St.

Peter’s Senior Secondary School - Naalya

REVISION VOL. 1. No. 1 (2020)
S.4 CHEMISTRY

Question one:
(a) One of the most important tools (apparatus) used by a chemist for heating purposes in a chemistry
laboratory is the Bunsen burner. The apparatus uses a fuel inform of a gas.
(i) Outline the steps one should take when lighting a burner. (2½ mks)
(ii) Name any two other heating apparatus found in a chemistry laboratory. (01 mk)
(iii) Define the term fuel. (01 mk)
(iv) State two;
I. reasons why candles are not used as a heating apparatus in the laboratory. (01 mk)
II. advantages of using a Bunsen burner over one of the apparatus named in (b)(iii).
(01 mk)
(v) Name and draw any five other apparatus found on the chemistry laboratory apart from
the heating apparatus. In each case state one use of named
apparatus. (10 mks)

(b) The Bunsen burner produces two types of flames depending on certain conditions.
(i) Define the term flame. (01 mk)
(ii) Name two types of flames that a Bunsen burner can produce.
(01 mk)
(iii) State;
I. the conditions under which each of the Bunsen burner flames that you have named
in (c)(ii). (01 mk)
II. which one of the flames that you have named in (c)(ii) is more suitable for use.
(0½ mk)
 (iv) Give two reasons for your answer in (c)(iii)(II). (01 mk)
(v) Name two sources of the flame you have named in (c)(iii)(II) in everyday life apart from
Bunsen burner. (01 mk)
(c) The gas, which is used as a fuel in the Bunsen burner is a hydrocarbon of molecular formula, C4H10.
(i) Name the gas. (01 mk)
(ii) State the homologous series to which the hydrocarbon belongs.
(01 mk)
(iii) Write equation to show complete combustion of the gas named in (c)(i).
(1½ mks)
Question two:
(a) Differentiate between physical and chemical change. (02 mks)
(b) State what was observed when each of the following substances was heated and cooled? In each
case state whether the change (process) is physical or chemical.
(i) Iodine
Observation ............................................................... (1½ mk)

Process ........................................................................ (0½ mk)

(ii) Magnesium
Observation ............................................................... (01 mk)

Process ........................................................................ (0½ mk)

(iii) Copper(II) carbonate

Observation ............................................................... (01 mk)

Process ........................................................................ (0½ mk)

(iv) Copper(II) sulphate crystals

Observation ............................................................... (01 mk)

Process ........................................................................ (0½ mk)

(v) Zinc oxide

Observation ............................................................... (01 mk)

Process ........................................................................ (0½ mk)

(c) State whether there a change in mass or not in

(i) (b)(ii)
(ii) (b)(v)
(d) Give a reason for your answer in (c)(i) and (ii).
Question three:
(a) Oxygen is one of the major components of air as a mixture. It is also a constituent two compounds
in air.
(i) Differentiate between the terms mixture and compound.(02 mks) (ii) State the
approximate percentage by volume of oxygen in air.

(0½ mk)
(iii) Name one other substance which is also a major component of air besides oxygen and state
its approximate percentage by volume in the air.
(01 mk)
(iv) Determine the approximate ratio of oxygen to the substance named in (a)(iii).
(1½ mks)
(v) Name the suitable industrial process by which oxygen in air can be obtained free from the
named substance in (a)(iii) and give a reason why their separation by the named method is
possible.
(vi) Name two processes during which the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere can be
I. increased. (01 mk)
II. decreased. (01 mk)
(vii) State one industrial use of the substance named in (a)(iii).(01 mk)
(viii) Describe an experiment to show how the percentage by volume of oxygen in air can be
determined. (07 mks)
(ix) Write the name and formulae of the two of oxygen compounds which are components of
air. (02 mks)
(b) One of oxygen compounds you have named in (a)(ix) exists at room temperature as a liquid.
(i) Identify the compound. (0½ mk)
(ii) Name one substance that would be used in the laboratory to confirm the presence of the
compound identified in (b)(i) and state what be observed if the named substance is treated
with the compound in (b)(i).
(02 mks)

(iii) Briefly describe an experiment by which the compound identified in (b)(i) can be used to
simultaneously prepare its components in the laboratory. (Diagram
not required) (05 mks)

Question four:
(a) (i) With the help of a labeled diagram, briefly describe how a dry sample of oxygen can be
prepared in the laboratory using hydrogen peroxide. (ii) State how oxygen produced in (i) can be
identified. (01 mk) (b) Write equation for the reaction between excess dry oxygen and

(i) burning sodium. (1½ mks)

 (ii) red hot charcoal. (1½ mks)
(iii) hot iron wire. (1½ mks)
(c) The product of the reaction in (c)(ii) was mixed with water and litmus paper dropped into the
resultant mixture.
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Explain what took place. (No equation(s) required) (1½ mks)
(d) During large scale production of oxygen from air, both carbon dioxide and water are first removed
before air is liquefied.
(i) Briefly explain why both water vapour and carbon dioxide are first removed.
(1 mk)
(ii) Name one substance that can be used to remove
I. watervapour. (½ mk)
II. carbon dioxide. (½ mk)
(iii)Write equation to show how the named substance in (c)(ii) removes carbon dioxide. (1½
mks)

(iv)Briefly describe how oxygen can be obtained from the liquid air. (Diagram(s) not required)
(02 mks)

(e) State onelarge scale use of oxygen to a society. (0½ mk)

Question five:
Oxygen gas can be prepared in the laboratory from a solid Z and water.

