GENERAL GRAMMAR

REVIEW
 Parts of speech

The parts of speech explain how a

word is used in a sentence.
There are nine main parts of speech
(also known as word classes): nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
prepositions,
conjunctions and interjections.
NOUN - (Naming word)

A noun is the name of a person, place,

thing or idea.
Examples of nouns: Daniel, London,
table, dog, teacher, pen, city, happiness,
hope
Example sentences: -Steve lives
in Sydney.
-
Mary uses pen and paper to
write letters.

PRONOUN - (Replaces a Noun)

A pronoun is used in place of a noun or
noun phrase to avoid repetition.
Examples of pronouns: I, you, we, they,
he, she, it, me, us, them, him, her, this,
those
Example sentences: -Mary is
tired. She wants to sleep.
- I ask her to
help me to do my homework.

ADJECTIVE - (Describing word)

An adjective describes, modifies or

gives more information about a noun or
pronoun.
Examples: big, happy, green, young, fun,
crazy, three
Example sentences: -The little girl
had a pink hat.
VERB - (Action Word)
A verb shows an action or state of being.
A verb shows what someone or
something is doing.
Examples: go, speak, run, eat, play, live,
walk, have, like, are, is
Example sentences: -I like Woodward
English. I study their charts
and play their games.

ADVERB - (Describes a verb)

An adverb describes/modifies a verb,

an adjective or another adverb. It tells
how, where, when, how often or to what
extent. Many adverbs end in -LY
Examples: slowly, quietly, very, always,
never, too, well, tomorrow, here
Example sentences: -I
am usually busy.
-Yesterday, I ate
my lunch quickly.

PREPOSITION - (Shows relationship)

A preposition shows the relationship

of a noun or pronoun to another word.
They can indicate time, place, or
relationship.
Examples: at, on, in, from, with, near,
between, about, under
Example sentences: - I left my
keys on the table for you.
CONJUNCTION - (Joining word)

A conjunction joins two words, ideas,

phrases or clauses together in a sentence
and shows how they are connected.
Examples: and, or, but, because, so, yet,
unless, since, if.
Example sentences: -I was
hot and exhausted but I still finished the
marathon.

INTERJECTION - (Expressive word)

An interjection is a word or phrase that

expresses a strong feeling or emotion. It is
a short exclamation.
Examples: Ouch! Wow! Great! Help!
Oh! Hey! Hi!
Example sentences: Wow! I passed my
English test. Great! – Ouch! That hurt.

ARTICLE - (Defining word)

An article is used before a noun. These

are divided into definite (the) and
indefinite (a, an). Articles help define
nouns.
Examples: a, an, the
Example sentences: - I need a dictionary. The dictionary needs to be in English.

Summary Chart
TASK
Name the part of speech of the words in
bold character

1. amina went to the stationary to

purchase *books* ( __________ ).
2. She went to the mall *but* (
__________ ) did not purchase anything
new.
3. I *liked* ( __________ ) *her* (
__________ ) better than any other
classmate.
4. A beautiful girl was doing her
tasks *quickly* ( __________ ).
5. *She*( __________ ) goes for the
morning walk regularly.
6. *You* ( __________ ) took him by
holding his hand.
7. A *rich* ( __________ ) man
purchased a *stunning* ( __________
)jewellery.
8. The kitten is hiding *under* (
__________ ) the table.
9. She *frequently* ( __________ ) goes
to the temple.
 THE MAIN TENSES
What is TENSE?
Tense is the form taken by a verb to indicate
time and continuance or completeness of
action .The continuance and completeness of
action is denoted by four subcategories:
1-SIMPLE TENSE:
it is used for habitual or routine
actions in the present tense,action which is
over in the past tense and action to happen in
the future tense
2-CONTINUOUS TENSE:
The action is incomplete or
continuous or going on
3- PERFECT TENSE:
The action is complete ,finished ,or
perfect with respect to a certain point of time
 Rules For Tenses

- Simple Tense
Present Tense
Singular:
Rule – Subject + V1 + s/es + Object
Example – The child plays a guitar.
(Here the subject Child is singular so we use
‘s’ with the verb ‘play’)
Plural:
Rule: Subject + V1 + object
Example – The children play guitar.
(Here the subject Children is plural and we
use the plural form of the verb ‘play’ without
an ‘s’)
 Past Tense
Rule – Subject + V2 + Object
For past tense, the verb is always plural
irrespective of the subject. (without an ‘s’.)
Example – He / They swam across the river.
(Here, the subject “he” and “they” is
followed by “swam” , the second form of
verb (V2) of “swim”)
Future Tense
Rule: Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
For future tense, the verb is always plural
irrespective of the subject. (without an ‘s’.)
Example – I shall go to the market
tomorrow.
(In this example, the subject “I” + shall is
followed by the first form of verb (V1)
“go”.)
-He will buy a car
 - Continuous Tense

Present Tense
Rule: Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing +
object
While employing the tense rules for present
continuous, all the verb form for singular or
plural subject stays in its first form V1
Example: Mary is dancing / They are
dancing
Here the subject “Mary” or “they” is
followed by ‘is’ or ‘are’ respectively. The
first form of verb (V1) here is “dance” and
we added “ing” to it to make it continuous.

