5398 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO.

6, JUNE 2023

Communication
Frequency- and Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna Array With Broadband Tuning
and Wide Scanning Angles
Chang Jiang You , Shu Han Liu , Jin Xi Zhang, Xi Wang , Qin Yu Li , Guang Qiang Yin , and Zhi Guo Wang

Abstract— A frequency- and pattern-reconfigurable 1 × 4 array is At 3.5 GHz, the pattern can be switched to +28◦ , +23 ◦ , and −24◦ .
analyzed and designed, which consists of a reconfigurable feed network, The relative bandwidths of the two frequency bands are less than
12 rectangular parasitic patches, and four octagonal patch antennas.
3.8%. In [12], by controlling the dc voltage to change the dielectric
Characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is used to study the radiation charac-
teristics of the proposed element antenna. By changing the ON–OFF states constant of the liquid crystal material, the frequency and pattern
of 18 p-i-n diodes loaded in the feed network, different combinations of both can be continuously reconfigured. The tunable frequency range
the initial current phase are obtained to realize the reconfiguration of is 14.5–16.4 GHz, and the scanning angle range is from −20◦ to
five radiation states. By loading varactor diodes and parasitic patches, +20◦ . In [13], p-i-n diodes were loaded on microstrip patches to
frequency reconfigurability is achieved. The measured result shows that
the array pattern can be discretely switched in the directions of 0◦ , realize L- and S-band reconfiguration, and the impedance bandwidth
±15◦ , ±25◦ , ±30◦ , and ±55◦ . The tunable overlapped −10-dB impedance is 1.2–1.4 GHz and 2.5–3.05 GHz, respectively. A reconfigurable feed
bandwidth is 3.54–4.46 GHz for the five radiation patterns. The maximum network is designed to generate feed phase difference and realize
gain reaches 7.67 dBi and the overlapped relative bandwidth of five pattern scanning in 0◦ , ±15◦ , ±30◦ , ±45◦ , and ±60◦ discretely.
radiation states is more than 22%.
However, there are phase shifters and other RF devices in the
Index Terms— Array, broadband, characteristic mode analysis (CMA), feed network, which is not conducive to the miniaturization of the
frequency and pattern reconfiguration, microstrip patch antenna. antennas. In [14], by loading varactor diodes on microstrip patch
antennas, the continuous tunable frequency range is 2.15–2.38 GHz,
I. I NTRODUCTION and the continuous scanning angle coverage range is from −23◦
Reconfigurable antenna arrays can improve the adaptive ability in to +23◦ .
different complex scenarios by changing the frequency, pattern, and Radiation characteristic modes (CMs) of arbitrary-shaped antennas
polarization, so they have attracted widespread attention in academia can be obtained from the theory of CMs, and different radiation
and industry [1], [2], [3]. When antenna arrays can be reconfigured modes correspond to different radiation patterns, potential bandwidth,
to different frequencies and radiation directions simultaneously, they characteristic current distributions, and so on. The CM analysis
have the advantage of improving the communication efficiency and (CMA) has been proven to be an effective method in antenna
the miniaturization of antennas [4], [5], [6]. Frequency, pattern, and designs [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]. In this communication, the
polarization reconfiguration are mainly achieved by loading p-i-n CMA is used to realize antenna performance reconfiguration, a 1 ×
diodes, varactors, changing physical structures, and using tunable 4 reconfigurable antenna array with broadband frequency tuning
materials [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. and wide scanning angle based on octagon microstrip patches is
At present, there are many research studies on single-performance proposed, and the frequency and radiation pattern can be reconfigured
reconfigurable antennas; however, realizing the reconfigurable simultaneously. The operational mechanism of reconfigurability is
antenna array with frequency, polarization, and pattern simultane- presented in Section II. The proposed reconfigurable antenna array
ously is extremely difficult, and the frequency and pattern simul- is presented in Section III and verified by experiment in Section IV.
taneously reconfigurable antenna array with large range tuning is The conclusion is presented in Section V.
also hard, because the tunable bandwidth is narrow and the scan-
ning angle coverage is small [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. For II. D ESIGN OF A NTENNA E LEMENT
instance, in [11], by loading six pairs of p-i-n diodes in the feed A. Antenna Configuration
network, we realize frequency and pattern discrete reconfiguration. As shown in Fig. 1, the structure of the proposed tunable antenna
At 2.6 GHz, the pattern can be switched to +32◦ , +3◦ , and −1◦ . element consists of an octagonal radiating patch, four parasitic
Manuscript received 11 June 2022; revised 11 February 2023; accepted
patches, and four varactor diodes. Compared with the rectangle
13 February 2023. Date of publication 15 March 2023; date of current version microstrip patch antenna, the octagonal patch has a wider bandwidth.
2 June 2023. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant U20B2043 and in part by the Shenzhen B. Characteristic Mode Analysis
Science and Technology Program under Grant ZDSYS20210813095534001.
(Corresponding author: Shu Han Liu.) The mode frequency resonance point and potential bandwidth of
Chang Jiang You is with the School of Communication and Information the octagonal patch can be derived from modal significance (MS),
Engineering and the Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of and the mode resonates most efficiently when MS = 1. As shown
Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, in Figs. 2–4, the main radiation modes are J1 and J2. J3 and J4
China, and also with the Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology,
Shenzhen 518109, China (e-mail: [email protected]). are two high-order modes, and the other high-order modes are not
Shu Han Liu, Jin Xi Zhang, Xi Wang, Qin Yu Li, Guang Qiang Yin, given. As can be seen, J1 and J2 are resonating at the same frequency
and Zhi Guo Wang are with the School of Communication and Information of 5 GHz with the same MS. The potential bandwidth of the main
Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China radiation mode reaches 460 MHz according to the MS range between
(UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China (e-mail: [email protected]).
Color versions of one or more figures in this communication are available
0.707 and 1. Compared with the rectangular patch antenna, the
at https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2023.3255647. potential bandwidth of the octagonal patch is increased by about
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2023.3255647 200 MHz. J3 and J4 are resonating at 8.64 and 8.96 GHz, respectively.
0018-926X © 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 6, JUNE 2023 5399