(a) (i) Identify solid Z (01 mark)

(ii) State the condition(s) under which solid Z reacts with water to form oxygen.
(0½ mark)

(i) Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of the gas.
(1½ marks)
(ii) Explain how a pure dry sample of oxygen can be obtained using solid Z and water. (No
diagram required) (03 marks)

(b) Briefly explain how oxygen is obtained from sodium hydroxide solution. (No diagram required).
(05 marks)

(c) When dry oxygen is reacted with heated Sulphur, it forms two acid anhydrides.
(i) What is an acid anhydride? (01 mark)
(ii) Write the formulae and names of the acid anhydride that Sulphur forms.
 (02 marks) (d) State
two large scale uses of oxygen.

Question six:

(a) Rusting is a destructive process which occurs on iron articles under suitable conditions. The process
results into formation of rust.
(i) State;
I. what is meant by the terms; rusting and rust?
II. two conditions necessary for rusting to occur.
III. one disadvantage of rusting.
IV. two similarities and one difference between rusting and burning.
(ii) Write the chemical name and formula of the compound formed when iron articles rusts.
(iii) Describe an experiment you would carry out to show that
I. rusting occurs under the two named conditions in (i)(II). (You answer should include
well-labeled diagrams)
II. rust is hydrated. (No equations required) (2½ mks)
(b) Galvanization is one of the useful processes used in protecting iron articles from rusting
(i) What is galvanized iron? (01 mk)
(ii) State
I. two uses of galvanized iron. (01 mk)
II. one other advantage of using galvanized iron over pure iron apart from being rust
free. (0½ mk)
(iii) Briefly describe four other ways of protecting iron from rusting apart galvanization. (04
mks)
(iv) Briefly explain why rust cannot be formed on galvanized iron even when the coating is
broken. (1½ mks)
(c) During an investigation to find out substance(s) formed when a candle burns, an experiment was set
up as shown in the figure below.
(i) State
I. the role of cold water. (01 mk)
II. what were observed in the cooled U-tube and wash bottle.
(01 mk)
III. the conclusion that can be drawn about the composition of a candle basing on the
observation(s) made in (i)(II). (01 mk)
(ii) By using equations only, explain what was observed in the wash bottle.
(03 mks)
Question seven:
(a) Name one allotrope of carbon which
(i) is crystalline. (0½ mk)
(ii) conducts electricity.(0½ mk)
(iii) is used in gas masks. (0½ mk)
(iv) when boiled with blue litmus solution changes it to colourless.
(0½ mk)
(v) is a pollutant. (0½ mk)
(vi) is used in the extraction of iron. (0½ mk)
(vii) when mixed with clay can be used to make pencil nibs.(0½ mk)
(viii) is used as a fuel in blast furnace. (0½ mk)
(ix) is used as to make tips of rock borers. (0½ mk)
(b) Give a reason why the named allotrope in
(i) (a)(ii) conducts electricity. (01 mk)
(ii) (a)(iii) is used in gas masks. (01 mk)
(iii) (a)(ix) is used to make tips of rock borers. (01 mk)
(c) The numbers of the three fundamental particles in some two carbon atoms, and are
shown in the table below.
Carbon atom Fundamental particles

Electrons Neutrons Protons

6 8 6
6 6 6
Write the;

(i) atomic number of carbon. (0½ mk)

(ii) electronic configuration of carbon. (0½ mk)
(iii) atomic mass of carbon atom . (01 mk)
(iv) full symbols of atoms and . (02 mks)
(d) (i) State what the carbon are known as. (0½ mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i). (01 mk)

(e) Both glucose and sucrose ( ) are sugars which can react with sulphuric acid. State
(i) the condition(s) for the reaction. (01 mk)
(ii) what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place when
sucrose is covered with some little water and the mixture is treated with sulphuric acid
under the condition(s) stated in (e)(i).
(01 mk)
 (iii) onepractical application of the reaction that took place in (e)(ii) in the laboratory. (01 mk)
(iv) twouses of glucose to a society. (01 mk)

Question eight:

(a) Define the terms allotropy and allotropes. (02 mks)

(b) Describe
(i) the structure of graphite. (5½ mks)
(ii) how you would show by a chemical test that graphite is made up of carbon atoms. (3 mks)
(iii)an experiment to show that both graphite and diamond are the same forms of carbon. (05
mks)

(c) State
(i) one structural difference between graphite and diamond. (01 mk) (ii) twoindustrial uses of
graphite.
(d) Mixture of lead(II) oxide and carbon was ground to powder and heated strongly.
State

(i) why the mixture powdered. (01 mk)

(ii) what was observed. (01 mk)
(iii)the property shown by carbon in the reaction that took place in (d)(ii).
(0½ mk)
(iv)one application of the reaction that took place in (d)(ii).(0½ mk)

(e) (i) Write equation for the reaction that took place in (d). (1½ mks)
(ii) Name one other oxide that would react with carbon in a similar way like lead(II)

oxide. (0½ mk)

(f) Carbon can react with nitric acid.

