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Edited by
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Bhatt, Pankaj, editor.
Title: Industrial applications of microbial enzymes / edited by Pankaj Bhatt.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021060977 (print) | LCCN 2021060978 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032065137 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032065984 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003202998 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Microbial enzymes—Industrial applications. | Industrial
microbiology.
Classification: LCC QR90 .I518 2022 (print) | LCC QR90 (ebook) |
DDC 660.6/2—dc23/eng/20220330
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060977
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021060978
ISBN: 9781032065137 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032065984 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003202998 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003202998
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Contents
Editor ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ix
Contributors�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi
v
vi Contents
Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 333
Editor
Dr. Pankaj Bhatt earned his PhD in microbiology from G.B Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S Nagar, India. His PhD work was on the
molecular and proteomic basis of biodegradation of pesticides. He has published 60
research and review articles in reputable journals. He has authored 20 book chapters.
Dr. Bhatt edited five books with Elsevier, Springer, and IGI Global. Previously, he
was an assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology, Dolphin (PG) College
of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun, India. Dr. Bhatt worked at Integrative
Microbiology Research center, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou,
China for three years. In addition, he have associated with the Department of
Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
Presently, he is working as Visiting researcher at Department of Agriculture and
Biological Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana, United States of America.
ix
Contributors
Sajjad Ahmad Gurukul Kangri University
Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
Management of Crop in South China
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Pankaj Bhatt
Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide Department of Agricultural &
and Chemical Biology Biological Engineering
Ministry of Education Purdue University
South China Agricultural University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Guangzhou P. R. China
Department of Integrative Microbiology
Department of Agricultural & Biological Research Centre
Engineering Purdue University South Agricultural University China
West Lafayette, IN, USA State Key Laboratory for Conservation
and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-
Hafiz Waqas Ahmad bioresources
Department of Food Engineering Guangdong Laboratory for
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Lingnan Modern Agriculture
and Technology Integrative Microbiology
University of Agriculture Research Centre
Faisalabad, Pakistan South China Agricultural
University
Md. Shahbaz Anwar Guangzhou, China
Department of Microbiology
Dum Dum Motijheel College Muhammad Bilal
WBSU, Kolkata School of Life Science and Food
Engineering
Memoona Asif Huaiyin Institute of Technology
Department of Biochemistry Huai’an China
University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan Anuj Chaudhary
School of Agriculture and
Narendra Singh Bhandari Environmental Sciences
School of Agriculture Shobhit University
Graphic Era Hill University Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Parul Chaudhary
Kalpana Bhatt Department of Animal Biotechnology
Department of Botany and NDRI, Karnal
Microbiology Haryana, India
xi
xii Contributors
ABSTRACT
Microbes are an inexhaustible source of enzymes having biocatalytic potential. The
huge diversity of microbial enzymes makes them essential for application in dif-
ferent industries such as textiles, agriculture, chemical, food and beverages, phar-
maceuticals, leather, and paper and pulp. Enzymes reduce environmental pollution
utilizing strategies including biodegradation and bioremediation. Consequently, it is
not astonishing to see the burgeoning enzyme market at a global level as they are
greener, more eco-friendly, stable, highly catalytic, and easier to modify than ani-
mal and plant enzymes. Alternative strategies such as recombinant DNA technology
and protein engineering are used to modify enzymes to obtain novel products, as
well as a high quantity of microbial enzymes with enhanced substrate specificity
and stability. The varied applications of microbial enzymes make them a prominent
candidate for industries. This chapter highlights and discusses the various microbial
enzymes, their applications in industrial sectors, and their present status in the world-
wide enzyme market.
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
1.2 Pharmaceutical and Analytical Industry����������������������������������������������������������� 5
1.3 Food Industry���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
1.4 Dairy Industry��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
1.5 Feed Industry�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.6 Paper and Pulp Industry���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.7 Leather Industry���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
1.8 Textile Industry����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
1.9 Detergent Industry������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 12
DOI: 10.1201/9781003202998-11
2 Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes
1.10 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 13
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Microbial enzymes have acquired worldwide attention as a result of their broad use
in industrial bioprocesses in a variety of industries, including food, pharmaceutical,
textiles, and leather (Adrio and Demain, 2014) (Figure 1.1).
Factors associated with increased attention toward industrial usage of microbial
enzymes include their great efficiency, economic value, catalytic activity, specific-
ity, stability, nontoxicity, cost-effectiveness, ease of production, and low risk to the
environment (Choi et al., 2015). Different types of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria
are studied worldwide for the production of enzymes that can be exploited for indus-
trial and commercial applications. A variety of enzymes produced intracellularly or
extracellularly by different bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and yeasts exhibit a wide
range of commercial applications. Microbial enzymes, such as proteases, amylases,
pectinases, cellulases, xylanases, laccases, and lipases, are extracellular, whereas a
few, like catalases, are intracellular (Fiedurek and Gromada, 2000). In comparison
to plant and animal enzymes, the microbial enzymes have proven more active, stable,
and beneficial in industries. Among all, 50% of industrial enzymes are obtained from
yeast and fungi, 35% from bacteria, and 15% are from plants (Saranraj and Naidu,
2014). Microbial enzymes have shown superior performances and work efficiently
under a wide range of varied chemical and physical conditions. Microorganisms are
favored sources of enzymes due to their fast growth rate, easy availability, and high
yield, and they are easy to modify and optimize, making them more susceptible to
gene manipulation with biochemical diversity. Moreover, they can easily convert toxic
compounds (containing amines, nitriles, phenolic groups, and carboxylic groups) into
nontoxic forms, either by bioconversion or biodegradation processes. The method
of fermentation by which microbial enzymes are synthesized at a large scale is not
interrupted by seasonal variations and hence do not affect the standardized supply of
enzyme. Extremoenzymes are obtained from microbes surviving in extreme environ-
ments, like polar regions, volcanic springs, the sea, and areas of very high salt concen-
trations, possess an amazing array of enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions and
perform well under extreme pH and temperature. Thus, they have direct applications
in industrial processes that occur under extreme conditions. Thermophilic microbes
are well known for thermostable enzymes. These thermostable enzymes have a low
risk of microbial contamination during the fermentation process for applications in
industries on commercial scales (Adrio and Demain, 2014). Major groups of enzymes
used in industries are hydrolases, like proteases for dairy and detergent industries,
and carbohydrases, like cellulases and amylases for detergents, baking, and the tex-
tile industry (Gurung et al., 2013). Some of the examples include bacterial species
belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Clostridium for the synthesis of
alkaline proteases and fungi like Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Aspergillus for the
synthesis of xylanases with significant applications in bio-industries (Nigam, 2013).
Currently, out of 4,000 known microbial enzymes, only 200 are used commercially
and 20 are produced on a truly industrial scale. Top three companies contributing 75%
Microbial Enzyme Industrial Applications
3