Fig. 5. Simulation of antenna element with coaxial feeding. (a) Current

distribution of the J1 or J2. (b) S11 parameter.
Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed tunable antenna element.

Fig. 2. Modal significances.

Fig. 6. 1 × 2 pattern-reconfigurable antenna array. (a) Current distribution

when coaxial feeding through the same position. (b) 3-D pattern when coaxial
feeding through the same position. (c) Current distribution when coaxial
feeding through symmetrical position. (d) 3-D pattern when coaxial feeding
through symmetrical position.

feeding is equivalent to a parallel inductance, the resonant frequency

Fig. 3. Modal currents of the proposed octagonal patches at 5 GHz. (a) J1.
(b) J2. (c) J3. (d) J4. point moves up when the unit is with the feeding structure. In general,
the simulation results are agreement with the CMA ones.

C. Operational Mechanism for Reconfiguration

The principle of pattern reconfiguration is to generate phase
differences. Based on the CMA, by controlling the space phase
difference of the desired CM current J1 or J2, pattern reconfiguration
is obtained. And the space phase difference is obtained by exciting
Fig. 4. Modal radiation patterns of the proposed octagonal patches at 5 GHz.
(a) J1. (b) J2. (c) J3. (d) J4. at different positions of the octagonal patch antenna.
As shown in Fig. 6, a 1 × 2 array is proposed, and the unit
spacing is 0.26 λ0 (λ0 is the free space wavelength correspond-
Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows the characteristic current distributions of J1 ing to 5.5 GHz). Adding excitation at the symmetrical position
and J2, respectively, and the current distributions are perpendicular will produce a 180◦ phase difference. The radiation beam changes
to each other. The middle position is the maximum current and from the broadside beam when exciting at the same position to
the two end positions are the minimum current. Fig. 4(a) and (b) the double beam state when exciting at the symmetrical position.
are the radiation patterns of J1 and J2, respectively. They are Therefore, different excitation positions of each element antenna will
broadside patterns, and their directional coefficient is 7.2 dBi. produce different initial phases, so it can be used to realize pattern
Fig. 3(c) and (d) shows the current distributions of higher-order reconfiguration.
modes J3 and J4, respectively. Due to the inconsistency of current By controlling the effective current length of the desired CM
distributions, those patterns are multibeam radiations, as shown J1 or J2, frequency reconfiguration is obtained. Therefore, using a
in Fig. 4(c) and (d). varactor diode to connect octagonal patches and parasitic patches. The
Based on the characteristic current distributions of the main octagonal patch antenna is equivalent to an LC resonant circuit, and
radiation modes, the desired mode current is excited by coaxial its resonant frequency can be analyzed from the following equation:
feeding. The coaxial feeding belongs to inductive excitation and f 0 = (1/2π) × 1/LC.
p
(1)
can be located near the maximum value of characteristic current.
The impedance bandwidth and current distribution of the octagonal The loaded varactor diode is equivalent to parallel capacitance.
antenna with excitation are shown in Fig. 5. The mode J1 or J2 is The greater the capacitance value, the greater the total capaci-