State

(i) condition(s) for the reaction. (01 mk)

(ii) what would be observed if carbon is added to the acid under the stated condition(s) of reaction
in (f)(i). (01 mk)
(iii)the property nitric acid exhibits in the reaction that took place in (f)(ii).
(0½ mk)
(g) Write equation for the reaction that took place in (f)(ii). (1½ mks)
Question nine:
Carbon monoxide can be prepared in the laboratory according to the following.

The gaseous products are then passed through a concentrated potassium hydroxide solution.

(a) State

(i) why the reaction must be performed in an open place. (01 mk)
(ii) the role of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution. (01 mk) (b) Write
equation(s)
(i) for the reaction(s) that took place when the gaseous mixture is passed through concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution. (1½ mks)
(ii) to show how carbon monoxide reacts separately with strongly heated lead(II) oxide and iron(III)
oxide. (03 mks)
(c) Dry carbon monoxide was passed over strongly heated powdered copper(II) oxide.
(i) State what was observed. (1½ mks)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mks)
(iii)State the property shown by carbon monoxide in the reaction in that took place in

(c)(ii). (0½ mk)

(iv)Name one non-metallic substance and one gaseous compound that would react with copper(II)
oxide in a similar way to carbon monoxide.
(01 mk)
(v) State one large scale use of carbon monoxide as a result of the property stated in

(c)(iii). (01 mk)

(d) The procedure in (c) was repeated using iron(II) oxide.

(i) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mks)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction between the solid product in (d)(i) and dilute sulphuric acid.
(1½ mks)
(e) Chlorine was bubbled through the product in (d)(ii).
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
 (ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mks)

Question ten:

(a) A sample of pure dry carbon dioxide can be prepared in the laboratory by reacting an acid with a
carbonate.
(i) Name a suitable acid and a carbonate. (02 mks)
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction leading to the formation of carbon dioxide. (1½
mks)
(b) (i) Draw a diagram to show a set up of the apparatus that can be used to prepare pure sample of
carbon dioxide in the laboratory from the named substances in (a)(i). (4½ mks)
(ii) Name one common drying agent that cannot be used for drying carbon dioxide gas. Give a
reason for your answer. (1½ mks)

(c) State what would be observed and write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that would take placeif
excess carbon dioxide is reacted with each of the following.
(i) Aqueous calcium hydroxide solution. (04 mks)
(ii) Hot magnesium powder. (2½ mks)
(d) A piece of blue litmus paper was dropped into water containing dissolved carbon dioxide. State and
explain what was observed. (1½ mks)
(e) An aqueous solution calcium hydrogencarbonate was strongly heated. State
(i) whatwas observed and write an ionic equationfor the reaction that took place.
(2½ mks)
(ii) one practical application of the reaction that took place in (e)(i).
(f) State two large scale uses of carbon dioxide. (01 mk)

Question eleven:
(a) At very high temperatures calcium carbonate decomposes.
Write equation for the reaction to show how calcium carbonate decomposes. (b) (i) Name a
gas that can be dried using the solid residue. (01 mk)

(ii) Calculate the volume of the gaseous product formed at room temperature when
2.0 g of calcium carbonate is strongly heated.

(C=12, O=16, Ca=40; 1mole of a gas occupies 24.0litres at room temperature(2 ½ mks )
(c) State what would be observed and write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that would take place if few
drops of water was added to the cooled solid residue in (b).
(03 mks)
Question twelve:

(a) Ethane and ethene are hydrocarbons which belong to different classes of organic compounds.
(i) Define the term hydrocarbon. (01 mk)
(ii) Complete the table below about ethane and ethene. (04 mks)
Compound Class General Molecular Structural
formula formula formula
Ethane

Ethene

(iii)State the structural difference between ethane and ethene. (01 mk)
(iv)Write the molecular formula, structural formula and name of one other compound that belongs
to the same class with ethene. (03 mks)

(v) Name one reagent other than bromine that can be used to distinguish between ethane and
ethene. (01 mk)

(vi)State what would be observed if the reagent you have named in (a)(iv) was separately treated
with ethane and ethene. (02 mks)

(vii)Write equation for the reaction if any when liquid bromine is separately treated with ethane and
ethene. (01 mk)

(b) Write equation to show how ethene;

(i) can be obtained from ethanol. (01 mk)
(ii) can be converted into polythene. (01 mk)
(iii)burns in excess air. (1½ mks)

(c) (i)State the condition(s) for the reaction that occurred in (b)(i).
(ii) What name is given to the process that occurred in (b)(i).