Past Tense
Singular
Rule – Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object
Example – Mary was cleaning the house
Here, the subject “Mary” + ‘was’ is followed
by the first form of verb (V1) “clean” + “ing”

Plural
Rule: Subject + were + V1 + ing + Object
Example: They were cleaning the house
Here, the subject is “They” + were is
followed by the first form of verb (V1)
“clean” + “ing”
Future Tense
Rule: Subject + will be/shall be + V1 + ing +
Object
Example – Mary / They will be coming to
my house tomorrow
Here the subject “Mary” / “They” + will be is
followed by the first form of verb (V1)
“come”+ing
- Perfect Tense
Present Tense
Singular
Rule: Subject + has + V3 + Object

Example: Mary has washed the clothes

Here, “Mary” is the subject + has “washed”
followed by the third form of verb “wash”
Plural:
Rule – Subject + have + V3 + Object
Example – They have washed the clothes
Here, “They” is the subject + have followed
by the third form of verb “wash”
Past Tense
Rule – Subject + had + V3 + Object
Example – Mary had pulled the rope
Here the subject “Mary” + had is followed
by the third form of verb (V3) “pull”.
Future Tense
Rule: Subject + will have/shall have + V3 +
Object

Example – Mary shall have covered all the

notebooks in brown paper by tomorrow.
Here, the subject is “Mary” + shall have is
followed by the third form of Verb (V3)
“covered”
 TASK

Fill in the correct form of the verb given.

1. He ………………. his first

championship in 2012.
Since then he…………………every
thing and …………………only once.
(WIN, WIN, LOSE)
2. When we finally ………….. at the
camp it ……………… heavily.
 (ARRIVE, RAIN)
3. Dad …………… a walk with the dog
every afternoon.
(TAKE)
4. I can't reach my manager. He
…………….. in North America at the
moment. (TRAVEL)
5. I …………..to the meeting yesterday
because I …………. about it. (NOT
GO, NOT INFORM)
6 .The family usually ………. breakfast
together during the week, but on weekends
everyone ………….breakfast on their own.
(HAVE, HAVE)
7. I ………… this school for the last two
years. Before that I ………. to Jackson High
School for a year. (ATTEND, GO)
 8. .It was a wonderful morning and the
sun …………… brightly when I ……up.
(SHINE, GET)

SOLUTION
1.He won his first championship in 2012.
Since then he has won everything and has
lost only once.
2. When we finally arrived at the camp it
was raining heavily.
3. Dad takes a walk with the dog every
afternoon.
 4. I can't reach my manager. He is travelling
in North America at the moment.
5. I didn't go to the meeting yesterday
because I had not been informed about it.
6. The family usually have breakfast together
during the week, but on weekends everyone
has breakfast on their own.
7. I have been attending this school for the
last two years. Before that I went to Jackson
High School for a year.
8. .It was a wonderful morning and the sun
was shining brightly when I got up.
 ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
INTRODUCTION

-The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the
same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb.

- The subject of the active verb becomes the ‘agent’ of the passive verb.

- The agent is very often not mentioned.

-When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause.

Active: My grandfather planted this tree.

Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.

PASSIVE VERB TENSES

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Present Simple He delivers the letters The letters are delivered
Past Simple He delivered the letters The letters were delivered
Future Simple He will deliver the letters The letters will be
delivered
Present Continuous He is delivering the letters The letters are being
 delivered
Past Continuous He was delivering the The letters were being
letters delivered
Going to He is going to deliver the The letters are going to be
letters delivered
Present Perfect He has delivered the The letters have been
letters delivered
Past Perfect He had delivered the The letters had been
letters delivered
Infinitive He has to deliver the The letters have to be
letters delivered
Modals He must deliver the letters The letters must be
delivered

USE
The Passive is used:

1.when the agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant
or obvious from the context.

Example : -Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
-This church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
- He has been arrested. (Obviously by the police)

2. to make more polite or formal statements.

Example: - The car hasn’t been cleaned. (more polite)

- You haven’t cleaned the car. –( less polite)

3 .when the action is more important than the agent, as in processes,

instructions, events, reports, headlines, new items, and advertisements.

Example:- 30 people were killed in the earthquake.

4. to put emphasis on the agent.

Example: The new library will be opened by the president.
 TASK
Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.

a. Someone built this house 200 years ago.

b. A thief stole my purse.

c. The police will arrest the robbers.

d. They produce cars in this factory.

e. They serve breakfast at eight o’clock every day.

f. People throw away tones of rubbish every day.

g. They make coffee in Brazil.

h. Someone stole Jim’s bike last night.

CORRECTION

a-That house was built 200 years ago

b-My purse was stolen
c-The robbers will be arrested by the police
d-Cars are produced in that factory
e-Breakfast is served at 8 o’clock
f-Tones of rubbish are thrown away
g-Coffee is made in Brazil
h-Jim’s bike was stolen last night
 EXAMPLE OF A CV

1. Contact Information
FIRST AND LAST NAME

Email | Phone | Address |

2. Professional Summary
 Soon-to-be graduate
with [degree] and [# of
years] experience. Strong [set of
relevant skills]. Seeking to leverage
my [academic background and
expertise] to fill [job position] and help
achieve [Company’s Name]’s goals.

3. Education

Degree Name / Major

University, Location | Start Date – End

 Display any honors you have.

 Include any relevant coursework that
pertains to the job you’re applying to

4. Relevant Experience
 Most Recent Title or Position
Employer Name / Location / Start Year –
End Year

 Include a bulleted list of relevant

responsibilities and achievements
 Quantify your experience by adding
numbers to give the hiring manager a
better grasp of your experience
 Be as specific as possible. Use software,
tools, or programs names
Previous Title or Position
Employer Name / Location / Start Year –
End Year

 Make sure to use the past tense of verbs

if you’re no longer in this position
 Make sure to include at least three bullet
points when detailing experience
 Use action verbs, instead of phrases such
as “responsible for” and “duties
included”

5. Skills

 Include a bulleted list of skills you’ve

gained from college, jobs, volunteer, or
internship work
 Consider skills that will be important to
have regarding the job you’re applying
for
 Be sure to include a mix of both hard
and soft skills


6.Hobbies