excited successfully. The bandwidth reaches 380 MHz, and the peak tance in the resonant circuit, so the resonant frequency decreases.
gain is 6.9 dBi, indicating that the excitation position matches well To improve the tunable range of frequency, parasitic patches are also
with the element antenna’s main radiation mode. Because the coaxial added at the end of the varactor diode.

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5400 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 6, JUNE 2023

Fig. 7. Frequency-reconfigurable antenna unit. (a) Current distribution.

(b) S11 parameter.

Fig. 9. Photographs of the fabricated antenna array. (a) Top view. (b) Back
view. (c) Partially enlarged view of p-i-n diodes. (d) overall view.

Fig. 10. Simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna array.
(a) S11 for State1–State3. (b) S11 for State4–State5. (c) Realize gain for
State1–State5. (d) Radiation efficiency for State1–State5.

18 p-i-n diodes, 12 varactor diodes, and dc biasing circuits. The

dielectric substrate 1 is F4B with a thickness of 3.0 mm, a dielectric
Fig. 8. Configuration of the proposed reconfigurable antenna array. constant of 3.5, and a loss tangent of 0.0027. The dielectric substrate
(a) Top view. (b) Back view. (c) Side view (Gnd_L = 200, Gnd_W = 83, 2 is Rogers RO4350 with a thickness of 0.508 mm, a dielectric
Sub1_L = 200, Sub1_W = 80, Sub2_L = 200, Sub2_W = 83, W1 = 1.3, constant of 3.48, and a loss tangent of 0.004.
W2 = 0.7, Patch_L = 6.42, Parasitic_L = 6.42, Parasitic_W = 2.5, L1 = 9.4,
L2 = 6.6, L3 = 40.05, L4 = 19.3, L5 = 8.45, Gap1 = 1, Gap2 = 0.3, X = 4,
D = 38, d = 0.5. unit = mm). A. Structure Description of 1 × 4 Antenna Array
To further explain the principle of reconfiguration, the four antenna
units are annotated as Ant1–Ant4 in turn in Fig. 8(a). As shown
Fig. 7 shows the current distribution with varactor diodes and in Fig. 8(b), a reconfigurable feed network is proposed to realize
parasitic patches. By loading varactors between parasitic patches and the switching of five radiation directions. Three Wilkinson power
octagonal patches, the resonant frequency decreases with the increase dividers are connected together to realize one-to-four Wilkinson
of capacitance. The frequency tunable range is 3.4–4.97 GHz. Due power dividers, whose input and output port impedances are both
to the loss of varactor diodes, the peak gain of the element antenna 50 . Feeding vias with diameter d are placed at different positions of
is reduced to 6.42 dBi. each antenna element, and the PINs are loaded in the different feed-
ing branches to choose different excitation positions. The ON–OFF
III. R ECONFIGURABLE A RRAY D ESIGN states of PINs are controlled by the voltages V1–V9, respectively.
A 1 × 4 antenna array and a reconfigurable feed network with To improve the isolation, each feed branch uses a pair of PINs. A dc
feed phase difference are designed to realize frequency and pattern blocking capacitor (C = 10 pF) is added to the input branch of the
reconfiguration. As shown in Fig. 8, it consists of four octagonal power divider to protect the RF signal source, and the function of
microstrip patches, 12 parasitic patches, a one-to-four power divider, RF choke inductors (L = 14 nH) is used to keep the RF signal out