(d) With reference to the equation you have written in (b)(ii), state the general name given to
(i) ethene. (01 mk)
(ii) the group of compounds to which polythene belongs . (01 mk)
(iii)the process leading to the formation of polythene. (01 mk) (e) A polythene
molecule has a molecular mass of 16858.

Determine the number of

(i) ethene molecules in the polythene molecule. (01 mk)

(ii) carbonatoms in the polythene molecule. (H=1, C=12)
(01 mk)
(f) State

(i) two uses of polythene. (01 mk)

(ii) the disadvantage of using polythene materials. (01 mk)

Question thirteen:

(a) Under suitable condition(s), a dry pure sample of ammonia can be prepared in the laboratory using
ammonium chloride mixed with calcium hydroxide according to the following equation.

(i) State;
I. the condition(s) for the reaction leading to the formation of ammonia.
(01 mk)
II. how ammonia is collected and give a reason for your ammonia. (01 mk)
(ii) Briefly explain why ammonia is not dried using fused calcium chloride or concentrated
sulphuric acid. (No equation required)
(iii)Name the substance which is usually used as a drying agent for ammonia.
(0½ mk)
(b) By means of an equation only show how ammonia can act as reducing agent.
(c) State the condition under which dry ammonia can react with oxygen and write equation(s) for the
reaction(s) that takes place. (05 mks)
(d) One of the products formed in (c) can be used in the large scale manufacture of nitric acid.
(i) Identify the product. (0½ mk)
(ii) Using equations only, show how the product identified in (i) can be converted into nitric acid.
(4½ mks)
(iii)Write equation for the reaction between fuming nitric acid and copper.
(1½ mks)
(e) When ammonium nitrate was warmed with calcium hydroxide, a gas P was evolved.
Gas P turned aqueous copper(II) sulphate deep blue.

(i) Identify gas P. (01 mk)

(ii) Write
I. formula of the cation responsible for the deep blue. (0½ mk)
II.an ionic equation leading to the formation of gas P. (1½ mks)

(iii)Determine the percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate. (O=16, N=14, H=1) (1½
mks)

(f) State two large scale uses of ammonia. (01 mk)

Question fourteen:

(a) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would be take place if
ammonium chloride is;
(i) heated alone in a dry test tube. (2½ mks)
(ii) ground with calcium hydroxide and heated. (02 mks)
(iii)dissolved in water and few drops of silver nitrate solution added.
(2½ mks)
(b) (i) Name the process that occurred in the reaction that took place in (a)(i).
(01 mk)
(ii) State the one practical application of the

I. process that occurred in the reaction in (a)(i) (0½ mk)

II. reactions that occurred in (a)(ii) and (a)(iii). (01 mk) (iii) Name two substances
that when heated can undergo the same process as
ammonium chloride in (a)(i). (01 mk)

(c) The gaseous product in (a)(ii) was bubbled through concentrated sulphuric acid.
State

(i) what was observed and write equation for the reaction that took place. (2½ mks)
(ii) one use of the product in (c)(i) in agriculture. (0½ mk)

Question fifteen:
(a) Nitric acid is described as a strong monobasic acid.
Define the following terms.
(i) Acid. (01 mk)
(ii) Strong acid. (01 mk)
(iii)Monobasic acid. (01mk)
(b) Write equation to show how nitric acid
I. ionises in a dilute aqueous solution. (1½ mks)
II. reacts with magnesium powder when dilute. (1½ mks)
(c) During the laboratory preparation of nitric acid, a mixture of potassium nitrate and substance A was
gently heated in a glass retort. Brown fumes were seen and yellow nitric acid was collected in a cold
receiver flask.
(i) Identify A and brown fumes. (01 mk)
(ii) State one other condition a part from gentle heating required for the formation of nitric acid.
(0½ mk)
(iii)Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of;
 I. nitric acid. (1½ mks)
II. brown fumes. (1½ mks)
(iv)Give a reason why;

I. a glass retort was used in the preparation of nitric acid.

(01 mk)

II. brown fumes were formed. (01 mk)

III. nitric acid collected was yellow. (01 mk)
(d) State the condition under which nitric acid can react with copper and write equation(s) for the
reaction(s) that takes place. (04 mks)
(e) (i) State what would be observed if concentrated nitric acid was added to hot iron(II) sulphate
solution. (1½ mks)
(ii) State the property nitric acid shows in the reaction that took place in (f)(i).
(0½ mk)
(f) State two uses of nitric acid. (01 mk)
(g) Describe how a pure dry sample of potassium nitrate can be prepared in the
laboratory. (6½ mks)

Question sixteen:

(a) Copper(II) nitrate was strongly heated in a fume cupboard.

