2

1 (a) Magnesium has a melting point of 650 °C and high electrical conductivity.

Explain these properties of magnesium by referring to its structure and bonding.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) When magnesium is heated in air, magnesium oxide, MgO, is the major product. Smaller
amounts of magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, are also made.

(i) Calculate the oxidation number for magnesium and for the nitrogen species in Mg3N2 to
complete Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

species magnesium in Mg3N2 nitrogen in Mg3N2

oxidation number
[1]

(ii) Identify the type of reaction which takes place between magnesium and nitrogen.
Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Define enthalpy change of formation.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) When 3.645 g of Mg(s) burns in excess N2(g) to form Mg3N2(s), 23.05 kJ of energy is
released.

Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf, of Mg3N2. Show your working.

∆Hf (Mg3N2) = .............................................. [3]

[Total: 9]
 4

2 Radium, Ra, is an element found in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. It is a crystalline solid at room
temperature and conducts electricity.

Radium chloride, RaCl 2, has a melting point of 900 °C and is soluble in water.

(a) Predict the lattice structure of RaCl 2(s) based on the properties described.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of outer electrons in RaCl 2.

[1]

(c) Solid Ra and Ca show similar reactions with H2O, but the reactions occur at different rates.

Separate samples, each containing a single piece of solid Ra or Ca, are added to equal
volumes of cold water.

Each sample contains equal numbers of moles of solid and the H2O is in excess.

(i) Construct an equation for the reaction of Ra with H2O.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify which element, Ra or Ca, reacts with H2O at a faster rate. Suggest how the
observations of each reaction would differ.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest why these reactions occur at different rates.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
 5

(iv) One of the solutions is cloudy when the reaction has finished.

At the end of each reaction, universal indicator is added to each reaction mixture.

Suggest pH values of the solutions made in both reactions. Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) A sample of aqueous calcium halide, CaX2(aq), contains either chloride, bromide or iodide
ions.

Complete Table 2.1 to describe a two-step process that could be used to identify the halide ion
present.

Table 2.1

observation observation observation

step method
with CaCl 2 with CaBr2 with CaI2

step 1

step 2

[3]

[Total: 11]

[Turn over
 6

3 (a) 0.025 mol of HI(g) is added to a closed vessel and left to reach dynamic equilibrium. The total
pressure of the vessel is 100 kPa.

equation 1 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

(i) Explain what is meant by dynamic equilibrium.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe one difference in the initial appearance of the reaction mixture compared to the
mixture at equilibrium.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Write an expression for Kp for the reaction described in equation 1.

Kp =

[1]

(iv) At equilibrium the partial pressure of HI(g) is 86.4 kPa.

Calculate the amount of HI(g) present in the mixture at equilibrium. Show your working.

amount of HI(g) = .............................. mol [2]

 7

(b) Use equation 1 and the bond energy values in Table 3.1 to calculate the change in enthalpy,
∆H, for the thermal decomposition of 1 mole of HI(g). Show your working.

Table 3.1

bond bond energy / kJ mol–1

H–H 436
I–I 151
H–I 299

∆H = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(c) Describe the effect of increasing pressure on the value of Kp for the decomposition of HI(g).

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) HCl (g) is prepared by adding NaCl (s) to concentrated H2SO4.

HI(g) is not prepared by adding NaI(s) to concentrated H2SO4 because the HI(g) produced
also reacts with concentrated H2SO4.

(i) Identify the type of reaction that occurs when NaI(s) reacts with concentrated H2SO4 to
form HI(g).

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of HI(g) and concentrated H2SO4.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why HI(g) reacts with concentrated H2SO4 whereas HCl does not.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 12]

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 8

4 (a) Bromine reacts with butane in the presence of ultraviolet light to form bromobutane.

Two structural isomers with the molecular formula C4H9Br are produced during this reaction.

(i) Draw the two structural isomers and state the systematic name of each isomer.

structural isomer 1 structural isomer 2

name .............................................. name ..............................................

