b) (b – c) a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c 2 c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
2

= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]

= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)

Self practice problems

0 b−a c −a
(5) Find the value of  = . a−b 0 c −b
a−c b−c 0
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 b2 − ab b − c bc − ac
(6) Simplify . ab − a2 a − b b2 − ab
bc − ac c − a ab − a2
a−b−c 2 a 2 a
(7) Prove that 2 b b−c −a 2 b = (a + b + c)3.
2 c 2 c c −a −b

1 a bc
(8) Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab
Answers : (5) 0 (6) 0

Application of determinants : Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y1 1
1
D= x2 y 2 1 If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh − af² − bg² − ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c

Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A| is
zero or non-zero respectively.

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 Exercise – I

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

0 1 sec 
1. If the minor of three-one element (i.e. M31) in the determinant tan  − sec  tan  is 1 then find the
1 0 1
value of . (0    ).

2. Using the properties of determinants, evalulate:

23 6 11 0 c b
(i) 36 5 26 (ii) −c 0 a
63 13 37 −b −a 0

103 115 114 113 116 104 13 + 3 2 5 5

(iii) 111 108 106 + 108 106 111 (iv) 15 + 26 5 10
104 113 116 115 114 103 3 + 65 15 5

3. Prove that :
1 1 1
(i) a b c = (a − b) (b − c) (c − a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c 3
a b + c a2
(ii) b c + a b2 = − (a + b + c) (a − b) (b − c) (c − a)
c a + b c2

b+c a a
(iii) b c +a b = 4 abc
c c a+b

1 a2 a4 1 1 1
2 4
(iv) If 1 b b = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) a b c .
2 4 2 2 2
1 c c a b c

4. If a, b, c are positive and are the pth, qth, rth terms respectively of a G.P., show without expanding that,
loga p 1
logb q 1 = 0.
logc r 1

5. Find the non − zero roots of the equation,

a b ax + b 15 − 2 x 11 10
(i) = b c bx + c = 0. (ii) 11 − 3 x 17 16 = 0
ax + b bx + c c 7 − x 14 13

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 S0 S1 S2
6. If Sr = r + r + r then show that S1 S2 S3 = ( − )2 ( − )2 ( − )2.
S2 S3 S4

a1 l1 + b1 m1 a1 l2 + b1 m2 a1 l3 + b1 m3
7. Show that a2 l1 + b2 m1 a2 l2 + b2 m2 a2 l3 + b2 m3 = 0.
a3 l1 + b3 m1 a3 l2 + b3 m2 a3 l3 + b3 m3

ex sin x
8. If = A + Bx + Cx2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x n(1 + x)

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is equal to
(A) – 9 (B) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) 81

cos–1 x cos–1 y cos–1 z 

 
2. Let A = cos–1 y cos–1 z cos–1 x  such that |A| = 0, then maximum value of x + y + z is
cos–1 z cos–1 x cos–1 y 
 
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

−1 2 1
3. The absolute value of the determinant 3 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 1 is:
3 − 2 2 2 − 2 2 1

(A) 16 2 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (D) none

  
4. If ,  &  are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0, then the value of the determinant    =
  
(A) p (B) q (C) p2 − 2q (D) none

(a ) (a )
2 2
x
+ a− x x
− a− x 1

(b ) (b )
2 2
5. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z  R, then the determinant y
+ b− y y
− b− y 1 =

(c ) (c )
2 2
z
+ c −z z
− c −z 1

(A) axbycz (B) a−xb−yc−z (C) a2xb2yc2z (D) zero

b2 c 2 bc b + c
6. If a, b & c are non-zero real numbers, then D = c a 2 2
ca c + a =
2
ab 2
ab a + b
(A) abc (B) a2 b2 c2 (C) bc + ca + ab (D) zero

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 b1 + c1 c1 + a1 a1 + b1
7. The determinant b2 + c 2 c 2 + a2 a2 + b2 =
b3 + c 3 c 3 + a3 a3 + b3

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b2 c2 (B) 2 a2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

x x+y x+y+z
8. If x, y, z  R &  = 2x 5x + 2y 7x + 5y + 2z = − 16 then value of x is
3x 7x + 3y 9x + 7y + 3z
(A) − 2 (B) − 3 (C) 2 (D) 3

cos ( + ) − sin ( + ) cos 2

9. The determinant sin  cos  sin  is:
− cos  sin  cos 
(A) 0 (B) independent of  (C) independent of  (D) independent of  &  both

10. Let A be set of all determinants of order 3 with entries 0 or 1, B be the subset of A consisting of all
determinants with value 1 and C be the subset of A consisting of all determinants with value –1. Then
STATEMENT -1 : The number of elements in set B is equal to number of elements in set C.
and
STATEMENT-2 : (B  C)  A

(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

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 Answer Key

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

3
1. 0, , 2. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0 (iv) 5(3 2 − 5 3)
4
5. (i) x = − 2 b/a (ii) 4 8. A = 0, B = 0

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (D) 7. (B)

8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (B)

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