State

(i) why heating was done in a fume cupboard (01 mk)

(ii) what was observed. (1½ mks)
(b) (i) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mks)
(ii) Calculate the mass of the residue formed in (a). (2½ mks)

(c) The residue formed in (a) was mixed with warm dilute sulphuric acid
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mk)
(iii)Describe briefly how dry crystals of the product of the reaction in (c)(i) can be obtained in the
laboratory. (3½ mks)

(d) To the product in (c)(i), dilute sodium hydroxide was added drop wise until there was no further
change.
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that took place. (1½ mks)
(e) Dilute ammonia solution was added drop wise until in excess to the product in (d).
 (i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Explain your observation in (e)(i). (Equation not required) (02 mks) (iii)Write the formula of the
cation in the resultant mixture in (e)(i).

Question seventeen:

(a) One of the large scale uses of ammonium nitrate is as a fertilizer. The salt dissolves in water
according to the following equation.

(i) Define the term fertilizer. (01 mk)

(ii) Explain with the aid of equations why extensive use of ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer can
make the soil acidic. (4½ mks)
(b) Name one
(i) other ammonium salt that can be used as a fertilizer. (01 mk)
(ii) substance that can be added to the soil to neutralize the effect of extensive use of
ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer. (01 mk)
(c) When an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride was added to magnesium turnings, effervescence
occurred.
(i) Suggest the chemical nature of the aqueous solution of ammonium chloride.
(0½ mk)
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium turnings and aqueous ammonium
chloride solution. (1½ mks)
(d) State what would be observed if a piece of red litmus paper is dropped into an aqueous solution of
ammonium chloride. Give a reason to support your answer. (1½ mks)

Question eighteen:

(a) Describe how a pure dry sample of lead(II) nitrate crystals can be obtained in the laboratory starting
from lead(II) oxide. You answer should include the equation for the reaction that takes place. (No
diagram(s) is/are required)
(04 mks)

(b) Lead(II) nitrate crystals were strongly heated in a hard glass tube.
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mks) (c) The solid residue in (b) was
warmed with dilute nitric acid.
 (i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mk)
(d) To the resultant mixture in (c) was added dilute ammonia solution drop wise until in excess.
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ marks)
(e) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution was added drop wise until in excess to the product in (d).
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Explain your answer in (e)(i). (No equation(s) is/are required)
(2 marks)
(f) A 0.15 M hydrochloric acid solution was added to 25.0 cm3 of a 0.1 M lead(II) nitrate solution.
(i) State what was observed. (01 mk)
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that took place.
(1½ mks)
(iii) Calculate the volume of a 0.15 M hydrochloric acid required to completely react with
the lead(II) nitrate solution. (03 mks) (g) Solid lead(II) nitrate was dissolved in water.
(i) Identify the ions in the resultant solution. (01 mk)
(ii) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place
when two drops of sodium iodide solution is added to the resultant solution in (g)(i).

Question nineteen:

(a) (i) Name two substances which when reacted together in the laboratory produce sulphur
dioxide.
(ii) State the condition(s) required for the formation of sulphur dioxide from thenamed
substances in (a)(i).
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction leading to the formation of sulphur dioxide from the
named substances in (a)(i).

(b) Name one

(i) substance that can be used to dry sulphur dioxide.
(ii) reagent that would be used to confirm the presence of sulphur dioxide, and state what
would be observed if the reagent you have named was treated with sulphur dioxide.
(c) State what would be observed and write an equation for the reaction that would take place
when
(i) hydrogensulphide gas is mixed moist sulphur dioxide. (2½ mks) (ii) red flowers are
dropped in a jar of moist sulphur dioxide.(02 mks) (iii)hot magnesium ribbon is dipped in
a jar of dry sulphur dioxide.
(d) Sulphuric acid is one of the most important mineral acids with a wide of uses. The acid is
obtained on a large scale by Contact process using sulphur dioxide as one of the raw materials
and a catalyst.
(i) Name

I. a suitable catalyst which is used in the process.

II. two other raw materials apart from sulphur dioxide used in the process.
(iii) State two
I. sources of sulphur dioxide used in the Contact process. II. useful products
obtained from sulphuric acid.
(iv) With the help of equations, outline how sulphur dioxide can be converted intosulphuric acid
in the Contact process. (4½ mks)
(e) (i) State the condition(s) under which sulphuric acid reacts as;
I. an acid. (0½ mk)
II. anoxidising agent. (01mk)
III. a dehydrating agent. (0½ mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b)(i)(I). (0½ mk)
(f) State two
(i) classes of substances, other than carbonates or hydrogencarbonates which
sulphuric acid reacts with as an acid. (01 mk)
(ii) substances which sulphuric acid which reacts with as I. anoxidising agent.
II. a dehydrating agent.

(g) (i) When concentrated sulphuriccid was left in an open transparent glass beaker for some days,
the level of the acid rose up.
Give a reason for this observation.