[2]

(ii) Identify the type of structural isomerism shown in (a)(i).

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Halothane is an anaesthetic.

halothane

F Cl

F C C H

F Br

Fig. 4.1

(i) Identify the chiral centre in halothane and mark it with an asterisk (*). [1]

When halothane reacts in ultraviolet light, homolytic fission occurs and the C–Br bond is
broken.

(ii) Construct an equation to show the homolytic fission of halothane, CF3CHBrCl.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 9

(iii) Complete Fig. 4.2 to show the arrangement of electrons in a bromine atom using the
electrons in boxes notation.

[Ar]

3d 4s 4p

Fig. 4.2
[1]

(c) X is an addition polymer.

Cl

Fig. 4.3

(i) Draw the monomer of X.

[1]

(ii) Suggest one reason why the disposal of items made from X is difficult.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

[Turn over
 10

5 Fig. 5.1 shows three reactions of 2-bromopropane, CH3CH(Br)CH3.

CH3CH(Br)CH3

reaction 1 reaction 3
reaction 2

CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH(NH2)CH3 H2C=CHCH3

Fig. 5.1

(a) Complete Table 5.1 for each reaction, by:

● stating the reagent and conditions used

● identifying the type of reaction that occurs.

Table 5.1

reaction reagent and conditions type of reaction

[6]

(b) A sample of 2-iodopropane, CH3CH(I)CH3, reacts under the same conditions as reaction 1 to
produce CH3CH(OH)CH3.

Explain why 2-iodopropane reacts at a faster rate than 2-bromopropane.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
 11

(c) Fig. 5.2 shows how butan-1-ol can be made from 1-bromopropane in three steps.

HO
N HO
Br step 1 step 2 step 3
O

Fig. 5.2

(i) In step 1, 1-bromopropane reacts with CN– to form butanenitrile.

Complete Fig. 5.3 to show the mechanism for step 1. Include charges, dipoles, lone pairs
of electrons and curly arrows as appropriate.

H H H H H H

H C C C Br H C C C C N

H H H H H H

Br –
C –

Fig. 5.3
[2]

(ii) In step 2, butanenitrile is heated with HCl (aq). A hydrolysis reaction occurs.

Construct an equation for the reaction in step 2.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Step 3 is a reduction reaction.

Construct an equation for the reduction reaction in step 3. Use [H] to represent one atom
of hydrogen from the reducing agent.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) State the identity of a suitable reducing agent in step 3.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 13]

[Turn over
 12

6 Z is a molecule which contains the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

Z contains only alkene and carboxyl functional groups.

(a) Complete Table 6.1 by describing the observations that occur when two different reagents are
added to separate samples of Z(aq).

Table 6.1

reagent added
observation
to Z(aq)

Br2(aq)

Na2CO3(s)

[2]

(b) Table 6.2 shows the percentage by mass of each element present in Z.

Table 6.2

element percentage by mass / %

carbon 41.38
hydrogen 3.45
oxygen 55.17

Using the data in Table 6.2, demonstrate that the empirical formula of Z is CHO.
Show your working.

[1]
 13

(c) Fig. 6.1 shows the mass spectrum of Z.

45
100

80

relative 60
abundance
40
71

20
116
117
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
m/e

Fig. 6.1

(i) Deduce the molecular formula of Z. Explain your answer by referring to the molecular ion
peak in Fig. 6.1 and the empirical formula of Z.

[1]

(ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to suggest the formulae of the fragments with m / e peaks at 45 and at 71.

m / e 45 ................................................................................................................................

m / e 71 ................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Suggest the structure of Z using relevant information from Table 6.1, (b) and (c).

[1]

[Total: 7]

[Turn over
 15

Important values, constants and standards

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Faraday constant F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1
Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
electronic charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C
molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p. (101 kPa and 273 K)
Vm = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions
ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 (at 298 K (25 °C))
specific heat capacity of water c = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 (4.18 J g–1 K–1)
 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
16

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –