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ProbabilityReviewNotes

The document provides a review of probability concepts including definitions of experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, and events. It explains the calculation of probabilities for mutually exclusive and non-mutually exclusive events, as well as dependent and independent events. Additionally, it covers binomial probabilities and provides examples of using a TI-83 calculator for calculations.

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Krishang Sarkar
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ProbabilityReviewNotes

The document provides a review of probability concepts including definitions of experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, and events. It explains the calculation of probabilities for mutually exclusive and non-mutually exclusive events, as well as dependent and independent events. Additionally, it covers binomial probabilities and provides examples of using a TI-83 calculator for calculations.

Uploaded by

Krishang Sarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability Review Notes

Definitions:
1. An experiment is an activity with an Probability: If an experiment has n equally likely
observable result (e.g. roll a die and outcomes of which r outcomes are favourable to event
record the number) r
A, then the probability of event A is: P( A) = .
2. An outcome is one particular result of an n
experiment (e.g. rolling a 6) • P( A) = 0 means the event A is impossible
3. A sample space of an experiment is the • P( A) = 1 means the event A is certain
set of all possible outcomes of the • 0 ≤ P ( A) ≤ 1
experiment (e.g. S = {1,2,3,4,5,6})
4. An event is a subset of the sample space
containing one or more possible outcomes of the experiment (e.g. rolling an even number:
A = {2,4,6} ; rolling a three: B = {3})
5. An equally likely outcome is an element of the sample space in which each outcome has the same
chance of happening.
A and B: Event A and event B both occur The complement of event A, A , is the set of
A or B: Event A occurs or event B occurs or outcomes in the sample space that is not in event A.
they both occur For any event A, P( A) + P( A ) = 1 .

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) = 0


Two events A and B that cannot occur at
the same time are mutually exclusive
events. They have no common outcomes.

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) ≠ 0


– P(A and B)
Two events A and B that are not mutually
exclusive have some common outcomes,
they can occur at the same time

P(BA) reads: “Probability of the event B P(A ) × P(B | A )


Bayes’ Law: P(A | B) =
occurring, given that A has already occurred P(B)

For any events A and B, the calculation of P(A and B) must consider whether event A has occurred.
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(BA)
• If the occurrence of event A affects the probability that event B occurs, then A and B are
dependent events.
• If the occurrence of event A does not affect the probability of event B occurring, then A and B
are independent events. In this case, P(BA) = P(B) so P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).

Binomial Probabilities: When two outcomes, success or failure, are possible in an experiment, the
probability of success is p and the probability of failure is q = 1– p. When the experiment is performed n
times, The probability of x successes is: P( x)= n C x p x q n − x
TI – 83: 2nd  VARS (DISTR)  scroll down to A (binompdf)  parameters (n,p,x)
Examples: binompdf( 10, 0.5, 3 ) “exactly 3 heads when a coin is flipped 10 times”
sum(binompdf( 10,0.5,{0,1,2,3,4} )) “at most 4 tails when a coin is flipped 10 times”

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