(ii) State one

I. word which means the process that took place in (d)(i).
II. practical application of the sulphuric acid as a result of the property observed in
(d)(i).
(h) Briefly describe a test you would carry out to confirm the presence of the anion in a dilute
aqueous solution of sulphuric acid; state what would be observed and write an equation for the
reaction that would take place.
(2½ mks) (i) Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas and an industrial pollutant.
(i) What is meant by the terms acidic gas and pollutant?
(ii) Define the term chemical pollution.
(iii) Name any other three atmospheric pollutants.
(iv) Buildings made up of limestone (calcium carbonate) eventually start to crumble if sulphur
dioxide is present in the atmosphere. Explain.
Question twenty:

(g) Turpentine reacts with chlorine on warming according to the following equation.

State what would be observed if a filter paper dipped into warm turpentine is dropped into a jar of pure
dry chlorine. (1½ mks)
(i) Name one reagent that can be used to identify the gaseous product of the reaction.
(01mk)
(ii) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place if
the gaseous product was treated with the reagent you have named
in (a)(ii). (2½ mks)

(h) To the solid product in (a) was added hot concentrated nitric acid.
(i) State what was observed. (1½ mks)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ mks)
(iii) State the property nitric acid shows in the reaction that took place in (b)(ii).
(0½ mk)
(iv) Name one other acid which reacts with the solid product in (a) in a similar way like nitric acid
in (b)(ii). (0½ mk)
(v) State the condition(s) for the reaction between the named acid in (b)(iv) and the solid
product in (a). (0½ mk)
(vi) Write equation for the reaction between the named acid in (b)(iv) and the solid product in (a)
under the state condition(s) in (b)(v).
(1½ mks) (i) In the
laboratory, the gaseous product in (a) can be obtained by reacting sulphuric acid with substance X.

(i) Identify X. (0½ mk)

(ii) State the
I. condition(s) and write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of the gaseous
product in (a). (2½ mks)
II. propertysulphuric acid shows in the reaction that took place in (ii)(I).
(0½ mk)
(iii)Briefly explain how a pure dry sample gaseous product in (a) can be obtained. (No diagram is
required)

(j) (i) Draw a labeled diagram of the setup of the apparatus to show how aqueous solution of gaseous
product in (a) can be prepared in the laboratory. (3½ mks)
(ii) What name is given to the aqueous solution of in (d)(i).
(k) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place when an
aqueous solution of the gaseous product in (a) was added to
(iv)solidpotassium carbonate. (2½ mks)

(v) aqueous silver nitrate solution. (02 mks)

(vi)iron filings (or magnesium or zinc). (2½ mks)

(vii) a solution containing lead(II) ions and the mixture boiled.

(l) State one practical application of the reaction that occurred in (e)(iii) in a laboratory.
(m)Briefly describe a test you would carry out to confirm the presence of chloride ion in aqueous
solution; state what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place.

Question twenty-one:

(a) (i) Draw a labeled diagram of the setup of the apparatus that can be usedin the laboratory to
prepare a pure and dry sample of chlorine in the laboratory using
potassium manganate(VII). (3½ mks)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of chlorine.

(b) State what would be observed and write an equation for the reaction that would take place when
(i) chlorine is bubbled into a dilute solution of potassium chloride.
(ii) a piece of burning phosphorus is lowered in a jar of dry chlorine.
(iii)chlorine is mixed with hydrogen sulphide.
(iv)chlorine is bubbled into a solution containing iron(II) ions. (v) blue flowers
are dropped into a jar of moist chlorine.

(vi)chlorine is bubbled into a solution of sodium iodide (c) Explain your

observation in (b)(v) and (vi).

(d) (i) Briefly describe how chlorine can be obtained on an industrial scale. (No diagram required)
(ii)Name one other useful that can be obtained from the process described in (d)(i).

(e) (i)Briefly describe how a pure and dry sample of anhydrous iron(III) chloride can be obtained in the
laboratory using potassium manganate(VII) crystals.
(ii) Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of the formation of anhydrous iron(III)
chloride.
Question twenty-two:

(a) Quicklime can be obtained on a large scale by heating a mixture of limestone (chalk) and coke in a
lime-kiln.
(i) Write the formula and chemical name of
I. limestone. (01 mk)
II. quicklime. (01 mk)
(ii) State the role of coke in the lime-kiln. (01 mk)
(iii)Write equation leading to the formation of quicklime in the lime-kiln. (1½ mks)

(iv)State three uses of quicklime. (1½ mks)

(b) The presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be an economic disadvantage to the
residents in a limestone area who wash their clothes in waters drawn from rivers and lakes using
soap.
(i) State two large scale uses of carbon dioxide. (01 mk)
(ii) Briefly describe the reactions starting from carbon dioxide which can end up bringing about
economic disadvantage to the residents in the limestone area as stated in (b) above. (No
diagram or equation is required but your answer should include brief explanations of what takes
place and why the economic disadvantage comes out). (04 mks)

Question twenty-three:

(a) Extraction of metals involves reduction of ores to form the required metal.
(i) Define the term ore.
(ii) Give a reason why the process is termed as reduction.
(iii)State two ways through which the reduction process of the ores can be performed.
(iv)Name one ore from which sodium can be obtained extracted.
(b) Describe briefly how sodium can be obtained from the ore named in ()().
(No diagram is required) (05 marks)
(c) A piece of sodium was heated and dropped into a jar of dry chlorine
(i) State what was observed (01 mark)
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ marks)
(d) When three drops of lead(II) nitrate was added to an aqueous solution of the product in (b), a white
precipitate was formed.
(i) Explain the observation.
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction leading to the formation of the white precipitate.
(e) Both chlorine and oxygen can be obtained by electrolysis of electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
State the conditions of electrolysis that leads to the formation of

(i) oxygen
 (ii) chlorine
(f) Write equation for the reaction that results in the formation of oxygen in (d)(i). (g) State two large
scale uses of oxygen to the society.