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 6, JUNE 2023 5401

TABLE I
P-I-N D IODES FOR PATTERN R ECONFIGURATION

TABLE II
VARACTOR D IODES FOR F REQUENCY R ECONFIGURATION

TABLE III
M EASURED AND S IMULATED −10- D B I MPEDANCE BANDWIDTH

B. Pattern-Reconfiguration Mechanism of 1 × 4 Antenna Array

Based on the previous analysis of the 1 × 2 antenna array,
different feeding positions will produce different initial current
phases. As shown in Table I, the ON–OFF combination states of nine
pairs of p-i-n excite different initial feeding phases, which realize
state1–state5 radiation discretely. When the voltages V1, V3, V5,
and V8 are 1.4 V (on) and the other voltages are 0 V (off), the
current direction of each antenna unit is the same, so the direction
of the pattern is 0◦ . When the voltages V1, V3, V7, and V9 are
1.4 V and the other voltages are 0 V, the initial current phase of
Ant 1–Ant 2 and Ant 3–Ant 4 is reversed by 180◦ , so the radiation
pattern of ±15◦ is realized simultaneously. When the voltages V2,
V3, V6, and V9 are 1.4 V and the other voltages are 0 V, the initial
current phase of each antenna unit rotates by 90◦ in space to achieve
the radiation pattern of ± 25◦ simultaneously. When the voltages V1,
V4, V7, and V8 are 1.4 V and the other voltages are 0 V, the initial
current phase difference of antenna units Ant 1–Ant 4 is 0◦ , 180◦ ,
180◦ , and 0◦ , respectively, realizing the radiation pattern of ±30◦
simultaneously. When the voltages V1, V4, V5, and V9 are 1.4 V
Fig. 11. Simulation and measurement pattern reconfigurability. Radiation at and the other voltages are 0 V, the initial current phase difference
(a) 0◦ , (b) ±15◦ , (c) ±25◦ , (d) ±30◦ , and (e) ±55◦ . of antenna units Ant 1–Ant 4 is 0◦ ,180◦ , 0◦ , and 180◦ , respectively,
realizing the radiation pattern of ±55◦ simultaneously.

of the dc lines. The function of resistance (R = 100 ) is employed C. Frequency-Reconfiguration Mechanism of 1 × 4 Antenna Array
to reduce signal reflection and enhance signal isolation. Fig. 8(c) is Based on the previous analysis of the frequency-reconfigurable
a side view of the antenna array. antenna unit in Fig. 7 and the current distribution in each radiation

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5402 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 6, JUNE 2023

TABLE IV
P ERFORMANCE C OMPARISON W ITH P REVIOUSLY R EPORTED R ECONFIGURABLE A NTENNAS

state, the frequency reconfiguration is realized by loading the varactor range of the proposed antenna array is reduced by about 500 MHz in
and adding a parasitic patch. The varactor diodes are controlled by dc the high band, which is due to the limitation of the working bandwidth
voltages A1–A12 in each radiation state, and continuous frequency of the feeding network. The simulated and measured gain curves are
reconfiguration is obtained, as shown in Table II. When the radiation plotted in Fig. 10(c). The measured peak gains of the State1–State5
direction of the antenna array is State1–State2 and State4–State5, the are 7.67, 5.7, 5, 4.6, and 5.25 dBi, respectively, which are 2 and 3 dB
voltages A1–A8 are on (0–20 V) and the A9–A12 are off (0 V). When lower than the simulated ones. The curve trends of simulation and
the radiation direction of the antenna array is State3, the voltages A3 measurement results are generally consistent. There are two reasons
and A4 and A7–A12 are 0–20 V (on) and the other voltages are for the decrease of gain, and mainly because of that, the insertion
0 V (off). Therefore, the broadband tuning of the five radiation states loss of the actual p-i-n diode and the varactor is larger than that
can be obtained. Additionally, the distance D between two antenna of its model. The secondary reason may originate from the SMA
elements is optimized to achieve that the radiation angle of each state connector and soldering. The measured antenna efficiency increases
is basically consistent, and the desired gain is obtained for each state. from 11% to 45% with increasing frequency for the five radiation
When the center of frequency is 4 GHz, the optimized distance D is states as illustrated in Fig. 10(d), which is 10%–20% lower than the
about 0.5λ0 . simulated ones. The reason for the measured efficiency decrease is
the same as the reason for the gain decrease.
IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS Fig. 11 shows the simulated and measured array patterns at 3.6 and
4.3 GHz of five radiation states. It can be seen that the measurement
The p-i-n diode is MADP-000907-14020p, and the varactor diode results agree well with the simulation results for State1–State5.
is SMV2020-079LF. In the simulation, when the PIN is on, its Fig. 11(a) is a broadside pattern, and Fig. 11(b)–(e) shows a double
equivalent model is that one 0.4 nH inductance and one 5.2  beam pattern of the antenna array radiating at the ±15◦ , ±25◦ ,
resistance are in series. When the PIN is off, its equivalent model ±30◦ , and ±55◦ direction, respectively. Compared with the simulated
is only one 0.03 pF capacitance. The varactor has an adjustable results, the direction deviation of State3 is about 9◦ , and the direction
capacitance value ranging from 0.35 to 3.2 pF, corresponding to a deviation of other states is within 5◦ . Table IV shows the main
voltage range of 20–0 V. Its equivalent circuit is that one 2.5  performance comparison of the frequency- and pattern-reconfigurable
resistance, one 0.7 nH inductance, and one tunable capacitance are antenna array at present. From the comparisons, it can be concluded
in series. The photographs of the fabricated reconfigurable antenna that the proposed reconfigurable array has certain switchable states
array are shown in Fig. 9. and wide scanning angles. When considering 3-dB beamwidth, the
Fig. 10(a) and (b) shows the simulated and measured −10-dB coverage of the radiation pattern reaches about ±70◦ , and the fre-
impedance bandwidth of the State1–State3 and State4–State5, respec- quency tunable overlapped relative bandwidth under the five radiation
tively. The resonance frequency can be tuned continuously when states reaches 23%.
the capacitance of the varactor is varied from 0.35 to 3.2 pF. The
overlapped measured (simulated) −10-dB impedance bandwidth of
V. C ONCLUSION
State1–State5 ranges from 3.54 (3.55) to 4.46 GHz (4.52 GHz), and
the corresponding fractional bandwidth (FBW) is 23% (24%). The A broadband frequency continuously tuning and wide angle dis-
measured (simulated) continuous frequency-reconfiguration range of cretely configurable 1 × 4 array is designed. Based on the CMA,
the five radiation states is displayed in Table III. It can be seen the current length and the initial current phase of the antenna unit
that the measured and simulated results are basically consistent for are analyzed when exciting at different positions. By controlling the
State1–State5. The central resonance frequency has a certain offset, ON – OFF states combination of PINs, we generate five radiation states
which is mainly caused by a dimensional error in PCB processing. with ±70◦ coverage. By adding parasitic patches and loading varactor
The simulated and measured −10-dB impedance bandwidth of the diodes, we realize broadband frequency continuously tuning. Finally,
five states are compared with Fig. 7(b), the frequency-reconfiguration the frequency and pattern reconfigurability of the proposed antenna

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 6, JUNE 2023 5403

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