Question twenty-four:
Briefly explain the following observations and where possible illustrate your answer with equations.

(a) Pure water does not conduct electricity, but when the water is mixed with a little sulphuric acid, the
solution conducts electricity. (04 mks)
(b) A burning magnesium ribbon when lowered into a gas jar containing carbon dioxide, continues
burning to form a white powder and some black particles.
(7½ mks)
(c) Water from limestone areas reacts with soap to form white curds.
(3½ mks)
(d) Anhydrous iron(II) chloride cannot be prepared by direct synthesis using chlorine and iron. (2½
mks)
(e) An aqueous solution hydrogen chloride gives a white precipitate with lead(II) nitrate whereas a
solution of hydrogen chloride in tetrachloromethane shows no observable change when treated
with silver nitrate.
(04 mks)

(f) An aqueous solution hydrogen chloride gives bubbles of a colourless gas with solid calcium
carbonate whereas a solution of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene shows no observable change
with calcium carbonate.
(g) When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to a mixture of sucrose and water, the mixture becomes
hot and a black sponge solid is formed.
(h) When chlorine was passed through a saturated solution of potassium iodide, the solution turns form
colourless to red.
(i) When sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to magnesium chloride solution, there was no
observable change. However, when the resultant solution was heated a white precipitate was
formed.
(j) The reaction between dilute sulphuric acid and zinc powder is faster than the reaction between
dilute ethanoic acid with zinc powder.
(k) When sodium hydroxide is heated with ammonium chloride a gas that fumes with concentrated
hydrochloric acid is formed.
(l) Magnesium readily reacts with oxygen but its reaction with nitrogen requires strong heating.
(m)Potassium bromide conducts electricity in aqueous state but not in the solid state.
(n) Sodium hydroxide pellets turn into a liquid which later forms a white powder when exposed to the
atmosphere for some days.
(o) When burnt in gas jar of oxygen containing blue litmus solution, phosphorus burns brightly giving
white clouds, andlitmus turns red.
(p) When dry ammonia is passed over strongly heated copper(II) oxide, a colourless liquid is formed and
a brown solid residue is obtained.
(q) Lead(II) carbonate readily reacts with dilute nitric acid but not so readily by dilute sulphuric acid.
(r) Water containing calcium carbonate will not lather easily with soap unless the water is boiled prior
to using soap.
(s) When exposed to sunlight, chlorine water produces bubbles of a colourless gas.
(t) When zinc dust is added to copper(II) sulphate solution, the blue solution becomes warm and turns
colourless with the formation of a brownish solid.
(u) When magnesium is burnt in air and water is added to the residue, a gas that turns moist red litmus
blue was evolved.
(v) Hydrogen gas cannot be prepared using calcium powder and dilute sulphuric acid.

Question twenty-five:

(a) Sewage consists of sludge and effluents.

(i) Define the term sewage.
(ii) Distinguish between sludge and effluent.
(iii)Describe briefly how sewage causes water pollution.

(iv) Sate one use of sludge.

(b) During the large scale production of clean water, the water is treated with potassium alum, chlorine
and soda ash.

(i) State the purpose of adding potash alum, chlorine and soda ash.

(ii) Write equations to show the role of soda ash during the process.

(c) State one

(i) way through which the purity of water from the process described in (b) can be
determined.

(ii) industrial use of water.

(d) (i) State what is meant by the term soap?

(ii) Briefly describe how a dry sample of soap flakes can be prepared in the laboratory from named
oil.
(e) A water sample was boiled and cooled. To the cold water sample was added a known volume of
soap solution, the mixture shaken and left to stand. A cloudy solution was formed.
(i) What general name is given to the compounds responsible for the formation of the cloudy
solution?
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction leading to the formation of the cloudy solution.
(f) The procedure in (e) was repeated with a detergent instead of soap solution.
(i) State what was observed.
(ii) Give a reason for your answer.
(g) (i) Name one compound that can be added to the water sample in (b) to stop the formation of the
cloudy solution.
(ii)Write equation to show the compound named in (i) stops the formation of the cloudy solution in
(b).
(iii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using detergents over soap.
(02 marks)

Question twenty-five:

(a) Differentiate between the terms.

(i) Electrolysis and electrolyte.
(ii) Strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte.
(b) The setup of the apparatus in the diagram in fig I below was used to investigate the products of
electrolysis of lead(II) bromide.
Use it to answer the following questions.
(i) Give a reason for the following observations during the experiment. I. The bulb did
not light before heating.
II. The bulb lit after strong heating to its melting point.
(ii) State what was observed at the;
I. anode
II. cathode
(iii)Write equation for the reaction that occurred at the anode.
(iv)Give a reason why the experiment was not performed using aqueous lead(II) bromide.
(c) Electrolysis of dilute aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution can be performed by use of either
graphite or copper electrodes.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram for the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate using copper electrodes.
(ii) Write equations for the reactions at the anode and cathode.
(iii)State one industrial application of the processes that occurred in (c)(ii).
(d) The electrolysis in (c) was repeated using graphite electrodes.
(i) State what was observed at the anode.
(ii) Write equation for the reaction that occurred at the anode.
(iii)Briefly describe how the product at the anode can be identified in the laboratory.
 (iv)Few drops of the litmus solution were added to the resultant solution that remained after
electrolysis. State what was observed and give a reason for your answer.
(e) (i) Define the term electroplating.
(ii) State two reasons why most metals are electroplated.
(iii)Draw a labelled diagram of the setup of the apparatus that can be used toelectroplate a spoon
using silver.
(f) Iron sheets are often coated with a thin layer of zinc when dipped in molten zinc.
State:
(i) the purpose of the thin zinc layer.
(ii) one use of iron coated with a thin layer of zinc.
(g) When iron is exposed to moist air for some weeks, its often found coated with a reddish brown
layer.
(i) Write the chemical name and formula of the layer formed on the iron.
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show that water is necessary for the formation of the reddish
brown layer identified in (g)(i).

Question twenty-six:

(a) Draw a diagram of Daniell cell consisting of a zinc rod dipped in zinc sulphate and a copper rod
dipped in copper(II) sulphate solution; the solutions separated by a porous wall; and the rods
connected by a wire carrying a voltmeter.
(b) State
(i) role of the voltmeter.
(ii) the purpose of porous wall.
(c) Indicate;
(i) the charges on each electrode.
(ii) the direction for movement in the wire.
(d) Write
(i) equations for reactions at each electrode. (ii) an equation for the overall reaction.

Question twenty-seven:

(a) State what is meant by the term rate of chemical reaction.

(b) Briefly describe an experiment, which can be carried out to show that the rate of a reaction
between magnesium ribbon and dilute sulphuric acid can be affected by the surface area of the
magnesium ribbon.
(No diagram or equation required)
(c) Apart from surface area state two factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
(d) During the investigation of rate of production of hydrogen using a mixture of 0.24 g of magnesium
ribbon and an excess of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid at room temperature, the following results were
recorded.
Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Total 0 80 140 190 220 240 250 250
volume
of
/
(e) Draw a setup of apparatus which could be used to perform this investigation.
(f) (i) Write an ionic equation leading to the formation of hydrogen.
(ii) State how hydrogen can be identified in the laboratory.
(g) (i) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen against time.
(ii) State why excess acid was used during the investigation.
(h) On the same axes in (g)(i), sketch a graph that you would get if the same quantity of powdered
magnesium instead of magnesium ribbon.
(i) Explain the shape the graph you have drawn in (h).
(j) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place when dry
hydrogen was passed over strongly heated lead(II) oxide. (k) State two large scale use of hydrogen.

Question twenty-eight:

(a) State the difference between the pairs of terms. In each case give an example.
(i) A base and an alkali.
(ii) An acid salt and a normal salt.
(iii)A strong acid and a weak acid.
(b) Define the following terms (i) An acid.
(ii) Basicity of an acid.
(c) Outline how a pure dry sample of
(i) copper(II) sulphate can be obtained starting with copper(II) oxide.
(ii) calcium carbonated or lead(II) carbonate can be prepared.
(iii)anhydrous sodium carbonate can be prepared starting from sodium hydroxide.
(d) State what would be observed and write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that would take place if
(i) the crystals in (d)(i) were heated strongly.
(ii) to the aqueous solution of the crystals in (d)(i) was added few drops of sodium hydroxide
solution.
(e) The product in (d)(ii) was treated with excess dilute ammonia solution.
(i) State what was observed. (01 mark)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e)(i).
(iii)Write the formula of the species responsible present in the final mixture.
(f) Briefly describe a test you would carry out to confirm the presence of chloride ion in aqueous
solution; state what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take
place.
(g) State one use of
(i) copper(II) sulphate in a laboratory.
(ii) sodium carbonate on a large scale.
(h) Iron filings reacts with sulphuric acid according to following equation.

State

(i) the condition(s) for the reaction.

(ii) the property shown by sulphuric acid the above reaction.

(i) Describe briefly how dry crystals of iron(II) sulphate (iron(II) sulphate-7-water) can be obtained in
the laboratory from the reaction in (h).
(j) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction that would take place if:
(i) the crystals in (b) were strongly heated.
(ii) to the aqueous solution of the crystals in (b) was added dilute sodium hydroxide drop wise
until in excess.
END.